research article an automated bim model to conceptually...

Research ArticleAn Automated BIM Model to Conceptually Design AnalyzeSimulate and Assess Sustainable Building Projects

Farzad Jalaei and Ahmad Jrade

Department of Civil Engineering University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Pv Ottawa ON Canada K1N 6N5

Correspondence should be addressed to Farzad Jalaei farzadjalaeiuottawaca

Received 30 June 2014 Accepted 13 October 2014 Published 6 November 2014

Academic Editor F Pacheco-Torgal

Copyright copy 2014 F Jalaei and A JradeThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Quantifying the environmental impacts and simulating the energy consumption of buildingrsquos components at the conceptual designstage are very helpful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of the best design alternative that would leadto a more energy efficient building Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different designalternatives at the conceptual stage of the project so that energy and life cycle assessment (LCA) strategies and systems are attainedThis paper proposes an automated model that links BIM LCA energy analysis and lighting simulation tools with green buildingcertification systems The implementation is within developing plug-ins on BIM tool capable of measuring the environmentalimpacts (EI) and embodied energy of building components Using this method designers will be provided with a new way tovisualize and to identify the potential gain or loss of energy for the building as a whole and for each of its associated componentsFurthermore designers will be able to detect and evaluate the sustainability of the proposed buildings based on Leadership inEnergy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system An actual building project will be used to illustrate the workability of theproposed methodology

1 Introduction

Important decisions related to the design of sustainablebuildings are made at the conceptual stage of their livesThis practice does not consider the integration between thedesign and energy analysis processes during early stages andleads to an inefficient way of backtracking to modify thedesign in order to achieve a set of performance criteria [1]Energy efficiency is an important feature in naming buildingmaterials as being environmentally friendly The ultimategoal in using energy efficient materials is to reduce theamount of artificially generated power that must be broughtto a building site [2] Generally building materials consumeenergy throughout their life cycle starting by the manufac-turing stage passing through that of use and finishing bythe deconstruction phase These stages include raw materialextraction transport manufacture assembly installation aswell as disassembly deconstruction and decompositionThe total life cycle energy of a building includes bothembodied energy and operating energy [3] Embodied energyis sequestered in building materials during all processes

of production on-site construction transportation finaldemolition and disposal Operating energy is expended inmaintaining the inside environment through processes suchas heating and cooling lighting and operating appliances

Presently Building Information Modeling tools have theability to provide users with an opportunity to exploredifferent energy saving alternatives at the early design stageby avoiding the time-consuming process of reentering all thebuilding geometry and supporting information necessary fora complete energy analysis Using BIM helps owners anddesigners make energy related decisions that have a highimpact on the proposed building life cycle cost at the earlystage of design Krygiel andNies [4] indicate that BIM can aidin the aspects of sustainable design which include buildingorientation building massing (that is used to analyze build-ing form and optimize the building envelope) daylightinganalysis water harvesting (that is used to reduce water needsin a building) energy modeling (that helps reducing energyneeds and analyzing how renewable energy options cancontribute to low energy costs) sustainable materials (thathelps reducing material needs by using recycled materials)

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of Construction EngineeringVolume 2014 Article ID 672896 21 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014672896

2 Journal of Construction Engineering

and site and logistics management (to reduce waste andcarbon footprints)

Hoff [5] describes EI as being the result of the inputsand outputs over a productrsquos life cycle Although the totalnumber of different potential EIs may be very large the USEnvironmental Protection Agency has categorized the ldquotoptenrdquo impacts as (1) Global Warming Potential (2) OzoneDepletion Potential (3) Photochemical Oxidant Potential(4) Acidification Potential (5) Eutrophication (6) HealthToxicity (Cancer) (7) Health Toxicity (Non-Cancer) (8)Health Toxicity (Air Pollutants) (9) Eco-Toxicity Potentialand (10) Fossil Fuel Use Thus to quantify the impacts ofthe selected materials on the environment an assessmentmethod has to be applied The common method employedis LCA which is a tool used for evaluating environmentalconcerns [6] It is because of this that designers must keep theentire life cycle of the building and its associated materials inmind This will promote sustainable development practicesthrough suited rating systems by recognizing the projectsthat implement strategies for better environmental and healthperformance [7] Furthermore linking BIM with LCA toolsupplies users with information related to the embodiedenergy needed for every single component present in theproposed building and accordingly allows them to select thebest components at the conceptual design stage

Usually using BIM tools to design sustainable buildingsnecessitates the selection of materials and systems whoseembodied energy can be easily evaluated Thus the commonmethod used to quantify the embodied energy of the selectedmaterials is LCA For this purpose designers use LCA toolsto model to modify and to input energy simulation resultsand calculate the embodied effects of their design Hence itwill be necessary to evaluate and to compare the capabilitiesof these file formats in exchanging information between BIMand LCA tools which are highly important for designerswho need to transfer the design information directly fromthe BIM model to the energy analysis software Yet usingBIM tools to design sustainable buildings necessitates theselection of materials and systems so that their EI andembodied energy can be easily evaluated Thus the commonmethod used to quantify the EI and embodied energy ofthe selected materials is LCA For this purpose designerscan use ldquoThe Impact Estimator for Buildingsrdquo which is astand-alone tool that allows users to model their own customassembly and envelope configurations and provides themwith the flexibility to modify the proposed designs andexisting buildings Hence the main objective of this paperis to automate the integration process of BIM LCA andenergy analysis and simulation tools to design sustainablebuildings This assimilation will also include the sustainabledesign for proposed buildings at the conceptual stage in anattempt to help owners and designers analyse the daylightingand measure the thermal of such types of buildings To makethis integration fully automated authors developed plugs-inin BIM tool to enable users transfer their design informationdirectly from the BIMmodel to the energy analysis softwareIn this way users can easily export the materialsrsquo quantitytake-offs and connect them to other tools such as the LCAtool so that designers can have relevant information about

the EI and embodied energy for associated components ofthe designed building at the conceptual stage Access to saidinformation will then allow them to determine and correctpotential problems

Furthermore designers are able to evaluate the sustain-ability of the building components used in the BIMmodel byusing another plug-in in BIM tool which supports suppliersrsquoweb pages by cataloguing green components and productsand their environmental characteristics In addition byassigning the unit cost of every building component in BIMtool design team is able to create supportive documentssuch as initial cost estimation of the BIM model Using theproposed automated process at the conceptual stage of theproject enables designer to determine which products bestmeet their needs evaluate them based on optional environ-mental rating systems and print the necessary documents inan easy quick and convenient way

2 Literature Review

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is gaining popularityin the building industry where it was first coined over tenyears ago to distinguish the 3D modeling rich informationfrom traditional 2D drawings Currently BIM is widelyadopted by the building industry due to its ability to correctmistakes at the early stages and aid in accurately schedul-ing and sequencing the construction identifying conflictsadvocating design alternatives and facilitating the selectionof appropriate solutions for complex projects [8 9] Based onKubba [8] and Becerik-Gerber and Rice [10] developmentof a schematic model prior to the generation of a detailedbuilding model allows the designer to make a more accurateassessment of the proposed scheme and evaluate whether itmeets the functional and sustainable requirements set outby the owner this helps increase project performance andoverall quality The advent of BIM along with the emergenceof global challenging issues like sustainability and life cyclecost of buildings necessitates designers to incorporate thebasic performance analysis from an early design phaseThat is special quality analysis energy performance socialimpact and environmental performance into its frameworkby further developing the concept of virtual space andvirtual building [11] An integrated BIM system can facilitatecollaboration and communication processes between projectparticipants in an early design phase to effectively provide awell performing building during operations [12]

Combining sustainable design strategies with BIM tech-nology has the potential to change the traditional designpractices and to efficiently produce a high-performancedesign of proposed buildings BIM technology can be usedto support the design and analysis of buildingrsquos systems atthe early design process These include the experimentalstructural analysis the environmental controls the construc-tion method the selection of new materials and systemsand the detailed analysis of design processes The buildingsystem analysis involves many functional aspects of thebuilding system such as structural integrity ventilation tem-perature control circulation lighting energy distribution

Journal of Construction Engineering 3

and consumption [13] Hence an ideal opportunity existsfor the sustainability measures and performance analysisto be integrated within the BIM model [14] BIM includesassociated benefits of visualization built-in intelligent objectsof a building model such as spatial data (3D) unstructureddata (text) and structured data such as spreadsheets anddatabases BIMmodels not only provide data pertained to thebuilding geometry but also allow the calculation of volumesand related energy based on the buildingrsquos characteristics andorientation

Energy analysis is typically performed after the architec-turalengineering design and related documents have beenproduced This practice does not consider the integrationbetween the design and energy analysis processes duringearly stages and leads to an inefficient way of backtracking tomodify the design in order to achieve a set of performancecriteria [1] For the past 50 years a variety of buildingenergy simulations and analysis tools have been developedenhanced and applied throughout the building industryExamples of these tools are BLAST EnergyPlus eQUESTTRACE DOE2 Ecotect and Integrated EnvironmentalSolution (IES-VE) [15] Grobler [16] claimed that buildingdesigns (conceptual and detailed) affect the construction andoperation costs of a building Several researchers describeenergy analysis as a holistic evaluation [17] Dahl et al[18] and Lam et al [19] show that decisions made early ina project have a strong effect on the life cycle costs of abuilding Simulation tools such as Integrated EnvironmentalSolution-Virtual Environment (IES-VE) and Ecotect are ableto conduct comprehensive building performance analysisincluding energy simulation IES has direct interaction withBIM tools such asAutodeskRevit Ecotect is a building designand environmental analysis tool that covers a broad rangeof simulation and analysis functions required to understandhow a building design will operate and perform It allowsdesigners to work easily in 3D and to apply tools necessary foran energy efficient and sustainable future Some of its featuresinclude a shading design and solar analysis lighting analysisacoustic analysis thermal analysis ventilation and air flowanalysis building regulations and resource managementEcotect does not have a plug-in in BIM tools therefore theway it can get connectedwith BIM tools is through file formatexchanges

