Requirements - Expressing

Requirements analysis & its outcomes

But FIRST…Project brainstorming Pair or triple up… Brainstorm

ideas/problems/applications with digital photo display and sharing

Choose a couple and elaborate Pause to share ideas with everyone… After class – try and form project

groups

Assignment 2

Many general questions Good to get started, but you want more

details Keep following up on the interesting answers

Try and understand what the user really wants to accomplish Don’t just ask what feature they want – they

may not really know Don’t worry too much about

marketing/business aspects when gathering data

Recall: Data Gathering Methods

1. Ethnography - learn by immersion/doing

2. Observation - thinking out loud

3. Cooperative Evaluation

4. Interviews

5. Questionnaires

6. Focus groups

7. Study Documentation

8. Look at competitive products

Which Methods to Use?

• Self-service filling and payment system for a gas station

• On-board ship data analysis system for geologists searching for oil

• Fashion website for buying clothes at large department store

Stakeholders

Primary – targeted end users Secondary – receive output or provide

input to system Tertiary – others directly receiving

benefits from system success or failure

Facilitating – design, development, maintenance

Stakeholder analysis

Cell phone Fashion web site Nuclear power plant control system

User Characteristics

Attitude, morale, willingness to change, motivation, reading level, typing skill, education, frequency of use, training, color-blindness, handedness, gender,…

Novice, intermediate, expert System experience, task experience,

computer literacy Cultural factors

Uses of icons, colors, words, metaphors - more later

User Motivation

User

Low motivation, discretionary use

Low motivation, mandatory use

High motivation, due to fear

High motivation, due to interest

Design goal

Ease of learning

Control, power

Ease of learning, robustness, control

Power, ease of use

Implications of Experience

ExperienceTask System

low low

high high

low high

high low

Design goalsMany syntactic and semantic prompts

Efficient commands, concise syntax

Semantic help facilities

Lots of syntactic prompting

Job & Task Implications

Frequency of use High - Ease of use Low - Ease of learning & remembering

Task implications High - Ease of use Low - Ease of learning

System use Mandatory - Ease of use Discretionary - Ease of learning

Job Characteristics

Mission critical Life and safety High stress environment High mental workload Low mental workload

Implications of these types of jobs?

Physical Environment

Lighting levels / directions Noise level Temperature Standing / sitting

Implications of these types of environments?

Technical Environment

Computers/platforms for application Technology to interact with Networking Mobility

What are implications?

Social Environment

How do users interact? Roles? How do users interact with others? Social implications of problem or

solution?InterruptionPrivacy

What are implications?

Results of Requirments Gathering & Analysis Real-world constraints User characteristics + Personas Usability Requirements Task - subtask decomposition

Includes sequencing information Use Cases & Scenarios Possibly workflow diagrams, flow charts ER Model – Objects diagram

Scenario

Describe tasks and context in sentences

Natural way of describing general idea Not effective for

detailsbranching tasksparallel tasks

GREAT as introduction to diagrams or outlines

Scenario: Example 1

Its Friday afternoon and John just got paid. He wants to deposit his check immediately so he can pay his rent. He stops at one branch of his bank on the way home from work. He waits in his car while another person finishes using the ATM in front of the bank since it is drizzling outside. He walks up to the ATM to deposit his check. Only, as he is about to put the check into the envelope at the ATM, he realizes that he has not signed the back of it, and he has no pen and can not find one on or near the ATM machine. He cancels the transaction on the ATM, and enters the bank, which luckily is still open for 5 more minutes. He goes to the counter, finds a pen, and signs his check. He also fills out a deposit slip. He then waits to see a teller in person to deposit his check, and get money for the weekend.

Scenario: Example 2

Annie walks up to the ATM to deposit her weekly pay check. She puts her ATM card into the slot in the machine. She then enters her PIN number quickly, trying to block the person waiting behind her from viewing the keypad, and knows that she does not have to press “Enter” at this particular machine. She then chooses “Deposit” and “Check.” She enters the amount of the check using the keypad, then takes an envelope from the ATM machine, puts her check inside, seals the envelope and writes the amount of the check on the outside. She feeds the envelope into the slot into the ATM machine. She then selects “No other transactions” to finish, and waits to receive her receipt and ATM card.

Persona

Description of user and what user wishes to do

Be specific/detailed, even give names and picture

Three personas for ATM usage followAdapted from User Interface Design

and Evaluation, The Open University Developed by Cooper (1999)

Felix (representing teenage ATM users)

Felix is 13 and gets pocket money each week. He

spends it with his friends, so doesn’t make regular

deposits. He does receive gifts for his birthday,

Christmas, etc. and saves that money for special

purchases, such as a computer games console or trendy

clothes. He has an ATM card allowing him to make

withdrawals when needed for his purchases.

Sandra (representing young adults thru middle age)

Sandra is 30, is married to Jason, has two children Todd(6)

and Carly (18 months). They live in a subdivision that is about

three miles from the town center, where the bank and stores

are located. Jason uses the car for work, and works long

hours, leaving at 6:45 am and returning at 8:00 pm. Sandra

does not drive, so has to use public transportation. She tries to

run errands and shop while Todd is in school, so she only has

to take Carly to town with her. She typically needs to make two

trips to town each week to get everything done. She uses a

stroller with Carly, and the bank is one flight up via escalator, so

she prefers to use the ATM outside the first floor, even though

there is no canopy to protect customers from bad weather.

Grandpa Marvin (representing middle age to senior citizens)Marvin is 68 years old, and his social security is

deposited into his bank account at the start of each

month. He goes to the bank every week, withdrawing

enough cash for the week - for miscellaneous

expenditures. Regular bills are paid by check. He stands

in line for a live teller, as he prefers the social interaction

to using an ATM, even though his new artificial hip makes

standing in line uncomfortable. He does not have an

ATM card.