republic restored?...4/16/12 1 10&years&of&bloodshed& • 42philippi& –...

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4/16/12 1 10 years of bloodshed 42 Philippi Antony & Octavian def. Brutus & Cassius Antony stays in East Octavian returns to Italy 100,000 soldiers need to be demobilized Perusia 40 Octavian def. L. Antonius & Fulvia 38: triumvirate renewed Octavian gets West; Antony gets East Lepidus gets Africa Antony marries O’s sister, Octavia Pompey’s son Sextus Pompey has taken Sicily (grain supply!) Octavian and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa aXack 36 BC Naulochus: Sextus defeated Octavian now has 600 ships & 24 legions = the restorer Lepidus’ troops desert to Octavian 3533 Octavian campaigns in Illyricum (prep. war vs. Antony) Octavian vs. Antony Antony in Alexandria; falls for Cleopatra 33 BC: Octavian launches propaganda assault Antony = debauched, unRoman drunkard; loveslave of Egyp^an queen, who wants to move capitol of Rome to Alexandria! 31 BC: Consul Octavian declares war; defeats Antony & Cleopatra at BaXle of Ac^um 29 BC: Octavian now supreme commander of all Roman armies (just 34 years old) Celebrates triple triumph for Illyricum, Ac^um, and Egypt & purges senate of enemies 27 BC: Octavian announces resigna^on to senate Octavian won five decisive civil war campaigns: 1) Mu^na (ag. Antony) 2) Philippi (ag. Cassius and Brutus) 3) Perusia (ag. Antony’s brother and wife Fulvia) 4) Sicily (against Sextus Pompey 5) Ac^um (ag. Antony and Cleopatra)

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Page 1: Republic Restored?...4/16/12 1 10&years&of&bloodshed& • 42Philippi& – Antony&&&Octavian&def.&Brutus&&&Cassius& • Antony&stays&in&East • Octavian&returns&to&Italy& – •100

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10  years  of  bloodshed  

•  42  Philippi  – Antony  &  Octavian  def.  Brutus  &  Cassius  

•  Antony  stays  in  East  •  Octavian  returns  to  Italy  –  100,000  soldiers  need  to  be  demobilized  

•  Perusia  40  – Octavian  def.  L.  Antonius  &  Fulvia  

•  38:  triumvirate  renewed      – Octavian  gets  West;  Antony  gets  East  –  Lepidus  gets  Africa  – Antony  marries  O’s  sister,  Octavia  

Pompey’s  son  

•  Sextus  Pompey  has  taken  Sicily  (grain  supply!)  •  Octavian  and  Marcus  Vipsanius  Agrippa  aXack  – 36  BC  Naulochus:  Sextus  defeated  

•  Octavian  now  has  600  ships  &  24  legions    =  the  restorer  

•  Lepidus’  troops  desert  to  Octavian  •  35-­‐33  Octavian  campaigns  in    

 Illyricum  (prep.  war  vs.  Antony)  

Octavian  vs.  Antony  

•  Antony  in  Alexandria;  falls  for  Cleopatra  •  33  BC:  Octavian  launches  propaganda  assault  – Antony  =  debauched,  un-­‐Roman  drunkard;  love-­‐slave  of  Egyp^an  queen,  who  wants  to  move  capitol  of  Rome  to  Alexandria!  

•  31  BC:  Consul  Octavian  declares  war;  defeats  Antony  &  Cleopatra  at  BaXle  of  Ac^um  

•  29  BC:  Octavian  now  supreme  commander  of  all  Roman  armies  (just  34  years  old)  

•  Celebrates  triple  triumph  for  Illyricum,  Ac^um,  and  Egypt  &  purges  senate  of  enemies  

•  27  BC:  Octavian  announces  resigna^on  to  senate  

Octavian  won  five  decisive  civil  war  campaigns:  

 1)  Mu^na  (ag.  Antony)    2)  Philippi  (ag.  Cassius  and  Brutus)    3)  Perusia  (ag.  Antony’s  brother  and  wife  Fulvia)  

 4)  Sicily  (against  Sextus  Pompey    5)  Ac^um  (ag.  Antony  and  Cleopatra)  

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Restora^on  of  the  Republic?  •  Jan.  13,  27  BC:  appearance  of  returning  power  to  Senate  &  People  of  Rome,  but  actually  cements  power  and  gives  it  legal  basis  

•  New  Name:  Imperator  Caesar  Divi  Filius  Augustus    

•  Not  dictator/king:  princeps  (1st  among  equals)  

What  led  up  to  27  BC?  

