reproductive ultrasonography in animals
TRANSCRIPT
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UltrasonographyUltrasonography
Sakina RubabSakina Rubab99thth semester, DVM semester, DVM
UCV&ASUCV&ASIslamia University of BahawalpurIslamia University of Bahawalpur
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Ultrasound PhysicsUltrasound Physics
Characterized by sound waves of Characterized by sound waves of high frequencyhigh frequency
Higher than the range of human Higher than the range of human hearing (20-20000Hz)hearing (20-20000Hz)
Diagnostic U/S = 1-20 MHzDiagnostic U/S = 1-20 MHz
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Components Components
Monitor/ DisplayMonitor/ Display Transducer/ ProbeTransducer/ Probe Control panelControl panel
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Ultrasound machineUltrasound machine
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Transcutaneous :Concave Image
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Transrectal: Linear image
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Transrectal probe
Transcutaneous probe
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Monitor
Control panel U/S gel
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Principle Principle
ElectricityElectricity TransducerTransducer Ultrasound wavesUltrasound waves TissueTissue TransducerTransducer ImageImage
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TypesTypes
Doppler Doppler
A mode: (Amplitude) One dimensionalA mode: (Amplitude) One dimensional
B mode: (Brightness) Two dimensionalB mode: (Brightness) Two dimensional Real time B mode: Real time B mode: motion can be seen motion can be seen
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Ultrasound of the Female Ultrasound of the Female Reproductive System Reproductive System
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Transcutaneous Ultrasonography in a pregnant doe
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Ultrasonographic image of a fetus
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TechniqueTechnique
7.5-10mHz transducers7.5-10mHz transducers 5 mHz in mid to late term pregnancy, 5 mHz in mid to late term pregnancy,
pyometra, ovarian tumorspyometra, ovarian tumors Dorsal recumbency is routine Dorsal recumbency is routine
Larger animals standingLarger animals standing Full bladder enhances visualization of Full bladder enhances visualization of
uterusuterus Acoustic windowAcoustic window
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How is interpretation done?How is interpretation done?
Anechoic Anechoic Black Black HypoechoicHypoechoic Grey Grey HyperechoicHyperechoic White White
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Types/Frequency of Types/Frequency of TransducersTransducers
TransrectalTransrectal
TranscutaneousTranscutaneous
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Transrectal Transducer Transrectal Transducer
7.5 MHz------- Early pregnancy diagnosis7.5 MHz------- Early pregnancy diagnosis 5 MHz -------- Pregnancy diagnosis after 5 MHz -------- Pregnancy diagnosis after
40 40 days days 3.5 MHz--------Late pregnancy diagnosis; 3.5 MHz--------Late pregnancy diagnosis;
early pregnancy early pregnancy diagnosisdiagnosis
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Transcutaneous TransducerTranscutaneous Transducer
3.5 MHz--------Late pregnancy diagnosis 3.5 MHz--------Late pregnancy diagnosis
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Normal Ultrasound AnatomyNormal Ultrasound Anatomy
OvaryOvary Mix of hyper and hypo echoic signalsMix of hyper and hypo echoic signals Difference can be made between small inactive and Difference can be made between small inactive and
large active ovaries.large active ovaries. C.LC.L
Different from ovarian stromaDifferent from ovarian stroma Hypo echoic relative to the ovarian stromaHypo echoic relative to the ovarian stroma Undefined borderUndefined border Vary according to the stage of pregnancy and Vary according to the stage of pregnancy and
development development C.L of pregnancy usually have the cavity in it, appears C.L of pregnancy usually have the cavity in it, appears
anechoic anechoic
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Foll iclesFoll icles Waves of follicles can be followed for their Waves of follicles can be followed for their
development and regression.development and regression. 2mm follicles are considered to be smallest one; 2mm follicles are considered to be smallest one;
anechoic structures as they growanechoic structures as they grow Shape: can be Oval, asymmetrical, round.Shape: can be Oval, asymmetrical, round.
OvulationOvulation Appearance of large follicle and then disappearanceAppearance of large follicle and then disappearance Timing of the ovulation can be determined as size Timing of the ovulation can be determined as size
increasesincreases Ovulation seen as pear shaped structure with pointingOvulation seen as pear shaped structure with pointing 4 min period for evacuation of fluid from follicle4 min period for evacuation of fluid from follicle
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Ovarian Blood VesselsOvarian Blood Vessels Appear as small, medium follicles 2-5 mm in Appear as small, medium follicles 2-5 mm in
sizesize Altering the plane of scanning they move and Altering the plane of scanning they move and
their shape changes.their shape changes. They becomes elongated from oval or They becomes elongated from oval or
rounded shape rounded shape
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Uterine HornUterine Horn Scan both cross and longitudinal sectionScan both cross and longitudinal section Outlined by dark ring which is a vascular coatOutlined by dark ring which is a vascular coat Changes due to physiological statesChanges due to physiological states Caruncles on the endometrial sizeCaruncles on the endometrial size
Uterine BodyUterine Body Longitudinal axis view; rotate the probe in Longitudinal axis view; rotate the probe in
clockwise and anti clock wise direction to see clockwise and anti clock wise direction to see the bifurcation the bifurcation
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CervixCervix Hyper echoic imageHyper echoic image External os can be seenExternal os can be seen
VaginaVagina Hyper echoic; ovoid; fluid filledHyper echoic; ovoid; fluid filled
Urinary bladderUrinary bladder AnechoicAnechoic Confusion with pregnancyConfusion with pregnancy
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Pregnancy diagnosisPregnancy diagnosis
