research article hydrothermal synthesis and mechanism of...

Research ArticleHydrothermal Synthesis and Mechanism ofUnusual Zigzag Ag2Te and Ag2TeC Core-Shell Nanostructures

Saima Manzoor1 Yumin Liu1 Zhongyuan Yu1 Xiuli Fu2 and Guijun Ban2

1 State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications Beijing University of Posts andTelecommunications (BUPT) Beijing 100876 China

2 School of Science State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical CommunicationsBeijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT) Beijing 100876 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yumin Liu liuyumintechhotmailcom and Xiuli Fu xiulifubupteducn

Received 30 November 2013 Accepted 20 February 2014 Published 23 March 2014

Academic Editor Wen Lei

Copyright copy 2014 Saima Manzoor et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

A single step surfactant-assisted hydrothermal route has been developed for the synthesis of zigzag silver telluride nanowireswith diameter of 50ndash60 nm and length of several tens of micrometers Silver nitrate (AgNO

3) and sodium tellurite (Na

2TeO3)

are the precursors and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is used as surfactant in the presence of the reducing agent that is hydrazinehydrate (N

2H4sdotH2O) In addition to the zigzag nanowires a facile hydrothermal reduction-carbonization route is proposed for the

preparation of uniformcore-shell Ag2TeCnanowires In case ofAg

2TeC synthesis process the sameprecursors are employed forAg

andTe alongwith the ethylene glycol used as reducing agent and glucose as the carbonizing agentMorphological and compositionalproperties of the prepared products are analyzed with the help of scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopyand energy dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy respectivelyThedetailed formationmechanismof the zigzagmorphology and reduction-carbonization growth mechanism for core-shell nanowires are illustrated on the bases of experimental results

1 Introduction

The use of 1D nanostructures for advancement in nanoelec-tronic and optoelectronic devices requires great diversity ofstructures and needs different morphologies to be synthe-sized in either bulk form or in thin films The recent recom-mendation of new geometric configurations for smartmateri-als hasmade it essential to set up nanoscale building blocks inaxial or radial way that allow another dimension to tune theirproperties [1ndash3] For this reason the zigzag morphology pos-sessing breaks in the lattice periodicity at junctions exhibitsanother class of nanostructures that can propose confinementeffect and increased excitonic behaviour Similarly the core-shell nanostructures present a formal protocol to realize theaim of functional nanomaterials integrated with multipleroles in single crystal The isolation of the core from thesurroundings can be utilized to prepare such materials ordevices whose properties are different from the bare nanoma-terialsThe shellmay be used to reduce the chemical reactivity

of the surface to modify its optical properties or to devisesome nanoscale devices with specific electrical functionalityEspecially the functionalized carbonaceous nanowires haveappealed attention for potential applications

The monoclinic structure of Ag2Te is a narrow band

gap material with high electron mobility Until now differentmorphologies regarding Ag

2Te have been synthesized For

example the rod-like nanostructure of Ag2Te was obtained

with the use of Te nanorods as the template regents [4]Ag2Te nanotubes were hydrothermally synthesized with the

use of sodium tellurite and silver nitrate as the precursors inthe presence of hydrazine and ammonia solution [5] Samaland Sandeep have reported the room temperature synthesismethod for synthesizing Ag

2Te nanowires [6] Most recently

another facile hydrothermal route is reported for Ag2TeNWs

[7] The same group worked on the morphological evolutionand growth mechanism of its nanostructures by employingammonia as a PH regulator and hydrazine as the reducingagent [8]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of NanomaterialsVolume 2014 Article ID 350981 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014350981

2 Journal of Nanomaterials

To the best of our knowledge synthesis of zigzag Ag2Te

nanowires and core-shell Ag2Te nanowires with carbona-

ceous shell has not been achieved so far Herein on thebases of simple hydrothermal conditionswe demonstrate thatfor the synthesis of zigzag Ag

2Te hydrazine is used as the

reducing agent and PVP is employed as the surfactant In caseof core-shell nanowires D-glucose and EG have been utilizedas the carbonizing and reducing agent Hence we believethat this discovery of formation of new morphologies of 1Dnanostructures of Ag