•  triumvir  43-­‐33;  consul  31-­‐27;  tribune  since  37  •  Change  begins  in  28  BC:  

-­‐      stops  using  all  24  consular  lictors  (shares  12)  -­‐      takes  tradi^onal  oath  of  consul  leaving  office  -­‐      takes  census    -­‐      begins  Temple  to  Apollo  on  the  Pala^ne  (Ac^um)  -­‐      produces  games;  gives  out  grain  &  cash;  cancel  debts  

-­‐  abolishes  illegal  ac^ons  of  triumvirate  

•  Recent  history  is  cancelled  and  the  glorious  Republican  past  re-­‐emerges?      

Augustus’  take  on  27  BC:  normally  seen  as  end  of  Rep.  and  beg.  of  Principate…  

•  “In  my  sixth  and  seventh  consulships,  aker  I  had  ex^nguished  the  civil  wars,  and  at  a  ^me  when  with  universal  consent  I  was  in  complete  control  of  affairs,  I  transferred  the  republic  from  my  power  back  to  the  dominion  of  the  senate  and  people  of  Rome.....    Aker  this  ^me  I  excelled  all  in  influence  (auctoritas),  although  I  possessed  no  more  official  power  than  others  who  were  my  colleagues  in  the  several  magistracies.”  Res  Gestae  32.  1,  3  

Power  of  the  princeps  •  New  posi^on,  but  expressed  in  tradi^onal  terms  and  as  throwback  to  past  

•  3  stages  of  trial  &  error  to  shape  new  power:    how  to  present  sole  ruler  as  first  among  equals  in  a  Republic?    

•  Stage  1:  “resigna^on”  and  “compromise”  in  which  Senate  votes  Augustus  10  year  consular  power  in  provinces  requiring  legions:  –  Spain,  Gaul,  Syria,  Cilicia,  Cyprus,  and  Egypt.  – Governs  through  legates  so  free  to  be  at  Rome    –  Republican  precedent  exists  for  combined  provinces  and  for  governing  by  legate  

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Provinces  A  few  problems:  

•  27-­‐24:  consul  every  year    •  But  ques^ons  popping  up:  – Can  Augustus  as  consul  interfere  in  provinces  of  other  governors  (proconsuls)  

–  In  23  BC,  40  yr-­‐old  Augustus  falls  extremely  ill  

– Tension  building  with  old  nobility  over  Augustus’  monopoly  on  one  consulship  a  year  

•  So,  on  1  July  23,  surrendered  consulship,  and  senate  voted  him  2  new  powers  instead  

•  23  real  date  of  founding  of  Roman  Empire?  

Stage  2  (23  BC):  pillars  of  monarchy  

1)  Tribunicia  potestas  =  power  of  tribune      -­‐  Summon  senate  and  put  mo^ons  to  it  

     -­‐  Summon  assembly  and  put  bills  to  it  

     -­‐  Right  of  intercessio  (veto)  

     -­‐  Coerci7o:  right  to  compel  obedience  

     -­‐  ius  auxilii:  right  to  protect  ci^zens  against                oppression  

2)  Imperium  proconsulare  maius  =  “greater  proconsular  power”  (renewed  every  5-­‐10  years)  

Stage  3:  moral  revival  

•  Augustus  in  the  East  and  Agrippa  in  the  West  •  Riots  at  Rome  22,  21,  20,  19  

•  19  Augustus  returns  and  receives  consular  powers  at  Rome  for  life  

•  Mos  maiorum  (morality  legisla^on);  renewal  of  religious  ceremony;  restora^on  of  temples  

•  The  problem  of  succession  – The  solu^on:  collegiality  – Agrippa  junior  colleague  with  imperium  maius  

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Augustus  monopolizes  old  routes  to  glory  

•  Imperium:  military  and  civilian  power  •  Power  of  tribune:  persuasion  •  Auctoritas:  moral  authority,  pres^ge        =  Princeps;  just  nobilis  on  colossal  scale  •  Pre-­‐emp^ve  auctoritas:  – Military  success  =  imperator  as  first  name!  – Since  Aug.  commander  in  chief,  any  victories  won  are  celebrated  as  his  triumph  (generals  just  his  legates)  

– So  public  buildings  now  all  built  by  or  for  princeps  

Religious  authority    •  42  BC  son  of  a  god;  36  BC  power  of  tribune                      (sacrosanct)  

•  Member  of  each  of  the  4  priestly  colleges  

•  Pious  builder  and  restorer  of  temples  

•  12  BC:  pon7fex  maximus  

•  2  BC  pater  patriae  

Augustus  as  a  god?    Gemma  Augustea