research article breeding sites of aedes aegypti...

Research ArticleBreeding Sites of Aedes aegypti Potential DengueVectors in Dire Dawa East Ethiopia

Dejene Getachew12 Habte Tekie1 Teshome Gebre-Michael3

Meshesha Balkew3 and Akalu Mesfin2

1Department of Zoological Sciences Addis Ababa University PO Box 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia2Department of Life Sciences Dire Dawa University PO Box 1362 Dire Dawa Ethiopia3Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Addis Ababa University PO Box 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Dejene Getachew dejenegbtgmailcom

Received 22 May 2015 Revised 18 August 2015 Accepted 19 August 2015

Academic Editor Subhada Prasad Pani

Copyright copy 2015 Dejene Getachew et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Background and Objectives Entomological survey was carried out from May-June to September-October 2014 to investigate thepresence of dengue vectors in discarded tires and artificial water containers in houses and peridomestic areas Methods A cross-sectional immature stage survey was done indoors and outdoors in 301 houses Mosquito larval sampling was conducted usingpipette or dipper depending on container types Larvae were identified morphologically and larval indices were also calculatedResults A total of 750 containers were inspected and of these 405 were positive for mosquito larvae A total of 1873 larvae werecollected and morphologically identified as Aedes aegypti (119899 = 1580 844) and Culex (119899 = 293 156) The larval indices houseindex container index and breteau index varied from333 to 862 from232 to 739 and from565 to 1889 respectivelyConclusionAedes aegypti is breeding in a wide range of artificial containers To control these mosquitoes the integration of different methodsshould be taken into consideration

1 Introduction

Mosquito-borne diseases are the most significant publichealth risks globally [1] Dengue fever infection is one ofthe most important arboviral diseases in humans [2] It isendemic in Africa the Americas eastern Mediterranean SEAsia and the Western Pacific [2] threatening more than25 billion people [2] It is estimated that 50ndash100 milliondengue infections occur each year [3] Outbreaks exert ahuge burden on populations health systems and economiesin most tropical countries of the world [3] Dengue virusesare the causative agents of dengue fever (DF) and denguehemorrhagic feverdengue shock syndrome (DHFDSS) inhumans [4 5] Arboviral infections are usually sensitive tochanges in rainfall and temperature [4]

Population growth and increased individuals movementurbanization and the limited financial and human resourcesare attributed to the emergence and reemergence of thedisease [6ndash8] Presence of the virus sufficient numbers of

susceptible population and mosquito vectors are requiredfor dengue transmission [4 6] Reinfestation of vectors tonew geographical areas warm and humid climate increasedpopulation density water storage pattern in houses storage oftrash like tires and introduction of new serotype of the virusserve as risk factors for dengue virus infections [9] Travelersalso have the potential to acquire and spread dengue virusinfection [10]

Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus are the most importantmosquito vectors of dengue fever viruses [11 12] Aedesaegypti is the principal vector of dengue fever and denguehemorrhagic fever in almost all countries [2 13 14] Aedesafricanus and Ae luteocephalus also act as potential vectorsin Africa [14] Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus prefer layingtheir eggs in artificial containers [2] like flower vases oldautomobile tires buckets and trash in general [6 11 15]

Aedes aegypti is the most efficient vector for arbovirusesbecause it is highly anthropophilic frequently bites andthrives in close proximity to humans [13] InfectedAe aegypti

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInterdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious DiseasesVolume 2015 Article ID 706276 8 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015706276

2 Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

[16] and Ae albopictus [11] females may transmit the virus totheir next generation transovarially

The adult Ae aegypti prefers to rest indoors and feed onhumans during daylight hours [6] Its peak biting periods areearly in the morning and before dark in the evening [3 6]Once contracted the virus the mosquito remains infectedduring its entire life and may transmit the virus during bloodmeals [16] The viruses are maintained in an Ae aegypti-human-Ae aegypti cycle with periodic epidemics [6] Mostfemales of Ae aegypti may spend their lifetime in or aroundthe houses where they emerge as adults [13]

Though outbreaks of DFDHF are poorly documented inAfrica [17 18] infections were also reported from easternAfrica [13 18] The prevention and control of dengue out-breaks mainly depend on the epidemiological surveillanceof cases and mosquito vectors [19 20] Dengue is likelyunderrecognized and underreported in Africa because oflow awareness by health care providers other prevalentfebrile illnesses and lack of diagnostic testing and system-atic surveillance [18] Dengue morbidity can be reducedby implementing improved outbreak prediction and detec-tion through coordinated epidemiological and entomologicalsurveillance [3]

In Ethiopia considerable but incompletely documentednumbers of arboviral diseases are endemic [21] Howeverinfections remain underreported due to lack of laboratoryfacilities and inaccessibility of some of the endemic areas [21]The disease was reported between 1985 and 1987 in refugeesaround Hargeysa in Somalia

