Republic to Empire

Disorder in the Republic

Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal-Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals-Riots increased-Massive migration to the city

Julius Caesar• Military leader Julius Caesar is

elected consul in 59 B.C.• Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey

form a triumvirate—a group of three leaders.• Military victories give Caesar

increasing popularity and power.• Pompey fears Caesar’s growing

power and challenges him.• Caesar defeats Pompey’s

armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt• Caesar is named dictator for

life in 44 B.C.

Julius Caesar Love to Hate Him

• Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor, and creates calendar.•Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C.

Rome Becomes an Empire• 43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in jealousy and violence.• In 31 B.C. Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated at Actium•Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “exalted one,” - Roman Empire begins

Rome’s Accomplishments

• Draw the following chart on the WOW side of your ISNScience & Engineering

Architecture & Art

Literature & Language

Law

Science•Calendar• Studied plants and animals for farming• Studied the body to improve medicine

- Galen studied the heart and noted differences between arteries and veins; described the aorta as "a trunk divided into many branches and twigs" that nourished the body.

History of the Capillary Wall

Engineering

•Cement – mix of lime and volcanic ash and rock•Durable roads b/c of layers•Strong bridges •Aqueducts to move water•Combined arches to create vaults (support roof of building)

Arches• The design of the arch allowed the weight of buildings

to be evenly distributed along various supports, preventing massive Roman structures like the Colosseum from crumbling under their own weight.

Aqueduct

• The Romans enjoyed many amenities for their day, including public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public baths. None of these aquatic innovations would have been possible without the Roman aqueduct.

The Pantheon

Vault•A vault was a combination of arches used to create huge, open spaces within buildings

Architecture

• Copied Greek designs- columns, marble• Colosseum•mosaics and paintings (frescoes)• Portraits• Sculptures

Literature & Language

• Aeneid by Virgil• Ovid – Roman mythology poems• Horace – poems about enjoying life•Wrote histories, speeches, dramas•Wrote in Latin• Spoke ROMANCE languages – Italian, French, Spanish,

Portuguese,

Law

• greatest influence on the US today

• Create civil law, or written law

• Tripartite (three parts)