SALIHU ,KOMBO A Msc nursing (in view) ,BNsc,RPHN,RM,RN

INTRODUCTION

The word research means “to search again” or “to

examine carefully”.,

Research is systematic inquiry, or study to validate and

refine existing knowledge and develop new knowledge.

The ultimate goal of research is the development of a

body of knowledge for a discipline or profession such

as nursing

Nursing research help the nurses in a variety of

settings answer question about patient care,

education and administration. Research ensures

that the practices are based on evidence rather

than tradition.

Nursing research can be done in education,

administration and patient in care.

NEED OF RESEARCH IN NURSING

1. To maintain the professionalism , ie: professional dignity

2. To have autonomy in nursing.

3. To have accountability .

4. To develop critical thinking, creativity , and problem solving technique.

5. To develop new technique of nursing intervention.

6. To evaluate the effectiveness of new nursing techniques.

7. To develop a scientific body of knowledge

8. To answer problem relating to health delivery and care

9. To determine areas of need relating to education, IPR and patient teaching.

Definition of key Terms

1.Research-

2.Abstract-An abbreviated summary of the research problem, methodology, findings and significance.

3.Data - is any numerical fact or information which can be measured or given a numerical qualification or Pieces of information obtained in the course of the study

4.Population-

. Population : A population is an aggregate of elements showing some common set of criteria.

Target population: the total group of individual people or things meeting the designated criteria of interest to the researcher from which the sample is selected.

Accessible population: the aggregate of cases which conform to the designated criteria and which is accessible to the researcher as a pool of subjects for the study

5.Hypothesis –A statement of the predicted relationships between the factors one wishes to analyze, i.e, the variables in a study.

Types

Null hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis (declarative hypothesis)

6.Sampling and Sampling techniques(process)-

Sampling-It is the process of selecting a subset of a population in order to obtain information regarding a phenomenon in a way that represents the entire population.

Sampling helps the Researcher in many aspects which includes:

It reduces the time and cost of research studies

It saves labor

The quality of a study is often better with sampling than with a complete coverage.

It provides much quicker results than does a census

It is the only procedure possible, if the population is infinite.

THE SAMPLING PROCESS

Define the population(clear demarcation)

Specify sampling frame(elements of the population eg telephone book)

Specify sampling unit

Specify sampling method of measurement

Determine sample size

Specify sampling plan

Select the sample

7.Operational definition of terms-Specifications of the specific and explicit operations which the researcher must perform in order to collect the required information or How a variable or concept will be defined and measured in the study

8.Theoretical frame work-

9.Conceptual framework- An organized way of thinking about how and why a project takes place,and about how we understand its activities.

10.Literature review- The review of the literature involves the systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem.

Sources

-primary

-secondary

11.Pilot study- is a small-scale version or trialrun designed to test the methods to be used in alarger, more rigorous study, which issometimes referred to as parent study. Pilotstudies are not just studies with a small numberof participants, nor are they small,exploratorystudies such as may be conducted by graduatestudents. The focus of pilot studies is notsubstantive-that is, their purpose is not toanswer a research question.

The purpose of a pilot study is to prevent

expensive fiasco-the misfortune of undertaking

a costly but flawed large case study. For this

reason, pilot studies are sometimes referred to

as feasibility studies

Research Question-A research question or a

statement about the purpose of the study or :

Interrogative statements that focus on

which variables or concepts are to be

described and the relationships that might

exist among them.

Issues to be resolved before commencing research studies

Merit of the Area

Significance of the problem

Researchability of the problem-

• Time commitment

• Money commitment

• Researchers’ expertise

• Availability of subjects, facility, and equipment

• Ethical considerations

Interest of the research

Feasibility of the study

Ethical consideration-Health research ethics is a system of internationally codified principles, policies and practices that govern the conduct of health related research with the aim of protecting the research participant.