Jalaei and Jrade [20] evaluated and compared the capabil-ities of different file formats in transferring information fromBIM tool into energy analysis and simulation applicationsThe result of this validation showed that gbXML has asimplified schema for energy analysis although that whenpreparing an analytical model from BIM 3D model to beimported via gbXML file format is time-consuming for largeand complex projects it is currently a preferred formatduring design development or the schematic stageThe greenBuilding XML schemamdashcommonly known as ldquogbXMLrdquomdashwas developed to facilitate the transferring process for theinformation stored in building information models to enablethe integration and interoperability between the designmodels and other engineering analysis tool [21] HowevergbXML also facilitates the exchange of the building informa-tion (which includes product characteristics and equipment

performance data) between the manufacturerrsquos database theBIM models and the energy simulation engines One ofgbXMLrsquos benefits is its ability to carry detailed descriptions ofa single building or a set of buildings which can be importedand used by energy analysis and simulation tools

When creating sustainable designs designers are con-cerned about their ability to evaluate the EI of the selectedmaterials and components by using available methods andtools In this perspective the idea of LCA has emerged as thecollection and evaluation of the building inputs and outputsand the potential energy of a product throughout its life cycle[22] While LCA can be used to assess the sustainability ofthe built environment its technique provides comprehensivecoverage of the productrsquos energy consumption as such it isvery useful to apply it to the conceptual design phase ofbuilding projects At that stage the designer must be able toacquire store and organize LCA data for the components insuch a way that it can be used to generate feedback during thedesign process [23]

In order to analyze the EI as well as embodied energy ofbuildingsrsquo components a methodology that integrates BIMmodels with LCA systems is needed due to its potential tostreamline LCA processes and facilitate the rigorousmanage-ment of the environmental footprint of constructed facilitiesJrade and Jalaei [24] describe a methodology emphasizingthe integration of BIM Management Information Systemand LCA that can be used to implement sustainable designfor proposed buildings at their conceptual stage all thewhile taking into consideration their environmental impactsHakkinen andKiviniemi [25] identify the following solutionsto integrate BIM tools with LCA systems (1) linking separatesoftware tools via file exchange (2) adding functionality toexisting BIM software and (3) using parametric formats suchas Geometric Description Language (GDL) Until recentlyonly operating energy was considered owing to its largershare in the total energy life cycle However due to theadvent of energy efficient equipment and appliances as wellas more advanced and effective insulation materials thepotential for curbing operating energy has increased and as aresult the current emphasis has shifted to include embodiedenergy in the building materials [3 26] Thus there is agenuine demand for measures to calibrate the performanceof buildings in terms of both embodied and operatingenergy in order to reduce their energy consumption [27 28]Transport energy is a function of materialrsquos weight transportmethod and the travelled distance From these three factorsa reasonably accurate calculation of the transport embodiedenergy can be done

While green building certification systems can be usedas guidance for design to record performance progress tocompare buildings and to document the outcomes andorstrategies used in the building [29] different types ofmethod-ology such as Building Research Establishment Environmen-tal Assessment Method (BREEAM) [30] Green Star fromAustralia [31] and the Comprehensive Assessment Systemfor Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE) from Japan[32] have been developed More locally we can also findthe Building and Environmental Performance AssessmentCriteria (BEPAC) from Canada [33] and the Leadership in


Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) from the UnitedStates [7] All of these methodologies are widely used toestablish the environmental goalsrsquo level of achievement andto guide the planning and design processes Furthermorecomprehensive tools for environmental assessment can befound such as the whole Building Design Guide [34] and theWorld Green Building Council [35]

Although these tools have an extended use the LEEDRating System (LEED-RS) has established a strong credibilityamong the experts [36] The LEED-RS was evaluated to itsimportance as a measurement tool for the environmentalperformance of a building by 7500 companies and organi-zation members around the world Yet in order to automatethe evaluation of the environmental specifications of theproposed building model in BIM at the conceptual designstage designers can use sustainability evaluator tool (ieEcoScorecardcopy) which is a plug-in to BIM toolThis Plug-inhas the ability to evaluate and to document the environmentaldata for various rating systems such as those of the US GreenBuilding Council (USGBC) the Canadian Green BuildingCouncil (CaGBC) the Collaborative for High PerformanceSchools (CHPS) and the National Green Building Standard(NGBS) as well as other third-party product certificationsystems LEED Canada-NC 10 (NC standard for new con-struction and major renovations) is the Canadian version ofthe LEED certification system It is approved by the USGBCand was released by the CaGBC in December 2004 Anaddendum to LEED Canada-NC 10 was developed in 2007which included improved requirements introduced by theUSGBC for LEED-NC 22 along with other improvementsrelated to the durable building credit The CaGBC is thesource for these LEED reference information and updatesincluding templates

Despite that lots of efforts have been put in place towardthe advancement of sustainability still the energy efficiencyand its resulting values besides the corresponding cost sav-ings are not key criteria in the building development processEnergy and performance analysis are typically performedafter the architectural design and construction documentshave been produced This lack of integration into the designprocess leads to an inefficient process of retroactively mod-ifying the design to achieve a set of performance criteriaThe importance of incorporating all disciplines from theearly stages of design is widely acknowledged and docu-mented [37] Early decisions are crucial in order to achievesustainability objectives in the resulting design outcome [1]According to Eastman et al [38] developing a parametricmodel within the BIM environment is capable of capturingproject information and generating documentation Withspecial care taken on the software side an enhanced BIMapplication could potentially resolve what used to be majorproblems in the delivery of sustainable design (ie dealingwith the complexity of conducting a full building energysimulation acoustical analysis and daylighting design) Theauthors are not able to find in the literature any researchthat looked at the possibility of having the design teamto have access to different types of information such asenergy consumption environmental impacts and embodiedenergy of every building component pursued accumulated

green building rating system points and associated costs allwithin a BIM environment while the conceptual design isin progress Although the potential of using BIM modelsfor energy simulation is well known a systematic approachthat can be used to share the necessary information is stilllacking [39] The data related to the buildings internal loadssuch as occupancy and lighting should be included in thedata exchanging process between BIM tools and energysimulation software in order to avoid any repetitive datainputs [40] To pursue the integration procedure is to test thedata inputs and outputs using different interoperable formatsand to select the more efficient one Since the automationprocess will take place at the conceptual stage of a projectlife while doing sustainable design another aspect of thisstudy is to use an application to evaluate the created model inorder to get details about its environmental and sustainabilityspecifications in a systematic way In this case users can addup the potential points that can be earned during the designbased on the selected green building certification systemThis would provide the design team with the opportunity toanalyze energy results for the whole model as well as EI andthe embodied energy of every component Autodesk Revitwhich is used as BIM tool in this research provides the oppor-tunity to create custom tools that plug directly into AutodeskRevitThiswould extend the functionality of the BIM tool andwould allow users make well-informed decisions in selectingoptimum sustainable building components

3 Scope and Significance of the Study

This paper describes a methodology to implement an auto-mated and integrated platform to do sustainable design forproposed buildings at their conceptual stage The methodol-ogy is implemented through the design and development ofa model that simplifies the process of designing sustainablebuildings and hence of transferring the design informationto energy analysis tools so that designers can implementenergy and lighting analysis The model has also the capa-bility of listing the certification points that can potentiallybe earned based on the selected system for sustainabilityThe methodology incorporates an integrated model capableof guiding users when performing sustainable design forbuilding projects It incorporates five modules (1) databasemanagement system (DBMS) (2) BIM (3) energy and light-ing analysis (4) life cycle assessment (LCA) and (5) LEEDand cost The major task of the model is to expand developand collect lists of green products and certified materialsthese materials will be linked to the BIM tool Part of thisintegratedmethodology is to develop plug-ins and customizethe available ones in BIM tool so that users can connecttheir design module with other modules in an efficient andconsistent manner The objectives of this study are listed asfollows

(i) Collect and store series of design families that incor-porate sustainably certified components in a databasein an attempt to improve the workability and capabil-ity of the BIM tool used to do sustainable design at theconceptual stage


Create an external database to store sustainable certified

building components

Link the external database with BIM tool and design 3D

BIM model for a proposed houses

Export quantity take-offsfrom BIM model based on gbXML file format via the

developed plug-ins

Import the information of the created design specifications

into energy analysis tool

Import the designed BIM model into LCA tool and

calculate the environmental impacts of

each component

Evaluate the universaldesign criteria

Select the best house building components based on the owner requirements and standards specifications

Design new plug-in into BIM tool customize the

existing ones

Evaluate and analyse the sustainability of the model

and its associated costs

Figure 1 Methodology of the integration system

(ii) Create and develop a framework for this integrationthat considers the sustainable design requirementsand the functionality of BIM tool

(iii) Investigate the feasibility of implementing a full inte-gration between BIM and energy (operational andembodied) and lighting analysis tools

(iv) Develop the automated BIM model that integratesthe abovementioned five modules and then validateit by using an actual existing building project totest its workability and capability Afterwards analyzethe information associated with the case projectto identify how much was transmitted during thetransformation process between the different tools

One contribution of this research is the ability to measurethe transport energy which is one significant component ofthe embodied energy used to transfer materials and buildingcomponents from suppliersrsquo location to the building site IEtool does not recognize this type of energy and accordingly itdoes not have the capability to calculate it

Different types of software commonly used in the con-struction industry such as Autodesk Revit ArchitecturecopyAutodesk Ecotect Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES-VE) Microsoft Excelcopy and Athena Impact Estimatorcopy wereused in the development of the proposed model

4 Methodology and Model Development

The aim is to develop an automated way in which 3D sustain-able design of a proposed building project is accomplishedand related energy analysis and simulation results of thewhole building and every one of its components identified

Since the proposedmethodology integrates different applica-tions as is represented in Figure 1 the development will beimplemented through the following six phases

