research article error analysis and compensation of ...transfer alignment, integrated alignment, and...
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Research ArticleError Analysis and Compensation of GyrocompassAlignment for SINS on Moving Base
Bo Xu,1 Yang Liu,1 Wei Shan,1 Yi Zhang,2,3 and Guochen Wang1
1 Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong Road, Harbin 150001, China2 Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute, No. 50 Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100039, China3National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Intelligence Control, Beijing 100854, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Bo Xu; [email protected]
Received 29 January 2014; Accepted 24 May 2014; Published 25 June 2014
Academic Editor: Bin Jiang
Copyright Β© 2014 Bo Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
An improved method of gyrocompass alignment for strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS) on moving base assisted withDoppler velocity log (DVL) is proposed in this paper. After analyzing the classical gyrocompass alignment principle on static base,implementation of compass alignment on moving base is given in detail. Furthermore, based on analysis of velocity error, latitudeerror, and acceleration error on moving base, two improvements are introduced to ensure alignment accuracy and speed: (1) thesystem parameters are redesigned to decrease the acceleration interference and (2) a data repeated calculation algorithm is usedin order to shorten the prolonged alignment time caused by changes in parameters. Simulation and test results indicate that theimproved method can realize the alignment on moving base quickly and effectively.
1. Introduction
Initial alignment is the process of determining the axesorientation of strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS)with respect to the reference navigational frame. To meet thequick response of ships and enhance survivability, alignmenton moving base has become a key technique for SINS [1].Different from the alignment for SINS on static base, externalinformation should be brought in to assist alignment for SINSon moving base [2]. At present, the research of alignment onmoving base mainly focuses on the assist of GPS location.However, GPS systemmay have some restrictions in practicalapplication [3β5]. Compared with GPS, Doppler velocity log(DVL) is an underwater available, independent, and highaccuracy velocity measuring element commonly used onships, and the research of initial alignment for SINS onmoving base assisted with DVL has attracted much moreattention [6].
The initial alignment methods on moving base canbe commonly classified into three mainstream directions:transfer alignment, integrated alignment, and gyrocompassalignment. In transfer alignment, by means of velocity
matching and attitude matching, a misaligned slave inertialnavigation system can be aligned with the assistance of amaster inertial navigation system. It can accomplish theinitial alignment quickly and accurately, but the overallsystem is very complex [7]. Integrated alignment is an initialalignment method based on modern estimation theory andstate space description. It can accomplish alignment rapidlyand precisely by using modern filtering methods to estimatethemisalignment angle.However, it is difficult to establish theabsolutely accurate mathematical model and noise model ofthe system, and the large amount of calculation in alignmentprocess always leads to poor instantaneity [8]. Gyrocompassalignment is built on the basis of classical control theory, sothere is no need to establish accurate mathematical modeland noise model. Its algorithm is simple, and the calculationamount is greatly reduced. However, as its fundamentals areestablished on static base or quasi-static base, when appliedonmoving base, gyrocompass alignmentwill be inaccurate oreven impracticable with the effect of speed and acceleration.
In recent years, to improve the performance of initialalignment for SINS on moving base, gyrocompass alignmentmethods have already been analyzed by some researchers.
Hindawi Publishing CorporationMathematical Problems in EngineeringVolume 2014, Article ID 373575, 18 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/373575
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2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
In paper [9], azimuth axis rotating is used to improve theaccuracy of compass loop, but the paper does not expandit to moving base [9]. Based on the principle of strap-downgyrocompass alignment, Cheng Xianghong from Southeast-ern University points out that the carrier velocity can affectthe gyrocompass alignment and puts forward a calibrationmethod for the inertial sensors of the SINS in the processof alignment on moving base [10]. Yan Gongmin fromNorthwestern Polytechnical University proposes a calculatemethod applied to the strap-down gyrocompass alignmenton moving base [11]. As gyrocompass alignment needs lesscalculation amount but still remains reliable, it has a greatapplication prospect for marine SINS alignment. Hwanget al. conduct precalibration using dual-electric compasses tominimize the error of spreader pose control [12].
However, few papers analyzed the problems faced by thegyrocompass alignment on moving base in a systemic andcomprehensive way. Aiming at this problem, after analyzingthe principle of classical gyrocompass initial alignment, thispaper put forward a gyrocompass alignmentmethod for SINSon moving base aided with Doppler velocity log (DVL) anddeduces the process of algorithm realization in detail. Basedon the characteristics of DVLβs measuring error, we analyzethe influence of velocity error of gyrocompass alignmenton moving base and then establish a misalignment anglemodel. It can be found from the analysis that the mostsevere interference comes from the acceleration. The systemparameters can be redesigned to restrain this kind of error,but it can also cause time growth. To shorten the gyrocompassinitial alignment time, a data repeated calculation algorithmis also introduced [13].
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, theprinciple and realization of classical gyrocompass alignmentfor SINS on static base are introduced and the systemcharacteristic is analyzed and in the end it leads to gyrocom-pass alignment on moving base. In Section 3, a DVL aidedcompass alignment method on moving base is proposed.The effect of velocity error, latitude error, and accelera-tion interference are analyzed, respectively, and the systemparameters are redesigned to reduce the most serious effect.In Section 4, a fast compass alignment method based onreversed navigation algorithm is put forward, and the detailedcalculating equations are given. In Section 5, simulationsabout the alignment methods mentioned above are done. InSection 6, a lake test with a certain type of SINS is carried out.Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 7.
2. Gyrocompass Alignmentfor SINS on Static Base
2.1. Gyrocompass Alignment Principle. Gyrocompass align-ment is commonly used in many kinds of inertial navigationsystems [13β15] based on compass effect principle. Thisazimuth alignment method is proceeded after horizontalleveling adjust in application. By using control theory andadding dampings, it can make the platform coordinateapproach the navigation coordinate gradually. In this section,the operating principle and implementation of gyrocompass
yt yp
πz πz
xt
xp
Ξ©cosπ
βsinπzΞ©cosπ
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of gyrocompass effect.
alignment for SINS on static base are described, and theaccuracy on static base is also analyzed.
Compared with eastern horizontal loop, northern hori-zontal loop has an extra coupling termπ
π§πππcosπ, which is in
proportional relationship with the azimuth error angle. Thistermhas the same functionwith eastern gyro drift, and it is anangular rate that comes from projection of the earth rotationangular rate in essence [16]. When there is an azimuth errorangle π
π§between the platform coordinate system and the
geographic coordinate system, the northern earth rotationangular rate Ξ© cosπ will partly be projected to the platformcoordinate system in eastern axis, and its projection value isβ sinπ
π§πππcosπ. After coarse alignment, the projection value
can approximately be simplified to βππ§πππcosπ. Then the
azimuth error angle can be coupled to northern horizontalloop by term βπ
π§πππcosπ. This coupling relationship is
defined as gyrocompass effect, as shown in Figure 1 [17].Due to gyrocompass effect, the horizontal error angle π
π₯
is influenced additionally by the effect of azimuth error angleππ§, and the projection value of gravity acceleration along
northern axis in platform coordinate system will change. Itwill lead to the change of velocity error in the northern loop.Making use of this coupling relationship, the gyrocompassalignment method controls the up axis gyro with the velocityerror information and forms a new closed loop circuits calledthe gyrocompass loop [18]. Reasonable designed gyrocom-pass circuit parameters can make the system stable, fast, andmore accurate; thus the gyrocompass alignment process canbe accomplished.
