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2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Research and Developments in Closed Containment
Aquaculture Throughout the World
Steven Summerfelt
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
OUTLINE
• Introduction – Where do RAS fit?• Research & development in land-based
closed-containment systems – Culture tank technologies– Water treatment technologies– Interactions of salmon with the RAS environment– The Conservation Fund Freshwater Institute– Other Research Centers
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
United States Farm Production
• Fish production (approximate)– CATFISH 210 million kg/yr– TROUT 16 million kg/yr– SALMON 18 million kg/yr– TILAPIA 9 million kg/yr
• Terrestrial Animals– POULTRY 17 billion kg/yr (#1 in World)– CATTLE 10.6 billion kg/yr (#1 in World)– HOGS 10.0 billion kg/yr (#2 in World)– TOTAL 37.6 billion kg/yr
0.5% of terrestrial animal production
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
United States Farm Production
• Terrestrial animal production is highly regulated and controlled– No point source discharge allowed– Physical barriers help prevent pathogen spread– Control of what the animal eats
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Salmon Net Pen Production
• A confined animal feeding operation, but – no discharge limits– no capacity to capture wastes– Inadequate physical barriers to prevent
pathogens from spreading into or out of farm
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Fish Farming Worldwide: Major Environmental Challenges
• Resource constraints:– Siting restrictions– Limited water supplies– Water pollution & impacts on watersheds– Limited marine fish meal/oil supplies
• Separation of farmed fish from wild fish:– Transmission of pathogens into & out of the farm– Domesticated stocks escaping & interacting with wild
populations
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Containment is Necessary for Sustainable Aquaculture
• Land-based, closed-containment systems:– Control photoperiod– Optimize water temperature– Maintain healthy water quality– Control fish feed, density, & swimming speed– Exclude obligate fish pathogens
• Reduce mortality• Improve health and performance• Potentially eliminate need for vaccines, pesticides, antibiotics, &
chemotherapuetics
– Prevent escapees
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Research & Development
• Land-based closed-containment systems – Culture tank technologies– Water treatment technologies– The Conservation Fund Freshwater Institute
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Improve Culture Tank Hydraulics
Optimized water rotation & mixing
Sidewall-type dual-drains improve management of rotation
and provide for solids separation at tank and optimized swimming speed for fish.
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
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Managing Rotational Velocity in Large Circular Tanks
• Velocity near tank perimeter controlled by:– Nozzle orientation, Nozzle velocity, Tank Flow
• Velocity near the tank center controlled by:– Surface loading rate on bottom-center drain
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Culture Tanks: Flow Injection
• Developed adjustable inlet nozzles systems through tank wall to optimize water rotational velocities & mixing.
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Improve Fish Harvest Technologies
• Developed sidewall harvest box with dewatering– Clam-shell grader used to
crowd fish so they slide into dewatering area
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Solids Removal• Integrated dual-drain culture tanks, settlers, and drum filters
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Large-Scale Biofilters
• Developed fine sand fluidized biofilters– 100+ used in large-scale recycle systems:– scale to treat flows > 25,000 L/min– provide high 70-90% TAN removal efficiencies– maintain low (< 0.1 mg/L) nitrite-nitrogen– provide compact and capital cost efficient treatm.
• high specific surface areas (13,000 m2/m3)• low media cost ($40-70/m3 of sand)
– Extremely robust & reliable if properly designed
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Ozone & Oxygen Transfer Technologies
• Applied Ozone & Oxygen Gas in Low Head Oxygenation (LHO) Units, treat entire flow– Low head/energy (0.5-1 m total dynamic head)– Efficiently produces 150-200% O2 saturation– Near 100% O3 transfer– Vents N2 & avoids TGP– Scales to high flows
PRAqua
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Evaluated Large-Scale Cascade Aeration Columns for CO2 Control
• Evaluated performance & developed CO2 stripping models
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1 m depthFreshwaterSaltwater
15ºC Temp; 20 mg/L Inlet CO2
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Aerator Pump
Developed Three Low-head and High-Flow Gas Transfer Processes
• Locate each adjacent to the culture tank – improve energy efficiency & reduce fixed costs of CO2 stripping
Airlift PumpCascade Column and
Axial Flow Pump
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Sidewall Airlift Pumps in Large Circular Culture Tanks
Airlift Pumps INSIDE TANKS
Airlift Pumps OUTSIDE
TANKS
Air Lift PumpsINSIDE SQUARE TANKS
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Ozonation of Recirculated Water