Phase 1It consists of designing themodelrsquos relational databaseneeded to design sustainable building Loucopoulos andZicari [41] stated that a consistent information systemdepends on the integration between databases programminglanguages and software engineering and its lifecycle incor-porates the interrelated technologies of conceptual modelingand database design The design and development of thisdatabase is accomplished in two steps starting by the concep-tual modeling and ending by the physical implementationThe information related to the green materials is stored in anexternal database in the form of predefined design familiesthat can be recognized by BIM tool The separate databaseis linked to the predefined library of Revit by defining itspath and it is loaded every time the BIM tool (Revit) opensThe data related to the green materials is saved as familyfiles (RFA) or Revit files (RVT) which can be identified bythe BIM tool Thus in the external sustainable database upto 3000 design families are collected from the literaturesuppliersrsquo web pages USGBC and CaGBCwebsites as well aspublished data and are arranged based on the 16 divisions ofthe Masterformat WBS Different types of information suchas details about the materials used suppliersrsquo contact dataassigned keynotes potential LEED criteria and assemblycodes are stored in the external database

Phase 2 Phase 2 focuses on customizing BIM tool to fit themodularity requirements of the model The first step is todesign and implement a 3D module capable of storing newlycreated families in BIM tool and their associated keynotesfor components commonly used in residential buildings byusing certified green materials The module is linked to


Table 1 Sample of the algorithm developed to transfer the material quantity take-offs from BIM model to energy analysis tool

Integration algorithm used to create plug-in TaskGBXMLExportOptions gbx = new GBXMLExportOptions()Transaction t = TransactionManagerStartTransaction()Transaction t = new Transaction (doc)tStart(ldquogbXML based export plug-inrdquo)docExport(ldquoc1rdquo ldquogbxmlrdquo newGBXMLExportOptions())tCommit()docSaveAs(ldquogbxmlxmlrdquo saoOverwriteExistingFile)Process notePad = new Process()

Export and save material quantity take-offs to gbXMLformat

notePadStartInfoFileName = ldquoEcotectexerdquonotePadStartInfoArguments = ldquoC1gbxmlxmlrdquonotePadStart()

Call Ecotectexe to open gbXML files from the placewhere it is already saved

the database developed in phase 1 Keynotes are textualannotations that relate text strings to specific elements in themodel which are in turn linked to an external text file It canbe used as external link to the element itself with specific styleand specifications so it can be used as a Revit family Thatmeans user can insert different text family types in RevitKeynotes can be assigned to elements which are typicallyused if the user wants to note an entire assembly such asa wall assembly The sixteen Masterformat divisions presentthe main WBS applied in this research It is very importantto select a unique code for each item that is presented in aseparate line in the database to ease and simplify their usage

Phase 3 It focuses on creating a plug-in which is a typeof algorithm that adds functionality to the BIM tool byintegrating it with the energy analysis and simulation toolsPlug-In or Add-In are terms used in BIM tool to signify amodule containing an algorithm that makes use of the BIMtoolrsquos Application Program Interface (API) The BIM toolused in this study has aNET API which means that any oftheNET compliant programming languages (C VBNETF etc) can be used to develop a customized plug-in Whileeach language has its own relative benefits C has beenused in this research due to its simplicity usability andpowerful ability to underlay theNET framework Table 1represents sample of the developed algorithm used to exportthe materials quantity take-offs to energy analysis tool basedon gbXML format This algorithm uses C programminglanguage which is used in developing the plug-ins that willbe applied to the BIM tool

Phase 4 It consists of designing energy analysis and simu-lation modules that help exporting the 3D design created inBIM tool as gbXML file format The energy analysis toolsused in this research is Ecotect due to its efficiency inevaluating the thermal and solar gains for the architecturaldesigns of proposed buildings It easily creates or cleansup models in a format that includes both the geometryand the zones of a building besides having interoperabilitypotentials with other tools This interoperability makes itan ideal tool to import and export the 3D design betweenBIM tools which generate the geometry of the proposedbuilding and different energy analysis tools IES-VE containsan Integrated Data Model that captures all the information

related to the proposed building including the geometricdata which is needed to do all necessary analyses Yet itmust be said that the 3D geometric information can alsobe imported straight from the BIM tool using gbXML fileformat Constructions materials can also be selected fromthe IES-VE built-in database which is known as the Apacheconstruction database

Phase 5 It concentrates on designing LCA modules thatinterconnect the 3D BIM design with the LCA tool throughan ODBC exporting format which directly transfers thematerialsrsquo quantity take-offs to any file format in an attemptto evaluate their environmental impacts The LCA tool islinked to an external database which is in turn associatedwith the BIM module that stores the extracted quantities ofmaterials from the 3D design and evaluates their EI as wellas embodied energy The extracted bill of quantity is thenlinked to ATHENA Impact Estimatorcopy in a text exchange fileformat Authors elected to use ATHENA Impact Estimatorfor Buildings because it is commonly used by the NorthAmerican construction industry and because it is designedto evaluate the whole building and its assemblies based onthe internationally recognized life cycle assessment (LCA)methodology

Lots of materials are delivered to the site by rigid trucksthus to calculate the transportation energy the developedmodel considers this as one of the inputs stored in thedatabase developed in phase 1 To ease the developmentprocess of this module a framework is created

Transportation embodied energy is dependent on thetype and number of trucks the travel distance between sup-pliers and construction site and material properties (ie sizeand weight) In order to demonstrate the modelrsquos capabilitiesfour different types of trucks (as listed in Table 2) are takeninto account when identifying the required number of trucksIn this study a gross vehicle weight (GVW) is considered asthe maximum weight value of a vehicle that includes weightof a vehicle and cargo and a payload is defined as the totalweight of all cargo that a vehicle carries Also the size ofthe load in the truck bucket is limited to 53 times 135 times 85ft(119871 times 119867 times119882) [42] Using the properties identified above andquantity of material for a given order the required numberof trucks can be determined The proposed algorithm selectscombination of trucks based on the minimum value of fuel


Table 2 Descriptive attributes for each type of trucks selected for the case building

Truck type GVW (lb) Payload (lb) Fuel consumption(MPG) MPG for empty truck

1 36300 25300 minus00246119882 + 663 6622 60600 40800 minus00258119882 + 6285 6263 80000 55750 minus00255119882 + 6205 6184 92000 66200 minus00263119882 + 5885 586119882 total weight of load (1000 times lb)

consumptionThen the fuel consumption value is calculatedaccording to the traveled distance per unit of fuel used inmiles per gallon (MPG) The distance measurement can bedone by using the geospatial method used by BIM tool thatspecifies the geographic location for the project It uses anInternet mapping service to visualize the project location bysearching its street address or the longitude and latitude of theproject

Phase 6 It includes the design and development of a greenbuilding certification and cost estimating module which islinked to the BIM This module contains data collected fromthe suppliers and publishers webpages which are retrievedfrom the created model by using the sustainability evaluatorplug-in that is loaded into BIM tool Authors collectedinformation about sustainable materials and componentsfrom themanufacturers and vendors websites as well as usingthe smart BIM green components which can be detected bythe sustainability evaluator In the sustainability evaluationresults there is detailed information about every componentwhich includes the potential LEED points that can be gainedif these materials or components are used in the design Thisinformation is stored in the external database of the BIM toolTherefore when designers model the design for a proposedbuilding project in 3D and select any of these sustainablematerials or components the potential LEED points gainedby these selected items are identified and stored in the sched-ule associated with the model Afterwards users will addup these LEED points to identify the potential number thatthe proposed building can earn and accordingly its potentiallevel of certification (Certified Silver Gold or Platinum)Furthermore the associated cost will be generated by linkingthe model created in BIM tool with the cost module whichis linked to the database that stores information about greenand certified materials The associated cost of the developeddesign is then calculated based on RS-Means published data

5 Model Application

The development of the model described in this paper focuson automating the process of connecting the output of BIMmodule with other different modules The developed modelis an integrated tool that helps owners and designers sharevariety of information at the conceptual design stage ofsustainable buildings It assists designers in comparing andevaluating each design family and its associated componentsthat is selected during the conceptual design taking intoconsideration the materialsrsquo selection criteria

Figure 2 shows a flowchart of the integration processthat is used in this study It determines the processes appliedto the design created in BIM tool while considering allrelated criteria and specifications based on the describedphases Figure 3 illustrates the modelrsquos architecture when theinput section includes the certified components stored inthe database based on the Masterformat WBS containingkeynotes and families as well as suppliersrsquo informationProject orientation and the specified green building ratingsystem for sustainability analysis are identified as inputs Thecriteria section includes the green building rating systemas well as the environmental performance and principles toselect green materials The main output of the model will bea sustainable design in 3D mode of the proposed buildingthat includes lists of the selected sustainable materials andtheir environmental impacts as well as the results of theenergy simulation and daylight data analysis This platformprovides a suitable environment to establish a DecisionSupport System (DSS) to help design team decides on theselection of the most appropriate type of sustainable buildingcomponents and families for proposed projects based ondefined criteria (ie energy consumption environmentalimpacts and economic properties) in an attempt to identifythe influence of the design variations on the sustainableperformance of the whole building The final design willbe influenced by the results of the energy and lightinganalysis the LCA and environmental impact and embodiedenergy results and the sustainability evaluation of everybuilding component based on LEED rating system besidesthe initial costs of these componentsThese results represent areasonable perspective to evaluate how far the design deviatesfrom the standards and ownersrsquo expectation

To validate this model its performance is examinedthrough the use of an actual three floor office building projectwith a conference hall at the fourth floor that is under designprocess in the city of Montreal The proposed constructionsite has a total area of 41980 ft2 the buildingrsquos gross areais 16862 ft2 and it has a perimeter of 1145 ft The authorscreated a 3D conceptual design of the current project whereits associated sustainable components and materials wereselected from the developed database The components usedin the design of the case example had their specificationsas close as possible to the ones used in the real designEvery component such as the floor walls the roof andwindows has its associated LEED information linked to thefamilies of the BIM tool and they are already defined in thedatabase of EcoScorecard which includes the manufacturersrsquo