Dire Dawa is one of the two federal cities in Ethiopiaand is called queen city of the desert Different ethnic groupslive in this city and there is high human mobility fromneighboring countries like Djibouti and Somalia and fromdifferent parts of the world Patients with fever headacheabdominal discomfort and diarrhea clinical symptoms wereobserved and confused with malaria and typhoid (AkaluMesfin Personal Comm) At the end of 2013 in Dire Dawa9258 people were suspected of dengue fever (DF) and ofthese 40 were confirmed as dengue fever cases (EthiopiaHumanitarian Bulletin unpublished data) The dengue feverthat occurred in Dire Dawa varied from mild to severewith symptoms of sudden onset of fever which lasted for2-3 days (extended to 4-5 days in some cases) headache(typically located behind the eyes) mild to severe muscleand joint pains (general body pain in some cases) feelingcold and arthritis-like symptomspain Nose bleeding andvomiting were also reported in few cases Some of thepatients were also hospitalized According to the preliminaryinformation gathered from some of the recovered patients itwas mentioned that they lose their appetites and feel weakespecially after recovery

Stored water in the container for long period extendedrainfall during the last rainy season and ambient relativehumidity and temperature may favor the breeding of Aeaegypti and other aedinemosquitoes Since the town is centerof industry and tourism it is preferred by people of neigh-boring countries (Djibouti and Somalia) for temporary stayduring the hot season Many people also migrate to the townin search of job linked with railway construction and thus

individuals infected with arboviruses such as dengue maydisseminate the disease in the town aided by the bite of Aedesmosquitoes Therefore in this study we tried to investigateand identify mosquito speciesrsquo breeding in discarded tiresand artificial water storage materials that serve as potentialdengue fever transmission in Dire Dawa city This studyprovides baseline information on the types of dengue virusvectors breeding in discarded tires and other artificial watercontainers in Dire Dawa providing important informationto the Federal Ministry of Health city health bureau andcommunity of the city Furthermore the result of this studyenables providing community awareness about the vectorsand the protective measures to be taken This study alsoprovides the foundation for further investigation on denguefever

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area The study was conducted in Dire Dawa cityDire Dawa city is located at a distance of 515 km east ofAddis Ababa the capital city of Ethiopia It is located at9∘3510158403510158401015840N and 41∘5110158405710158401015840E with an altitude of 1191masl Themunicipality has a noncontinuouswater supply (every 2 days)and irregular garbage collection A house-to-house cross-sectional entomological survey was carried out in houses andperidomestic areas to detect mosquito larval breeding siteswith a view to study the level of infestation of areas withAedeslarvae

22 Sample Collection and Examination Tires and artificialwater containers were visually inspected for the presenceof water and mosquito larvae and pupae from differentrandomly selected houses and tire repair storage sites Eachcontainerwas recorded for container type locationwithin thelot sun exposure lid status water type and water status

The study was based on a cross-sectional entomologicalsurvey of tires and artificial water containers from May-June2014 to September-October 2014 after rain All containers(Figure 1) both indoors and outdoors which might harbormosquito larvae and pupae were inspected to determinewhether they were wet or dry and to check the presence orabsence of mosquito larvae and pupae Potential containerswere counted and the 3rd stage and 4th stagemosquito larvaeand pupae were collected

Mosquito larvae were collected from discarded tires andother artificial containers with a plastic cup pipette orclassical dipper To decrease the effect of disturbance tiresand other larger containers were approached cautiously andthe cup was immersed fast at the water surface instead ofslowly ldquoscoopingrdquo the water For smaller containers the waterwas transferred to pans for immature stages collectionWaterin tires and containers of which the opening was too narrowwas sucked upwith a pipette Late instarsrsquo (3rd and 4th) larvaewere killed in hot water and transferred to 70 ethanol for atleast 2 hours and then to 95 ethanol for at least 2 hoursThelarvae were then transferred to watch glass containing xyleneand mounted on microscopic slides using Canada Balsamon microscopic slides All samples were transported to

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 3

(a)

(g)

(j) (k) (l)

(h) (i)

(d) (e) (f)

(b) (c)

Figure 1 Mosquito larvae breeding in various habitats (a) barrel (b) tire (c) mud pot (d) plastic bucket (e) dustbin (f) plastic drum (g)plastic bowel (h) jerrican (i) ditch (j) containers in house (k) bucket and (l) polythene sheet

the Biology Department Dire Dawa Universityrsquos laboratoryfor identification All late instars and adults which emergedfrom pupae were carefully identified to species under amicroscope using identification keys [22 23] The numberand species of mosquito larvae and pupae from each tire andcontainer were recorded and compared

In order to carry out the survey consent was obtainedfrom the health authorities and households of Dire Dawa city

23 DataAnalysis The larval survey datawere calculated andanalyzed in terms of different larval survey techniques likehouse index (HI) container index (CI) and breteau index


(BI)The calculation of larval indices is based on the followingmathematical formulae

House Index (HI)

=

Number of houses infestedTotal number of houses inspected

times 100

Container Index (CI)

=

Number of positive containers infestedTotal number of containers inspected

times 100

Breteau Index (BI)

=

Number of positive containersTotal number of houses inspected

times 100

(1)