2.2. Realization of Gyrocompass Alignmentfor SINS on Static Base
2.2.1. System Realization. The direction cosine matrix πΆππ
from carrier coordinate system to the platform coordinatesystem is an important matrix in the process of calculation.The angular velocity and acceleration information measuredby IMU must be transformed into platform coordinate
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3
fb
fp = Cp
bfb
Cp
b
Cp
b
Cp
b
πbc = Cp
bπpc
πpc
fp
πbip
πbib
πpie
πpie
πpep
πbip = Cbp( + πpep)
Attitude
Calculation of therevised angular rate
πbc β
β
Cp
b = Cp
bΓ πbpb
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of gyrocompass alignment of SINS.
system via matrix πΆππbefore participating in the navigation
process. While πΆππhas the same function with the physical
platform of SINS, it is also called the mathematical platform.As the mathematical platform is used instead of the phys-
ical platform in SINS,πΆππhas become the control object of the
revised angular velocity in gyrocompass method principle.The updating algorithm of the mathematical platform πΆπ
πis
as follows:
ππ
ππ= ππ
ππβ πΆπ
π(ππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ) ,
οΏ½ΜοΏ½π
π= πΆπ
πΓ ππ
ππ.
(1)
The angular velocity to controlmathematical platformπΆππ
isππππ. Considering the drift error of gyro and the error caused
by interference movement of carrier, the revised angularvelocity of SINS is added. After adding the control angularvelocity ππ
π, the corresponding mathematical platform of
SINS control equation is as follows:
ππ
ππ= ππ
ππβ πΆπ
π(ππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ) β πΆπ
π(ππ
π) . (2)
The schematic diagram of gyrocompass initial alignmentof SINS is given in Figure 2.
2.2.2. Calculation of the Revised Angular Rate. The revisedangular rate can be obtained as shown in Figure 2. Figures 3and 4 are the north channel and azimuth channel, respec-tively, in the compass alignment loop.
In Figure 3, as the dash line shows, πΎ1is a damping term
used to decrease the oscillation amplitude of Schuler loop; asthe dash-dot line shows,πΎ
2is applied to shorten the systemβs
natural period of oscillating period by β1 + πΎ2times. After
term ππππ₯there is a horizontal angle error caused by gyro drift
and azimuthmisalignment angle. As the double dash-dot lineshows, πΎ
3is an energy storage term introduced to offset this
error. All the πΎ values above can be calculated by dampedcoefficient π and time constant π:
πΎ1= 3π, πΎ
2= (2 +
1
π2)π2
π2π
β 1, πΎ3=
π3
π2π2π
,
ππ = β
π
π, π = ππ
π.
(3)
Compared with Figure 3, πΎ3is replaced by πΎ(π ) in
Figure 4 to reflect the compass effect term, πΎ(π ) =πΎ3/π πππcosπβ (π +πΎ
4) and its purpose is to reduce the azimuth
angle ππ§to an allowed range. All theπΎ values above can also
be calculated by damped coefficient π and time constant π:
πΎ1= πΎ3= 2π, πΎ
2=π2 + π2
π
π2 β π2π
β 1, πΎ4=
4π4
π2 β π2π
,
ππ = β
π
π.
(4)The alignment accuracy on static base is mainly decided
by eastern and northern accelerometer zero bias βπΈ, βπand
eastern gyro drift ππΈ:
ππ π₯= β
1
πβπ, (5)
ππ π¦=1
πβπΈ, (6)
ππ π§=
ππΈ
πππcosπ
+πΎ4(1 + πΎ
2) ππ’
π β πΎ3
. (7)
2.3. Static Base Gyrocompass Circuit Characteristic Analysis.Gyrocompass alignment on static base or quasi-static basehas the following characteristics.
2.3.1. No External Acceleration Effect. Gyrocompass align-ment changes the strap-down inertial navigation controlsystem into a stable system in principle. However, Schulerloop of the system is destroyed and external accelerationimpact is introduced into the system. According to Figures 3and 4, although both of the two gyrocompass alignmenthorizontal loopswill be infected by acceleration, the influencebrought by motion acceleration can be ignored as the carrieraccelerations π΄
πand π΄E can be approximately regarded in
this status.
2.3.2. Dispense with Updating of ππππ
and ππππ. According to
Figure 2, besides the measured value of gyro and accelerator,there are inputs ππ
ππand ππ
ππin gyrocompass alignment
realization process. In gyrocompass alignment system, thereis only attitude calculation but no velocity and positioncalculation, so the value of ππ
ππand ππ
ππcannot be got except
for bringing in external information. As the velocity of carrieris zero and the position of carrier remains the same on staticbase or quasi-static base, the value of ππ
ππand ππ
ππcan be got
directly without updating calculation.
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4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
K3s
K2R
1
R
1
s
K1
+
+ +
+
β
βπpcx
πnβn
ΞAN
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of gyrocompass alignment in north channel.
K(s)
K2R
1
R
1
s
K1
+
β
+
+β
pcx
nβn
pcz
ΞAN
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of gyrocompass alignment in azimuthchannel.
2.3.3. Fixed Instrument Error inGeographyCoordinate System.SINS is strapped to carrier coordinate system, so its instru-ment error is defined in carrier coordinate system. Becausethe inertial navigation error equation is established in geogra-phy coordinate system, the analysis of instrument error has tobe projected in geography coordinate system. As the carriercoordinate system remains relatively unchangeable with thegeography coordinate system on static base, the instrumenterror in geography coordinate system is still constant.
2.4. Gyrocompass Alignment on Moving Base. Motion ofcarrier will change the relative position inevitably betweengeographical coordinate and inertial space. One reason isthat the earthβs rotation angular velocity π
ππwill change the
direction of the earth coordinate system in inertial space; theother is that the movement of carrier on surface of the earthwill cause relative rotation between geographical coordinatesystem and earth coordinate. Assuming the velocity of carrieris π and the azimuth angle is π in carrier coordinate,then their projections along north and east of geographicalcoordinate areπ
π= πβ cosπ andπ
πΈ= πβ sinπ, respectively.