Start

Design a 3D model in customized BIM

toolDevelop external

database for sustainable materials

Energy and lighting analysis by using the developed plugs-inGains breakdown

Complete energy modeling

End

Acceptable building components

gbXML

Yes

No

Total gainlost

Lighting analysis

Direct solar gains

Evaluate model

Detect building components

Sustainability evaluation based on

LEED Canada

Evaluate potential LEED points and

associated cost forcertified components

Beams and columns

Roof

Floor

Walls

Doors and windows

Phase 1 Phase 2

Phase 6

Develop a link between BIMrsquos tool and the energy analysis tool by

designing plugs-in

Run cost estimation

LCA assessment

Quantitytake-offs

ODBCPhase 4

Phase 5Phase 3

Figure 2 Flowchart of the integration process

web pages and contact information The authors created aconceptual design of the current project where its associatedsustainable components andmaterials were selected from thedeveloped database The components used in creating thedesign of the case building had their specifications very closeto the ones used in the real design Every component suchas floor walls roof and windows has its associated LEEDinformation linked to the families inherited inBIM tool and isalready defined in the database of the sustainability evaluatortool (EcoScorecard) which includes the manufacturersrsquo webpages and contact information The developed model willbe used to analyze and simulate the energy and lighting ofthe projectrsquos 3D design and to evaluate its sustainability bycalculating the accumulated LEED points that can potentiallybe earned during the conceptual design stage Figure 4shows a rendered snapshot of the proposed sustainable officebuilding which was created using the developed modelpreviously described This process is implemented in foursteps wherein the modelrsquos capabilities and performance aremeasured using the inherited modules

51 Sustainable Conceptual Design in BIM Tool (Step 1)BIM tool (Autodesk Revit Architecturecopy) is applied to do

the sustainable 3D conceptual design of the case buildingby using green families and their related keynotes storedin the external database Once these familiesrsquo keynote fileis linked to the building model users will select the mostappropriate type of certified materials and components fortheir design As explained in phase 1 the external databasecontains detailed information about the suppliers of thegreen materials used in every family More than 80 of thecomponents and families used in the case building had theirLEED certification points supplied by their manufacturersand stored in the developed external database

52 Energy Analysis and Daylighting Simulation (Step 2)In order to have an accurate energy analysis of the casebuilding its created 3D geometricmodel should be convertedinto an analytical model First we have to convert all thespaces into rooms In BIM tool rooms are considered to bethe equivalent of zones that need to be defined A thermalzone is a completely enclosed space bounded by its floorswalls and roof and is the basic unit for which the heatloads are calculated The extent of a ldquoroomrdquo is defined by itsbounding elements such as walls floors and roofs Once aldquoroomrdquo is defined for the purpose of analysing the buildingrsquos


Sustainable building materials and components collected in abased database

Certified components based onmasterformat WBS

Keynotes and families

Project orientation

Green building rating system

Suppliers information

Input Procedure Output

BIM tool

Keynotes Project

3D design Families

gbXMLODBC

LCA andembodied energy

analysis

Operational energyanalysis and

lighting simulation

Energy analysis report

Day light results

3D sustainable design

Environmental impacts

Embodied energy results

txt

LEED and cost evaluation

Sustainable materials

lowastrvt

lowastrfa

Figure 3 Modelrsquos architecture

Figure 4 Snapshot of the sustainable case building model

energy these bounding elements are converted to 2D surfacesrepresenting their actual geometry However overhangs andbalconies which do not have a room are considered asshading surfaces In order to determine whether a room isan interior or an exterior it is important to define that itis adjacent in the analytical model By using the developedplug-in that is loaded in the BIM tool designers will directlytransfer the created 3D model of the building to the energysimulation and analysis tool (Ecotectcopy) using gbXML formatMoreover by using the IES-VE plug-ins which is added tothe BIM tool transferring the 3D BIM model into IES-VE isconceivable based on gbXML format as shown in Figure 5

After running the thermal and daylighting analysis inEcotect it is possible that comprehensive building informa-tion other than the geometric one will be transported Inorder to test what type of data was included during theintegration a comparison analysis of this data is executedThe building model is tested for building material thicknessgeometry (area and volume) building services location andbuilding types All the input variables are kept constantin the base case while the testing is done with one alter-ation at a time What BIM brought to energy simulationis an integrative interface that provided the designers amore reliable and consistent building information model foranalysis leading to more accurate simulation results Thebiggest advantage of parametric modeling rests in its capacityof updating building information simultaneously with thechanges made to the model configuration In the conceptualdesign stage architects and designers could test differentdesign alternatives to find the optimal solution

As mentioned earlier gbXML is developed based onXML which captures data information representation butnot the relationships among them All the geometry informa-tion imported from the BIM tool is represented by the ldquoCam-pusrdquo element The global child element ldquoSurfacerdquo representsall the surfaces in the geometry There are several attributesdefined in a ldquoSurfacerdquo such as ldquoidrdquo and ldquosurfaceTyperdquo EveryldquoSurfacerdquo element has two representations of geometry ldquoPla-narGeometryrdquo and ldquoRectangularGeometryrdquo They both carrythe same geometry information The purpose of this is todouble-check whether the translation of geometry from BIM


Figure 5 Snapshot of directly transferring BIM model to Ecotect via plug-in based on gbXML file format

tool is correct or not Every ldquoRectangularGeometryrdquo hasfour ldquoCartesianPointrdquo elements which represent a surfaceEvery ldquoCartesianPointrdquo is represented by a three-dimensionalcoordinate (119909 119910 119911)

There are only five levels to transverse and to get all thecoordinates of an ldquoExterior Wallrdquo location It is also easyto add other surfaces In addition every polyloop whichcontains a list of coordinates that makes up a polygon inthree-dimensional space follows a right-hand rule definingthe outward normal of a surface However gbXML has theability to carry building environmental sensing informationIn terms of geometry gbXML only accepts rectangular shapewhich is enough for energy simulation

GbXML file is able to transfer the geometric informationsuch as shape areas and volumes However it is furtherable to transmit information about location and constructionassignments It can be seen that the gbXML file is also ableto transfer other information such as building type (singlefamily) and building services (VAV single duct) Thus inorder to validate the information that is not transmittedthe gbXML file is modified so that it can recognize theinformation related to the location building services andconstruction assignments while executing the transferringprocess

In order to discern that the information related to theselected material used in the model has been completelytransmitted over to the energy simulation and analysistools a new material is assigned to the 3D model of thecase building The wallrsquos material is changed to a timberframe wall that consists of brickwork (outer leaf) cavityplywood (lightweight) mineral fiber slab and cavity andgypsumplasterboard However the option selected in the IESinterface for the construction assignments (exterior wall) iskept unchanged

A quick scan to the IESrsquos results shows that the result iskept unaltered This means that the newly assigned materialin the model does not have any type of effect on the resultsTo clarify this result in another case the timber frame wallwas modeled as the wall material and the same option wasselected in the IES interface which is a timber frame wallThe difference in the results indicates that the selection inthe Revit-IES interface overrides any selection made duringmodeling of the building in Revit This is important becausethis indicates a gap in the information transfer in the buildingmodel in Revit and analytical model in IES-VE

Figure 6 shows sample results of the daylighting analysisthat users can get out of both the Ecotect and IES-VE toolsand Figure 7 shows sample of the thermal analysis resultsgenerated by these tools In Figure 6 daylighting simulation


Daylight analysisDaylight factorValue range 2ndash102(c) Ecotect v5

126347

117575

108804

100032

91260

82488

73717

64945

56173

47401

38630

01Jan-0000 to 31Dec-2300

102+

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

2

()

Ecotect (gbXML)

IES-VE (gbXML)

(kW

hm

2)

Figure 6 Snapshot of the sample daylighting simulation in Ecotect and IES-VE

provides a visualization measurement of the daylight that isgained by every single surface inside the buildingrsquos model aswell as the buildingrsquos exterior wall surfaces which is suppliedas a percentage of the solar light each surface can get Forexample at the second floor the maximum percentage ofsolar gains is for central areas surrounded by glazed curtainwalls with 72 while the minimum percentage is 12 whichcorresponds to corner areas located far from openings IES-VE provides solar analysis with 3D visualization showingthe amount of light that varies between 3863 kwhm2 and126347 kwhm2 for the whole building

In Figure 7 a diagram of total gains is based on outsidetemperature ranging from minus26∘C to 325∘C for the City ofMontreal for all visible thermal zones The maximum heatloss corresponding to minus26∘C temperature is minus166whm2and the maximum gain is 54whm2 corresponding to 32∘CThe part of the diagram with condensed points is for thetemperature between 0∘C to 26∘C which gives an average ofminus45whm2 loss of energy and 10 whm2 energy gains respec-tively Gains breakdown results show the percentage of overallgainslosses for all visible thermal zones through differentcolors for Conduction Solar-Air Direct Solar Ventilation

Internal and Inter-Zonal for a whole year from January 1to December 31 As illustrated conduction has a maximumoverall loss with 694 (around 840whm2) and direct solarhas tremendous gains with 517 of energy gains (around420whm2) IES-VE also gives a total annual energy analysistotal electricity and total net gas manifesting the total systemenergy based on power (Kw) for the whole year The analysisshows that themaximumenergy consumption of the buildingis between January and December with an average of 250(KW) for the whole system

53 Assessing the LCA and Embodied Energy Analysis Resultsof Building Components (Step 3) Once the conceptual designis finished and the energy is analyzed the building is assessedand analyzed based on the sustainability requirements usingthe LCA module and its associated tool (ATHENA ImpactEstimatorcopy) This user-friendly tool provides quick resultsin the form of tables and graphs The Impact Estimator (IE)allows users to change the design substitute materials andmake side-by-side comparisons It also lets users comparesimilar projects with different floor areas on a unit floorarea basis After that the IE is able to calculate the primary