2Te could promote further advances and

potential applications

2 Materials and Methods

21 Synthesis of Zigzag Ag2Te Nanowires For the zigzag

Ag2Te nanostructures the materials used include

Na2TeO3(98) AgNO

3(998) polyvinylpyrrolidone

(MW 58 99) and N2H4sdotH2O (85) All of these reagents

were directly used in the experiment without any furtherpurification The synthesis process involves a simple hydro-thermal route In a typical experiment 2mmol of AgNO

3was

dissolved in 50mL of deionized water After stirring forseveral minutes 1mmol of Na

2TeO3was dissolved in the

solution Then the 05 g of PVP was added along with thedropwise addition of N

2H4sdotH2O A mixed solution was

dropped in 100mL Teflon lined autoclave followed by heat-ing at 240∘C for 24 hrs After heating for predefined durationthe autoclave was allowed to cool at room temperature Theprecipitates were centrifuged and washed with ethanol anddistilled water several times and finally dried at 60∘C for12 hrs

22 Synthesis of Ag2TeCNanowires In case of Ag

2TeC core-

shell nanostructures sodium tellurite (Na2TeO3) ethylene

glycol (C2H6O2) silver nitrate (AgNO

3) and D-glucose

(C6H12O6) were used in typical hydrothermal synthesis

process 034 g of AgNO3and 022 g of Na

2TeO3and 03 g of

C6H12O6were dissolved in 10mL of deionized water Then

20mL of ethylene glycol was added and stirred continuouslyThe final solution was shifted into a 100mL Teflon linedautoclave The autoclave was maintained at 180∘C for 18 hrsAfter the required time the autoclave was left to cool naturallyat the room temperature Final product was centrifuged withdeionized water and ethanol and was then dried at 60∘C for12 hrs

The size and the morphology of the prepared Ag2Te

nanostructures were characterized using scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) (Hitachi S-4800) provided with X-rayenergy dispersive spectrum analysis (EDS) The crystallinestructure was characterized by using the TEM and highresolution TEM (HRTEM) (Tecnai G2 F20 U-TWIN fieldemission)

3 Result and Discussion

Ag2Te Zigzag Nanostructures The first synthesis processwhich involves the production of silver telluride zigzagnanostructures was examined with the help of SEM reported

in Figure 1(a) Numerous long wiggly nanowires of diameter50ndash60 nm and typical length of several tens of nanometers areformed A detailed investigation was carried out using TEMand HRTEM Figure 1(b) shows a distinctive low magnifica-tion TEM image of the zigzag nanostructure with the lengthof several micrometers The inset of Figure 1(b) expresses theedge morphology of a typical zigzag nanowire

EDS analysis (Figure 1(c)) generated with an electronnanoprobe is used to check the composition of nanowiresSpectrum shows that the product consists of Ag and Teelements at an atomic ratio close to the silver telluridestoichiometry indicating the formation of Ag

2Te nanowires

The high resolution TEM and FFT images of representativenanowire are presented in Figure 2 The lattice fringes with0160 nm and 0185 nm separations are normal for the (minus501)and (004) plane d-spacing in monoclinic silver telluridestructure FFT pattern analysis demonstrates that the nanos-tructure exhibits the polycrystalline nature due to the ringpattern The great change in volume can produce a rapidincrement in stress in all directions which leads to themulticrystalline nature

These experimental results and previous reports [5 7 8]manifest that initially Te cluster form was obtained by thereduction of Na

2TeO3in the presence of N

2H4 Chemical

reactions for this possible hydrothermal mechanism for theformation of silver telluride zigzag nanowires are as follows

TeO3

minus2+N2H4997888rarr Te +N

2+H2O

Te + N2H4+OHminus1 997888rarr Teminus2 +N

2+H2O

2Ag+ + Teminus2 997888rarr Ag2Te

(1)