3 Results

A total of 301 houses were surveyed for the presence ofartificial breeding containers for Aedes mosquitoes and ofthese 208 houses were found to contain positive containersOverall 750 artificial containers were inspected among which405 containerswere foundpositive formosquito larvaeThesewere 135 (3333) tires 65 (1604) barrels 98 (2419)plastic drums 77 (1901) jerricans 5 (123) mud pots 2(049) flower pots 5 (123) discarded sinks 11 (271)buckets 2 (049) plastic bowls 2 (049) dustbins 2(049) polythene sheets and 1 (024) discarded excavator(Table 1) Most of the artificial water storage containerswere located outdoors (9306) were uncovered or partiallycovered (876) and were totally or partially sun exposed(6786)The residentsmostly store clean rainwater (7266)for washing clothes as compared to tap water

Larvae and pupae were found in all the identified con-tainers however mosquitoes preferred to breed in tires(3333) barrels (1604) plastic drums (2419) and jer-ricans (1901) as compared to the others Barrels plasticdrums and jerricans are used mostly for storage of waterfor domestic use Mosquitoes greatly breed in water holdingtires at tire repair sites discarded tires in different areas andtires used for cloth washing in Peri-homesteads Mud potsdiscarded sinks polythene sheet discarded vehicle partsplastic bowl and buckets may store rain water in somelocalities and were serving for breeding In some housesdustbins hanged at the gate stored rain water and served formosquito breeding

As shown in Table 2 1873 immatures were collected andidentified from 405 containers Among these 1580 were Aeaegypti and the remaining were Culex mosquitoes Aedesaegypti bred in all types of water holding container even ifit prefers some of the containers than the others Most of themosquito larvae were collected from containers containingrain water Those containers which stored only tap water didnot containmosquito larvae though they harboredmosquitolarvae when they were mixed with rain water

The results of the commonly used larval indices (housecontainer and breteau index) are depicted in Table 3 HI CIand BI ranged between 3333 and 8615 between 2318 and

7391 and between 5652 and 18888 respectively at differentlocations in the town These indices showed that there washigh infestation of artificial water containers by mosquitolarvae which may cause an outbreak of dengue

4 Discussion

The common breeding habitats observed in the study areawere tires barrels plastic drums and jerricans The majori-ties of the residents in Dire Dawa store tap and rain waterin containers for domestic use Storing tap and rain water iscommon practice due to irregular supply and preference ofrainwater for laundry purposeA study inTirunelveli districtIndia showed that due to poor rainfall and shortage of watersupply the residents stored water in various containers forlong duration and these containers constituted the majormosquito breeding sources [24] Containers that retainedwater for long periods of timemake good or suitable breedinghabitats for mosquitoes such as the artificial containers [2526] In Dar es Salaam water storage often occurs in thepresence of pipedwater systems because of intermittent watersupply and due to the necessity of collecting supplementaryrainwater [27] In Dire Dawa Ae aegypti and Culex werefound breeding in different water holding artificial con-tainers Culex species are mostly found in association withAe aegypti in tires and containers that contain leaf litterwhich are located under the shade especially tree shadesHowever there were more Ae aegypti mosquitoes breedingin area with high vegetation cover [27] The coexistence ofAe aegypti and Culex mosquitoes in households is likelyattributable to the abundance of suitable containers thatare favorable to all container-breeding mosquitoes and theavailability of shade and sufficient organic material for larvalfeeding [28] On the other hand Cx quinquefasciatus wasfound breeding only in plastic containers with polluted water[29] Among mosquitoes that breed (exclusively or not) inartificial containers Ae aegypti Ae albopictus and Culexpipiens complex are highly abundant [15] In spite of this inour study Ae aegypti was found to be the most dominantspecies breeding in artificial containers The containers wereabundantly located close to human habitation and werepotentially more durable than natural containers [30] In ourstudy noAnophelesmosquito larvaewere collectedHoweverin Nicholas County West Virginia anopheline mosquitoesalso inhabited waste tires [31]

The types of the containers water quality and conditionsof water containers are important for breeding [29] All theidentified Aedes were Ae aegypti in our study area Studiesin urban forest in Rio de Janeiro [32] Central Africa [33]andLaos [34] showedAe aegyptiwas strongly associatedwithurban environments

Water chemistry of aquatic habitats may also play acritical role in determining the survival rate of mosquitoes[29 35] Aedes aegypti exhibits a great deal of specializationin breeding site selection and consequently the distributionof this species is limited by those sites [36] Since the presenceof water in containers is probably the most important factorin determining the breeding of mosquitoes especially Aedes


Table1Mosqu

itolarvalbreeding

containersandtheirc

haracteristicsinDire

Daw

a

Type

ofcontainer

Num

bero

fcon

tainersinspected

Num

bero

fpositive

containers

Locatio

nSunexpo

sure

Lidstatus

Water

type

Water

status

119873Outsid

eInsid

eLo

wPartialHigh

Unlidded

PartialLidd

edRa

inTap

Mix

Clean

Pollu

ted

Tire

276

135

276

mdash78

56142

231

3510

259

152

263

13Ba

rrel

7865

735

2934

1533

396

5714

756

22Plastic

drum

11698

103

1335

6813

3179

687

1118

109

7Jerrican

143

77121

2239

8321

3744

6252

6922

129

14Mud

pot

85

62

52

11

43

6mdash

27

1Flow

erpo

t28

228

mdash12

97

28mdash

mdash12

mdash16

226

Disc

ardedsin

k33

533

mdash9

24mdash

33mdash

mdash33

mdashmdash

276

Buckets

3511

296

1316

629

mdash6

154

1631

4Plastic

bowl

192

154

109

mdash19

mdashmdash

10mdash

914

5Dustbin

82

8mdash

61

18

mdashmdash

8mdash

mdash3

5Po

lythenes

heet

52

5mdash

41

mdash5

mdashmdash

5mdash

mdash2

3Disc

ardedexcavator

11

1mdash

1mdash

mdash1

mdashmdash

1mdash

mdashmdash

1To

tal

750

405

698

52241

303

206

456

201

93545

113

92663

87


Table 2 Mosquitoes identified from larvae collected from artificial containers in Dire Dawa