252022401960168014001120840560280minus00minus280minus560minus840minus1120minus1400minus1680minus1960minus2240minus2520

minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

359

517

80

694

292

ConductionSol-airDirect solar

VentilationInternalInter-zonal

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)

Total net gas (office sim1 aps) Total electricity (office sim1 aps)

Total energy (office sim1 aps)

Temp gain comparisons Gains breakdown

Total annual energy analysis

Tempgains comparison total gains-all visible thermal zones

Index 407

Gains breakdown-all visible thermal zones

Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000

Jan JanFeb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

January 1ndashDecember 31

5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)

Outside air temperature (W hm2)


Figure 7 Snapshot of the sample thermal energy analysis in Ecotect

operating energy including the embodied energy (the energyused to extract refine and deliver energy) and the relatedemissions to air water and land over the life cycle of thebuilding [43] Subsequently the IE compares the life cycle ofthe operating and embodied energy and other environmentaleffects of the proposed building design by allowing users tobetter understand the inherent trade-offs associated with theincrease of the envelopematerials (eg insulation) which canreduce the operating energy consumption

First users input the necessary information such asgeographic location building life occupancytype and ifdesired annual operating energy values into ATHENASecond the exported bill of quantities extracted in Step1 is imported as text exchange file into ATHENA ImpactEstimatorcopy Preset dialogue boxes prompt users to describethe different assemblies such as entering the width span andlive load of a floor assembly

While the Impact Estimator offers awide array ofmaterialand assembly combinations the user needs to enhance theproject design with additional materials It should be notedthat when it is decided to add ldquoExtra Basic Materialsrdquo theapplication does not know how or where these materialsare to be added and used Hence the LCA profile providedfor extra basic materials is diminished in the sense that theapplication delivers the material to the building site but doesnot calculate any effects associated with the usage of thismaterial For instance using the formerly mentioned case asan example softwood lumber which is a green material andis used in different parts of the building is added beside otherassembly groups as extra basic materials

After entering all the necessary information ImpactEstimator provides series of reports in terms of (1) PrimaryEnergy Consumption (2) Acidification Potential (3) GlobalWarming Potential (4) Human Health (HH) Respiratory


Fossil fuel consumption summary measure chart byassembly groups

Project ProjectOffice building Montreal

FoundationExtra basic materials

FloorsRoofs

Beams and columnsWallsTotal

Project Office building Montreal


FloorsRoofs


Project Office building MontrealFoundation

Extra basic materialsFloorsRoofs







FloorsRoofs


Office building Montreal


FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)

Smog potential summary measure

20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000

Smog potential (kg O3 eq)

Acidification potential summary

100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000

Acidification potential (moles of H+ eq)

Ozone depletion potential summary

0

0002

0004

0006

0008

Ozone depletion potential (kg CFC-11 eq)

Global warming potential summary measure

200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000

Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)

HH criteria summary measure

2000

4000

6000

8000

HH criteria (kg PM10 eq)

chart by assembly groups

measure chart by assembly groups




Figure 8 Environmental impact sample report of the implemented design

Effects Potential (5) Ozone Depletion Potential (6) Photo-chemical Smog Potential (7) Eutrophication Potential and(8) Weighted Raw Resource Use which are the focus ofthis case example Figure 8 represents samples of the barchart reports extracted from ATHENA Impact EstimatorcopyAs shown in Figure 8 foundation as well as extra basicmaterials consumes fossil fuel more than other assemblygroups (around 3000000MJ) Beams and columns andwallsuse about 2500000 (MJ) of fossil fuel consumption Con-versely when it comes to Ozone depletion walls roofs andfoundationwith about 00014 (Kg CFC) are three groups withnoticeable amounts Rather than extra basic materials wallson the other hand seem to have the most smog potentialwith around 22000 (Kg Nox) out of the total amount whichis 95000 (Kg Nox) Foundation creates the highest amount

of Global Warming Potential averaging around 320000 (KgCo2) followed by the walls with 240000 (Kg Co2) Founda-tion andwalls produce similar amount of acidification poten-tial usually around 85000 (moles of H+) whereas beamsand columns produce much less than the others with around55000 (moles of H+) Similarly the HH Respiratory Effectsfor walls have the most effects averaging around 2280 outof a total of 6430 (Kg PM25) In the ultimate interpretationamong the selected components walls and foundation havethe most impact on the environment in comparison withother assembly groups Two reasons for this can be describedhere The former is that walls and foundation are in directcontact with the outdoor environment while having severalopenings (wants and voids) and the various layers ofwalls andfoundation are not made from sustainable materials based on


Energy consumption absolute value chart by assembly groups

10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)


Beams and columnsWallsFoundations

Operating energy versus

Operating 2027248427MJEmbodied 1341321722MJ



cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy

embodied fossil fuel consumption

Figure 9 Embodied energy analysis of each building component in the designed model

the information provided by the supplier The latter reasonis that all the green materials stored in the BIM model andits associated library are not supported by ATHENA ImpactEstimatorcopy The results provided by ATHENA Impact Esti-matorcopy represent an appropriate overview about the EI of thedesign

The embodied energy of every buildingrsquos component iscalculated and its result is generated and supplied as shown inFigure 9 IE takes into account the energy used to constructthe structural elements of the building the emissions toair water and land associated with the on-site constructionactivity and the energy used to transport the materials andcomponents from themanufacturer to a national distributioncentre and from that centre to the building constructionsite As illustrated in Figure 9 in the case building it isobvious that the wallsrsquo materials have the highest embodiedenergy consumption with a total of 6456764MJ based ondifferent types of energy description Beams and columnshave the second highest embodied energy consumption(1855880MJ) Furthermore 2027248427MJ of the energyconsumed in this building is operating fossil fuel energywhile13413217MJ is embodied fossil fuel energy

To calculate the transportation embodied energy a plug-in is developed by authors based on the algorithm describedin phase 5 The algorithm receives weight of every buildingcomponent (lb) fromuser and implements the truck selectionprocedure Then the developed plug-in uses the API ofGoogle map to calculate the distance between the location(origin) of the materialsrsquo suppliers and the location of theproject (destination) once the required postal codes areentered by the user As illustrated in Figure 10 when therequired data (ie weight of the material postal codes oforigin and destination) is entered the plug-in calculates thetransportation energy of every building component (MJ) as

well as the number of trucks and their types By clicking theldquototalrdquo icon in the plug-in form all the amounts of transporta-tion energy in each section are added which represents thetotal transportation energy This amount has to be added tothe embodied energy calculated by Athena For example byconsidering the materials of the wallsrsquo in the case buildingand by assuming a unit weight of 55 lbSF and a calculatedtotal surface area of 16360 SF for all the walls the totalweight of the wallrsquos material will be around 899800 lb Usingthe developed plug-in (Figure 10) shows that a combinationof one truck of type 2 and thirteen trucks of type 4 isa proper option for transporting the materials While thefuel consumption for truck 4 and truck 2 is 414MPG and543MPG respectively entering the postal code of the originand destination would lead to an approximate measurementof the distance to be 91 miles thus the consumed embodiedenergy for transporting the wallrsquos material is calculated tobe around 39888 MJ Same processes are applied for therest of the building components and accordingly the totaltransportation energy would be calculated to be around3893467MJ as shown in Figure 10

54 Environmental Evaluation andCalculation of the PotentialLEED Points (Step 4) By running the sustainability evaluator(EcoScorecardcopy) plug-in added on in BIM tool designersare able to do a model evaluation based on different greenbuilding rating systems as described in the methodology anddevelopment sectionThe result of the EcoScorecard is shownin Figure 11 where 529 of the modelrsquos components arecompiled from sustainable materials and families that arealready defined in the Smart BIM database and detected bythe EcoScorecard By selecting the desired green buildingrating system and clicking the ldquoevaluate modelrdquo button usersare able to see the analysis results in detail and save them as


Figure 10 Snapshot of the developed plug-in to calculate the transportation embodied energy for every building component

Detecting model components by

EcoScorecard plug-in

Evaluation results

Evaluation of model based on LEED Canada

Figure 11 Snapshot of using EcoScorecard plug-in in Autodesk Revit to detect and evaluate model components based on LEED (CaGBC)


Figure 12 Snapshot of storing the unit cost of sustainable window family using RS-Means cost database

a PDF file In this paper LEED Canada New Constructionv10 is used to evaluate the designed model In this casethe authors are able to identify the potential points earnedby the 3D design based on the information provided by theEcoScorecard

Table 3 offers information related to the materials andtheir associated potential LEED points as well as the actualpoints earned by the design developed in Step 1 based on theresults of the EcoScorecard LEED evaluation As shown inTable 3 the detected components by the plug-in that get 44LEED points are based on the CaGBC rating system This isan approximate number of the LEED points that are earnedby the designed case building since the focus of this study is atthe conceptual design stage which means that the calculatedpoints do not necessarily reflect the final number that canbe earned when the building is completed The intent is tosimply provide owners and designers with an idea of howmany potential LEED points the proposed building mightearn if a decision is made to continue the project At theconceptual stage owners and designers do not have detailedinformation about the project yet this integration will helpthem generate an approximated idea that will allow them torealize the potential LEED points the designed 3Dmodel canearn

Since not all suppliers provide the cost of products ontheir website authors used RS-Means cost data to preparepreliminary cost estimate for the case building and store itin that specific family in BIM tool as shown in Figure 12Table 4 illustrates the total estimated cost of each buildingcomponent which is calculated using RS-MeansGreen Build-ing Cost database In this database the unit cost of each familyis calculated based on the year 2013 national average value andadjusted for the city ofMontreal To prepare the cost estimatematerials with specifications similar to the quantity take offextracted from the developed 3D design are selected fromRS-Means database However as illustrated in Table 4 thepreliminary cost estimate of the building components using

the proposed method is calculated to be $113130343 whilethe actual estimated cost was calculated to be $1045753 foryear 2013 that reflects a 7 difference in the values which isacceptable for the conceptual stage where little informationabout the project is known