Since the shape of nanocrystals in synthesis relies onthe surface energies of different facets that decrease whenpassivated by the capping agent the affinity of the moleculesof this agent is an essential parameter in finding out thenanostructure shape Hence in this whole process the mostimportant role is of water soluble surfactant or stabilizingagent PVP Its molecules are successfully employed as thestructure directing agent for the growth of the zigzag mor-phology Thus we can speculate that existence of PVP inthe reaction system has an effective influence on the crystalgrowth behaviour The previous precursory researches haveproposed that atoms on the different crystallographic facetshave different interaction strength with a polymeric cappingagent leading to the anisotropic growth of a solid material[9ndash12] Hence the more plausible synthesis route is uninter-rupted anisotropic growth along with the anisotropic surfacepassivation by the weak surfactant molecules resulting in thesaw tooth-like surface along the growth axis

Ag2TeC Core-Shell Structure A general overview of SEMpicture shown in Figure 3(a) represents that the productobtained after the hydrothermal process at 180∘C for 18 hrsis composed of nanowires ca 100 nm and hundreds ofmicrometers in length

In the high resolution TEM image (Figure 3(b)) there isan observable contrast between the inner core and externalshell which suggests the core-shell structure The heavy

Journal of Nanomaterials 3

100nm

(a)

5nm

20nm

(b)

3 4 5 62(keV)

Ag

Ag

Te

Te

Te

(c)

Figure 1 (a-b) The SEM and TEM images of fully grown zigzag Ag2Tenanowires inset of (b) shows the morphology of the edge of the

nanowire (c) EDS spectrum of zigzag silver telluride nanowires

d(minus501) = 0160nm

d(004) = 0185 nm

(a) (b)

Figure 2 (a-b) The HRTEM image of a representative zigzag nanowire and its corresponding FFT ED pattern

carbon coating has a consistent thickness of ca 75 nmover thecomplete surface of inner silver telluride nanowire includingthe outer end also Final the EDS analysis shown in Figure3(c) indicates strong Ag Te and C peaks while the Cu peakoriginates from the supporting TEM grid The amorphouscarbon shell in completely grown nanostructure coveringthe edge can be clearly seen in Figure 4(a) This outersheath effectively protects the innermetal telluride nanowiresagainst attack from moisture and oxygen The lattice spacinginHRTEM image of the inner core in Figure 4(b) is estimatedto be 177 nm which lies for (142) plane for monoclinic silvertelluride

The formation of the core-shell nanostructures continuesunder hydrothermal conditions which is greater than thenormal glycosidation temperature and extends to aromati-zation and carbonization process [13] This is in fact the

simplified view as there are a number of various chemicalreactions of glucose which can occur under hydrothermalconditions in the sealed autoclave In this synthesis processreduction and carbonization route is followed by using theNa2TeO3 AgNO

3 and the glucose as Te Ag and C sources

respectively Ethylene glycol (EG) used here acts as reducingagent and provides the free cationsAg+2 and anions TeO

3

minus2 inthe solution and further reduction of TeO

3

minus2 to the elementaltellurium takes place very rapidly [14]

The reports [15ndash18] predict that in the hydrothermalprocess the nanowires grow first and the carbon shell occursas the last step Thus as the process continues glucose in thesystem carbonises to amorphous carbon and an amorphouscarbon coats on telluride nanowires surface and finally resultsin the formation of silver telluride core-shell nanostructureFigure 5 presents the schematic view of the reaction sequence


200nm

(a)

50nm

50nm

(b)

Cu

Cu Si Ag

Ag

Te

Te

C

Cu

Sc

Sc

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(keV)

(c)

Figure 3 Magnified SEM and TEM images obtained from the presence of glucose at 180∘C for 18 hrs (a) A magnified SEM image of thenanowires (b) and inset are the TEM images of the Carbon coated nanowires (c) EDS spectrum of Ag

2TeC nanowires

10nm

(a)

d(142) = 177nm

(b)

Figure 4 (a) TEM image of the edge of the fully grown Ag2TeC core-shell nanowires (b) HRTEM image of the core of the nanowire

TeO3minus2

Ag+2

EG

GlucoseTeminus2

Ag2TeC complex growth

Figure 5 Schematic illustration of formation process of Ag2TeC

nanowires

of the growth of Ag2TeC nanowires Briefly sodium tellurite

and silver nitrate (precursors) dissolved in water are

converted to tellurite TeO3

minus2 and Ag+2 ions in the presenceof EG In step (ii) the tellurite ions are rapidly convertedto Teminus2 It should be noted that the glucose does not reactin these reaction processes When the temperature of thesystem increases the polymerization and carbonizationreactions of glucose will take place which finally producesthe carbonaceous layer on the silver telluride nanowires [15]