Type of container Number of containers inspected Number of positive containers () Species of mosquitoesAe aegypti () Culex ()

Tire 276 135 (3333) 221 (1398) 146 (4982)Barrel 78 65 (1604) 371 (2348) 56 (1911)Plastic drum 116 98 (2419) 659 (4170) 28 (955)Jerricans 143 77 (1901) 144 (911) 12 (409)Mud pot 8 5 (123) 54 (341) 0Flower pot 28 2 (049) 2 (012) 5 (170)Discarded sink 33 5 (123) 5 (031) 16 (546)Buckets 35 11 (271) 12 (075) 0Plastic bowl 19 2 (049) 29 (183) 0Dustbin 8 2 (049) 35 (221) 0Polythene sheet 5 2 (049) 46 (291) 0Discarded excavator 1 1 (024) 2 (012) 30 (1023)Total 750 405 1580 293

Table 3 Larval indices and distribution of Aedes aegypti breeding habitats at different locations in Dire Dawa

Location (site) Total houses Positive houses Total containers Positive containers HI Cl BIDipo 59 45 146 94 7627 6438 15932Sabean 65 56 138 102 8615 7391 15692Number One 36 19 117 68 5277 5811 18888Gende Kore 38 26 89 56 6842 6292 14736Addis Ketema 36 25 126 38 6944 3015 10555Dechatu 23 12 38 13 5217 3421 5652Afetesa 16 9 31 12 5625 3870 7500Lege Hare 19 13 69 16 6842 2318 8421Gende Gerada 9 3 16 6 3333 3750 6666Total 301 208 750 405 6910 5400 13455HI house index Cl container index BI breteau index

and Culex species a mosquito control programme shouldbe established in Dire Dawa For the control of containerbreeding mosquitoes it is possible to use different methodsin integration and these include covering water holdingcontainers [27 34] using appropriate biological controlagents [27] public health education [24 25 37] creatingknowledge and awareness of the residents onmosquito-bornediseases [37] eliminating water-filled unused containers [2425] draining of containers once aweek [34] and properwastemanagement system for all housing areas [25] Howevertargeting specific types of water-holding containers wouldenable a more focused approach to vector control thanattempting to eliminate all water-holding containers [38]

5 Conclusion

In the study area the community store water in differentcontainers for long period of time for the domestic use Inaddition to domestic containers different discarded contain-ers and tires hold rainwater for long period timeThis enablesAe aegypti to breed in these containers As our study showedmost of the containers were infested with this mosquito

species which may serve as vector of dengue disease Fromthis investigation it is clear that there are many chancesof mild dengue viral infection spreading in the samplinglocation However to determine whether this mosquito istransmitting disease or not by looking for the virus in themosquitoes needs further investigation

This study involved only collection and identificationof mosquito larvae from tires household containers anddiscarded water holding materials so that it needs furtherinvestigation to look for mosquito larvae in natural waterholding containers and larger water tanks There has to bea viral isolation through collecting the adult females to lookif they harbor the dengue disease pathogen It also needsawareness creation of the population not to be affected bythe disease in case epidemic may occur Since this study wasonly in Dire Dawa town it should also be in the surroundingkebeles to identify the foci of the disease In containerscontaining tap water mosquitoes larvae were not abundantand were found in tap water mixed with rain water Thisindicated the need to study water chemistry to know thereason behind the fact that mosquitoes were not reproducingin containers with tap water only


Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Department of Biology DireDawa University for providing reagent for larval mountingThe authors also wish to express their heartfelt thanksto Alemayehu Amare and Chala Bedadi who assisted incollectingmosquito larvaeThey are extremely grateful to thepeople of Dire Dawa without whose support the study wouldnot have been possible

References

[1] C E Webb ldquoMosquito ecology field sampling methodsrdquoAustralian Journal of Entomology vol 47 no 4 pp 382ndash3832008

[2] J B Guillena E L Opena and M L Baguio ldquoPrevalence ofdengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) adescription and forecastingrdquo in Proceedings of the 11th NationalConvention on Statistics (NCS rsquo10) p 16 2010

[3] WHOGlobal Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control 2012ndash2020 WHO Geneva Switzerland 2012

[4] MM Baba andM Talle ldquoThe effect of climate on dengue virusinfections in NigeriardquoNew York Science Journal vol 4 no 1 pp28ndash33 2011

