research article cloud computing platform for an online...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationMathematical Problems in EngineeringVolume 2013 Article ID 369056 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013369056

Research ArticleCloud Computing Platform for an Online Model Library System

Mingang Chen12 Wenjun Cai3 and Lizhuang Ma1

1 Department of Computer Science and Technology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Computer Software Testing and Evaluating Shanghai 20112 China3 Autodesk ACRD Shanghai 201804 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Mingang Chen miles cmgsjtueducn

Received 22 January 2013 Accepted 22 March 2013

Academic Editor Carlo Cattani

Copyright copy 2013 Mingang Chen et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The rapid developing of digital content industry calls for online model libraries For the efficiency user experience and reliabilitymerits of the model library this paper designs a Web 3D model library system based on a cloud computing platform Taking intoaccount complex models which cause difficulties in real-time 3D interaction we adopt the model simplification and size adaptiveadjustment methods to make the system with more efficient interaction Meanwhile a cloud-based architecture is developed toensure the reliability and scalability of the system The 3D model library system is intended to be accessible by online users withgood interactive experiences The feasibility of the solution has been tested by experiments

1 Introduction

It is generally known that the design of 3D virtual scene is thefoundation for the production of animations and games and3D models are the most important components to construct3D scenes Although there have been some quick 3D modelconstruction method [1 2] the design and modeling of 3Dmodels are extremely time consuming and labor intensiveTherefore some online 3Dmodelmaterial libraries have beenconstructed for example the Google 3D Warehouse andother commercial 3D libraries like 3D Export 3D Kingdomand so forth

Functions as browsing storage sharing and reusing ofmodels are provided by these web-based online 3D modellibraries Users can reusemodels save their time ofmodelingand improve their efficiency of production with the applica-tion of 3Dmodel librariesTherefore the construction of real-time 3D interactive full-featured and reliable system is thetrends of the development of 3D model library

At the same time image-based proxy is usually used inmost of the existing online 3D model libraries to display3D model which can only provide limited 3D informa-tion and lacking of human-computer interaction Lately

the panorama technology [3] provides interactive features forthe display of 3Dmodel but it cannot provide the function ofmodel rotation at any angle and real-time rendering Googlehas also launched 3DWarehouse which provides interactivebrowsing of 3D models However it still has limitations Oneis about the rotation of interaction which tests to be effectiveonly in the horizontal directionThe other is that only GoogleSketchUp model format is supported

Web-based 3D model library requires users to contributenew models to the library while it provides users with modelsharing services which is a typical Web 20 pattern Cloudcomputing is a fresh paradigm for Web 20 that will replacethe current dominant web application So we deploy ourWeb3D model library applications onto the cloud for the advan-tages of a cloud platform like the scalability of computing andstorage load balancing failover and on demand service

In this paper a Web 3D model library is designed andimplemented based on the cloud computing platform Anda front-end efficient Web 3D and back-end reliable cloudcomputing solutions are proposed The paper makes thefollowing contributions (1) A model format converter isdesigned to support a wide range of model file formats inthe system (2) The model simplification and optimization

2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

strategies are adopted to improve the efficiency of richinteraction such as scaling and rotation of arbitrary angle(3) A model size adaptive adjustment module is proposedto fit the model browser quite well (4)The Web 3D modellibrary is implemented and deployed onto the cloud platformto ensure the stability and scalability of the system

2 Related Work

Related technologies used in this paper mainly include Web3D technology and cloud computing technology

21 Web 3D Technology There have been a large numberof Web 3D systems and solutions over the last 20 yearsRecently there have been broadly two categories of Web 3Dtechnologies one is the browser plug-in-based approach andthe other is a small number of systems which are trying tointegrate the rendering system directly into the browser [4]

In developing content rich Internet applications AdobeFlash is widely used as a multimedia platform and it hasbecome a popular solution used to add animation andinteractivity to web pages Flash supports 3D transformationsand simulates 3D effects by displaying 2D vector shapes onthe screen According to Adobe Flash Player has reachedover 99 of the Internet users Therefore the flash-basedtechnologies are the mainstreamWeb 3D solution

Away3D is an open-source 3D graphics engine writtenfor the Adobe Flash platform in ActionScript 3 and runs inmodern web browsers that utilize Adobe Flash Player It canbe used to render 3D models and perform various other 3Dcomputations It supports hierarchical object transformationwith features such as translation rotation and scaling ren-dering of bitmap textures and real-time lighting effects [5]In this paper Away3D technology is used in the Web 3Dmodel library based on the following two reasons Firstly 3Deffects are highly impressive and the performance is relativelygood compared with other Flash 3D engines The newestversion Away3D 4 has been upgraded to support the latestFlash Player with fully GPU-accelerated graphics SecondlyAway3D supports multiple external model formats such asthe COLLADA 3DS and OBJ