The research Process

Identification of the problemIdentifying a Topic

It provides structure for the steps in the scientific method It is discussed in many ways

Research questionResearch problemPurpose of the research

Four main sources of topicsTheory – an organized body of concepts, generalizations and principles that can be subjected to investigation

Provides conceptually rich topicsProvides confirmation of some aspects of theory

Personal experienceReplicationLibrary immersion

Review of literature

Four stages when conducting a reviewIdentifying key words to guide the search

Identifying sources

Abstracting the information found in the references

Analyzing, organizing and reporting the literature

Developing a theoretical/Conceptual framework It provides a context for examining a problem i.e. theoretical rationale for:

Developing hypotheses

A frame of reference/base for Observations

Definitions of concepts

Research designs

Interpretations

Generalizations

Serves as a guide to systematically identify logical, precisely defined relationships among variables

Identify the research design

A research design is a detailed plan of action for the research. A Plan of action prepared by a research scholar for his study is known as research design. Research design is the conceptual structure within research is conducted; it constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data(Mustapha 2011).

According to Kerlingers the design has two has basic purposes

“To provide answers to research question”

“To control variance”

STEPS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Selection of a research problem

Background to the problem

Formulation of objective

Hypothesis

Conceptual clarity

Methodology

Survey of literature and documentation of data collected

Bibliography

Testing of hypothesis

Interpretation

Presentation

Report writing

Identifying the research Design

A framework or blueprint forconducting the M.R project.

Specifies the details of the proceduresnecessary for obtaining informationneeded to structure &/ or solve theM.R problem.

Single Cross-Sectional Design

Multiple Cross-Sectional Design

Fig. 3.1

Research Design

Conclusive Research Design

Exploratory Research Design

Descriptive Research Causal Research

Cross-Sectional Design

Longitudinal Design

Selecting the sample

Define the population(clear demarcation)

Specify sampling frame(elements of the population eg telephone book)

Specify sampling unit

Specify sampling method of measurement

Determine sample size

Specify sampling plan

Select the sample

METHODS OF SAMPLING

PROBABILITY/RANDOM SAMPLING

NON PROBABILITY/NON-RANDOM

SAMPLING

Select the samples

Specifying the population

Conduct a pilot study

Collection of the data and its

Methods

Data -information collected in the process of investigation .

Data are expressed either in quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (non numerical) form. It can be classified as either numeric data or non numeric data.

Quantitative Methods… (Survey) Tools…

–Interviewer administered questionnaire

–Self-administered

– Questionnaire;

–Telephone survey;

–iv. Mailed / E-mail Questionnaire

Qualitative Methods (Forms) •Observation

•Focus group discussions (FGDs)

•Key informant interviews (KII)

•In-depth Interview (IDI)

•Observation

•Action Research

•Case study Research

•Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA)

Analyzing the data

Descriptive statistics

Inferential statistics

Interpreting the results

Interpretation of results, is making some sense out of the results and examining the implication of the findings within a broader context.

To do this the investigator must be familiar with literature on the subject/topic under investigation, the weakness/limitations of the meyhodology and be able to recommend suggestions for further studies on the same research problem which another investigator might wish to study

Communicating the results/findings

-The research work is however not complete until the findings of the study are disseminated and information shared with colleagues at various levels and venues.The results of the investigation or research are of little value and use if they are not communicated to others. To share the information requires preparation of a research report, which is abridge form of the whole project.

The report could then be presented at

Departmental/Faculty seminar, hospital

continuing education session, conferences and

workshops or published in some relevant

national or international nursing or health

related journal for wider consumption, thus

completing the FIFTH PHASE of the research

process.

, I have concluded that research in nursing practice has several purposes:

a) to increase knowledge in the field, thus laying the basic foundations for the

practice of patient care,

b) to build up evidence for such practice;

c) to contribute to the attention of the population’s need for health, quality of

life and wellbeing,

d) to guide efficiency in health and nursing services, ensuring quality and cost-

benefit,

e) to generate the knowledge that guides educational and regulatory policies in

the nursing profession

References

Mustafa A. (2011), Nursing Research and Statistics.India:AITBS publishers.

Filani T. Egbede (2006), Research Process,N igeria, TIELF Publishers.

Polit F . Denise and Beck T.Jerry (2008), NURSING RESEARCH:Generating and assessing evidence for Nursing Practice,Australia

Ifah S. Samuel (1996), Introduction to Social Statistics, Maiduguri-Nigeria, University of Maiduguri Printing and Press.

Vaidyanathan R. and Neeklakshi G. (2012), Overview of Nursing Research Including Biostatistics, India, Jay pee Brothers Medical Publishers (p) Limited.