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Friday, 8 September 2006Friday, 8 September 2006 page page 1

Disaster Mitigation Efforts in Indonesia

presented atSecond Asian Science and Technology Forum

Tokyo, 8 September 2006

byDr. Idwan Suhardi

Deputy Minister for Utilization and Dissemination of Research and Technology

State Ministry of Research and TechnologyRepublic of Indonesia

State Ministry of Research and TechnologyRepublic of IndonesiaRepublic of Indonesia


OUTLINEOUTLINE

1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

22 RECENTRECENT DISASTERDISASTER

3. CURRENT STATUS OF INDONESIAN TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

4. END4. END--TOTO--END TSUNAMI SIMULATION IN PADANG END TSUNAMI SIMULATION IN PADANG CITY ON 26 DECEMBER 2005CITY ON 26 DECEMBER 2005


1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION


The Indonesian region very complicated plates convergence : subduction, collision, back-arc thrusting, back-arc and opening faults

Moving relatively to each other • the India-Australia plate :

moving northward • the Philippine sea plate :

moving west-northwestward. • the Caroline plate : moving

east-southeastward (near Aru) and west-northwestward (near Yap trench)

Every year about 460earthquakes (M > 4.0 )

Tectonic Setting and Tectonic Setting and SeismicitySeismicity of Indonesiaof Indonesia


Earthquake and Tsunami HistoryEarthquake and Tsunami History

EARTHQUAKE WITH M ≥ 7.0 RSIN INDONESIA, 1900 - 2004

EARTHQUAKE WITH M ≥ 7.0 RSIN INDONESIA, 1900 - 2004

A. TOTAL : 212

B. IN THE SEA : 182 ( 86 % )

C. SHALLOW IN THE SEA : 153 ( 72 % )

D. GENERATED TSUNAMI) : 86 ( 40 % )

A. TOTAL : 212

B. IN THE SEA : 182 ( 86 % )

C. SHALLOW IN THE SEA : 153 ( 72 % )

D. GENERATED TSUNAMI) : 86 ( 40 % )

modified from : Latif and Guisakof


Earthquake Events in IndonesiaEarthquake Events in Indonesia

EARTHQUAKE with MAGNITUDE ≥ 7.0 RS(1900 – 2004)

212 event11%

1756 event89%

Indonesia

Out of Indonesia

TOTAL NUMBER OF Earthquakes = 1968 event


2. Recent Disaster2. Recent DisasterAcehAceh TsunamiTsunami

MerapiMerapi EruptionEruptionJogjaJogja EarthquakeEarthquake

PangandaranPangandaran TsunamiTsunami


Tsunami Tsunami AcehAceh : a brief reminder : a brief reminder

• 132,000 confirmed dead• 37,000 missing• 572,000 displaced• 1.3 million homes and buildings destroyed• 8 ports and 4 fuel deports damaged• 85% of the water and 92% of the sanitation

system broke down• 120 km of roads and 18 main bridges

demolished• total losses amount to US$ 4.5 billion, which

represents 2.2% of National GDP and 97%of Aceh’s GDP


the causes the causes

Catastrophic earthquakeScale 9 with shallow epicenter offshoreVery strong ground shaking for 4 minutes felt in many areasPeople moved out of their houses out of fear

Followed by a tsunamiWave height ranging from 4 – 35 mMost people have never seen such calamity in their livesDid not know what to do – chaoticNo warning was issued


What remains What remains


Volcanic Eruption : Mount Volcanic Eruption : Mount MerapiMerapi

page page 12

The The MerapiMerapi CycleCycle

During the period of 1006 to 2001 Mount Merapi has erupted 82 times.

• Short cycle 2-5 years• Medium cycle 5-7 years

The last three eruptions (1997,1998, 2001) no casualties, but two people died during 2006 eruption.


The The JogjaJogja Earthquake, Earthquake, 27 May 200627 May 2006

Earthquake with 5.9 SR6,234 people died7,057 houses collapse, including several historical sitesJogja airport was closed for several daysTotal losses is estimated at US$ 3 billion


Earthquake and Tsunami, Earthquake and Tsunami, 17 July 200617 July 2006


…… the victimsthe victims


6.70m+7:41:53.2S109:15:51.8EWidara Payung

4.69m7:41:37.6S108:39:06.0EPangandaran

7.67m7:41:01.2S108:36:43.3EBulak Laut

5.34m7:41:31.9S108:32:09.4EBatu Hiu

2.12m7:44:48.6S108:29:51.3EBatukaras

5.9m7:49:10.2S108:26:32.1E

3.67m7:48:56.0S108:24:09.9E

3.74m+7:45:52.8S108:03:35.7ESindangkerta

5.20m7:40:05.9S107:41:26.6EPameungpeuk

Inundation height

LatitudeLongitudeLocation

…… maximum : 7 m wavemaximum : 7 m wave


2. CURRENT STATUS OF INDONESIAN TEWS


in response to in response to AcehAceh tsunami, tsunami,

• Government formed the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency (BRR)

• Ministry of Research and Technology responsible in coordinating various agencies in the Development of TsunamiWarning Systems throughout Indonesia

BAKOSURTANALBPPT LAPAN LIPI BMGDKP

ESDM BAPPENASKOMINFODEPLUKLHBAKORNAS PBP

ITB


Summary of GrandSummary of Grand--scenarioscenario

Sensing Devices :•Seismometer•Accelerometer•OBU :

- Seismometer- Accelerometer- Pressure

•GPS

Transmit Data :Bottom to Surface,Surface to center

Processing Center

Transmit Information :SR/MMILocation (LS+BT)DepthTimePredict : Tsunami ?

