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TRANSCRIPT
-
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 452 983 PS 029 479
AUTHOR Zehnder-Merrell, JaneTITLE Kids Count in Michigan Data Book, 2000: County Profiles of
Child and Family Well-Being.INSTITUTION Kids Count in Michigan, Lansing.; Michigan League for Human
Services, Lansing.; Michigan's Children, Lansing.SPONS AGENCY Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD.PUB DATE 2000-00-00NOTE 403p.; For 1999 Data Book, see ED 433 113. Funding also
provided by the Skillman, Frey, and Blue Cross and BlueShield of Michigan Foundations, as well as the corporatefund of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan.
AVAILABLE FROM Kids Count in Michigan, Michigan League for Human Services,1115 South Pennsylvania Avenue, Suite 202, Lansing, MI48912-1658; Tel: 800-837-5436 (Toll-Free); Tel:517-487-5436; Fax: 517-371-4546; e-mail: [email protected];Web site: http://www.milhs.org ($15, plus $3 shipping andhandling. Michigan residents must add sales tax).
PUB TYPE Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) Reports - Descriptive(141)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC17 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS At Risk Persons; Birth Weight; Child Abuse; Child Health;
Child Neglect; Child Safety; Child Welfare; *Children;*Counties; Demography; Dropout Rate; Early Adolescents;Economically Disadvantaged; Elementary Secondary Education;Lead Poisoning; Lunch Programs; Mortality Rate; Outcomes ofEducation; Poverty; Prenatal Care; Preschool Education;Reading Skills; Safety; *Social Indicators; SpecialEducation; State Norms; State Surveys; Statistical Data;Tables (Data); Violence; *Well Being; Youth Problems
IDENTIFIERS Arrests; *Indicators; *Michigan; Out of Home Care;Vaccination
ABSTRACTThis Kids Count data book for 2000 examines statewide and
county level trends in the well-being of Michigan's children. The statisticalportrait is based on indicators of well-being in the areas of: (1) economicsecurity; (2) child health; (3) child safety; (4) adolescence; and (5)education. Part 1 of the data book reviews Michigan's progress on a selectedgroup of child well-being indicators included in the national Healthy People2000, noting that the state is not close to achieving most of them. Mostachievements have been made among the adolescent measures, particularly inreducing violence and pregnancies. Trends in maternal and child health haveeither been flat throughout the decade or show stalled improvement. Measuresfor children showed mixed results. Part 2 of the data book features anin-depth discussion of childhood asthma, its effects on children, riskfactors for the disease, the scope of the problem in Michigan, initiatives tocontrol and combat asthma, and recommendations for further action. Part 3summarizes findings of children's well-being compared to other states andsummarizes trends represented in the state profile. This part notes that inthe past decade, Michigan has shown the most extensive improvements ineducation and in mortality rates. However, access to health care and economicsecurity worsened between 1988 and 1998. Part 4, comprising the bulk of the
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
-
data book, presents profiles of child well-being statewide and for eachcounty. The report concludes with data notes and sources. (KB)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
-
Kids Count in Michigan Data Book 2000:
County Profiles of Child and Family Well-Being.
Jane Zehnder-Merrell
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and ImprovementEDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)This document has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizationoriginating it.
O Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction quality
Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocument do not necessarily represent officialOERI position or policy.
1
PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE ANDDISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
BEEN GRANTED BY
A. Marston
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
2
-
COUNTY PROFILES OF CHILD AND FAMILY WELL-BEING
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The
Kid
s C
ount
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ichi
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Dat
a B
ook
2000
was
dev
elop
ed b
y Ja
ne Z
ehnd
er-M
erre
ll of
the
Mic
higa
n L
eagu
e fo
r H
uman
Ser
vice
s (M
LH
S).
A s
peci
al th
anks
for
rev
iew
of
draf
ts to
: ML
HS
staf
f A
nn M
arst
on a
nd S
haro
n Pa
rks;
Mic
hele
Cor
ey f
rom
Mic
higa
n's
Chi
ldre
n; B
ever
ley
McD
onal
d fr
om th
e A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee; a
nd S
taci
e M
artin
ez, g
radu
ate
inte
rn f
rom
Sch
ool o
f So
cial
Wor
k at
Mic
higa
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ity.
Tha
nks
also
to M
iche
lle S
chel
lenb
erg
who
sec
ured
and
com
pile
d th
e da
ta.