[5] S Idrees and U A Ashfaq ldquoA brief review on denguemolecularvirology diagnosis treatment and prevalence in PakistanrdquoGenetic Vaccines andTherapy vol 10 article 6 2012

[6] D J Gubler ldquoDengue and dengue hemorrhagic feverrdquo ClinicalMicrobiology Reviews vol 11 no 3 pp 480ndash496 1998

[7] D J Gubler ldquoEpidemic denguedengue hemorrhagic fever as apublic health social and economic problem in the 21st centuryrdquoTrends in Microbiology vol 10 no 2 pp 100ndash103 2002

[8] M G Guzman and G Kourı ldquoDengue diagnosis advances andchallengesrdquo International Journal of Infectious Diseases vol 8no 2 pp 69ndash80 2004

[9] U C Chaturvedi and R Nagar ldquoDengue and dengue haemor-rhagic fever Indian perspectiverdquo Journal of Biosciences vol 33no 4 pp 429ndash441 2008

[10] T Jelinek N Muhlberger G Harms et al ldquoEpidemiology andclinical features of imported dengue fever in Europe sentinelsurveillance data from TropNetEuroprdquo Clinical Infectious Dis-eases vol 35 no 9 pp 1047ndash1052 2002

[11] A B Knudsen ldquoGlobal distribution and continuing spread ofAedes albopictusrdquo Parassitologia vol 37 no 2-3 pp 91ndash97 1995

[12] L Mousson C Dauga T Garrigues F Schaffner M Vazeilleand A-B Failloux ldquoPhylogeography of Aedes (Stegomyia)aegypti (L) andAedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (DipteraCulicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variationsrdquo GeneticalResearch vol 86 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2005

[13] WHO Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis Treatment Preventionand Control WHO Geneva Switzerland 2009

[14] F Were ldquoThe dengue situation in Africardquo Paediatrics andInternational Child Health vol 32 supplement s1 pp 18ndash212012

[15] D Vezzani ldquoReview artificial container-breeding mosquitoesand cemeteries a perfect matchrdquo Tropical Medicine and Inter-national Health vol 12 no 2 pp 299ndash313 2007

[16] R M P de Figueiredo ldquoMolecular characterization of denguevirus circulating in Manaus the capital city of the state ofAmazonas Brazilrdquo in Current Topics in Tropical Medicine ARodriguez-Morales Ed chapter 6 pp 81ndash90 InTech RijekaCroatia 2012

[17] L Franco A di Caro F Carletti et al ldquoRecent expansion ofdengue virus serotype 3 in West Africardquo Eurosurveillance vol15 no 7 article 2 2010

[18] A Amarasinghe J N Kuritsky G W Letson and H S Mar-golis ldquoDengue virus infection in Africardquo Emerging InfectiousDiseases vol 17 no 8 pp 1349ndash1354 2011

[19] V T K Chow Y C Chan R Yong et al ldquoMonitoring of dengueviruses in field-caught Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictusmosquitoes by a type-specific polymerase chain reaction andcycle sequencingrdquo American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene vol 58 no 5 pp 578ndash586 1998

[20] T J Victor ldquoDetection of dengue viral infections in Aedesmosquitoes an essential tool for epidemiological surveillancerdquoIndian Journal of Medical Research vol 129 no 6 pp 634ndash6362009

[21] M Mekonnen and H Kloos ldquoYellow fever and other arboviraldiseasesrdquo in Epidemiology and Ecology of Health and Disease inEthiopia Y BerhaneDHMariam andHKloos Eds pp 635ndash645 Shema Books Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2006

[22] E J Gerberg and E C C van Someren Pictorial Key to theMesquites aedes (Stegomyia) of East Africa WHOVBC70236World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland 1970

[23] L M Rueda Pictorial Keys for the Identification of Mosquitoes(Diptera Culicidae) Associated with Dengue Virus TransmissionMagnolia Press Auckland New Zealand 2004

[24] M A Bhat and K Krishnamoorthy ldquoEntomological investiga-tion and distribution of Aedesmosquitoes in Tirunelveli TamilNadu Indiardquo International Journal of Current MicrobiologyApplication Sciences vol 3 no 10 pp 253ndash260 2014

[25] S N R Saleeza Y Norma-Rashid and M Sofian-AzirunldquoMosquitoes larval breeding habitat in urban and suburbanareas Peninsular Malaysiardquo International Journal of BiologicalVeterinary Agricultural and Food Engineering vol 5 no 10 pp81ndash85 2011

[26] J J Wilson and S P Sevarkodiyone ldquoSpatial and temporal dis-tribution of mosquitoes (Culicidae) in Virudhunagar districtTamil Nadu South Indiardquo International Journal of MosquitoResearch vol 1 no 3 pp 4ndash9 2014

[27] A Philbert and J N Ijumba ldquoPreferred breeding habitatsof Aedes aegypti (Diptera-Culicidae) mosquito and its publichealth implications in Dares Salaam Tanzanirdquo Journal of Envi-ronmental Research andManagement vol 4 no 10 pp 344ndash3512013

[28] S A Guagliardo J L Barboza A C Morrison et al ldquoPatternsof geographic expansion of Aedes aegypti in the PeruvianAmazonrdquo PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases vol 8 no 8 ArticleID e3033 2014