DaysDays Structures SeenStructures Seen 17-1917-19 C.L and Little anechoic lumen in ipsilateral hornC.L and Little anechoic lumen in ipsilateral horn 22-24 22-24 Anechoic lumen increasesAnechoic lumen increases Echogenic streaksEchogenic streaks Heart beat Heart beat
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DaysDays Structures SeenStructures Seen 3030 More pronounced changes presentMore pronounced changes present Membranes Membranes 3535 Uterine caruncles Uterine caruncles CRLCRL
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Day 49-52 of gestationDay 49-52 of gestation Considerable skill is requiredConsiderable skill is required 7.5MHz (cross and dorsal plane)7.5MHz (cross and dorsal plane) Genital tubercle is the target structure from Genital tubercle is the target structure from
which penis and clitoris is formedwhich penis and clitoris is formed At day 42 structure begin to migrate from At day 42 structure begin to migrate from
perineum to Anusperineum to Anus In female, migration does not occur genital In female, migration does not occur genital
tubercle is located caudal to pelvic limbstubercle is located caudal to pelvic limbs
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Ovarian StructuresOvarian Structures
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PyometraPyometra U/S is modality of choice for U/S is modality of choice for
DxDx Enlarged uterus & uterine Enlarged uterus & uterine
hornshorns Luminal contentsLuminal contents
Homogenous, anechoicHomogenous, anechoic Echogenic, “swirling”Echogenic, “swirling”
May see varying wall thicknessMay see varying wall thickness Endometrium may contain Endometrium may contain
anechoic focianechoic foci Ddx: hydrometra, mucometraDdx: hydrometra, mucometra Monitor response to therapy Monitor response to therapy
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18 day pregnancy18 day pregnancy
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Organogenesis Organogenesis
Fetal Fetal StructureStructure
Days Post Days Post LH SurgeLH Surge
Fetal orientationFetal orientation 2828
Limb budsLimb buds 3535
SkeletonSkeleton 33-3933-39
Stomach, bladderStomach, bladder 35-3935-39
LungsLungs 38-4238-42
Kidneys, eyesKidneys, eyes 39-4739-47
Cardiac chambersCardiac chambers 4040
IntestinesIntestines 57-6357-63
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Ultrasonography of Male Ultrasonography of Male Reproductive SystemReproductive System
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ProstateProstate
NormalNormal AbnormalAbnormal
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Prostate DiseasesProstate Diseases
Benign Prostatic Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaHyperplasia Older intact dogsOlder intact dogs Symmetrical Symmetrical
enlargementenlargement May be up to 4 times May be up to 4 times
normalnormal Variable echogenicity Variable echogenicity
and textureand texture
ProstatitisProstatitis Acute or chronicAcute or chronic Symmetrical or Symmetrical or
asymmetrical asymmetrical Heterogenous Heterogenous
appearanceappearance May see hypoechoic May see hypoechoic
areas (cyst or areas (cyst or abscess)abscess)
Mineralization, fibrosisMineralization, fibrosis
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Prostate DiseasesProstate Diseases NeoplasiaNeoplasia
Older neutered dogsOlder neutered dogs Enlarged Enlarged Irregular shapeIrregular shape Texture variesTexture varies
Hyperechoic foci with Hyperechoic foci with acoustic shadowing = acoustic shadowing = mineralizationmineralization
May see cyst-like lesionsMay see cyst-like lesions
CystsCysts Developmental or Developmental or
congenitalcongenital Anechoic contentsAnechoic contents Thin hyperechoic wallThin hyperechoic wall Vary in size and numberVary in size and number
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Prostatic CystProstatic Cyst
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TestesTestes
Homogenous textureHomogenous texture Parietal and visceral tunics:Parietal and visceral tunics:
hyperechoichyperechoic Mediastinum testis:Mediastinum testis:
Echogenic linear structure on midlineEchogenic linear structure on midline Tail of the epididymisTail of the epididymis
Nearly anechoic Nearly anechoic Coarse echotextureCoarse echotexture
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Testicular NeoplasiaTesticular Neoplasia
Interstitial, Sertoli cell, seminomaInterstitial, Sertoli cell, seminoma May all appear the sameMay all appear the same
Mixed appearance on U/SMixed appearance on U/S HemorrhageHemorrhage NecrosisNecrosis
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Testes-cont’dTestes-cont’d
Retained testesRetained testes Small sizeSmall size Caudal to kidneys to Caudal to kidneys to
inguinal canalinguinal canal Difficult to see on U/SDifficult to see on U/S
OrchitisOrchitis Patchy, hypoechoic Patchy, hypoechoic
parenchymaparenchyma Hyperechoic if chronicHyperechoic if chronic
Epididymal Epididymal enlargementenlargement
AbscessesAbscesses Irregular shapedIrregular shaped Hypoechoic contentsHypoechoic contents
May look like May look like neoplasia!neoplasia!
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AdvantagesAdvantages
Noninvasive Noninvasive PainlessPainless Widely available, easy-to-use and less Widely available, easy-to-use and less
expensive expensive Safe and does not use any ionizing radiationSafe and does not use any ionizing radiation Clear picture of soft tissues than x-ray images.Clear picture of soft tissues than x-ray images.
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LimitationsLimitations
Quality depends on skills of operatorQuality depends on skills of operator Overweighed patients not clear image of Overweighed patients not clear image of
target organstarget organs Can not be used through bone or gasCan not be used through bone or gas
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ReferencesReferences
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688602www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688602 www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1081/E-www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1081/E-
EBAF-120047343EBAF-120047343 www.researchgate.net/...www.researchgate.net/...UltrasonograpUltrasonograp
hichic ......smallsmall __ruminantruminant __reproductionreproduction http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.
1439-0531.2010.01640.x/full1439-0531.2010.01640.x/full
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Thank youThank you