4 Conclusion

In summary surfactant and carbonizing agent assisted mor-phology is presented for the silver telluride-based nanos-tructures Unconventional zigzag silver telluride nanowiresand silver telluride coated with carbon core-shell nanowireswere synthesized via simple hydrothermal route SEM TEMand EDS have been used to study the morphology and


composition Unusual silver telluride nanowires here reportthe sawtooth-like zigzag nanowires in the presence of PVP Agrowth model depicting the growth of core-shell nanowiresvia reduction-carbonization route is proposed These uniquestructural characteristics of both morphologies can be eval-uated by dispersing them in ethanol solution to excel theirproperties in viewpoint of applications in optoelectronicdevices

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (61275201) the Program for New Cen-tury Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Educationof China (Grant no NCET-10-0261) the Fund of State KeyLaboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Commu-nications (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunica-tions) China and the Open Program of State Key Lab onintegrated Optoelectronics China

References

[1] S Mathur and S Barth ldquoMolecule-based chemical vaporgrowth of aligned SnO

2nanowires and branched SnO

2V2O5

heterostructuresrdquo Small vol 3 no 12 pp 2070ndash2075 2007[2] J Zhan Y Bando J Hu F Xu andDGolberg ldquoUnconventional

gallium oxide nanowiresrdquo Small vol 1 no 8-9 pp 883ndash8882005

[3] H Peng S Meister C K Chan X F Zhang and Y Cui ldquoMor-phology control of layer-structured gallium selenide nano-wiresrdquo Nano Letters vol 7 no 1 pp 199ndash203 2007

[4] P Zuo S Zhang B Jin Y Tian and J Yang ldquoRapid synthesisand electrochemical property of Ag

2Te nanorodsrdquo Journal of

Physical Chemistry C vol 112 no 38 pp 14825ndash14829 2008[5] A Qin Y Fang P Tao J Zhang and C Su ldquoSilver telluride

nanotubes prepared by the hydrothermal methodrdquo InorganicChemistry vol 46 no 18 pp 7403ndash7409 2007

[6] A K Samal and T Pradeep ldquoRoom-temperature chemical syn-thesis of silver telluride nanowiresrdquo Journal of Physical Chem-istry C vol 113 no 31 pp 13539ndash13544 2009

[7] N Li S Zhou S Lou and Y Wang ldquoElectrical properties ofindividual Ag

2Te nanowires synthesized by a facile hydrother-

mal approachrdquoMaterials Letters vol 81 pp 212ndash214 2012[8] G Li X Tang S Zhou N Li and X Yuan ldquoMorphological evo-

lution growth mechanism and magneto-transport propertiesof silver telluride one-dimensional nanostructuresrdquo NanoscaleResearch Letters vol 8 article 356 2013

[9] X Peng ldquoMechanisms for the shape-control and shape-evo-lution of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystalsrdquoAdvancedMat-erials vol 15 no 5 pp 459ndash463 2003

[10] Y Sun Y Yin and Y Xia ldquoUniform silver nanowires synthesisby reducingAgNO

3with ethylene glycol in the presence of seeds

and Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) rdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 14no 11 pp 4736ndash4745 2002

[11] Y Sun B gates B Mayers and Y Xia ldquoCrystalline silver nano-wires by soft solution processingrdquoNano Letters vol 2 no 2 pp165ndash168 2002

[12] T S Ahmadi Z L Wang T C Green A Henglein and MA El-Sayed ldquoShape-controlled synthesis of colloidal platinumnanoparticlesrdquo Science vol 272 no 5270 pp 1924ndash1926 1996

[13] G S Cao Y G Liu W W Yang C Tan H Li and X J ZhangldquoSynthesis and chemical etching of TeC nanocablesrdquo Bulletin ofMaterials Science vol 34 no 6 pp 1185ndash1188 2011

[14] K Sridharan M S Ollakkan R Philip and T J Park ldquoNon-hydrothermal synthesis and optical limiting properties of one-dimensional SeC TeC and SemdashTeC coremdashshell nanostruc-turesrdquo Carbon vol 63 pp 263ndash273 2013