Other frameworks as Microsoft Silverlight and OracleJava 3D are also used for developing rich Internet applicationsin recent years However users of Silverlight or Java 3D aremuch less compared with those using Adobe Flash

The WebGL solution does not rely on a plug-in and itis a cross-platform web standard for low-level 3D graphicsAPIs based on OpenGL ES 20 exposed through the HTML5Canvas element as Document Object Model interfaces [6]The development of HTML5 will greatly promote theWebGLsolution Further work has been done with the X3DOMproject [7] which overcomes WebGL limitations by pro-viding an adaptation of the rendering technique HoweverWebGL is a low-level interface in which programmers haveto deal with every triangle and transformation Because of theabove complex development process it is not appropriate forthe Web 3D model library

X3D is an XML-based 3D computer graphics file [8]The X3D specification includes graphics APIs and a fullruntime that enables picking viewing navigation scriptingand manipulating the scene graph X3D supports DOM andAjax programming and focuses on the visualization of 3Dassets However so far the mainstream modeling softwaresuch as 3ds Max and Maya cannot transform 3D modelsdirectly into X3D format

COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) is an inter-mediate format with an open standard XML schema whoseprimary goal is to represent rich data in multiple formsto exchange digital assets among various graphics softwareapplications [9] COLLADA defines the format for 3D assetsbut not their runtime semantics In this paper COLLADAis adopted as an interchange model format for the Web3D model library because of its compatibility with themainstream 3D modeling software and the well support byAway3D

22 Cloud Computing Technology In recent years the cloudcomputing paradigm is becoming more popular for hostingapplications as it provides businesses with pay-as-you-gocomputing and storage services [10] Growing numbers ofcorporations are involved in this wave to provide publiccloud computing services such as Amazon AWS GoogleAppEngine Microsoft Azure and Rackspace CloudServerThese cloud providers offer a variety of options in pricingperformance and feature set For example some offer plat-form as a service (PaaS) where a cloud customer buildsapplications using the APIs provided by the cloud othersoffer infrastructure as a service (IaaS) where a customer runsapplications inside virtual machines (VMs) using the APIsprovided by their chosen guest operating systems [11]

In this paper Amazon Web Services (AWSs) [12] areadopted as the cloud computing platform for Web 3D modellibrary mainly due to flexibility of services and its greatsuccess in the business compared to Google AppEngine andMicrosoft Azure The Amazon cloud computing platformprovides the necessary computing environment includingCPUs storage memory networking and operating systemThe Web 3D model library makes use of three AWSs ElasticCompute Cloud (EC2) Elastic Block Storage (EBS) andSimple Storage Service (S3) EC2 contains a variety of userselectable virtual machine types also called instances thatrange in computing power and cost An instance is bootedwithin a few minutes and the user is given root or adminis-trator access

3 The Architecture Overview of the Web 3DModel Library System

A classic three-layer architecture is adopted in the Web 3Dmodel library system that is data layer business layer andpresentation layer as shown in Figure 1

The data layer deployed in Amazon S3 stands for modelfiles storage S3 is composed of buckets that are geographicallydistributed across Amazonrsquos multiple data centers in differentlocations So S3 is an extremely reliable persistent storage

Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

Adobe flash player

User

3D models display and interaction

S3

3D model files storage

Web application servers

Web servicesEC2 EBS

Data layer

Application layer

Model conversion

Model simplification

Database server

Meta data for 3D models

Presentation layer

Loading Moving Scaling

Rotation Material Lighting

Rendering optimization

3D models uploading and downloading

3D models retrieval

Restsoap

JDBC

HTTP HTMLSWF

Figure 1 The system architecture of Web 3D model library

system for files storage When the storage capacity of modelfiles is larger than expectation storage expansion service ofS3 can be easily requested

Web application servers and models metadata databaseare deployed on Amazon EC2 that mainly provides businesslogic of the system such as userrsquos requests conversion ofmodel formats and modelrsquos retrieval Amazon EC2 allowsusers to deploy scalable resources on demand

The presentation layer in the userrsquos browser provides3D model display and interaction model uploading anddownloading functions and so forth