[29] C D Chen H L Lee S P Stella-Wong K W Lau and MSofian-Azirun ldquoContainer survey of mosquito breeding sitesin a university campus in Kuala Lumpur Malaysiardquo DengueBulletin vol 33 no 1 pp 187ndash193 2009

[30] D A Yee J M Kneitel and S A Juliano ldquoEnvironmentalcorrelates of abundances of mosquito species and stages in


discarded vehicle tiresrdquo Journal of Medical Entomology vol 47no 1 pp 53ndash62 2010

[31] J E Joy A A Hanna and B A Kennedy ldquoSpatial and temporalvariation in themosquitoes (diptera culicidae) inhabitingwastetires in Nicholas County West Virginiardquo Journal of MedicalEntomology vol 40 no 1 pp 73ndash77 2003

[32] R Maciel-de-Freitas R B Neto J M Goncalves C T Codecoand R Lourenco-De-Oliveira ldquoMovement of dengue vectorsbetween the human modified environment and an urban forestin Rio de Janeirordquo Journal of Medical Entomology vol 43 no 6pp 1112ndash1120 2006

[33] C Paupy B Ollomo B Kamgang et al ldquoComparative role ofAedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the emergence of dengueand chikungunya in Central AfricardquoVector-Borne and ZoonoticDiseases vol 10 no 3 pp 259ndash266 2010

[34] A Hiscox A Kaye K Vongphayloth et al ldquoRisk factors forthe presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in domesticwater-holding containers in areas impacted by the NamTheun2 hydroelectric project Laosrdquo American Journal of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene vol 88 no 6 pp 1070ndash1078 2013

[35] K Rajesh D Dhanasekaran and B K Tyagi ldquoSurvey of con-tainer breeding mosquito larvae (Dengue vector) in Tiruchi-rappalli district Tamil Nadu Indiardquo Journal of Entomology andZoological Studies vol 1 no 6 pp 88ndash91 2013

[36] P Thangamathi S Ananth and N Kala ldquoSeasonal variationsand physicochemical characteristics of the habitats in relation tothe density of dengue vector Aedes aegypti inThanjavur TamilNadu Indiardquo vol 5 pp 271ndash276 2014

[37] K D Thete and L V Shinde ldquoSurvey of container breedingmosquito larvae in Jalna City (MS) Indiardquo Biological Forumvol 5 no 1 pp 124ndash128 2013

[38] T Chareonviriyaphap P Akratanakul S Nettanomsak and SHuntamai ldquoLarval habitats and distribution patterns of Aedesaegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in ThailandrdquoSoutheast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Healthvol 34 no 3 pp 529ndash535 2003

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Stem CellsInternational

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


Behavioural Neurology

EndocrinologyInternational Journal of



Disease Markers


BioMed Research International

OncologyJournal of



Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity


PPAR Research

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

ObesityJournal of



Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

OphthalmologyJournal of


Diabetes ResearchJournal of



Research and TreatmentAIDS


Gastroenterology Research and Practice


Parkinsonrsquos Disease

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom


[16] and Ae albopictus [11] females may transmit the virus totheir next generation transovarially

The adult Ae aegypti prefers to rest indoors and feed onhumans during daylight hours [6] Its peak biting periods areearly in the morning and before dark in the evening [3 6]Once contracted the virus the mosquito remains infectedduring its entire life and may transmit the virus during bloodmeals [16] The viruses are maintained in an Ae aegypti-human-Ae aegypti cycle with periodic epidemics [6] Mostfemales of Ae aegypti may spend their lifetime in or aroundthe houses where they emerge as adults [13]

Though outbreaks of DFDHF are poorly documented inAfrica [17 18] infections were also reported from easternAfrica [13 18] The prevention and control of dengue out-breaks mainly depend on the epidemiological surveillanceof cases and mosquito vectors [19 20] Dengue is likelyunderrecognized and underreported in Africa because oflow awareness by health care providers other prevalentfebrile illnesses and lack of diagnostic testing and system-atic surveillance [18] Dengue morbidity can be reducedby implementing improved outbreak prediction and detec-tion through coordinated epidemiological and entomologicalsurveillance [3]

In Ethiopia considerable but incompletely documentednumbers of arboviral diseases are endemic [21] Howeverinfections remain underreported due to lack of laboratoryfacilities and inaccessibility of some of the endemic areas [21]The disease was reported between 1985 and 1987 in refugeesaround Hargeysa in Somalia

Dire Dawa is one of the two federal cities in Ethiopiaand is called queen city of the desert Different ethnic groupslive in this city and there is high human mobility fromneighboring countries like Djibouti and Somalia and fromdifferent parts of the world Patients with fever headacheabdominal discomfort and diarrhea clinical symptoms wereobserved and confused with malaria and typhoid (AkaluMesfin Personal Comm) At the end of 2013 in Dire Dawa9258 people were suspected of dengue fever (DF) and ofthese 40 were confirmed as dengue fever cases (EthiopiaHumanitarian Bulletin unpublished data) The dengue feverthat occurred in Dire Dawa varied from mild to severewith symptoms of sudden onset of fever which lasted for2-3 days (extended to 4-5 days in some cases) headache(typically located behind the eyes) mild to severe muscleand joint pains (general body pain in some cases) feelingcold and arthritis-like symptomspain Nose bleeding andvomiting were also reported in few cases Some of thepatients were also hospitalized According to the preliminaryinformation gathered from some of the recovered patients itwas mentioned that they lose their appetites and feel weakespecially after recovery