As shown in Figure 5, the rotational angular velocity ππππ
of the geographical coordinate system relative to the inertialspace can be regarded as sum of the earthβs rotational angularvelocity π
ππand the relative rotational angular velocity ππ
ππ
yV
x
z
O
Oi
R
VE
VN
π
Rcosπ
pN
Figure 5: The projection in north and east of geographical coordi-nate.
between the geographical coordinate and the earth coordi-nate:
[
[
ππ₯
ππ¦
ππ§
]
]
= [
[
0πππcosπ
πππsinπ
]
]
+
[[[[[[
[
βπ cosππ
π sinππ
π sinπ β tanππ
]]]]]]
]
. (8)
The output of gyroscope projected in navigation coordi-nates is ππ
ππ= ππππ+ ππ on static base, but on moving base it
becomesππππ= ππππ+ππππ+ππππ+ππ.ππ
ππcan be regarded as zero
in uniform motion. The output of accelerator projected innavigation coordinates is the gravitational acceleration ππ =βππ + βπ on static base. However it becomes ππ = (2ππ
ππ+
ππππ) Γ ππ β ππ + βπ in uniform motion [13].To make error analysis of misalignment caused by move-
ment directly is relatively difficult. Therefore, the angularmotion and the linear motion caused by movement areequivalent to gyro drift ππ
πand zero bias of acceleration βπ
π
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5
Static base
πnib = πnie + π
n
fn = βgn + βn
πnib = πnie + π
nen + π
n = πnie + πnd + π
n
fn = βgn + (2πnie + πnen) Γ n + βn = βgn + βnd + βn
Angularmotion
Constantvelocity
Linearmotion
Uniform motion
Figure 6: The equivalent error caused by uniform motion.
on static base correspondingly [19]. The equivalent error isshown in Figure 6.
The equivalent error can be calculated as follows:
ππ
π= [ππππππ
πππ’]π
= ππ
ππ
= [βπ cosππ
π sinππ
π sinπ tanππ
]π
,
βπ
π= [
[
βππ
βππ
βππ
]
]
= (2ππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ) Γ ππ
=
[[[[[[[
[
2πππsinπ sinπ β π +
π2sin2π tanππ
β2πππcosπ sinπ β π β
π2 sinπ cosπ tanππ
βπ2 sinπ cosπ
π + 2πππcosπ cosπ β π +
π2sin2ππ
]]]]]]]
]
.
(9)
The final accuracy of misalignment angle along eastern,northern, and up orientation directions can be got by addingthe instrument error and errors caused by carrierβs motioninto (5) to (7) that can be expressed as follows:
ππ π₯= β
1
π(βπ+ βππ) , (10)
ππ π¦=1
π(βπΈ+ βππ) , (11)
ππ π§=ππΈ+ πππ
πππcosπ
+πΎ4(1 + πΎ
2) (ππ’+ πππ’)
π β πΎ3
. (12)
In (12), πππis earthβs rotational velocity, π is latitude of
carrierβs position, and βπΈ, βπ, ππΈ, and π
πare the equivalent
gyro drift and equivalent accelerator bias in navigationcoordinate system.The corresponding solution inmotionwillbe introduced in the following sections.
3. DVL Aided Gyrocompass Alignment onMoving Base
3.1. DVL Aided Gyrocompass Alignment. The analysis inSection 2 gives conclusion that the influence factors ofgyrocompass alignment become more complicated when
the complexity of motion rises. From the perspective of sys-tem, the influencing form of acceleration in motion is similarto accelerometer bias, but its input value is much larger thanaccelerometer bias. What is more, from the perspective ofDVL aided velocity information, error becomesmore instablein motion.
From the analysis of (9), compared with gyrocompassalignment on static base, error compensations are needed infour parts, respectively, on moving base. They are angularvelocity ππ
ππ, earth rotation angular velocity ππ
ππ, harmful
accelerationπ΅π, andmotion acceleration caused by seawaves.The value of acceleration is only affected by waves in
uniformmotion, so it can be treated as disturbance.The otherthree parts can be calculated by the following equations:
ππ
ππ= [0 π
ππcosπ π
ππsinπ]π, (13)
ππ
ππ= [β
ππ
π
ππΈ
π
ππΈ
π cosπ]π
, (14)
π΅π
= (ππ
ππ+ 2ππ
ππ) Γ ππ
. (15)
It can be found that the precise information of carrierβsvelocity and position is needed in compensation calculation.As the information cannot be obtained in gyrocompassalignment process, external information is essential to com-plete the calculation. If the initial position is known, withthe assistance of DVL velocity information, the dynamiccompensation can be calculated by the following methodsafter coarse alignment.
3.1.1. Velocity Projection Calculation. The velocity measuredby DVL is ππ in carrier coordinate system, but the velocityin navigation coordinate system has to be calculated. Aftercoarse alignment, mathematical platform has been estab-lished and misalignment angle is controlled within a certainrange, so the velocity in platform coordinate system can begot by projection calculation of mathematical platform. SetDVL measurement velocity as ππdvl, and its expression is
ππ
dvl = πΆπ
πππ
dvl. (16)
3.1.2. Latitude Calculation. After coarse alignment, the mis-alignment angle is controlled within a smaller range, so
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6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
fb
Cp
b
Cp
b
πpc
πbip
πbib
πpie
R
πpep
πbip = Cbp
πbc = πpcC
bp
(πpie + πpep)
πbc
β
β
β
β
Cp
b
Cp
b
fp = Cp
bfb
π
π
πΎ
π
Ap
Bp
Compensationalgorithm
Modificationcalculation
Cp
b = Cp
bΓ πbpb
Vp
dvl
Vp
dvlVb
dvlVp
dvl = Cp
bVbdvl
π = π0 β β«VPdvlN
Figure 7: DVL aided gyrocompass alignment on moving base.
the carrier position can be got by integral calculation of theDVL velocity projection value ππdvl:
π = π0β β«
ππ
dvlππ
. (17)
ππ
dvlπ is the projection of carrier velocity ππ
dvl along northin platform coordinate system.
3.1.3. Compensation Value Calculation. We can use latitudeand velocity information to calculate compensation valueππ
ππ, ππππ, and π΅π in (13)β(15). The implementation principle
scheme of gyrocompass alignment on moving base is shownin Figure 7.
3.2. Error Analysis of DVL Aided Compass Alignment onMoving Base. There are still some error factors existing in thecompensation calculation method mentioned in Section 3.1.On one hand, as there are errors in compensation calculationprocess, the calculation of DVL velocity ππdvl and latitude πwill be effected accordingly. On the other hand, the errorcaused by sea waves is regarded as interference and ignoredin compensation calculation. So we need to analyze the errorof gyrocompass alignment from three aspects: velocity error,latitude error, and acceleration error.
3.2.1. The Effect of Velocity Error. As ππdvl can be calculatedby (16), error factors mainly come from the error of attitudematrix πΆπ
πand the error of DVL measured velocity ππdvl.
In alignment process, misalignment angle becomes smallergradually, so it is unnecessary to make further analysis of itsinfluence.
The velocity ππdvl measured by DVL with constant errorcan be written as
ππ
dvl = ππ
+ Ξππ
π. (18)
Equation (18) can be converted to the platform coordi-nate:
ππ
dvl = ππ
+ πΆπ
πΞππ
π. (19)
Due to swing of carrier and convergence of misalignmentangle, there are some tiny variations in πΆπ
π. The swing with
small amplitude canmakeπΆππΞπππshake around a constant in
limited range. So the error of ππdvl can be regarded as the sumof a constant error and a small high frequency oscillation.Thecalculation related to velocity is the angular velocity ππ
ππand
the harmful acceleration π΅π.