This paper will focus on how the system supports 3Dmodel display and interaction including model format con-version model mesh simplification model size adaptiveadjustment and the design of model browser

4 Model Format Conversion andModel Simplification

Themost widespreadmodel files in ourmodel library are 3DSMax and Maya formats However these two model formatscannot be rendered in the Away3D engine directly So in thispaper we design a model format conversion service on the

server side and this service is for converting various modelformats into the COLLADA format

When models are uploaded to the system the model for-mat conversion service will first analyze the format of modelsand then move the COLLADA files into the ldquoCOLLADArdquofolder while itmovesmodels of other formats into the ldquoNON-COLLADArdquo folder The service will get files in the ldquoNON-COLLADArdquo folder one by one and open it in the relevantmodeling software which has installed COLLADA plug-inand then the format conversion command script is executedOn the server side the model format conversion service runsperiodically At last the converted files will be moved to theldquoCOLLADArdquo folder Away3D engine will load and render theCOLLADAmodel file for themodelrsquos display and interaction

Furthermore taking into account complex models maybe difficult to real-time 3D interaction so we also imple-ment a model simplification service on the server sideAn iterative decimation algorithm [13] is adopted for themodel simplificationThis algorithm applies the pair collapseoperation iteratively which replaces two vertices with onecausing neighboring faces to be degenerated The algorithmdefines the quadric error metric for selecting a collapsedpair of vertices from the potential candidates For a vertex V


the quadric error metric is defined as the sum of point-planedistance from V to a set of associated planes as shown in thefollowing formula

Δ (V) = sum119901isinplanes(V)

(119901119879V)2

= V119879( sum119901isinplanes(V)

119901119879119901) V

= V119879119876VV

(1)

where planes(V) denotes the triangle faces adjacent to V and119876V is the error quadric matrix In the model simplificationprocess we assign planes(V119896) = planes(V119894) cup planes(V119895) byiteratively applying the pair collapse (V119894 V119895) rarr V119896

5 Model Size Adaptive Adjustment

When models are just loaded onto the scene some are toolarge to be contained by the screen while others are sosmall that customers have to pay great efforts to zoom themup To solve this problem we have deeply researched intothe perspective projection principle of Away3D engine andproposed a method to adjust related parameter automaticallyand display models of various sizes properly

The perspective projection matrix 119875 in Away3D can berepresented by the following formula

119875 =(

119891

aspect0 0 0

0 119891 0 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

=(

(

119873

1198820 0 0

0119873

1198670 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

)

(2)

where aspect = 119882119867 119891 = 1 tan(FOV2) = 119873119867119882 and119867 denote the half of the width and height of the viewportrespectively 119873 and 119865 denote the distance from the camerato the near plane and the far plane respectively FOV isillustrated in Figure 2

When a 3D point 119901(119909 119910 119911) is projected onto the projec-tion plane its 2D coordinate is 1199011015840 = (119873119909119882119873119910119873) So the3Dmodel bounding boxrsquos width and height can be calculatedby the following formula

model Width = 119873119882(119909max minus 119909min)

model Height = 119873119867(119910max minus 119910min)

(3)

where 119909max and 119909min denote the maximum and minimum119909-coordinate value of all points in a model Similarly 119910max

Far plane

Near plane

Field of view (FOV)

119873

119865

119867

Figure 2 An illustration of field of view

and 119910min denote the maximum and minimum 119910-coordinatevalue of all points in amodel modelWidth andmodelHeightdenote themodelrsquos width and height when it is projected ontothe model browserrsquos screen According to formula (3) wecan adjust the distance from the camera to near plane 119873 toa proper value adaptively when models are loaded Figure 3compares the display effect of loadingmodels before and afterthe model size adaptive adjustment

6 Design of the Model Browser

The model browser based on Away3D is a window for dis-playing 3Dmodels withmultiangle visibility and rich human-computer interaction The browser supports not only themodel rotation scaling and translation but also advancedoperations such as material replacement and light sourceadjustment

Away3D engine provides rich APIs to process real-time rendering of 3D models Modelrsquos rotation scalingand translation operations are implemented by updating theattribute of camera position modelrsquos material replacementand adjustment of light source by updating the attributeof material and light Away3D engine supports point lightambient light or directional light for 3D scene and alsospecifies ambient shader or diffuse Phong shader and soforth