Recipients :•Bakornas•Satkorlak•Satlak•Media

Geo Input

Recipients :•Bakornas•Satkorlak•Satlak•Media

COMMUNITY


Schematic Diagram of Basic Design Schematic Diagram of Basic Design


Satellite in Satellite in Pacific systemPacific system

Bottom pressure Bottom pressure gaugegauge

OBSOBS

BuoyBuoy

Regional/NationalRegional/NationalCenterCenter

Coastal stationCoastal station

Coastal stationCoastal station

HAAHAA

Indian Ocean PlateIndian Ocean Plate

Satellite in Satellite in Indian OceanIndian Ocean

GTS or GTS or ACeSACeS

SeismographSeismograph

Tide gageTide gage

GPSGPS

© Jan Sopaheluwakan, 2005


Seismic MonitoringSeismographAccelerograph

Database of Tsunami ModelingSea level monitoring

DART - BUOYTide Gauge

Information and Communication TechnologyCrustal Deformation Monitoring

GPSGeospatial Information

Satellite ImageryTopographic and Bathymetric map

Community PreparednessCapacity Building

System ElementsSystem Elements


NO DEVICE PLANNED EXISTING

1 SEISMOGRAPH 160 units scattered in 10 Regional Offices issue warning within 5 minutes

58 units scattered in 5 Regional Offices issue warning within 20-30 minutes

2 ACCELEROGRAPH 500 Units 9 Units

Seismic Monitoring Seismic Monitoring


DEVICE EXISTING PLAN

TIDE GAUGE

60 units (35 analog graphical chart and 25 digital tidal recording)

120 units of digital tidal recording

SeaSea‐‐level Monitoring level Monitoring


Oceanographic MonitoringOceanographic MonitoringDEVICE EXISTING PLANNED

DART-BUOY 12 Units to only monitor sea environment 22 Units of Ocean Bottom Pressure Sensors


Plan to install Continuous GPS ( 27 GPS near tide gauges and 10 GPS near Buoys)

CrustalCrustal Deformation MonitoringDeformation Monitoring


Tsunami ModelingTsunami Modeling

1. The 1797 West Sumatran Tsunami2. The 1818 Bali Tsunami3. The 1820 Bima Tsunami4. The 1833 Bengkulu Tsunami5. The 1883 Krakatau Volc Tsunami6. The 1935 North Sumatera Tsunami7. The 1969 Mandar Tsunami 8. The 1992 Flores Tsunami

16 of 109 tsunamis have been simulated

9. The 1994 East Java Tsunami10. The 1996 Toli-Toli Tsunami11. The 1996 Biak Tsunami12. The 1998 PNG Tsunami13. The 2000 Banggai Tsunami14. The 2004 Aceh Tsunami15. The 2005 Nias Tsunami16. The 2006 Pangandaran Tsunami


The 2004 The 2004 AcehAceh TsunamiTsunami

Latief, Aditya, Haris, (2005)

Tsunami Height Distribution

Tsunami Inundation


Numerical Modeling Numerical Modeling (Pangandaran 17 July 2006)


EndEnd--toto--end Tsunami Simulation end Tsunami Simulation in in PadangPadang CityCity

on 26 December 2005on 26 December 2005


Tsunami Prone Area in the WorldTsunami Prone Area in the World

PADANG City

(Source : Geographica)


Community PreparednessCommunity Preparedness

Tsunami in Indonesia are local type• Generated very close to coastal communities• Insufficient time to accurately assess the risk• Less time to disseminate warnings and carry out orderly evacuation


Seismological Summary of Seismological Summary of SumateraSumatera

Several big earthquake have been recorded in the West Coast of Sumatra (e.g. 1833, 1935 and 2004) and initiated tsunami disaster. Based on paleo-tsunami research, the next big earthquake with tsunami is forecasted to occur at Padang

Padang

(Natawidjaya, 2002)


Area : 694.96 km2

Inhabitants : 901,488 people

Coast length : +/- 84 km

Number of surrounding rivers : 21

Geographical Position : 0°54’ - 1° 08’ S

Altitude : 0 – 10 m (60%)

Statistics of Statistics of PadangPadang CityCity


Public Education MaterialsPublic Education Materials


National Media CampaignNational Media Campaign


Local Media CampaignLocal Media Campaign


Distributed Materials and Previous ExerciseDistributed Materials and Previous Exercise