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7
(1) The Influence ππππ
Calculation Errors. As shown in (14),velocity is linear to the angular rate, so the error in ππ
ππby
the effect of speed error πΏππΈand πΏπ
πcan be expressed as
πΏππvππ= [β
πΏππ
π
πΏππΈ
π
πΏππΈ
π cosπ]π
. (20)
Under the influence of this error, (2) can be rewritten as(21) on moving base:
ππ
ππ= ππ
ππβ πΆπ
π(ππ
ππ+ πΏππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ+ πΏππ
ππ) β πΆπ
π(ππ
π)
= ππ
ππβ πΆπ
π(πΏππVππ) β πΆπ
π(ππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ) β πΆπ
π(ππ
π) .
(21)
After adding gyroscopic drift, (21) can be written as
ππ
ππ= ππ
ππ+ ππβ πΆπ
π(ππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ) β πΆπ
π(ππ
π)
= ππ
ππ+ πΆπ
πππβ πΆπ
π(ππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ) β πΆπ
π(ππ
π) .
(22)
The comparison of (21) and (22) gives conclusion that theerror of ππ
ππand gyro drift in carrier coordinate system have
the same influence form to attitude updating calculation. If itis considered as equivalent gyro drift π
πππand ππππ’
, the errorwith small high-frequency oscillationwill be restrained by thesystem and constant error is the only thing to be considered.Based on (7), with the effect of constant error, the alignmenterror caused by equivalent gyro drift in form (20) is as follows:
ππΏπ1
π§=ππππ
ππππ
+πΎπ§(1 + πΎ
2) ππππ’
π β πΎ3
=1
πππcosπ
β (βπΏππ
π ) +
πΎπ§(1 + πΎ
2)
πΎ3
β πΏππΈ
π 2 cosπ.
(23)
As analyzed above, east gyro drift βπΏππ/π has greater
influence on azimuth angle than azimuth gyro driftπΏππΈ/π cosπ, so the second part in (23) can be neglected and
(23) can be simplified as
ππΏπ1
π§=
1
πππcosπ
β (βπΏππ
π ) . (24)
(2) The Influence of Harmful Acceleration Error. As shownin Figure 7, the influence form of harmful acceleration π΅π issimilar toπ΄π.Therefore the influence of harmful accelerationand the accelerometer bias can be written in the same form,and the acceleration bias error analysis method can also beused to analyze the influence of harmful acceleration.
The projection of errors caused by harmful accelerationalong east and north of the platform is as follows:
π΅π
πΈ= (2π
ππsinπ + ππΈ
π cosπ) β ππ,
π΅π
π= β(2π
ππsinπ + ππΈ
π cosπ) β ππΈ.
(25)
With the effect of velocity errors πΏππΈand πΏπ
π, (25) can
be converted as
π΅π
πΈ= (2π
ππsinπ + ππΈ + πΏππΈ
π cosπ) β (ππ+ πΏππ) ,
π΅π
π= β(2π
ππsinπ + ππΈ + πΏππΈ
π cosπ) β (ππΈ+ πΏππΈ) .
(26)
The approximate value of harmful acceleration error canbe got by subtracting (26) from (25), and the result is
πΏπ΅π
πΈ= 2πππsinπ β πΏπ
π+πΏππβ ππΈ+ πΏππΈβ ππ+ πΏππΈβ πΏππ
π cosπ,
πΏπ΅π
π= β(2π
ππsinπ β πΏπ
πΈ+2πΏππΈβ ππΈ+ πΏπ2πΈ
π cosπ) .
(27)
There is little change in latitude, so π can be consideredas a constant in alignment process. The velocity and its errorcan be considered as sum of constant and high frequencyoscillation. As the swing frequency is high, the system has aninhibition to this oscillation error, so its influence is relativelyweak, so (26) can be analyzed as the constant gyro drift. Theharmful acceleration errors πΏπ΅π
πΈand πΏπ΅π
πand the constant
accelerometer bias βπ΅ππ
, βπ΅ππ
are equivalent, so accordingto (6) and (7), error angle can be obtained in (27) with theinfluence of the equivalent accelerometer bias:
ππΏπ2
π₯= β
βπ΅ππ
π
= β1
πβ ( β 2π
ππsinπ β πΏπ
π
βπΏππβ ππΈ+ πΏππΈβ ππ+ πΏππΈβ πΏππ
π cosπ) ,
ππΏπ2
π¦=βπ΅ππ
π=1
πβ (2πππsinπ β πΏπ
πΈ
+2πΏππΈβ ππΈ+ πΏπ2πΈ
π cosπ) .
(28)
Synthesizing themisalignment angles caused by two partsof the velocity error, the error equation can be rewritten as
ππΏπ
π₯=1
πβ (2πππsinπ β πΏπ
π
+πΏππβ ππΈ+ πΏππΈβ ππ+ πΏππΈβ πΏππ
π cosπ) ,
ππΏπ
π¦=1
πβ (2πππsinπ β πΏπ
πΈ+2πΏππΈβ ππΈ+ πΏπ2πΈ
π cosπ) ,
ππΏπ
π§=
1
πππcosπ
β (βπΏππ
π ) .
(29)
3.2.2.The Effect of Latitude Error. Latitude calculation can bemainly divided into two parts: one is the calculation of ππ
ππ
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8 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
and ππππ
and the other is the calculation of the parametersin feedback loop. They are analyzed, respectively, in thefollowing sections.
(1) The Influence Caused by Calculation Error of ππππand ππ
ππ.
From (13) and (14), we can know that the calculation of ππππ
and ππππ
is related to the latitude error. Set π as inaccuratelatitude, and πΏπ = π β π as latitude error.
While there exits error in latitude, the value of ππππcan be
calculated by
ππ
ππ= [0 π
ππcosπ π
ππsinπ]π. (30)
Therefore, the miscalculation of ππππcan be got by sub-
tracting (13) from (30):
πΏπππ
ππ=[[
[
0
πππ(cosπ β cosπ)
πππ(sinπ β sinπ)
]]
]
=
[[[[[
[
0
πππβ (β2 sin(π +
πΏπ
2) sin πΏπ)
πππβ (2 cos(π +
πΏπ
2) sin πΏπ)
]]]]]
]
.
(31)
While there exists an error, the calculation value of ππππis
ππ
ππ= [β
ππ
π
ππΈ
π
ππΈ
π cosπ ]π
. (32)
The calculation error of ππππcan be got by subtracting (14)
from (32):
πΏπππ
ππ= [0 0
ππΈ
π cosπβ
ππΈ
π cosπ ]π
= [0 0ππΈ
π β [β
2 sin (π + πΏπ/2) sin πΏπcosπ cosπ
]]
π
.