In the following part we take modelrsquos rotation as anexample to describe model real-time rendering process inthe model browser Firstly the model browser programloads 3D model by calling Away3D Collada class and parsesmodel files described with XML After parsing process wecan get modelrsquos information such as vertexrsquos coordinatesand model material Secondly the model browser programadds 3D model to the scene and computes the camerarsquosposition parameter by formula (3) Thirdly the event listenerfunctions are registered in the scene to response users real-time interaction For modelrsquos rotation we just compute theangle ofmodelrsquos rotation Finally themodel browser programcalls Away3D rendering function to realize modelrsquos real-timerendering

7 Application and Performance Analysis

TheWeb 3D model library system is intended to be accessedby online users and provide users with good interactiveexperiences as shown in Figure 4


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 3 (a) and (c) are effects before the model size adaptive adjustment (b) and (d) are effects after the model size adaptive adjustment

Figure 4 Web 3D model library system

Interactionswith 3Dmodels such as rotation scaling andtranslation in the model browser can be realized easily byusing a mouse as shown in Figure 5

The model browser also supports users to upload imagesas texture and material and assign them to a model or partof a model as shown in Figure 6 Figure 6(a) is an originalcar model and Figure 6(b) shows that certain parts of carmodel are selected and are assigned with new materialsFigure 6(c) shows the effect of changing the material of thecar model

Figure 7 shows the light effects of a plane model Theinterface is designed for user to change the position of lightsource light color and ambient color Figure 7(a) showsa plane model without light effects and Figures 7(b) and7(c) are the high light and ambient light effects respec-tively

The model rendering time and model browser responsetime are the important indicators for the model browserrsquosperformance In order to enhance the model browserrsquos per-formance in this paper the following optimizing techniquesare adopted (1) choosing suitable Flash stage quality (2)applying camerarsquos frustum culling process that is removingobjects that lie outside the viewing frustum from the render-ing process [14] and (3) keeping the amount of pixels thatneed to be rendered as low as possible


Figure 5 3D modelrsquos rotation scaling and translation

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6 The effect of changing the material of a car model

We choose two models with different complexity to testthe model browserrsquos performance as shown in Table 1 Allperformance analysis was executed on a laptop with Intel i3CPU at 24GHz and 4G memory From the performanceanalysis we observe that (1) the more model complex is themore memory SWF file takes up and the longer renderingtime is the lower frame rate is and (2) after optimizationmemory cost and rendering time are reduced significantly

8 Conclusion

Aweb 3Dmodel library system solution and complete designare proposed in this paper The system is deployed in theAmazon cloud computing platform to ensure its reliabilityand scalability In the system a 3D model conversion serviceis developed to support a variety of model formats Further-more a model simplification algorithm and a model size


(a) (b) (c)

Figure 7 The light effects of a plane model

Table 1 Performance analysis of the model browser

Windmill model Plane modelVertex number 1362 Vertex number 2724Facet number 1218 Facet number 2325Before

optimizationAfter

optimizationBefore

optimizationAfter

optimizationMemory(MB) 1782 1256 2438 1832

Renderingtime (ms) 6 4 12 8

Framerate (fps) 24 32 16 24

adaptive method are designed to improve userrsquos 3D interac-tion experienceThisWeb 3Dmodel library solution of designand deployment can be applied to other web applicationssuch as online virtual tour and design In further studieswe are planning to design a real-time model simplificationmethod to improve the display accuracy of the complexmodels

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank professor Jinyuan Jia forhis support and valuable suggestions during the projectresearch This work was funded by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (61133009) and Science andTechnology Commission of Shanghai Municipality program(11511500200 12QB1402300 and 12DZ2290700)

References

[1] M Pollefeys D Nister J M Frahm et al ldquoDetailed real-timeurban 3D reconstruction from videordquo International Journal ofComputer Vision vol 78 no 2-3 pp 143ndash167 2008

[2] H Liu S Chen and N Kubota ldquoSpecial section on intelligentvideo systems and analyticsrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 8 no 1 p 90 2012

[3] M Brown and D G Lowe ldquoAutomatic panoramic image stitch-ing using invariant featuresrdquo International Journal of ComputerVision vol 74 no 1 pp 59ndash73 2007

[4] J Behr P Eschler Y Jung andM Zollner ldquoX3DOMmdashaDOM-based HTML5 X3D integration modelrdquo in Proceedings ofthe14th International Conference on 3DWeb Technology (Web3Drsquo09) pp 127ndash135 June 2009

[5] C Matthew Away3D 36 Essentials Packt Publishing 2011[6] C Marrin WebGL Specification Khronos WebGL Working