Stored water in the container for long period extendedrainfall during the last rainy season and ambient relativehumidity and temperature may favor the breeding of Aeaegypti and other aedinemosquitoes Since the town is centerof industry and tourism it is preferred by people of neigh-boring countries (Djibouti and Somalia) for temporary stayduring the hot season Many people also migrate to the townin search of job linked with railway construction and thus

individuals infected with arboviruses such as dengue maydisseminate the disease in the town aided by the bite of Aedesmosquitoes Therefore in this study we tried to investigateand identify mosquito speciesrsquo breeding in discarded tiresand artificial water storage materials that serve as potentialdengue fever transmission in Dire Dawa city This studyprovides baseline information on the types of dengue virusvectors breeding in discarded tires and other artificial watercontainers in Dire Dawa providing important informationto the Federal Ministry of Health city health bureau andcommunity of the city Furthermore the result of this studyenables providing community awareness about the vectorsand the protective measures to be taken This study alsoprovides the foundation for further investigation on denguefever

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area The study was conducted in Dire Dawa cityDire Dawa city is located at a distance of 515 km east ofAddis Ababa the capital city of Ethiopia It is located at9∘3510158403510158401015840N and 41∘5110158405710158401015840E with an altitude of 1191masl Themunicipality has a noncontinuouswater supply (every 2 days)and irregular garbage collection A house-to-house cross-sectional entomological survey was carried out in houses andperidomestic areas to detect mosquito larval breeding siteswith a view to study the level of infestation of areas withAedeslarvae

22 Sample Collection and Examination Tires and artificialwater containers were visually inspected for the presenceof water and mosquito larvae and pupae from differentrandomly selected houses and tire repair storage sites Eachcontainerwas recorded for container type locationwithin thelot sun exposure lid status water type and water status

The study was based on a cross-sectional entomologicalsurvey of tires and artificial water containers from May-June2014 to September-October 2014 after rain All containers(Figure 1) both indoors and outdoors which might harbormosquito larvae and pupae were inspected to determinewhether they were wet or dry and to check the presence orabsence of mosquito larvae and pupae Potential containerswere counted and the 3rd stage and 4th stagemosquito larvaeand pupae were collected

Mosquito larvae were collected from discarded tires andother artificial containers with a plastic cup pipette orclassical dipper To decrease the effect of disturbance tiresand other larger containers were approached cautiously andthe cup was immersed fast at the water surface instead ofslowly ldquoscoopingrdquo the water For smaller containers the waterwas transferred to pans for immature stages collectionWaterin tires and containers of which the opening was too narrowwas sucked upwith a pipette Late instarsrsquo (3rd and 4th) larvaewere killed in hot water and transferred to 70 ethanol for atleast 2 hours and then to 95 ethanol for at least 2 hoursThelarvae were then transferred to watch glass containing xyleneand mounted on microscopic slides using Canada Balsamon microscopic slides All samples were transported to


(a)

(g)

(j) (k) (l)

(h) (i)

(d) (e) (f)

(b) (c)







House Index (HI)

=


times 100


=


times 100

Breteau Index (BI)

=


times 100

(1)

3 Results






4 Discussion





Table1Mosqu

itolarvalbreeding

containersandtheirc


Daw

a

Type

ofcontainer

Num

bero

fcon

tainersinspected

Num

bero

fpositive

containers

Locatio

nSunexpo

sure

Lidstatus

Water

type

Water

status

119873Outsid

eInsid

eLo

wPartialHigh

Unlidded

PartialLidd

edRa

inTap

Mix

Clean

Pollu

ted

Tire

276

135

276

mdash78

56142

231

3510

259

152

263

13Ba

rrel

7865

735

2934

1533

396

5714

756

22Plastic

drum

11698

103

1335

6813

3179

687

1118

109

7Jerrican

143

77121

2239

8321

3744

6252

6922

129

14Mud

pot

85

62

52

11

43

6mdash

27

1Flow

erpo

t28

228

mdash12

97

28mdash

mdash12

mdash16

226

Disc

ardedsin

k33

533

mdash9

24mdash

33mdash

mdash33

mdashmdash

276

Buckets

3511

296

1316

629

mdash6

154

1631

4Plastic

bowl

192

154

109

mdash19

mdashmdash

10mdash

914

5Dustbin

82

8mdash

61

18

mdashmdash

8mdash

mdash3

5Po

lythenes

heet

52

5mdash

41

mdash5

mdashmdash

5mdash

mdash2

3Disc

ardedexcavator

11

1mdash

1mdash

mdash1

mdashmdash

1mdash

mdashmdash

1To

tal

750

405

698

52241

303

206

456

201

93545

113

92663

87








5 Conclusion







Acknowledgments


References














































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of

















(a)

(g)

(j) (k) (l)

(h) (i)

(d) (e) (f)