6 Conclusion

The novelty highlighted in this paper describes the modelrsquosdifferent modules which are integrated into each otherbased on an automated process by creating new plug-insand improving the functionality of the existing ones sothat users will be able to start the sustainable design of aproposed building project at the conceptual stage of its lifecycle in a timely and cost effective Using a BIM integratedplatform moves the design decisions forward at the earlystage especiallywhen comparing different design alternativeswhich is considered as an attribute of this research

The developed model enables users compare and selectdifferent materials and components which are stored in theexternal database to be used in their design based on theenergy and sustainability specifications and cost This accel-erates the process of modifying building components early atthe conceptual design stage in case the selected ones do notmeet owners or designers requirementsMissing informationduring the transformation process from BIM tool to theother ones (ie energy analysis and simulation) includes theinformation required as input by different software Someinformationneeds to be enteredmanually by the user after thetransferring process while the other type of information isautomatically assumed by the software itself (ie informationabout the type of materials when transferring it from Revitto Ecotect or IES-VE) The developed database was designedbased on the collected information that contained limitednumbers of certified components all of which are designedand provided by the manufacturing companies This is


Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43

Low-emittingandfuel-efficientvehicles

3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water

efficientlandscaping

24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Materialsandresources

MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu

ildingreusemaintainexistingwalls

floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu

ildingreusemaintaininterio

rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra

pidlyrenewablematerials

1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41

Low-emittingmaterials

adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71

Thermalcomfortdesign

1EQ

c72

Thermalcomfortverificatio

n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin

gglass2litesclear31610158401015840flo

at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam

andwall251015840times

251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand

edvolcanicglassrock310158401015840

thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid

ingvinylclad61015840-010158401015840times

61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris

e41015840times81015840times410158401015840thick

3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo

t810158401015840thickwallinclu

desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753


a limitation for the model because it does not cover all theexisting green elements and as was previously mentionedonly 529 of those materials and components were detectedand defined in the EcoScorecard database This means thatthere are several green families that need to be designedconverted to BIM format files and added to the database

In this research different energy tools have been usedand their results are compared While Ecotect gives annualthermal consumption and peak loads for worst-case timesthe IES Apache Simulator gives comprehensive informationabout the total annual energy consumption and room loadsThe variation in Ecotect in terms of the heating and coolingloads is due to the calculation method used by this toolEcotect uses the worst design annual load case while theASHRAE load calculator built into IES uses the worstmonthly scenario (January) for heating loads and fivemonthslong (MayndashSeptember) scenario for cooling loads The dis-crepancy in the results between Revit IES and Ecotect wasexpected to occur because of the different load calculationtechniques calculation engines and variation in thematerialstypes and their associated values found in these tools

The results generated by the different modules are eval-uated based on diverse economical perspective Energy anal-ysis results are good feedback to the design team about thepotential energy that can be gained or lost within a yearby the proposed building Using these data can ease theway of estimating the energy cost which is a major partof the operation cost for any building LCA is in directrelation with life cycle cost through different attributes suchas process-related costs environmental insurance impacton sales volume of the building components labeling costsand future taxes or abatement costs Along with the obviousenvironmental advantages LEED-certified buildings costless to operate and are more desirable for commercial andresidential occupants As it is an ongoing research partof the future work is related to enhance the external BIMdatabase as well as developing a plug-in containing LEEDpoints and requirements to efficiently calculate and quantifysustainability of the building components

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] A Schlueter and F Thesseling ldquoBuilding information modelbased energyexergy performance assessment in early designstagesrdquo Automation in Construction vol 18 no 2 pp 153ndash1632009

[2] K-S Jeong K-W Lee and H-K Lim ldquoRisk assessment onhazards for decommissioning safety of a nuclear facilityrdquoAnnalsof Nuclear Energy vol 37 no 12 pp 1751ndash1762 2010

[3] P Crowther ldquoDesign for disassembly to recover embodiedenergyrdquo in Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Passiveand Low Energy Architecture Cairns Australia 1999

[4] E Krygiel and B Nies Green BIM Successful SustainableDesign with Building Information Modeling JohnWiley amp SonsIndianapolis Indiana USA 1st edition 2008

[5] J L Hoff ldquoLife cycle assessment and the LEED green buildingrating systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the RCI 23rd InternationalConvention Phoenix Ariz USA 2008

[6] M M Khasreen P F G Banfill and G F Menzies ldquoLife-cycle assessment and the environmental impact of buildings areviewrdquo Sustainability vol 1 no 3 pp 674ndash701 2009

[7] US Green Building Council (USGBC) Introduction to LEED2011 httpwwwusgbcorgDisplayPageaspxCMSPageID1988

[8] S KubbaHandbook of Green Building Design and ConstructionLEED BREEAM and Green Globes Butterworth-HeinemannOxford UK 2012

[9] S Azhar W A Carlton D Olsen and I Ahmad ldquoBuildinginformation modeling for sustainable design and LEED ratinganalysisrdquoAutomation inConstruction vol 20 no 2 pp 217ndash2242011

[10] B Becerik-Gerber and S Rice ldquoThe perceived value of buildinginformation modeling in the US building industryrdquo Journalof Information Technology in Construction vol 15 pp 185ndash2012010

[11] C Kam andM Fischer ldquoCapitalizing on early project decision-making opportunities to improve facility design constructionand life-cycle performancemdashPOP PM4D and decision dash-board approachesrdquo Automation in Construction vol 13 no 1pp 53ndash65 2004

[12] C F Hungu Utilization of BIM from early design stage tofacilitate efficient FM operations [MS thesis] Chalmers Uni-versity of Technology Goteborg Sweden 2013 httppubli-cationslibchalmersserecordsfulltext183268183268pdf

[13] S Azhar JW Brown andA Sattineni ldquoA case study of buildingperformance analyses using building informationmodelingrdquo inProceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Automa-tion and Robotics in Construction (ISARC rsquo10) pp 213ndash222Bratislava Slovakia June 2010

[14] S Azhar and J Brown ldquoBIM for sustainability analysesrdquoInternational Journal of Construction Education and Researchvol 5 no 4 pp 276ndash292 2009

[15] D B Crawley J W Hand M Kummert and B T GriffithldquoContrasting the capabilities of building energy performancesimulation programsrdquo Building and Environment vol 43 no 4pp 661ndash673 2008

[16] F Grobler A Practical Guide to IFC or Surviving in the BIMEconomyWhat YouNeed to Know AEC-ST Orlando Fla USA2005

[17] H Abaza ldquoAn interactive design advisor for energy efficientbuildingsrdquo Journal of Green Building vol 3 no 1 pp 112ndash1252008

[18] P Dahl M Horman T Pohlman and M Pulaski ldquoEvalu-ating design-build operate- maintenance delivery as a toolfor sustainabilityrdquo in Proceedings of the Construction ResearchCongress 2005

[19] K P Lam N HWong AMahdavi K K Chan Z Kang and SGupta ldquoSEMPER-II an internet-based multi-domain buildingperformance simulation environment for early design supportrdquoAutomation in Construction vol 13 no 5 pp 651ndash663 2004


[20] F Jalaei and A Jrade ldquoIntegrating building information model-ing (BIM) energy analysis and simulation tools to conceptuallydesign sustainable buildingsrdquo in Proceedings of the 11th CSCEConference Montreal Canada May 2013

[21] S Kumar Interoperability between building information model-ing (BIM) and energy analysis programs [MS thesis] Universityof Southern California Los Angeles Calif USA 2008

[22] J B Guinee R Heijungs G Huppes et al ldquoLife cycle assess-ment past present and futurerdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 45 no 1 pp 90ndash96 2011

[23] R Ries and A Mahdavi ldquoIntegrated computational life-cycleassessment of buildingsrdquo Journal of Computing in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 59ndash66 2001

[24] A Jrade and F Jalaei ldquoIntegrating building information mod-elling with sustainability to design building projects at theconceptual stagerdquo Journal of Building Simulation vol 6 no 4pp 429ndash444 2013

[25] T Hakkinen and A Kiviniemi ldquoSustainable building and BIMrdquoinProceedings ofWorld Sustainable BuildingConference (SB rsquo08)Melbourne Australia 2008

[26] J Nassen J Holmberg A Wadeskog and M Nyman ldquoDirectand indirect energy use and carbon emissions in the productionphase of buildings an input-output analysisrdquo Energy vol 32 no9 pp 1593ndash1602 2007

[27] Y L Langston and C A Langston ldquoReliability of buildingembodied energy modelling an analysis of 30 Melbourne casestudiesrdquo Construction Management and Economics vol 26 no2 pp 147ndash160 2008

[28] G Treloar R Fay B Ilozor and P Love ldquoBuilding materialsselection green strategies for built facilitiesrdquo Facilities vol 19no 3-4 pp 139ndash149 2001

[29] N Wang K M Fowler and R S Sullivan ldquoGreen buildingcertification system reviewrdquo Tech Rep PNNL-20966 USDepartment of Energy 2012

[30] R Baldwin A Yates NHoward and S RaoBREEAM BuildingResearch Establishment Environmental Assessment Method forOffices Watford UK 1998

[31] GBCA (Green Building Council of Australia) 2008 GBCAwebsite httpwwwgbcaorgau

[32] CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for BuildingEnvironmental Efficiency) 2008 httpwwwibecorjpCAS-BEEenglishindexhtm

[33] R J Cole D Rousseau and G T Theaker Building Environ-mental Performance Assessment Criteria BEPAC FoundationVancouver Canada 1993

[34] WBDG (Whole Building Design Guide) ldquoEvaluating andSelecting Green Productsrdquo 2012 httpwwwwbdgorgresour-cesgreenproductsphp