(33)
Similar to the analysis of πΏππVππ, πΏπππππ
and πΏπππππ
can betreated as equivalent gyro drift; then combining with (31) and(33), the gyro drift error can bewritten as the sumof πΏπππ
ππand
πΏπππ
ππ:
πΏππ
ππ+ πΏππ
ππ=
[[[[[
[
0
πππsin πΏπ β (β2 sin(π +
πΏπ
2))
πππsin πΏπ β (2 cos(π +
πΏπ
2)) β
sin πΏππ
β [2ππΈsin (π + πΏπ/2)cosπ cosπ
]
]]]]]
]
. (34)
From the analysis of (23), as cosπ is in the denominator,the error will be infinite in theory when the carrier is sailingin high latitudes. However, the gyrocompass alignment isapplied in mid or low latitudes, so this situation is out ofconsideration [20]. As the radius of the earth is very large,the carrierβs change in position can only lead to tiny changein latitude, and the latitude error πΏπ is even fainter. Deadreckoning latitude error terms π
ππsin πΏπ and sin πΏπ/π in (34)
can be neglected compared with the relatively larger error ofvelocity.
(2) The Influence of Corrected Angular Velocity. The correctedangle rate of gyrocompass alignment needs to be calculatedthrough the form of Figures 3 and 4. Therefore, the values ofparameters πΎ
1, πΎ2, πΎ3, and πΎ
4are needed to be determined.
Equation (4) in Section 2.2 shows that the azimuth loopparameters are calculated as follows:
πΎ1= πΎ3= 2ππ
π,
πΎ2=π π2π(1 + π2)
πβ 1,
πΎ (π ) =π π2π4π
π.
(35)
π and ππare adjustable variables in system; π
ππand π are
known values. When errors occurred in π, the accurate valueof parameterπΎ(π ) cannot be obtained, and the incorrectπΎ(π )will affect the convergence speed of the system. However, asthe value of πΏπ is small, this influence on the convergencespeed is weak.
3.2.3. The Effect of Acceleration Interference. The main accel-eration of carrier is caused by wind and waves in uniformstraight line motion. Assuming that acceleration caused bywaves is a sine periodic oscillation, and its value is π΄
π=
π΄ sin(ππ‘+π), then the velocity error can be got by integratingthe acceleration. It is a cosine periodic oscillation and itsvalue is π
π= (π΄/π) cosπ β (π΄/π) cos(ππ‘ + π). For
the acceleration interference, there is harmful accelerationinterference caused by the velocity error except for π΄π, andall the above factors can be equivalent to acceleration zerobiases β
π΄ππand β
π΄ππas described in Section 3.2.1:
βπ΄π= [
[
βπ΄ππ
βπ΄ππ
βπ΄ππ’
]
]
= (2ππ
ππ+ ππ
π) Γ ππ
π
-
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 9
=
[[[[[[[[
[
π΄π+ 2πππsinπ sinπ β π
π+π2πsin2π tanππ
π΄πΈβ 2πππcosπ sinπ β π
πβπ2πsinπ cosπ tanπ
π βπ2πsinπ cosππ
+ 2πππcosπ cosπ β π
π+π2πsin2ππ
]]]]]]]]
]
.
(36)
There are also equivalent gyro drifts in three directionsproduced by velocity error: π
π΄ππ, ππ΄ππ
, and ππ΄ππ’
:
ππ΄π= [ππ΄ππ
ππ΄ππ
ππ΄ππ’]π
= ππ
π
= [βππcosππ
ππsinππ
ππsinπ tanππ
]π
.
(37)
The horizontal alignment is mainly affected by acceler-ation bias, and the azimuth alignment is mainly affected byeast gyro drift. At this time, the misalignment angle equationin the frequency domain can be written as
ππ΄
π₯(π ) =
β ((1 + 2π2) π2π/π) (π + ππ
π/ (1 + 2π2))
(π 2 + 2ππππ + π2π) (π + ππ
π)
β βπ΄ππ
(π ) ,
ππ΄
π¦(π ) =
((1 + 2π2) π2π/π) (π + ππ
π/ (1 + 2π2))
(π 2 + 2ππππ + π2π) (π + ππ
π)
β βπ΄ππ
(π ) ,
ππ΄
π§(π ) =
π2π4π/Ξ© cosπ
(π 2 + 2ππππ + π2π) (π + ππ
π)2β ππ΄ππ
(π ) .
(38)
The acceleration π΄πproduced by waves is in form of
periodic oscillationwith small amplitude and high frequency.Its input frequency is generally limited in [π
π, +β), so the
effect of π΄πon misalignment angle can be greatly reduced
by lowering the value of ππ. The effect of uniform motion
interference acceleration can be suppressed by changing theparameters in the system, but the alignment time will also beincreased accordingly.
In this section the error of gyrocompass alignment inuniform straight line motion is analyzed from three aspects:latitude error, velocity error, and acceleration error.The influ-ence of velocity error and latitude error on the misalignmentangle is too weak to be considered, but the interferenceacceleration brought by swing and waves in motion has agreat influence on the misalignment angles. We can reducethis influence by changing the system parameters, but thealignment time will be increased accordingly.
4. A Rapid Implementation of DVL AidedGyrocompass Method in Alignment
In platform inertial navigation system (PINS), it is difficultfor the platform to revert to former states and adding anew control method again, whereas for SINS, assuming thatthe storage capacity of navigation computer is large andcomputing power is strong enough, it is feasible for thenavigation computer to make a storage of the sampling data
of SINS and calculate the data repeatedly with different kindsof algorithms. By using this kind of repeated calculationmethod, the increased alignment time caused by changes inparameters can be solved to some extent.
There exists a certain convergence in the gyrocompassalignment process, and it is themain factor to affect the align-ment time, so alignment time can be shortened by reducingthe convergent time or accomplishing the convergence inother processes. By calculating the data repeatedly, with theconvergence completed in this repeated calculation process,the original alignment process is shortened, which in turnreduces the alignment time although the overall convergenceprocess did not change.
From the analysis above, the conception and structure ofan improved rapid alignment algorithm is given as follows:the gyro and acceleration sampling data of SINS can beregarded as a group of time series. The traditional navigationprocess calculates this data series according to time order,and real-time navigation results can be got without the storedprocedure. For the same reason, if this data series is storedby navigation computer, they can be calculated backward toconduct the processing and analyzing procedure as well. Itis called data repeated calculation algorithm in this paper,and, by analyzing the sampling data forward and backwardrepeatedly, the accuracy is increased and the actual length ofthe analyzed data series is shortened, in return reduced thealignment time. The schematic diagram of the data repeatedcalculation algorithm is shown in Figure 8, in whichΞπ is thesampling period.
Attitude, velocity, and position calculation of the compassalignment algorithm for SINS are expressed in the followingdifferential equation:
οΏ½ΜοΏ½π
π= πΆπ
πΞ©π
ππ, (39a)
VΜπ = πΆππππ
ππβ (2π
π
ππ+ ππ
ππ) Γ Vπ + ππ, (39b)
οΏ½ΜοΏ½ =Vππ
π , οΏ½ΜοΏ½ =
VππΈsecππ
. (39c)
Among them
Ξ©π
ππ= (ππ
ππΓ) , π
π
ππ= ππ
ππβ (πΆπ
π)π
(ππ
ππ+ ππ
ππ) ,
ππ
= [0, 0, βπ]π
,
(40a)
ππ
ππ= [0, π
ππcosπ, π
ππsinπ]π,
ππ
ππ= [β
Vππ
π ,VππΈ
π ,VππΈtanππ
]
π
.