(b) (c)







House Index (HI)

=


times 100


=


times 100

Breteau Index (BI)

=


times 100

(1)

3 Results






4 Discussion





Table1Mosqu

itolarvalbreeding

containersandtheirc


Daw

a

Type

ofcontainer

Num

bero

fcon

tainersinspected

Num

bero

fpositive

containers

Locatio

nSunexpo

sure

Lidstatus

Water

type

Water

status

119873Outsid

eInsid

eLo

wPartialHigh

Unlidded

PartialLidd

edRa

inTap

Mix

Clean

Pollu

ted

Tire

276

135

276

mdash78

56142

231

3510

259

152

263

13Ba

rrel

7865

735

2934

1533

396

5714

756

22Plastic

drum

11698

103

1335

6813

3179

687

1118

109

7Jerrican

143

77121

2239

8321

3744

6252

6922

129

14Mud

pot

85

62

52

11

43

6mdash

27

1Flow

erpo

t28

228

mdash12

97

28mdash

mdash12

mdash16

226

Disc

ardedsin

k33

533

mdash9

24mdash

33mdash

mdash33

mdashmdash

276

Buckets

3511

296

1316

629

mdash6

154

1631

4Plastic

bowl

192

154

109

mdash19

mdashmdash

10mdash

914

5Dustbin

82

8mdash

61

18

mdashmdash

8mdash

mdash3

5Po

lythenes

heet

52

5mdash

41

mdash5

mdashmdash

5mdash

mdash2

3Disc

ardedexcavator

11

1mdash

1mdash

mdash1

mdashmdash

1mdash

mdashmdash

1To

tal

750

405

698

52241

303

206

456

201

93545

113

92663

87








5 Conclusion







Acknowledgments


References














































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of


















House Index (HI)

=


times 100


=


times 100

Breteau Index (BI)

=


times 100

(1)

3 Results






4 Discussion





Table1Mosqu

itolarvalbreeding

containersandtheirc


Daw

a

Type

ofcontainer

Num

bero

fcon

tainersinspected

Num

bero

fpositive

containers

Locatio

nSunexpo

sure

Lidstatus

Water

type

Water

status

119873Outsid

eInsid

eLo

wPartialHigh

Unlidded

PartialLidd

edRa

inTap

Mix

Clean

Pollu

ted

Tire

276

135

276

mdash78

56142

231

3510

259

152

263

13Ba

rrel

7865

735

2934

1533

396

5714

756

22Plastic

drum

11698

103

1335

6813

3179

687

1118

109

7Jerrican

143

77121

2239

8321

3744

6252

6922

129

14Mud

pot

85

62

52

11

43

6mdash

27

1Flow

erpo

t28

228

mdash12

97

28mdash

mdash12

mdash16

226

Disc

ardedsin

k33

533

mdash9

24mdash

33mdash

mdash33

mdashmdash

276

Buckets

3511

296

1316

629

mdash6

154

1631

4Plastic

bowl

192

154

109

mdash19

mdashmdash

10mdash

914

5Dustbin

82

8mdash

61

18

mdashmdash

8mdash

mdash3

5Po

lythenes

heet

52

5mdash

41

mdash5

mdashmdash

5mdash

mdash2

3Disc

ardedexcavator

11

1mdash

1mdash

mdash1

mdashmdash

1mdash

mdashmdash

1To

tal

750

405

698

52241

303

206

456

201

93545

113

92663

87








5 Conclusion







Acknowledgments


References














































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of

















Table1Mosqu

itolarvalbreeding

containersandtheirc


Daw

a

Type

ofcontainer

Num

bero

fcon

tainersinspected

Num

bero

fpositive

containers

Locatio

nSunexpo

sure

Lidstatus

Water

type

Water

status

119873Outsid

eInsid

eLo

wPartialHigh

Unlidded

PartialLidd

edRa

inTap

Mix

Clean

Pollu

ted

Tire

276

135

276

mdash78

56142

231

3510

259

152

263

13Ba

rrel

7865

735

2934

1533

396

5714

756

22Plastic

drum

11698

103

1335

6813

3179

687

1118

109

7Jerrican

143

77121

2239

8321

3744

6252

6922

129

14Mud

pot

85

62

52

11

43

6mdash

27

1Flow

erpo

t28

228

mdash12

97

28mdash

mdash12

mdash16

226

Disc

ardedsin

k33

533

mdash9

24mdash

33mdash

mdash33

mdashmdash

276

Buckets

3511

296

1316

629

mdash6

154

1631

4Plastic

bowl

192

154

109

mdash19

mdashmdash

10mdash

914

5Dustbin

82

8mdash

61

18

mdashmdash

8mdash

mdash3

5Po

lythenes

heet

52

5mdash

41

mdash5

mdashmdash

5mdash

mdash2

3Disc

ardedexcavator

11

1mdash

1mdash

mdash1

mdashmdash

1mdash

mdashmdash

1To

tal

750

405

698

52241

303

206

456

201

93545

113

92663

87








5 Conclusion







Acknowledgments


References














































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of























5 Conclusion







Acknowledgments


References














































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of



















Acknowledgments


References














































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















research article breeding sites of aedes aegypti...

Documents