Group 2011[7] J Behr Y Jung J Keil et al ldquoA scalable architecture for the

HTML5X3D integrationmodel X3DOMrdquo in Proceedings of the15th International Conference on Web 3D Technology (Web3Drsquo10) pp 185ndash194 July 2010

[8] L Daly and D Brutzman ldquoX3D extensible 3D graphics stan-dard [Standards in a Nutshell]rdquo IEEE Signal Processing Maga-zine vol 24 no 6 pp 130ndash135 2007

[9] A Remi and P Tony ldquoDeveloping web application with COL-LADA and X3D a whitepaperrdquo 2007

[10] M Cusumano ldquoCloud computing and SaaS as new computingplatformsrdquo Communications of the ACM vol 53 no 4 pp 27ndash29 2010

[11] A Li X Yang S Kandula andM Zhang ldquoCloudCmp compar-ing public cloud providersrdquo in Proceedings of the 10th InternetMeasurement Conference (IMC rsquo10) pp 1ndash14 November 2010

[12] Amazon Services httpawsamazoncom[13] M Garland and P S Heckbert ldquoSurface simplification using

quadric error metricsrdquo in Proceedings of the 24th AnnualConference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniquespp 209ndash216 August 1997

[14] U Assarsson and T Moller ldquoOptimized view frustum cullingalgorithms for bounding boxesrdquo Journal of Graphics Tools vol5 no 1 pp 9ndash22 2000

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strategies are adopted to improve the efficiency of richinteraction such as scaling and rotation of arbitrary angle(3) A model size adaptive adjustment module is proposedto fit the model browser quite well (4)The Web 3D modellibrary is implemented and deployed onto the cloud platformto ensure the stability and scalability of the system

2 Related Work

Related technologies used in this paper mainly include Web3D technology and cloud computing technology

21 Web 3D Technology There have been a large numberof Web 3D systems and solutions over the last 20 yearsRecently there have been broadly two categories of Web 3Dtechnologies one is the browser plug-in-based approach andthe other is a small number of systems which are trying tointegrate the rendering system directly into the browser [4]

In developing content rich Internet applications AdobeFlash is widely used as a multimedia platform and it hasbecome a popular solution used to add animation andinteractivity to web pages Flash supports 3D transformationsand simulates 3D effects by displaying 2D vector shapes onthe screen According to Adobe Flash Player has reachedover 99 of the Internet users Therefore the flash-basedtechnologies are the mainstreamWeb 3D solution

Away3D is an open-source 3D graphics engine writtenfor the Adobe Flash platform in ActionScript 3 and runs inmodern web browsers that utilize Adobe Flash Player It canbe used to render 3D models and perform various other 3Dcomputations It supports hierarchical object transformationwith features such as translation rotation and scaling ren-dering of bitmap textures and real-time lighting effects [5]In this paper Away3D technology is used in the Web 3Dmodel library based on the following two reasons Firstly 3Deffects are highly impressive and the performance is relativelygood compared with other Flash 3D engines The newestversion Away3D 4 has been upgraded to support the latestFlash Player with fully GPU-accelerated graphics SecondlyAway3D supports multiple external model formats such asthe COLLADA 3DS and OBJ

Other frameworks as Microsoft Silverlight and OracleJava 3D are also used for developing rich Internet applicationsin recent years However users of Silverlight or Java 3D aremuch less compared with those using Adobe Flash

The WebGL solution does not rely on a plug-in and itis a cross-platform web standard for low-level 3D graphicsAPIs based on OpenGL ES 20 exposed through the HTML5Canvas element as Document Object Model interfaces [6]The development of HTML5 will greatly promote theWebGLsolution Further work has been done with the X3DOMproject [7] which overcomes WebGL limitations by pro-viding an adaptation of the rendering technique HoweverWebGL is a low-level interface in which programmers haveto deal with every triangle and transformation Because of theabove complex development process it is not appropriate forthe Web 3D model library

X3D is an XML-based 3D computer graphics file [8]The X3D specification includes graphics APIs and a fullruntime that enables picking viewing navigation scriptingand manipulating the scene graph X3D supports DOM andAjax programming and focuses on the visualization of 3Dassets However so far the mainstream modeling softwaresuch as 3ds Max and Maya cannot transform 3D modelsdirectly into X3D format

COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) is an inter-mediate format with an open standard XML schema whoseprimary goal is to represent rich data in multiple formsto exchange digital assets among various graphics softwareapplications [9] COLLADA defines the format for 3D assetsbut not their runtime semantics In this paper COLLADAis adopted as an interchange model format for the Web3D model library because of its compatibility with themainstream 3D modeling software and the well support byAway3D