(40b)
πΏVπ is obtained by compass circuit and πΆππ, Vπ =
[VππΈ, Vππ, Vππ]π, π, and π are inertial attitude matrix, speed,
latitude, and longitude, respectively.ππππandππππaremeasuring
gyro angular velocity and measuring acceleration, respec-tively. π
ππand π are the angle rate of the earth and the
local acceleration of gravity, respectively. π is the radius ofearth. Operator π(βΓ) is the antisymmetric matrix composedby β vector. Assuming the sampling period of gyroscope
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10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Normal compass alignment
Reversed compassalignment
Forward compassalignment
Save the sampled data
...
...
...
......
...
tk
tk1
tk2
tkn
tmt0
tk1 + ΞT
tk2 + ΞT
tkn + ΞT
tk + ΞT
Figure 8: Data repeated calculation alignment process diagram.
and accelerometer in SINS are both Ξπ, the differentialequations ((39a), (39b), and (39c)) are discrete recursionmethod suitable for computer calculating:
πΆπ
ππ= πΆπ
ππβ1(πΌ + Ξπ β Ξ©
π
πππ) , (41a)
Vππ= Vππβ1
+ Ξπ β [πΆπ
ππβ1ππ
πππβ (2π
π
πππβ1+ ππ
πππβ1) Γ Vππβ1+ππ
] ,
(41b)
ππ= ππβ1
+Ξπ β Vπ
ππβ1
π ,
ππ= ππβ1
+Ξπ β Vπ
πΈπβ1secππβ1
π .
(41c)
Among them
Ξ©π
πππ= (ππ
πππΓ) ,
ππ
πππ= ππ
πππβ (πΆπ
ππβ1)π
(ππ
πππβ1+ ππ
πππβ1+ ππ
ππβ1) ,
ππ
πππ= [0, π
ππcosπ, π
ππsinππ]π
,
(42a)
ππ
πππ= [β
Vπππ
π ,VππΈπ
π ,VππΈπ
tanππ
π ]
π
(π = 1, 2, 3, . . .) .
(42b)
πππ= πΏVπ/π , πΏVπ can be obtained by compass circuit.From the equations above, if we take the opposite value
of gyro output and the earth rotation angle rate of theforward navigation algorithm, set the initial value of thealgorithm as πΆπ
π0= πΆπππ, VΜπ0= βVπ
π, π0= ππ, and
οΏ½ΜοΏ½0= ππ, and calculate the sampling data repeatedly, the
repeated calculation algorithm can be achieved. It has thesame expression with the forward navigation calculation, andthe reversed navigation calculating process from π‘
π(point B)
to π‘0(point A) can simply be got by using this algorithm.
Regardless of calculating error, attitude matrix and positioncoordinates are both equal at the same time of the data serieswhile the velocity has the same absolute value with oppositesign in forward and reversed calculation.
The reversed navigation algorithm of SINS is as follows:
πΆπ
ππβ1= πΆπ
ππ(πΌ + Ξπ β Ξ©
π
πππ)β1
β πΆπ
ππ(πΌ β Ξπ β Ξ©
π
πππ) β πΆ
π
ππ(πΌ + Ξπ β Ξ©Μ
π
πππβ1) ,
(43a)
Vππβ1
= Vππβ Ξπ
β [πΆπ
ππβ1ππ
πππβ (2π
π
πππβ1+ ππ
πππβ1) Γ Vππβ1
+ ππ
]
β Vππβ Ξπ β [πΆ
π
ππππ
πππβ1β (2π
π
πππ+ ππ
πππ) Γ Vππ+ ππ
] ,
(43b)
ππβ1
= ππβΞπ β Vπ
ππβ1
π β ππβΞπ β Vπ
ππ
π , (43c)
ππβ1
= ππβΞπ β Vπ
πΈπβ1secππβ1
π β ππβΞπ β Vπ
πΈπsecππ
π .
(43d)
Among them,
Ξ©Μπ
πππβ1= (οΏ½ΜοΏ½π
πππβ1Γ) ,
οΏ½ΜοΏ½π
πππβ1= β [π
π
πππβ1β (πΆπ
ππ)π
(ππ
πππ+ ππ
πππ+ ππ
ππ)] .
(44)
5. Simulation
5.1. Simulation Experiment of Traditional Gyrocompass Align-mentMethod. Thecomparison of gyrocompass alignment onstatic base and moving base is given, respectively, as follows.
5.1.1. The Simulation Conditions. Simulation is proceeded atlatitude π = 45.7796β and longitude π = 126.6705β (Harbinarea); in order to make a better observation of effect inmotion, the triaxial gyro drift of SINS is set as 0.01β/h andthe bias of accelerator is set as 0.0001 g. The parameters of
-
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 11
Table 1: Misalignments of gyrocompass alignment in differentconditions.
Eastern errorangle (β)
Northern errorangle (β)
Azimuth errorangle (β)
In motion β4.16 Γ 10β3 β4.34 Γ 10β3 1.211Static base 0.22 Γ 10β3 0.21 Γ 10β3 β0.059
Time (min)0 10 20 30 40 50 60
β0.05
0
0.05
0.1
Easte
rn m
isalig
nmen
tan
gle (
β )
Figure 9: Comparison of the misalignment in east axis.
gyrocompass alignment are set as π = 0.707 and ππ= 0.008;
it means that the alignment parameters configuration is
π1= π2= 0.0113,
ππΈ= ππ= 9.81 Γ 10
β6
,
ππ= 4.1 Γ 10
β6
.
(45)
Assuming that the carrierβs speed is 10m/s and heading isalong 315β, the swing and sway of sailing are set as sinusoidaloscillation form.The extent of pitch, roll, and yaw axis swingis set as 6β, 8β, and 5β, and the periods are set as 8 s, 6 s, and10 s; the extent of surge, sway, and heave is set as 0.1m/s2, andthe periods are 5 s. Set the axis misalignment angles of coarsealignment as 0.1β, 0.1β, and 1β, respectively.
5.1.2. The Simulation Results. The gyrocompass alignmentmethod is used both on static base and in uniform motion.After maintaining one hour of alignment process, the align-ment results in both conditions are compared and shownin Figures 6β8. The thick dash line represents gyrocompassalignment on static base and the thin solid line representsgyrocompass alignment in uniform motion.
The error curves in Figures 9, 10, and 11 indicate that thegyrocompass alignment has good performance on static base,but there is constant error caused by velocity which existsduring the alignment process while the ship is in motion.By choosing the mean value of alignment errors in twominutes before the alignment process ends, the results of bothconditions are recorded in Table 1.