Earthquake and tsunami drill

Hazard Map Evacuation Routes Learning media


Increasing Awareness for Government OfficersIncreasing Awareness for Government Officers


Workshop for Developing Evacuation MapWorkshop for Developing Evacuation Map


TOT for Local Officers, Students, NGO and PublicTOT for Local Officers, Students, NGO and Public


Tsunami numerical simulation is under-development for Padangarea based on the 1833 earthquake. The model would be able to simulate tsunami run-upand predicts the available time for evacuation purposes

Please wait … take some time to run the program

Tsunami Model for Tsunami Model for PadangPadang CityCity


Elevation of Elevation of PadangPadang CityCity

: 0-5 mdpl

: 5 – 10 mdpl

: 10 – 25 mdpl

: 25 – 100 mdpl

: > 100 mdpl

Safe Area: > 5 meters above sea-level

: Danger Zone

: Alert Zone

: Safe Zone

: Relocation Zone

: Relocation Zone

Kogami 2005


Documentation LIPI

Evacuation Map and Sign BoardsEvacuation Map and Sign Boards


Evacuation Routes and Escape Building


PUSAT KOTAJL. RADEN SALEH

INDARUNG

LUBUK BEGALUNG

TELUK BAYUR

SIMPANG HARU

BY PASS

KAMPUS UNAND




ULAK KARANG

LAPAI

SITEBA

BY-PASS/BALAI BARU

TABING/AIR TAWAR

BY-PASS

TUNGGUL HITAM

RAWANG PANJANG



BEBERAPA JALUR DAN TITIK EVAKUASISUMBER: Dinas Prasarana Jalan Propinsi Sumbar

SIMPANG KALUMPANG

LUBUK MINTURUN

BY PASS

BY PASS

BY PASS

LUBUK BUAYA

ANAK AIR

PARAK BURUAK

SIMPANG LALANG

SIMPANG TABING

SIMPANG DUKU


DTM of DTM of PadangPadang


People went to the designed evacuation place (PangilunMountain)

Activities at the Evacuation Place

Sending warning from National Center (BMG) to Major of Padang City (Authorized person) by Pushing Red Button

Commemoration of OneCommemoration of One--year Tsunami Disasteryear Tsunami Disaster


Indonesia, with the aids from several other countries, have established additional 11 seismometer stations (Nias, Yogyakarta, Banda Aceh, Jambi, Padang Panjang, Bengkulu, Bandung, Palu, Waingapu, Denpasar, Tangerang) as a part of INA-TWS. Utilizing the global network, INA-TWS has capacity to distribute earthquake information in less than 10 minutes after earthquake occurs. This has been demonstrated by an end-to-end simulation on December 2005 to commemorate one-year of the Aceh-tsunami

RealReal––time Earthquake Monitoringtime Earthquake Monitoring


System for sea level monitoring in Padang has been established and directly connected with BMG on real time basis for tsunami warning confirmation.

RealReal--time Seatime Sea--level Monitoringlevel Monitoring


Terjadi gempa kuat 26 Desember 2005; 09.16 WIB; 125 km baratdaya Kota Padang.

Potensi timbulkan tsunami, segera tinggalkan pantai Kota Padangdan sekitarnya. (BMG)

Message Content via SMS :

A strong earthquake has occurred on December 26, 2005; 09.16 WIB; 125 km South-West of Padang City

It potentially can trigger tsunami, please evacuate yourself immediately from coasts of Padang City and its surrounding

Tsunami WarningTsunami Warning


From National Center (BMG-Jakarta) to Major of Padang via SMS

From Major of Padang to Critical Posts by Siren, HT, Local Communication. The Critical Posts include:

• The Center of Operational Control

• Fire Brigade

• Police

• Indonesian Red Cross

• Mosques

• Churches

Dissemination of Warning InformationDissemination of Warning Information


SITUATION DURING TSUNAMI DRILL


Spatial Plan Principles for Padang City :


…… the way forwardthe way forward

Tsunami early warning systems cannot be handled by a single country. Strong cooperation is needed among all countries over the globe, especially those who have coastal areas threatened by tsunami.

Such cooperation can be classified into two main groups, i.e. : structure (relating to establishment of sensing devices) and culture (relating to building resilient communities)

The cooperation can be in the form of :

A. STRUCTURE

• Funding for sensing equipment and installation, including data sharing and information exchange

• Operation and maintenance of the systems for both financial and technological aspects

• Development of robust communication infrastructure


…… the way forwardthe way forward

B. CULTURE

• Capacity building in human resource development, joint research program and institutional development

• Empowering domestic resources in instrumentation industries and facilities

• Strengthening the regional network

• Enhancing the community preparedness together with public awareness towards community-based disaster management

• Development of redundancy in warning dissemination

• Development of formal education in disaster management


Thank YouThank You

ClosureClosure

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