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Research and Coaching Application for USA Seated Shot Put Paralympians Slide 2 With high Performance Director for U.S. Paralympic Track and Field Slide 3 The projection conditions (release height, speed, and angle) determine the throw distance. Purpose Analyze the projection conditions of the athletes competed in the 2012 US Paralympic Trials (track and field) Determine how each projection condition affects the distance thrown Compare the projection conditions between male and female athletes Slide 4 Slide 5 Participants Sixteen shot-put athletes 11 males and 5 females; disability categories F53-F58 Equipment 4 digital video cameras (60Hz) Calibration frame (221m) 16 body points Hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder for both sides of the body and right, left, anterior heads, sternum, and shot Kwon3D & Matlab Slide 6 Experimental setting Slide 7 Data reduction and processing First synchronized to the instant of shot release Digitized to obtain the stick figures and analyze the motions Reconstructed from the image coordinates of the digitized points and camera calibration information using the DLT method (Abdel-Aziz & Karara, 1971) Filtered using a zero phase-lag fourth-order Butterworth low-pass filter A cutoff frequency: 6Hz Slide 8 Slide 9 Data analysis : Release angle H: Release height V: Release speed Y Z X Slide 10 Data analysis Release angle: Slide 11 Data analysis Release speed: The resultant linear velocity of a shot at shot release Release height: The difference in height from the land to the vertical position of hand at shot release. Distance thrown from the official records The best 3 attempts of 6 attempts Slide 12 Statistical analysis Multiple regression (enter method) IVs: Release angle, release speed, and release height DV: Distance thrown Two-Way Factorial MANOVA between subjects IVs: Gender and class DVs: Release angle, release speed, release height, and throwing distance Slide 13 Correlations of distance thrown and IVs using Pearsons correlation VariableCorrelation with the distance thrownp value Release angle.415.002 Release speed.897p Release speed > release angle > and release height Differences in projection conditions Among classes Between male and females Slide 18 The effect of release speed and release angle on the throwing distance of a shot with a constant release height(Linthorne, 2001) Optimum angle: 37 Male Female Change in release speed > Change in release angle Slide 19 Release speed is the most important projection condition Differences in projection conditions Among classes Between male and females Slide 20 So what?? Slide 21 Athletes should increase release speed as high as possible and release angle as close to 37 as possible AT THE SAME TIME The projection conditions are NOT INDEPENDENT (Hay, 1993; Dyson, 1986; Hubbard, 1988; de Mestre, 1990; de Mestre et al., 1998; Maheras, 1998) Release speed decreases linearly with increasing release angle The release angles could be their optimum angles Due to the nature of their physical structure and muscular strength The change in release speed > the change in release angle Throwing with a high release speed is more important to performance than throwing at the optimum release angle Slide 22 Questions?