22 Cloud Computing Technology In recent years the cloudcomputing paradigm is becoming more popular for hostingapplications as it provides businesses with pay-as-you-gocomputing and storage services [10] Growing numbers ofcorporations are involved in this wave to provide publiccloud computing services such as Amazon AWS GoogleAppEngine Microsoft Azure and Rackspace CloudServerThese cloud providers offer a variety of options in pricingperformance and feature set For example some offer plat-form as a service (PaaS) where a cloud customer buildsapplications using the APIs provided by the cloud othersoffer infrastructure as a service (IaaS) where a customer runsapplications inside virtual machines (VMs) using the APIsprovided by their chosen guest operating systems [11]

In this paper Amazon Web Services (AWSs) [12] areadopted as the cloud computing platform for Web 3D modellibrary mainly due to flexibility of services and its greatsuccess in the business compared to Google AppEngine andMicrosoft Azure The Amazon cloud computing platformprovides the necessary computing environment includingCPUs storage memory networking and operating systemThe Web 3D model library makes use of three AWSs ElasticCompute Cloud (EC2) Elastic Block Storage (EBS) andSimple Storage Service (S3) EC2 contains a variety of userselectable virtual machine types also called instances thatrange in computing power and cost An instance is bootedwithin a few minutes and the user is given root or adminis-trator access

3 The Architecture Overview of the Web 3DModel Library System

A classic three-layer architecture is adopted in the Web 3Dmodel library system that is data layer business layer andpresentation layer as shown in Figure 1

The data layer deployed in Amazon S3 stands for modelfiles storage S3 is composed of buckets that are geographicallydistributed across Amazonrsquos multiple data centers in differentlocations So S3 is an extremely reliable persistent storage


Adobe flash player

User


S3



Web servicesEC2 EBS

Data layer

Application layer

Model conversion


Database server


Presentation layer





3D models retrieval

Restsoap

JDBC

HTTP HTMLSWF














(119901119879V)2


119901119879119901) V

= V119879119876VV

(1)





119875 =(

119891

aspect0 0 0

0 119891 0 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

=(

(

119873

1198820 0 0

0119873

1198670 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

)

(2)





(3)


Far plane

Near plane

Field of view (FOV)

119873

119865

119867










(a) (b)

(c) (d)









(a) (b) (c)



8 Conclusion



(a) (b) (c)




optimizationAfter

optimizationBefore

optimizationAfter





Acknowledgments


References






















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










Adobe flash player

User


S3



Web servicesEC2 EBS

Data layer

Application layer

Model conversion


Database server


Presentation layer





3D models retrieval

Restsoap

JDBC

HTTP HTMLSWF














(119901119879V)2


119901119879119901) V

= V119879119876VV

(1)





119875 =(

119891

aspect0 0 0

0 119891 0 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

=(

(

119873

1198820 0 0

0119873

1198670 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

)

(2)





(3)


Far plane

Near plane

Field of view (FOV)

119873

119865

119867










(a) (b)

(c) (d)









(a) (b) (c)



8 Conclusion



(a) (b) (c)




optimizationAfter

optimizationBefore

optimizationAfter





Acknowledgments


References






















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra












(119901119879V)2


119901119879119901) V

= V119879119876VV

(1)





119875 =(

119891

aspect0 0 0

0 119891 0 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

=(

(

119873

1198820 0 0

0119873

1198670 0

0 0 minus119873 + 119865

119873 minus 119865

2119873119865

119873 minus 1198650 0 1 0

)

)

(2)





(3)


Far plane

Near plane

Field of view (FOV)

119873

119865

119867










(a) (b)

(c) (d)









(a) (b) (c)



8 Conclusion



(a) (b) (c)




optimizationAfter

optimizationBefore

optimizationAfter





Acknowledgments


References






















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










(a) (b)

(c) (d)









(a) (b) (c)



8 Conclusion



(a) (b) (c)




optimizationAfter

optimizationBefore

optimizationAfter





Acknowledgments


References






















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra











(a) (b) (c)



8 Conclusion



(a) (b) (c)




optimizationAfter

optimizationBefore

optimizationAfter





Acknowledgments


References






















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










(a) (b) (c)




optimizationAfter

optimizationBefore

optimizationAfter





Acknowledgments


References






















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra
















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra









research article cloud computing platform for an online...

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