[15] G Xi C Wang X Wang Y Qian and H Xiao ldquoTeCarbonand SeCarbon nanocables size-controlled in situ hydrother-mal synthesis and applications in preparing metal MCarbonnanocables (M = tellurides and selenides)rdquo The Journal ofPhysical Chemistry C vol 112 pp 965ndash971 2008

[16] H S Qian S H Yu S H Luo J Y Gong L F Fei and XM Liu ldquoSynthesis of uniform Te carbon-rich composite nano-cables with photoluminescence properties and carbonaceousnanofibers by the hydrothermal carbonization of glucoserdquoChemistry of Materials vol 18 no 8 pp 2102ndash2108 2006

[17] X C Song Y Zhao Y F Zheng E Yang W Q Chen and Y QFang ldquoFabrication of SeC coaxial nanocables through a novelsolution processrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 112 no14 pp 5352ndash5355 2008

[18] X C Song Y Zhao E Yang Y F Zheng L Z Chen and F MFu ldquoFabrication and characterization of TeC nanocables andcarbonaceous nanotubesrdquo Crystal Growth amp Design vol 9 no1 pp 344ndash347 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



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CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


To the best of our knowledge synthesis of zigzag Ag2Te

nanowires and core-shell Ag2Te nanowires with carbona-

ceous shell has not been achieved so far Herein on thebases of simple hydrothermal conditionswe demonstrate thatfor the synthesis of zigzag Ag

2Te hydrazine is used as the

reducing agent and PVP is employed as the surfactant In caseof core-shell nanowires D-glucose and EG have been utilizedas the carbonizing and reducing agent Hence we believethat this discovery of formation of new morphologies of 1Dnanostructures of Ag

2Te could promote further advances and

potential applications

2 Materials and Methods

21 Synthesis of Zigzag Ag2Te Nanowires For the zigzag

Ag2Te nanostructures the materials used include

Na2TeO3(98) AgNO

3(998) polyvinylpyrrolidone

(MW 58 99) and N2H4sdotH2O (85) All of these reagents

were directly used in the experiment without any furtherpurification The synthesis process involves a simple hydro-thermal route In a typical experiment 2mmol of AgNO

3was

dissolved in 50mL of deionized water After stirring forseveral minutes 1mmol of Na

2TeO3was dissolved in the

solution Then the 05 g of PVP was added along with thedropwise addition of N

2H4sdotH2O A mixed solution was

dropped in 100mL Teflon lined autoclave followed by heat-ing at 240∘C for 24 hrs After heating for predefined durationthe autoclave was allowed to cool at room temperature Theprecipitates were centrifuged and washed with ethanol anddistilled water several times and finally dried at 60∘C for12 hrs

22 Synthesis of Ag2TeCNanowires In case of Ag

2TeC core-

shell nanostructures sodium tellurite (Na2TeO3) ethylene

glycol (C2H6O2) silver nitrate (AgNO

3) and D-glucose

(C6H12O6) were used in typical hydrothermal synthesis

process 034 g of AgNO3and 022 g of Na

2TeO3and 03 g of

C6H12O6were dissolved in 10mL of deionized water Then

20mL of ethylene glycol was added and stirred continuouslyThe final solution was shifted into a 100mL Teflon linedautoclave The autoclave was maintained at 180∘C for 18 hrsAfter the required time the autoclave was left to cool naturallyat the room temperature Final product was centrifuged withdeionized water and ethanol and was then dried at 60∘C for12 hrs

The size and the morphology of the prepared Ag2Te

nanostructures were characterized using scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) (Hitachi S-4800) provided with X-rayenergy dispersive spectrum analysis (EDS) The crystallinestructure was characterized by using the TEM and highresolution TEM (HRTEM) (Tecnai G2 F20 U-TWIN fieldemission)

3 Result and Discussion

Ag2Te Zigzag Nanostructures The first synthesis processwhich involves the production of silver telluride zigzagnanostructures was examined with the help of SEM reported

in Figure 1(a) Numerous long wiggly nanowires of diameter50ndash60 nm and typical length of several tens of nanometers areformed A detailed investigation was carried out using TEMand HRTEM Figure 1(b) shows a distinctive low magnifica-tion TEM image of the zigzag nanostructure with the lengthof several micrometers The inset of Figure 1(b) expresses theedge morphology of a typical zigzag nanowire