• Evaluated ozone, which creates clear ‘blue’ water even with zero water flushingImproves biofiltration & solids removalRemoves color, BOD, & fine solidsReduces flavobacteria problems
• Some call ozone– Vitamin ‘O’– The Silver Bullet
No Ozonation(80 kg/m3)
Ozonation(80 kg/m3)
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Evaluated Full-FlowO3 + UV Treatment
• Total Heterotrophic Bacteria Plate Count Reduced to < 1 cfu/ml – 3+ LOG10 reduction– ORP of 450 & 525 mv– O3 of 20 ppb– UV dose of 90 mJ/cm2
• Sidestream UV produces < 1 LOG10 reduction
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Culture tanks
Irrigation Liquids spreader
Solids spreader
Irrigated effluent
(Land application)
Composter
Permitted Discharge
Dead fish
Treatment
Liquid or slurry
Liquid, slurry, or solid
Burial orIncineration
Off-farmUtilization
Livestock or other on-farm
utilization
SlurryLiquid or slurryMechanical
filtration
Settling basin or waste storage structure
Liqu
id
Compost
Settling basin or mechanical
filtration
Water reuse treatment processes
Hydraulically concentrated
underflow
Liqu
id
Treatment
Environmental Management
• Escapees– Exclude
• Concentrated waste biosolids– capture,– transfer,– store,– treat, or – utilize
• Dissolved nutrients– remove
• Pathogens– exclude
Closed-Containment System
(PROCESS FLOW DRAWING)
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Evaluated Gravity Thickening Settlers
IN OUT
• Designed for solids collection, thickening & storage (short-term or long-term)
• 92% TSS removal efficiency• 9% biosolids concentration• No coagulant / flocculant• Lowest fixed & variable costs• Low maintenance• Farmer friendly
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Evaluated Inclined Belt Filter
• Biosolids collect on belt and are scraped into a hopper• Produced the cleanest discharge -- 96% TSS removal
– Excellent TN, TP, cBOD5, COD removal
• 9% biosolids concentration • highest fixed cost
• Requires Flocculent
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Evaluated Geotextile Bag Filters
• Large bags constructed of a high-strength, porous, woven material • 95% TSS removal efficiency• Most leaching of TAN, dis. P, & BOD - loss of nutrients
• 22% biosolids concentration• Flocculent must be added• Highest operating cost- (polymer + bag replacement costs)
• Intermediate fixed cost
IN OUT
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Developed & AppliedFish Exclusion Technology
Screens exclude fish/eggs before discharge
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Commercial-Scale Closed-Containment Systems
• Applied technologies at commercial-scale– Maintains excellent water quality
» Great clarity and low solids (see tank bottom)» Dissolved O2 at 100% sat and CO2 < 10 mg/L
» Nitrite (NO2-N) < 0.1 mg/L» TAN of 0.5-1 mg/L
Bell Aquaculture 1000 tonne/yr(6.7 million x 150 g perch/yr)
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Research & Development
• Land-based closed-containment systems – Interactions of salmon with the RAS environment– The Conservation Fund Freshwater Institute
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Moore Foundation Funded Atlantic Salmon Growout Trial
• Atlantic salmon - Cascade Strain– eggs purchased from American Gold Seafood
• Jan 2011 – Eyed eggs received• March 2011 - First feeding • Aug-Sept 2011 – Photoperiod manipulated to S0 smolt• September 2011 - Moved into advanced nursery system• March 2012 – Moved into growout system (all freshwater)
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Moore Foundation Trial Results to Date - Cascade Strain
• 430 g post-smolt at 12 months post-hatch
• Feed conversion 1.01:1• Good fin condition• No sea lice• Obligate pathogens
screening will be conducted before harvest
• No kudoa
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Moore Foundation Trial Results to Date - Cascade Strain
• Mortality 0.8%• Culls 1.1% • Jumpers 0.2%• Total 2.1%
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Moore Foundation Trial Results to Date - Cascade Strain
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1208 Gaspe Bay
111 Cascades
109 St. John River
110 St. John River
1208 Gaspe Bay‐109 St. JohnRiver Mixed CohortNet Pen STJR
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Moore Foundation Trial Results to Date - Cascade Strain
• 37% of the population harvested Sept, 2012 – biomass at 100 kg/m3– all maturing males (slightly larger than females)– mean fish size at 2.64 kg. – 5.4 metric tonne (12,000 lb) – sold to a local processor for hot smoking.
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Avoiding Early Maturing Males
We need an all-female source of eggs at least once every 6 months
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Moore Foundation Trial Results to Date - Cascade Strain
• Premium salmon:– 4 kg mean size expected in early December 2012
• 22 months post-hatch
– biomass density will be 100 kg/m3– harvests begin in December, run through
February, – produce another 15-18 metric tonne
• selling to Albion Fisheries
• Total Production Expected: 21-23 tonne– 150 m3 culture tank
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Moore Foundation Trial Results to Date - Cascade Strain
• No vaccination (saves $$ & stress)• No antibiotics or pesticides used at any time• No formalin used at any time• Small amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
used in the sac fry and early parr stage to treat fungus.
• Total salt used to treat fungus: 8070 lbs.