In theory, three misalignment angles on static base canbe obtained by substituting the gyro drift and acceleratorzero bias into (5)β(7). The values are 0.209 Γ 10β3(β), 0.223 Γ10β3(β), and 0.062(β), respectively, which is nearly the same tothe simulation results. Then a conclusion can be drawn thatvelocity will cause a sharp alignment error. Substitute velocityinto (10)β(12); three misalignment angles can be obtained as
Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60β0.05
0
0.05
0.1
Nor
ther
n m
isalig
nmen
tan
gle (
β )
Figure 10: Comparison of the misalignment in north axis.
Time (min)0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Hea
ding
misa
lignm
ent
angl
e (β )
3
4
2
1
0
β1
Figure 11: Comparison of the heading misalignment.
0
β50
β100Mag
nitu
de (d
B)Ph
ase (
deg)
Bode diagram
0
β50
β100
β150
β20010β3 10β2 10β1 100
Frequency (rad/s)
wn = 0.02
wn = 0.01
X: 0.314
X: 0.314
X: 0.314
X: 0.314
Y: β60.5
Y: β72.53
Y: β176.3
Y: β172.5
Figure 12: BODE plot of north acceleration to east misalignment.
β4.2 Γ 10β3(β), β4.5 Γ 10β3(β), and 1.248(β), that is nearly thesame with the simulation results as well.
On one hand, the simulation result proves the perfor-mance of gyrocompass alignment on static base; on theother hand, it also proves the validity of error analysisfor gyrocompass alignment on moving base discussed inSection 2.4.Therefore the error caused by carrierβs movementhas to be amended on moving base.
5.2. Simulation Experiment of DVL Aided GyrocompassAlignment on Moving Base
5.2.1.The Simulation Conditions. Simulation experiments areproceeded in Harbin area, where the latitude π = 45.7796β
-
12 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
β100
β200
100
50
0
0
β300
β40010β3 10β2 10β1 100
Mag
nitu
de (d
B)Ph
ase (
deg)
Bode diagram
Frequency (rad/s)
β50
β100
wn = 0.02
wn = 0.01
X: 0.314
X: 0.314
X: 0.314
X: 0.314
Y: β13.68
Y: β37.74
Y: β354.2
Y: β348.3
Figure 13: BODE plot of north acceleration to heading misalign-ment.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000β0.2
β0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Misa
lignm
ent a
ngle
(deg
)
2050 2060 2070 2080
0
0.005
0.01
Time (s)
Time (s)
wn = 0.02
wn = 0.01
Misa
lignm
ent
angl
e (de
g)
β0.015
β0.01
β0.005
Figure 14: Curve of eastmisalignment caused by north acceleration.
and the longitude π = 126.6705β. Ignoring all the otherfactors, the ship is assumed to sail along northeast direction.Set the initial velocity and gyro drift as zero and there existsacceleration on the gyrocompass alignment when the shipis moving. The period of acceleration oscillation is 20 s andits value is π΄
π= π΄πΈ= 0.2 sin(2π β π‘/20). Set the axis
misalignment angles of coarse alignment as 0.5β, 0.5β, and0.5β, respectively.
5.2.2. The Simulation Results. We change πΎ value of thehorizontal loop and the azimuth loop in which the dampingratio is still π = 0.8 while oscillation frequency is adjustedfrom π
π= 0.02 to π
π= 0.01. In horizontal loop, πΎ
1=
0.0240, πΎ2= 147.69, and πΎ
3= 0.5217. In azimuth loop,
πΎ1= πΎ3= 0.016, πΎ
2= 105.9534, and πΎ
4= 0.0042. The
whole simulation time is 3000 s and the simulation diagramsare drawn in Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15.
0
10
20
30
40
50
2140 2150 2160 2170
β0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Time (s)
Time (s)
wn = 0.02
wn = 0.01
Misa
lignm
ent a
ngle
(deg
)
Misa
lignm
ent
angl
e (de
g)
β10
Figure 15: Curve of heading misalignment caused by north acceler-ation.
Figures 12β15 show the BODE figure and correspondingmisalignment curve before and after adjusting system param-eters. At frequency of 0.314 rad/sec (the corresponding periodis 20 s), the magnitude is reduced from β60.5 dB to β72.5 dBin horizontal loop (as shown in Figure 12). Correspondinglythe steady-state oscillation of misalignment is reduced from0.6 to around 0.18 (as shown in Figure 14). In azimuthloop, the magnification is reduced from β13.7 dB to β37.7 dB(as shown in Figure 13), and the steady-state oscillation ofmisalignment is reduced from 4.5 to around 0.5 (as shownin Figure 15). It can be seen that the influence of accelerationcan be effectively reduced by changing the parameters ofsystem appropriately.
However, as shown in Figures 12β15, alignment time willalso be prolonged accordingly. Therefore the data repeatedcalculation algorithm introduced in Section 4 is necessary,and it will efficiently shorten the alignment process.
6. Test Verification
6.1. Test Equipment Set-Up. To evaluate the performance ofgyrocompass alignment deeply, a sailing test was conductedin testing field on Tai Lake (Wuxi, China). The test wasconducted on a high-speed yacht platform equipped withseveral devices. It consists of anAHRS based on a fiber opticalgyro (FOG) produced by our own research center (similarto [12], we conducted precalibration process of AHRS tominimize the error), a high-precise FOG-INS system calledPHINS combined with GPS used as a reference system, anda DVL used to assist the AHRS system. Based on the headingand attitude information supplied by PHINS, the accuracy ofgyrocompass initial alignment onmoving basewas evaluated.The characteristics of AHRS are shown in Table 2, and theperformances of PHINS are shown in Table 3.
The high-speed yacht platform used in the test and theset-up of the equipment it carried are shown in Figure 16.
-
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 13
AHRS PHINSData collection
computer
UPS power
DVL
GPS
Figure 16: Yacht platform and the test equipment.
120.14
120.16
120.18
120.2
120.22
120.14
120.16
120.18
120.2
120.22
120.24
120.1231.15 31.2
31.25 31.3 31.35 31.4
31.25 31.3 31.35 31.4 31.45 31.5
Trajectory
Starting point3800 s to 5800 s
Finishing point
Long
itude
Figure 17: Test trajectory.
Table 2: The characteristics of AHRS.
Gyroscope AccelerometersBias-error 0.01β/h Threshold Β±5 Γ 10β5 gRandom walkcoefficient
-
14 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
β1
β0.5
β1.5
0.5
00.5
1
Pitc
h er
ror(
β )Ro
ll er
ror(β)
1960 1970 1980 1990
β0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Method 1Method 2
Method 1Method 2
Method 1Method 2
β5
β4
β3
β 2
2
β1
1
0
0.2
0
β0.2
1990 1995 2000
Hea
ding
erro
r(β )
β10
β5
0
5
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
t (s)
Figure 19: The restrain curves of heading and attitude error.
to the gyrocompass alignment algorithm on static base,while Method 2 corresponds to the gyrocompass alignmentalgorithm on moving base).
As shown in Figure 19, the pitch and roll error of gyro-compass alignment algorithm on moving base are of slight
difference compared with algorithm on static base. But thereis a significant difference in performance of heading angleon moving base. The error of algorithm on moving base isreduced to 1.5β compared with that on static base. However, itstill can be improved. As introduced in Section 3.2.3, while
-
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 15
Table 3: The performance of PHINS.