EDS analysis (Figure 1(c)) generated with an electronnanoprobe is used to check the composition of nanowiresSpectrum shows that the product consists of Ag and Teelements at an atomic ratio close to the silver telluridestoichiometry indicating the formation of Ag

2Te nanowires

The high resolution TEM and FFT images of representativenanowire are presented in Figure 2 The lattice fringes with0160 nm and 0185 nm separations are normal for the (minus501)and (004) plane d-spacing in monoclinic silver telluridestructure FFT pattern analysis demonstrates that the nanos-tructure exhibits the polycrystalline nature due to the ringpattern The great change in volume can produce a rapidincrement in stress in all directions which leads to themulticrystalline nature

These experimental results and previous reports [5 7 8]manifest that initially Te cluster form was obtained by thereduction of Na

2TeO3in the presence of N

2H4 Chemical

reactions for this possible hydrothermal mechanism for theformation of silver telluride zigzag nanowires are as follows

TeO3

minus2+N2H4997888rarr Te +N

2+H2O

Te + N2H4+OHminus1 997888rarr Teminus2 +N

2+H2O

2Ag+ + Teminus2 997888rarr Ag2Te

(1)

Since the shape of nanocrystals in synthesis relies onthe surface energies of different facets that decrease whenpassivated by the capping agent the affinity of the moleculesof this agent is an essential parameter in finding out thenanostructure shape Hence in this whole process the mostimportant role is of water soluble surfactant or stabilizingagent PVP Its molecules are successfully employed as thestructure directing agent for the growth of the zigzag mor-phology Thus we can speculate that existence of PVP inthe reaction system has an effective influence on the crystalgrowth behaviour The previous precursory researches haveproposed that atoms on the different crystallographic facetshave different interaction strength with a polymeric cappingagent leading to the anisotropic growth of a solid material[9ndash12] Hence the more plausible synthesis route is uninter-rupted anisotropic growth along with the anisotropic surfacepassivation by the weak surfactant molecules resulting in thesaw tooth-like surface along the growth axis

Ag2TeC Core-Shell Structure A general overview of SEMpicture shown in Figure 3(a) represents that the productobtained after the hydrothermal process at 180∘C for 18 hrsis composed of nanowires ca 100 nm and hundreds ofmicrometers in length

In the high resolution TEM image (Figure 3(b)) there isan observable contrast between the inner core and externalshell which suggests the core-shell structure The heavy


100nm

(a)

5nm

20nm

(b)

3 4 5 62(keV)

Ag

Ag

Te

Te

Te

(c)




d(004) = 0185 nm

(a) (b)







3


3




200nm

(a)

50nm

50nm

(b)

Cu

Cu Si Ag

Ag

Te

Te

C

Cu

Sc

Sc

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(keV)

(c)


2TeC nanowires

10nm

(a)

d(142) = 177nm

(b)


TeO3minus2

Ag+2

EG

GlucoseTeminus2



nanowires





4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References



2V2O5
































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




100nm

(a)

5nm

20nm

(b)

3 4 5 62(keV)

Ag

Ag

Te

Te

Te

(c)




d(004) = 0185 nm

(a) (b)







3


3




200nm

(a)

50nm

50nm

(b)

Cu

Cu Si Ag

Ag

Te

Te

C

Cu

Sc

Sc

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(keV)

(c)


2TeC nanowires

10nm

(a)

d(142) = 177nm

(b)


TeO3minus2

Ag+2

EG

GlucoseTeminus2



nanowires





4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References



2V2O5
































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




200nm

(a)

50nm

50nm

(b)

Cu

Cu Si Ag

Ag

Te

Te

C

Cu

Sc

Sc

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(keV)

(c)


2TeC nanowires

10nm

(a)

d(142) = 177nm

(b)


TeO3minus2

Ag+2

EG

GlucoseTeminus2



nanowires





4 Conclusion






Acknowledgments


References



2V2O5
































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







Acknowledgments


References



2V2O5
































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



research article hydrothermal synthesis and mechanism of...

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