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Evaluated Atlantic Salmon Health, FCR, and Growth to Food-Size in RAS
• 3 RAS operated at 97.5% flow reuse (0.7 day HRT)• 3 RAS operated at 99.75% flow reuse (7 day HRT)
– No significant differences were determined in growth, FCR, survival, or measured fish health outcomes after 9 months
– Examining hormone accumulation and removal mechanisms
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Atlantic salmon performance at 2 vs. <0.5 BL/s swimming speed combined with 100% vs. 70% dissolved oxygen concentration
• Performance of Atlantic salmon exposed to 100% DO & exercised at 2 BL/s swimming speed:– significantly better growth – lower early maturing males in the exercised
treatment groups at mean size near 300 g– compared to fish swimming at <0.5 BL/s and/or
70% oxygen saturation
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Studied Effects of Chronically Elevated Nitrate Nitrogen On Trout
• Chronic exposure to 100 mg/L of NO3-N:– did not effect growth of fingerling RBT– reduced cumulative survival– increased abnormal swimming in circular tanks
• increased swimming speed • increased “side swimming”
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Compared Grain Versus Fishmeal-Based Diets in Replicated RAS
• Rainbow trout growth, feed conversion, and survival were similar between diets.
• TP was 3-fold lower in recirculated water in systemsfed a grain-based diet.
• TAN, TSS and BOD were greatest in recirculated water in systems fed a grain-based diet.
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Research & Development
• Land-based closed-containment systems – Other Facilities
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Langsand Laks, Hvide Sande, Denmark
• 1000 tonne/yr Atlantic salmon growout (16 m ɸ x 6 m deep culture tanks)– Atlantic Sapphire
Photos courtesy Thue Holm
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Namgis First Nation’s Land-Based Salmon Farm, Port McNeill, BC
• 470 tonne/yr initial module to expand to 2000-3000 tonne/yr
• Construction to finish this fall
Five 500 m3 growout tanks
Transparent Project
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Nofima Centre for Recirculationin Aquaculture
Vision: Contribute to increased knowledge about nutrition, physiology, health and welfare in cultured fish species in RAS
45 MNOK investment (2010 value)Terjesen BF, Summerfelt ST, Nerland S, Ulgenes Y, Fjæra SO, Megård Reiten BK, Selset R, Kolarevic J, Brunsvik P, Bæverfjord G, Takle H, Kittelsen
A, Åsgård T (2012). Design, dimensioning, and performance of a research facility for studies on the requirements of fish in RAS environments. Submitted 27.05.2012.
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Research to determine “optimal” conditions for fish (salmon) rearing
University of British ColumbiaInSEAS Research
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Gaining Control over Culture of Marine Fish LarvaeMarine fish larvae are sensitive to infections by fast-growing opportunistic heterotrophic
bacteria that cause disease when the host is weakened by environmental stress
1. Maturing the microbial community in incoming water at a carrying capacity (CC) similar to that in the tanksFTS: no maturation, low CC of incoming water compared to the CC of tanks lead to proliferation ofbacteria in tank
MMS: maturation, but at low CC compared to the CC in the tanks may open for proliferation in tank
RAS: maturation at a CC comparable to that in thetanks lead to stronger buffer agains proliferation ofopportunists in the tank
2. Reduce the use of disinfectionin the recycling loop
FTS: high disinfection efficiency on the incoming water lead to to proliferation of bacteria in tank
RAS UV: high disinfection efficiency results in lower abundance and activity of bacteria in incoming water and may open for proliferation in tank
RAS O3: ozonation to 350 mV in protein skimmer results in low or no disinfection and an incoming water similar to the water in tanks
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
The accumulation of steroids in recirculating aquaculture systems.
Minimization of nutrient emissions from marine RAS.
Interactions between microbial communities and fish in RAS.
Off flavour in farmed fish.
Enhancement of system performance and robustness of fish through integration of microbial and algae based biofiltration in
recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).
http://www.aquaculture.wur.nl/UK
Wageningen AquacultureWageningen AquacultureThe Centre for Research & Innovations in Aquaculture
Research in Closed Containment Systems
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Present RAS-research topics (I)at DTU Aqua, Hirtshals, Denmark
• Model Trout Farms• Freshwater/Saltwater• Easy degradable sanitizers• End of pipe treatment:
• Denitrification• Sludge hydrolysis• Constructed wetlands
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Conclusions
• Land-Based Closed-Containment Systems– Confidence in technology is increasing– Scale of investment has increased to $5-25 million/
project– Current N. American projects being built or planned
with projected capital investment of ~$50-100 million
• Atlantic salmon, Coho salmon• sea bream, yellow perch, cobia, sturgeon• Arctic char, walleye, sablefish, rainbow trout
2nd RAS ConferenceOct 23-24, Sunndalsøra
Conclusions
• North America’s annual production of food-fish within closed-containment systems could increase by 10,000 to 50,000 ton in next 5 yrs
• Global annual production increases could total 100,000’s tons within closed-containment systems in next 5 yrs– Expect growth in Atlantic salmon production in
North America, Europe, Chile, and China