research article an important cause of blindness in...

Research ArticleAn Important Cause of Blindness in Children:Open Globe Injuries

Meral Yildiz,1 Sertaç Argun KJvanç,1 Berna Akova-Budak,1

Ahmet Tuncer Ozmen,1 and SadJk Gorkem Çevik2

1Department of Ophthalmology, Uludag University, School of Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkey2Department of Ophthalmology, Şevket Yılmaz Training and Research Hospital, 16310 Bursa, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Sertaç Argun Kıvanç; [email protected]

Received 21 January 2016; Revised 10 April 2016; Accepted 19 April 2016

Academic Editor: Marcel N. Menke

Copyright © 2016 Meral Yildiz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Objective. Our aimwas to present and evaluate the predictive factors of visual impairment and blindness according toWHO criteriain pediatric open globe injuries.Methods. The medical records of 94 patients younger than 18 years who underwent primary repairsurgery were reviewed retrospectively. The initial and final visual acuity, anterior and posterior segment findings, and zone ofinjury were noted.The patients were classified as blindness in one eye or visual impairment in one eye. Results. Of 412 patients whopresented with open globe injury, 94 (23%) were under 18 years old. Fifty-four (16 females, 38 males) children were included. Themean age of the children was 7.1 ± 4.1 years. According to WHO criteria, 19 of 54 patients (35%) had unilateral blindness and 8had unilateral visual impairment (15%). There was no significant relationship between final visual acuity and gender and injuredeye. In visually impaired and blind patients, presence of preoperative hyphema, retinal detachment, and zone 2 and zone 3 injurieswas significantly higher. Conclusion. Presence of hyphema and zone 2 and zone 3 injuries and retinal detachment may end up withvisual impairment and/or blindness in children.

1. Introduction

Globally, an estimated 70 million blind person-years arecaused by childhood blindness. Approximately 500.000children become blind every year [1]. In least developingcountries congenital and developmental cataract, retinalpathology, and congenital anomalies are the main causes ofnontraumatic blindness [2]. Ocular trauma is an importantcause of eye morbidity and leading cause of noncongenitalmonoocular blindness among children [3–5]. Worldwide,eighteen million people have uniocular blindness fromtraumatic injury and every year a quarter of a million ofchildren present with serious ocular trauma [6]. Two percentto 14% of the pediatric ocular trauma patients ended invisual impairment or blindness [7–9]. In this study, our aimwas to present and evaluate the predictive factors of visualimpairment and blindness according to WHO criteria inpediatric open globe injuries.

2. Methods

Of 412 patients who underwent primary repair surgerybecause of open globe injury at Department of Ophthalmol-ogy, Uludag University, between January 2010 and December2014, the medical records of 94 patients who were youngerthan 18 years were reviewed retrospectively. The UludagUniversity Hospital administration approved the study. Thepatients younger than 18 years old with at least 6 months offollow-up were included. The exclusion criteria were closedglobe injury and major head trauma which might haveinjured chiasmal and retrochiasmal optic pathways. The ini-tial and final examinations of the patients were evaluated.Theinitial visual acuity, final visual acuity, anterior and posteriorsegment findings, zone of injury, computed tomography, andultrasound findings were noted.

Zone of injury was classified according to Ocular TraumaClassification Group: zone 1 as wound involvement limited

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of OphthalmologyVolume 2016, Article ID 7173515, 5 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7173515

2 Journal of Ophthalmology

Table 1: Presenting and final visual acuity of children with open globe injuries.

Final VA>6/18 6/18 4 80 15 0 0 0 1 20 12.5 5 100 9

Journal of Ophthalmology 3

Table 3: The relationship between decreased vision and initial examination findings.

𝑃 value∗Vision

>6/18

4 Journal of Ophthalmology

Journal of Ophthalmology 5

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[21] R. J. Baxter, P. R. Hodgkins, I. Calder, A. J. Morrell, S. Vardy,and A. R. Elkington, “Visual outcome of childhood anteriorperforating eye injuries: prognostic indicators,” Eye, vol. 8, no.3, pp. 349–352, 1994.

[22] S. Kadappu, S. Silveira, and F. Martin, “Aetiology and outcomeof open and closed globe eye injuries in children,” Clinical andExperimental Ophthalmology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 427–434, 2013.

[23] O. Tok, L. Tok, D. Ozkaya, E. Eraslan, F. Ornek, and Y. Bardak,“Epidemiological characteristics and visual outcome after openglobe injuries in children,” Journal of AAPOS, vol. 15, no. 6, pp.556–561, 2011.

[24] H. S. Al-Mahdi, A. Bener, and S. P. Hashim, “Clinical patternof pediatric ocular trauma in fast developing country,” Interna-tional Emergency Nursing, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 186–191, 2011.

[25] J. C. Rudd, E. A. Jaeger, S. K. Freitag, and J. B. Jeffers,“Traumatically ruptured globes in children,” Journal of PediatricOphthalmology and Strabismus, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 307–311, 1994.

[26] F. Kuhn, R. Maisiak, L. Mann, V. Mester, R. Morris, and C. D.Witherspoon, “The ocular trauma score (OTS),”OphthalmologyClinics of North America, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 163–165, 2002.

[27] A. Gupta, I. Rahman, and B. Leatherbarrow, “Open globeinjuries in children: factors predictive of a poor final visualacuity,” Eye, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 621–625, 2009.

[28] Y. Meng and H. Yan, “Prognostic factors for open globe injuriesand correlation of ocular trauma score in Tianjin, China,”Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 2015, Article ID 345764, 6 pages,2015.

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