[35] WGBC (World Green Building Council) 2008 httpwwwworldgbcorg

[36] R M Pulselli E Simoncini F M Pulselli and S BastianonildquoEmergy analysis of building manufacturing maintenance anduse Em-building indices to evaluate housing sustainabilityrdquoEnergy and Buildings vol 39 no 5 pp 620ndash628 2007

[37] D Bouchlaghem H Shang J Whyte and A Ganah ldquoVisual-isation in architecture engineering and construction (AEC)rdquoAutomation in Construction vol 14 no 3 pp 287ndash295 2005

[38] C Eastman P Teicholz R Sacks andK ListonBIMHandbookA Guide to Building InformationModeling for Owner ManagersDesigners Engineers and Contractors John Wiley amp Sons NewYork NY USA 1st edition 2008

[39] N Young S Jones H Bernstein and J Gudgel ldquoThe businessvalue of BIM getting building information modeling tothe bottom linerdquo McGrawHill Smart Market Report 2009httpwwwtranecomarchitectFilesPDFSMR20BIM200920FINAL20revpdf

[40] S S Pimplikar and P Esmaeili ldquoBuilding informationmodeling(BIM) and sustainabilitymdashusing design technology in energyefficient modelingrdquo IOSR Journal of Mechanical and CivilEngineering pp 10ndash21 2012

[41] P Loucopoulos and R Zicari Conceptual Modeling Databasesand CASE an Integrated View of Information Systems Develop-ment John Wiley amp Sons 1992

[42] J Irizarry E P Karan and F Jalaei ldquoIntegrating BIM and GISto improve the visual monitoring of construction supply chainmanagementrdquo Automation in Construction vol 31 pp 241ndash2542013

[43] Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings V42 Software andDatabase Overview 2012 httpcalculatelcacomwp-contentuploads201111ImpactEstimatorSoftwareAndDatabaseOver-viewpdf

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Active and Passive Electronic Components

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of



RotatingMachinery


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration


Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in



Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics


Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SensorsJournal of


Modelling amp Simulation in EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation



DistributedSensor Networks



and site and logistics management (to reduce waste andcarbon footprints)

Hoff [5] describes EI as being the result of the inputsand outputs over a productrsquos life cycle Although the totalnumber of different potential EIs may be very large the USEnvironmental Protection Agency has categorized the ldquotoptenrdquo impacts as (1) Global Warming Potential (2) OzoneDepletion Potential (3) Photochemical Oxidant Potential(4) Acidification Potential (5) Eutrophication (6) HealthToxicity (Cancer) (7) Health Toxicity (Non-Cancer) (8)Health Toxicity (Air Pollutants) (9) Eco-Toxicity Potentialand (10) Fossil Fuel Use Thus to quantify the impacts ofthe selected materials on the environment an assessmentmethod has to be applied The common method employedis LCA which is a tool used for evaluating environmentalconcerns [6] It is because of this that designers must keep theentire life cycle of the building and its associated materials inmind This will promote sustainable development practicesthrough suited rating systems by recognizing the projectsthat implement strategies for better environmental and healthperformance [7] Furthermore linking BIM with LCA toolsupplies users with information related to the embodiedenergy needed for every single component present in theproposed building and accordingly allows them to select thebest components at the conceptual design stage

Usually using BIM tools to design sustainable buildingsnecessitates the selection of materials and systems whoseembodied energy can be easily evaluated Thus the commonmethod used to quantify the embodied energy of the selectedmaterials is LCA For this purpose designers use LCA toolsto model to modify and to input energy simulation resultsand calculate the embodied effects of their design Hence itwill be necessary to evaluate and to compare the capabilitiesof these file formats in exchanging information between BIMand LCA tools which are highly important for designerswho need to transfer the design information directly fromthe BIM model to the energy analysis software Yet usingBIM tools to design sustainable buildings necessitates theselection of materials and systems so that their EI andembodied energy can be easily evaluated Thus the commonmethod used to quantify the EI and embodied energy ofthe selected materials is LCA For this purpose designerscan use ldquoThe Impact Estimator for Buildingsrdquo which is astand-alone tool that allows users to model their own customassembly and envelope configurations and provides themwith the flexibility to modify the proposed designs andexisting buildings Hence the main objective of this paperis to automate the integration process of BIM LCA andenergy analysis and simulation tools to design sustainablebuildings This assimilation will also include the sustainabledesign for proposed buildings at the conceptual stage in anattempt to help owners and designers analyse the daylightingand measure the thermal of such types of buildings To makethis integration fully automated authors developed plugs-inin BIM tool to enable users transfer their design informationdirectly from the BIMmodel to the energy analysis softwareIn this way users can easily export the materialsrsquo quantitytake-offs and connect them to other tools such as the LCAtool so that designers can have relevant information about

the EI and embodied energy for associated components ofthe designed building at the conceptual stage Access to saidinformation will then allow them to determine and correctpotential problems

Furthermore designers are able to evaluate the sustain-ability of the building components used in the BIMmodel byusing another plug-in in BIM tool which supports suppliersrsquoweb pages by cataloguing green components and productsand their environmental characteristics In addition byassigning the unit cost of every building component in BIMtool design team is able to create supportive documentssuch as initial cost estimation of the BIM model Using theproposed automated process at the conceptual stage of theproject enables designer to determine which products bestmeet their needs evaluate them based on optional environ-mental rating systems and print the necessary documents inan easy quick and convenient way

2 Literature Review

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is gaining popularityin the building industry where it was first coined over tenyears ago to distinguish the 3D modeling rich informationfrom traditional 2D drawings Currently BIM is widelyadopted by the building industry due to its ability to correctmistakes at the early stages and aid in accurately schedul-ing and sequencing the construction identifying conflictsadvocating design alternatives and facilitating the selectionof appropriate solutions for complex projects [8 9] Based onKubba [8] and Becerik-Gerber and Rice [10] developmentof a schematic model prior to the generation of a detailedbuilding model allows the designer to make a more accurateassessment of the proposed scheme and evaluate whether itmeets the functional and sustainable requirements set outby the owner this helps increase project performance andoverall quality The advent of BIM along with the emergenceof global challenging issues like sustainability and life cyclecost of buildings necessitates designers to incorporate thebasic performance analysis from an early design phaseThat is special quality analysis energy performance socialimpact and environmental performance into its frameworkby further developing the concept of virtual space andvirtual building [11] An integrated BIM system can facilitatecollaboration and communication processes between projectparticipants in an early design phase to effectively provide awell performing building during operations [12]

Combining sustainable design strategies with BIM tech-nology has the potential to change the traditional designpractices and to efficiently produce a high-performancedesign of proposed buildings BIM technology can be usedto support the design and analysis of buildingrsquos systems atthe early design process These include the experimentalstructural analysis the environmental controls the construc-tion method the selection of new materials and systemsand the detailed analysis of design processes The buildingsystem analysis involves many functional aspects of thebuilding system such as structural integrity ventilation tem-perature control circulation lighting energy distribution



















building components




developed plug-ins





each component




existing ones

































5 Model Application





Start






End


gbXML

Yes

No

Total gainlost

Lighting analysis

Direct solar gains

Evaluate model



LEED Canada



Beams and columns

Roof

Floor

Walls

Doors and windows

Phase 1 Phase 2

Phase 6


designing plugs-in

Run cost estimation

LCA assessment

Quantitytake-offs

ODBCPhase 4

Phase 5Phase 3










Project orientation




BIM tool

Keynotes Project

3D design Families

gbXMLODBC


analysis


lighting simulation


Day light results




txt



lowastrvt

lowastrfa
















126347

117575

108804

100032

91260

82488

73717

64945

56173

47401

38630

01Jan-0000 to 31Dec-2300

102+

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

2

()

Ecotect (gbXML)

IES-VE (gbXML)

(kW

hm

2)








minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th


359

517

80

694

292



800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)






Index 407


Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000



5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)












FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation



























building components




developed plug-ins





each component




existing ones

































5 Model Application





Start






End


gbXML

Yes

No

Total gainlost

Lighting analysis

Direct solar gains

Evaluate model



LEED Canada



Beams and columns

Roof

Floor

Walls

Doors and windows

Phase 1 Phase 2

Phase 6


designing plugs-in

Run cost estimation

LCA assessment

Quantitytake-offs

ODBCPhase 4

Phase 5Phase 3










Project orientation




BIM tool

Keynotes Project

3D design Families

gbXMLODBC


analysis


lighting simulation


Day light results




txt



lowastrvt

lowastrfa
















126347

117575

108804

100032

91260

82488

73717

64945

56173

47401

38630

01Jan-0000 to 31Dec-2300

102+

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

2

()

Ecotect (gbXML)

IES-VE (gbXML)

(kW

hm

2)








minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th


359

517

80

694

292



800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)






Index 407


Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000



5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)












FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation




























5 Model Application





Start






End


gbXML

Yes

No

Total gainlost

Lighting analysis

Direct solar gains

Evaluate model



LEED Canada



Beams and columns

Roof

Floor

Walls

Doors and windows

Phase 1 Phase 2

Phase 6


designing plugs-in

Run cost estimation

LCA assessment

Quantitytake-offs

ODBCPhase 4

Phase 5Phase 3










Project orientation




BIM tool

Keynotes Project

3D design Families

gbXMLODBC


analysis


lighting simulation


Day light results




txt



lowastrvt

lowastrfa
















126347

117575

108804

100032

91260

82488

73717

64945

56173

47401

38630

01Jan-0000 to 31Dec-2300

102+

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

2

()

Ecotect (gbXML)

IES-VE (gbXML)

(kW

hm

2)








minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th


359

517

80

694

292



800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)






Index 407


Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000



5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)












FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Start






End


gbXML

Yes

No

Total gainlost

Lighting analysis

Direct solar gains

Evaluate model



LEED Canada



Beams and columns

Roof

Floor

Walls

Doors and windows

Phase 1 Phase 2

Phase 6


designing plugs-in

Run cost estimation

LCA assessment

Quantitytake-offs

ODBCPhase 4

Phase 5Phase 3










Project orientation




BIM tool

Keynotes Project

3D design Families

gbXMLODBC


analysis


lighting simulation


Day light results




txt



lowastrvt

lowastrfa
















126347

117575

108804

100032

91260

82488

73717

64945

56173

47401

38630

01Jan-0000 to 31Dec-2300

102+

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

2

()

Ecotect (gbXML)

IES-VE (gbXML)

(kW

hm

2)








minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th


359

517

80

694

292



800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)






Index 407


Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000



5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)












FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation













Project orientation




BIM tool

Keynotes Project

3D design Families

gbXMLODBC


analysis


lighting simulation


Day light results




txt



lowastrvt

lowastrfa
















126347

117575

108804

100032

91260

82488

73717

64945

56173

47401

38630

01Jan-0000 to 31Dec-2300

102+

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

2

()

Ecotect (gbXML)

IES-VE (gbXML)

(kW

hm

2)








minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th


359

517

80

694

292



800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)






Index 407


Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000



5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)












FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation



















126347

117575

108804

100032

91260

82488

73717

64945

56173

47401

38630

01Jan-0000 to 31Dec-2300

102+

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

2

()

Ecotect (gbXML)

IES-VE (gbXML)

(kW

hm

2)








minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th


359

517

80

694

292



800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)






Index 407


Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000



5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)












FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











minus195

minus130

minus65

00

65

130

195

260

325

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th

14th

28th


359

517

80

694

292



800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Pow

er (k

W)






Index 407


Ove

rall

gain

slo

sses

()

5600

4200

2800

1400

0

1400

2800

4200

5600

7000



5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

IndexI d 44070

minus260

(W h

m2)

(W h

m2)












FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation













FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs










FloorsRoofs




FloorsRoofs


2000

000

4000

000

6000

000

8000

000

10

000

000

12

000

000

14

000

000

Energy (MJ)


20

000

40

000

60

000

80

000

100

000



100

000

200

000

300

000

400

000



0

0002

0004

0006

0008



200

000

400

000

600

000

800

000

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000



2000

4000

6000

8000












10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











10000000

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

LPG

Die

sel

Nat

ural

gas

Coa

l

Hea

vy fu

el o

il

Nuc

lear

Hyd

ro

Gas

olin

e

Feed

stock

Woo

dTo

tal p

rimar

y

(MJ)







cons

umpt

ion

ener

gy












Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation













Evaluation results









6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation















6 Conclusion




Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Table3Po

tentialand

actualLE

EDpo

intsthatmay

beearned

bythem

odel

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

Susta

inablesites

SSp1

Con

structio

nactiv

itypo

llutio

npreventio

nRe

quire

dSSc1

Siteselection

1SSc2

Develo

pmentd

ensityandcommun

ityconn

ectiv

ity35

SSc3

Brow

nfieldredevelopm

ent

1SSc41

Publictransportatio

naccess

36

SSc42

Bicycle

storage

andchanging

room

s1

SSc43


3SSc44

Parkingcapacity

2SSc51

Protectand

resto

rehabitat

1SSc52

Maxim

izeo

penspace

1SSc61

Storm

water

desig

nqu

antitycontrol

1SSc62

Storm

water

desig

nqu

ality

control

1SSc71

Heatisla

ndeffectno

nroo

f1

SSc72

Heatisla

ndeffectroof

1SSc8

Lightp

ollutio

nredu

ction

1Water

efficiency

WEp

1Water

user

eductio

nRe

quire

dWEc1

Water


24

WEc2

Inno

vativ

ewastewater

techno

logies

2WEc3

Water

user

eductio

n2ndash4

Energy

andatmosph

ere

EAp1

Fund

amentalcom

miss

ioning

ofbu

ildingenergy

syste

ms

Requ

ired

EAp2

Minim

umenergy

perfo

rmance

Requ

ired

lowast

EAp3

Fund

amentalrefrig

erantm

anagem

ent

Requ

ired

EAc1

Optim

izee

nergyperfo

rmance

1ndash19

lowast6po

ints

lowast8ptslowast

6po

intslowast

8pts

EAc2

On-siter

enew

ableenergy

1ndash7

EAc3

Enhanced

commiss

ioning

2EA

c4En

hanced

refrigerantm

anagem

ent

2EA

c5Measurementand

verifi

catio

n3

EAc6

Green

power

2


Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Table3Con

tinued

LEED

-NCcredits

thatcanbe

earned

byeach

family

andassemblygrou

psusingBIM-based

perfo

rmance

analysis

softw

are

Roof

Floo

rWindo

ws

Doo

rsWall

LEED

Credit

CreditDescriptio

nLE

EDPo

ints

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM

PEP

EPM


MRp

1Storagea

ndcollectionof

recycla

bles

Requ

ired

MRc

11Bu


floorsandroof

1ndash3

MRc

12Bu


rnon

structuralelem

ents

1MRc

2Con

structio

nwastemanagem

ent

1-2MRc

3Materialsreuse

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

4Re

cycle

dcontent

1-2lowast

1point

lowast1p

tMRc

5Re

gion

almaterials

1-2lowast

1pointlowast

1pointlowast

1ptlowast

1point

MRc

6Ra


1MRc

7Certifi

edwoo

d1

Indo

orenvironm

ental

quality

EQp1

Minim

umindo

orairq

uality(IA

Q)p

erform

ance

Requ

ired

EQp2

Environm

entaltob

acco

smoke(ET

S)control

Requ

ired

EQc1

Outdo

oraird

eliverymon

itorin

g1

EQc2

Increasedventilatio

n1

EQc31

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

durin

gconstructio

n1

EQc32

Con

structio

nIAQmanagem

entp

lan

before

occupancy

1EQ

c41


adhesiv

esandsealants

1lowast

1point

EQc42


paintsandcoatings

1EQ

c43


flooringsyste

ms

1lowast

1point

EQc44


compo

sitew

oodandagrifi

berp

rodu

cts

1EQ

c5Indo

orchem

icalandpo

llutant

source

control

1EQ

c61

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mlighting

1EQ

c62

Con

trollabilityof

syste

mtherm

alcomfort

1EQ

c71


1EQ

c72


n1

EQc81

Daylight

andview

sdaylight

1lowast

1point

lowast1p

ointlowast

1pointlowast

1point

EQc82

Daylight

andview

sview

s1

Inno

vatio

nanddesig

nprocess

IDc1

Inno

vatio

nin

desig

n1ndash5

IDc2

Accreditedprofessio

nal

1Re

gion

alpriority

RPc1

Durablebu

ilding

1RP

c2Re

gion

alprioritycredit

1ndash3

Subtotal

10po

ints

3po

ints

13po

ints

9po

ints

9po

ints

Total

44po

ints

PEP

potentially

earned

points

EPMearnedpo

intsby

them

odel


Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Table4As

sociated

costof

thes

elected

compo

nentsb

ased

onRSMeans

costdata

Descriptio

n(G

reen

Build

ing)

Unit

Quantity

TotalU

nitC

ost

($)

TotalItem

Cost

($)

Descriptio

n(TypicalBu

ilding)

TotalU

nit

Cost($)

TotalItem

actualCost($)

Windo

ws

Insulatin


at

for5

810158401015840thickun

it15ndash30SF

SF

2681

$1689

$4528209

Windo

wsalum

inum

awning

insulated

glass41015840-510158401015840times51015840-310158401015840

$5864

SF

$157214

Fram

essteel

knockdo

wn

ldquoBrdquolabel

singleho

llowmetal14g

aup

to5-3410158401015840

deep71015840-010158401015840htimes41015840-010158401015840w

Ea

238

$23213

$5524694

Roof

Structuralinsulated

panels

71610158401015840OSB

both

sidesstraw

core4-3810158401015840thick

roofsinclu

ding

splin

esSF

6560

$1253

$8219680

Roofcon

cretesla

bform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$978

09

Insulatin

groof

fillwith

expand


thick

SF

6560

$244

$1600

640

Floo

r

Resilient

Floo

ringcork

tilesta

ndard

finish

51610158401015840thick

SF

14970

$1243

$1860771

Floo

rconcreteslabform

openweb

bar

joist

21015840OC

onW

beam


251015840bay2610158401015840deep75PS

Fsuperim

posed

$1491

$223203

Doo

rs

Doo

rsglassslid


61015840-810158401015840high

insulated

glass

Opn

g3

$1540

32$462096

Doo

ralum

inum

ampglasswith

transom

narrow

stiledou

bled

oorhardware

61015840-010158401015840times101015840-010158401015840op

ening

$772ft2

$9787

Doo

rsw

oodpaneledinterio

rfive

panelsolid

fir31015840-010158401015840times61015840-810158401015840times1-3

810158401015840

thick

Ea

18$43142

$776

556

Walls

Precastw

allp

anel

smoo

thgray

un-in

sulatedhighris


3000

psi

SF

16360

$376

2$6154632

Brickwalls

135brickpersqu

arefoo


desm

ortar8

brick

wasteand25mortarw

astevertic

alreinforcem

entand

grou

texclu

des

scaffolding

ampho

rizon

taljoint

reinforcem

ent

$299

7$490309

Railing

ampStairs

Stairshop

fabricatedsteel

31015840-610158401015840W

inclu

ding

picketrailing

stringersm

etal

pantre

adsexclconcreteforp

antre

ads

perrise

r

Riser

96$51983

$499

0368

Stairssteel

cementfi

lledmetalpanamp

picketrail16

riserswith

land

ing

$527ft2

$674

314

Railing

pipeste

elprim

ed3

rails31015840-610158401015840

high

posts51015840OC1-1410158401015840diam

eter

shop

fabricated

LF

132

$4536

$2054808

Approxim

ated

Con

structio

nCost

$113

130343

Actualapproxim

ated

cost

$1045

753







References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation















References















































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation




































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation









research article an automated bim model to conceptually...

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