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Reptiles Reilly Jobkar and Mary Ruggieri

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Reptiles Domain- Eukaryote Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Subphylum- Vertebrate Class- Reptilia

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Evolutionary History Evolved 300 mya From amphibians Sharp teeth, claws and strong jaws Hunted insects for food

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Evolutionary History 300 different genuses of dinosaurs Adapted to environmental conditions 65 mya mass extinction #1 hypothesis- asteroid Only 4 orders survived

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Reptilian Traits 1. Dry, scaly, waterproof skin 2. Amniotic Egg 3. Lungs 4. Ectotherms 5. Molt/shed their skin

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Water-tight Skin Decreases water loss Protects against wear, tear & infections Made of keratin Thick protein Lipids repel H20

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4 Orders of Modern Reptiles 1. Chelonian 2. Crocodilia 3. Squamata 4. Rynchocephalia

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Order: Chelonian 250 species of turtles & tortoises Traits 1. Beak No Teeth 2. Oviparity Lay eggs in sand or soil

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Chelonian 3. Two shells and scutes Carapace- Top dome-like Vertebrae fused to shell Ribs form off of vertebrae Plastron- lower ventral shell Protects internal organs

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Chelonian 4. Body shape & adaptations Aquatic turtles Flat disk-like shell Webbed feet for swimming Terrestrial tortoises Dome shaped shell Feet are scaled and clawed

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Order: Crocodilia 21 species crocodiles, alligators, caimans & gavials 1. Large heavy armored 2. Carnivorous 3. Oviparity Lay eggs in nest Mother cares for young

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Order: Squamata 5500 species of lizards and snakes Lizards 1. Carnivorous 2. Lower jaw loosely attached to skull 3. Agile, quick & camouflaged 4. Can detach and regrow tail

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Squamata Snakes 1. No legs 2. Long backbone Ribs off of each vertebrae 3. 100-400 vertebrae 4. Can pop lower jaw to eat 5. 1000s of muscles for movement

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Squamata Constriction Coil around prey Suffocates to death Injection of venom Hemotoxins- affects blood Neurotoxins- affects nerves

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Squamata Fangs Back of throat Elapids In front of mouth Vipers Retractable on roof of mouth Ex. Copperheads and Rattlesnakes

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Order: Rhynchocephalia 2 living species of Tuataras 1. New Zealand 2. Third eye Sun detector Crest of head Hunt insects at night

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Respiratory System Purpose Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the animal and the environment Made up of Lungs Alveoli (air sacs that make up lungs) Increase surface area

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Respiratory System (Continued) Mechanics Diaphragm moves and rib cage expands with inhalation Contracts with exhalation

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Snake Respiratory Variation Larger right lung (1/2 length of body) and small nonfunctioning left lung

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Excretory System Purpose Remove nitrogenous wastes Reptile urine is very concentrated with ammonia Includes- Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder

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Digestive System Purpose Break down food into usable molecules One way system Mouth to Anus Includes- Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, and Anus Also includes Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

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Circulatory System Two loop system Systemic loop Heart to body to heart Pulmonary loop Heart to lungs to heart

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Circulatory System (Continued) 3 chambered heart (2 Atria and 1 Ventricle) Lizards Snakes Turtles 4 chambered heart (2 Atria and 2 Ventricles) Crocodiles Alligators Can be partial or full

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Nervous System Sight Larger eyes=better sight Hearing Tympanic membrane Except snakes Snakes use lower jaw to detect vibrations

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Nervous System (Continued) Smell Jacobsons organ Located on roof of mouth Brings in scents by using tongue All reptiles have nares except crocodiles and alligators Pits Small openings under eyes detect heat given off by prey

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Nervous System (Continued) Brain Same size as amphibians Larger cerebrum and optic nerve

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Thermoregulation (Ectotherms) Cold blooded- Use sun to regulate body temperature Reptiles and Amphibians Require less energy (1/10 of food) Cannot live in cold environments (without hibernation) Not very active

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Thermoregulation (Endotherms) Warm blooded- Regulate body temperature through metabolism Mammals and Birds Lots of energy Need large quantities of food Can live anywhere Very active

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Reproduction (Oviparity) Most reptiles, all birds, and 3 species of Mammals Shell formed in reproductive tract Laid outside of body

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Reproduction (Ovoviviparity) Some reptiles Shell is retained in female Young hatch while inside cloaca

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Reproduction (Viviparity) Most mammals Female releases egg- internal fertilization Mother houses, protects, and feeds young Young is fed via placenta

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Amniotic Egg Adaptations Prevents embryo from drying out Prevents accumulation of wastes Supplies nutrients for growth and protection Supplies oxygen and water for cellular activities

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Amniotic Egg Structure and Function Shell Protection and prevents water loss Tough and leathery Air Sac Breathing room while hatching Albumen Stores protein and water White

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Amniotic Egg Structure and Function (Continued) Allantois Stores nitrogenous waste Exchanges Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Yolk Sac Contains nutrients and fats Amnion Thin membrane that encloses embryo Contains floating liquid

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Amniotic Egg Structure and Function (Continued) Chorion Protects embryo and vital parts

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Interactive Links http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_reptiles.html http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_reptiles.html http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptileintscav/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptileintscav/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/frog/reptileid/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/frog/reptileid/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptiles_anatomy/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptiles_anatomy/ http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/level1/interact ive1.htm http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/level1/interact ive1.htm http://www.reptilepark.com.au/kidzoo/games/ http://www.reptilepark.com.au/kidzoo/games/

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Videos http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX00495c4f04407b6066476b.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX00495c4f04407b6066476b.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX667942727363536c4f6d0a.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX667942727363536c4f6d0a.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0b4b7077565b79587d6345.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0b4b7077565b79587d6345.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0257417d71656750476377.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0257417d71656750476377.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX586c58475a010b0e6a7c6b.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX586c58475a010b0e6a7c6b.htm

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Works Cited All information was gathered from notes

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