Position accuracy (CEP50%3) Heading accuracy (1π value) Attitude accuracy (1π value)With stand-alone GPS aiding 5β15m With GPS aiding 0.01β secant latitude Roll and pitch error Less than 0.01β
With differential GPS aiding 0.5β3mWith RTK differential GPS aiding 2β5m No aiding 0.05β secant latitudeNo aiding for 5min 20mPure internal mode 0.6NM/h
β0.2
β0.10
0.1
0.2
Time (s)3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
024
6
8
Acce
lera
tion
(m)
Velo
city
(m)
Time (s2)
DVL velocity
DVL acceleration
Figure 20: The velocity and acceleration curves under sailingcondition.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1Frequency spectrumΓ10β4
Frequency (Hz)
Am
plitu
deF(jπ)
Figure 21: Frequency spectrogram of acceleration.
there exists a periodic interference acceleration in sailingcondition, it will produce a periodic oscillation to heading.Inhibition of acceleration with this periodic oscillation canenhance the alignment performance further.
The velocity and acceleration curves of the yacht (from3800 s to 5800 s) are shown in Figure 20.
In order to give a clear expression about how the acceler-ation affects the alignment system, a fast Fourier transform(FFT) is presented to the acceleration, and its frequencyspectrogram is given in Figure 21.
Method 2Method 3
Hea
ding
erro
r(β )
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
β4
β2
0
2
4
6
8
t (s)
Figure 22: Heading error restrain curves before and after reset.
Figure 21 provides a factor that there exists an oscillationperiod of 0.05Hz in acceleration, and it will be equivalentto instrument error, which will seriously affect the result ofheading alignment, so it is necessary to reset the alignmentparameter of the gyrocompass loop.
The convergence curves are compared in Figure 22(Method 2 corresponds to π
π= 0.05, while Method 3
corresponds to ππ= 0.007).
Curves in Figure 22 prove that, after reset of parameters,initial alignment results are much better than the former,but the alignment time is significantly increased from about700 s to 1400 s. To shorten the prolonged time, data repeatedcalculation algorithm is used, and the result is shown inFigure 23. In the first 220 s, the coarse alignment process iscarried out which can decrease the error angle to certainrange quickly, but the precision cannot be guaranteed and theerror vibration that causes a valley at nearly 200 s in Figure 23is obvious. After 220 s, the proposed alignment method isimplemented after coarse alignment.
The chart in the middle represents the data repeated cal-culating process, which avoids the sampling step and almosttakes less than 1 s, so the alignment time is shortened to about650 s. After comparing the alignment curve in Figure 23 withthat in Figure 22, it can be known that the alignment timeis much shorter than before when the accuracy remainsunchanged.
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16 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
0 200 400 600
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
600 400 200 0 200 400 600
Hea
ding
erro
r(β )
t (s) t (s)t (s)
Figure 23: Time of heading alignment after using the data repeated calculation method.
Table 4: Statistics of 4 methods.
Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Method 4Roll error()
Mean 0.0316 0.0314 0.0313 0.0313Variance β0.1623 β0.1618 β0.1636 β0.1636
Pitch error()
Mean 0.0646 0.0646 0.0645 0.0645Variance 0.1107 0.1109 0.1105 0.1105
Yaw error(β)
Mean β1.4517 β0.3507 β0.1327 β0.1327Variance 0.3149 0.1791 0.1079 0.1079
Alignment time (s) 700 700 1400 650
The experimental results of all four methods are puttogether in Table 4 in order to make a comparison. Method1 is the gyrocompass alignment method using the algorithmon static base. Method 2 is the gyrocompass alignmentmethod using the algorithm on moving base. Method 3is the gyrocompass alignment method on moving base inwhich the control parameters are reset and Method 4 isthe improvement of Method 3 after using the data repeatedcalculation algorithm. The mean and variance values inTable 4 are the statistics of error angle in the last 20 s ofalignment process (from 1980 s to 2000 s) comparing thealignment results with the standard value collected fromPHINS.
From data in Table 4, it can be drawn that Method 4has much better alignment results compared with the otherthree methods. That is to say, after using the gyrocompassalignment algorithm on moving base with resetting thesystem control parameters, the accuracy of initial alignmentis guaranteed and the alignment time is also in acceptablerange with the use of data repeated calculation algorithm.
7. Conclusion
Based on the principle analysis of classic platform initial gyro-compass alignment, a DVL aided gyrocompass alignmentmethod for SINS on moving base is proposed in this paper.The implementation of algorithm is given and the influenceof external velocity error is also analyzed. More specifically,two methods are adopted to cope with the gyrocompassalignment on moving base: first, an improved algorithm ofgyrocompass alignment for SINS on moving base aided withDVL is introduced; then, after the error analysis, the systemparameters are reset to decrease the acceleration interference.However, from results it turns out that alignment time istoo long to be accepted. Aiming at this problem, a datarepeated calculation algorithm is put forward to shorten theprolonged time. The simulation and experimental resultsverify the performance of the proposed alignment methodboth in accuracy and convergence time.
Abbreviations
π : Earth radiusπ: Gravitational accelerationπππ: Rotational angular velocity of the earth
ππ₯, ππ¦, ππ§: The east, north, and azimuthmisalignment angle of platform
π: Latitudeπ: Longitudeπ‘: The geographical coordinatesπ: The navigation coordinatesπ: The platform coordinatesπ: The body coordinatesπ: The geocentric inertial coordinatesπ: The earth coordinates
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 17
πΆπ
π: The transform matrix from the platform
frame π to the SINSβs body frame πππππ: Angular rate of the body frame with
respect to the platform frameπππ: The control angular rate
ππππ: The angular rate of the body frame with
respect to the inertial frameπ: Gyroscopic driftβ: Accelerometer biasπ: The damping coefficient of the systemπ: The system constant timeππ: The system oscillation frequency
ππ π₯, ππ π¦, ππ π§: The error angle caused by device error in
three directionsπ: Heading angleππ: Specific force directly measured by the
IMU in the body frameππ: Specific force directly measured by the
IMU in the navigation frameπ΅π: Bad accelerationπππ, πππ, πππ’: The equivalent gyro drift on uniform
motion in three directionsβππ, βππ, βππ’: The equivalent accelerometer bias on
uniform motion in three directionsππdvl: The speed of body measured by DVLππΏππ₯, ππΏππ¦, ππΏππ§: The error angle caused in three direc-
tions by uniform motionππ΄ππ
, ππ΄ππ
, ππ΄ππ’
: The equivalent gyro drift in three direc-tions on accelerated movement
βπ΄ππ
, βπ΄ππ
, βπ΄ππ’
: The equivalent accelerometer biason accelerated movement in threedirections
ππ΄π₯, ππ΄π¦, ππ΄π§: The error angle caused by accelerated
movement in three directions.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This study is supported in part by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (Grant no. 61203225), theState Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2012M510083), andthe Central college Fundamental Research Special Fund(no. HEUCF110427). The authors would like to thank theanonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions andinsightful comments.
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