The
col
lect
ion
and
anal
ysis
of d
ata
wer
e ac
com
plis
hed
with
the
assi
stan
ce o
f the
follo
win
g:
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
tof
Com
mun
ity H
ealth
Div
isio
n of
Epi
dem
iolo
gySe
rvic
esSa
rah
Lyo
n-C
allo
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
dsan
d H
ealth
Sta
tistic
sM
icha
el B
eebe
Gle
n C
opel
and
Shar
on C
raw
ford
Kat
hy H
umph
rys
Chi
ldho
od L
ead
Pois
onin
gPr
even
tion
Mar
y Sc
oblic
Bob
Sco
tt
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
tof
Edu
catio
nIn
form
atio
n Se
rvic
esL
inda
McD
anie
lsM
icha
el W
ard
Spec
ial E
duca
tion
Serv
ices
Daw
n H
arri
s
Jam
es N
utta
l
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of
Man
agem
ent a
nd B
udge
tM
ichi
gan
Info
rmat
ion
Cen
ter
The
rese
Cod
yK
enne
th J
. Dar
aga
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
tof
the
Tre
asur
yO
ffic
e of
Rev
enue
and
Tax
Ana
lysi
sD
an K
itche
ll
Mic
higa
n Fa
mily
Inde
pend
ence
Age
ncy
Chi
ldre
n's
Prot
ectiv
eSe
rvic
esL
ee H
unsb
erge
rG
ene
Schn
eide
rPa
ul S
pata
Julie
Tub
bs-L
ott
Chi
ld D
evel
opm
ent a
ndC
are
Div
isio
nPa
ul N
elso
nSe
an O
'Kee
fe
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y A
naly
sis
Div
isio
nT
erry
Dru
m
Mic
higa
n St
ate
Polic
eC
entr
al R
ecor
ds D
ivis
ion
Am
y A
lder
man
Mic
higa
n C
omm
unity
Coo
rdin
ated
Chi
ld C
are
Ass
ocia
tion
Mar
k Su
lliva
n
U.S
. Cen
sus
Smal
l Are
a In
com
e an
dPo
vert
y E
stim
ate
Prog
ram
Paul
Sie
gal
Tha
nks
also
to th
e m
embe
rs o
f th
e K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
nA
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee, w
ho p
rovi
ded
thei
r tim
e an
d ex
pert
ise
insh
apin
g th
e bo
ok a
nd p
lann
ing
othe
r pr
ojec
t act
iviti
es.
We
also
ext
end
our
than
ks to
the
natio
nal K
ids
Cou
nt p
roje
ct s
taff
for
thei
r su
stai
ned
supp
ort a
nd te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e.
Spec
ial r
ecog
nitio
n is
acc
orde
d su
ppor
t sta
ff a
t the
Mic
higa
n L
eagu
e fo
r H
uman
Ser
vice
s:T
illie
Kuc
hare
k fo
r he
r cr
eativ
ity a
nd c
are
in th
e pr
oduc
tion
of th
eco
unty
pag
es.
Jack
ie B
enso
n, P
hylli
s K
illip
s, M
ary
Log
an a
nd M
elan
ie B
urne
llfo
r th
eir
assi
stan
ce o
n ot
her
aspe
cts
of th
e pr
ojec
t
Fund
ing
is p
rovi
ded
by th
e A
nnie
E. C
asey
, Ski
llman
, Fre
y, a
nd B
lue
Cro
ss a
nd B
lue
Shie
ld o
f M
ichi
gan
Foun
datio
ns,
as w
ell a
s th
e co
rpor
ate
fund
of
Blu
e C
ross
and
Blu
e Sh
ield
of
Mic
higa
n.
-
COUNTY PROFILES OF CHILD AND FAMILY WELL-BEING
411111...
et,
-
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
is p
art o
f a b
road
nat
iona
l effo
rt to
mea
sure
the
wel
l-bei
ng o
f chi
ldre
n at
the
stat
e an
d lo
cal l
evel
s, a
nd u
se th
at
info
rmat
ion
to s
hape
effo
rts
to im
prov
e th
e liv
es o
f chi
ldre
n. T
he
part
ners
in th
e M
ichi
gan
proj
ect i
nclu
de:
Mic
higa
n Le
ague
for
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
A s
tate
wid
e ci
tizen
s' o
rgan
izat
ion
whi
ch s
eeks
to im
prov
ehu
man
ser
vice
s th
roug
h re
sear
ch, i
nfor
mat
ion
diss
emin
atio
n,
advo
cacy
, and
sup
port
ser
vice
s to
the
stat
e's
char
itabl
e
asso
ciat
ions
. (F
or fu
rthe
r in
form
atio
n, c
all 5
17/4
87-5
436
or
toll
free
800
/837
-543
6)
Mic
higa
n's
Chi
ldre
nA
sta
tew
ide,
mul
ti-is
sue,
inde
pend
ent,
broa
d-ba
sed
advo
cacy
grou
p w
hich
wor
ks w
ith p
olic
y-m
aker
s, o
ther
org
aniz
atio
ns
and
the
publ
ic to
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f life
for
child
ren
and
thei
r fa
mili
es. (
To
cont
act t
he C
omm
unity
Adv
ocac
y pr
ojec
t,
call
517/
485-
3500
or
toll
free
800
/330
-867
4.)
The
200
0 da
ta b
ook
is a
vaila
ble
for
$15
plus
tax
(shi
ppin
g an
d
hand
ling
$3)
For
copi
es o
f th
e bo
ok, f
urth
er in
form
atio
n or
pres
enta
tions
, con
tact
: Kids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n
Mic
higa
n Le
ague
for
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
1115
S. P
enns
ylva
nia
Ave
., S
uite
202
Lans
ing,
MI 4
8912
-165
8
Pho
ne: 5
17-4
87-5
436
Tol
l fre
e: 8
00/8
37-5
436
Fax
: 517
/371
-454
6
Web
: ww
w.m
ilhs.
org
e-m
ail:
jben
son@
mla
n.ne
t
CO
Mic
higa
n Le
ague
for
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
200
0.
Any
par
t of t
his
book
may
be
dupl
icat
ed fo
r no
n-pr
ofit
educ
atio
nal
purp
oses
pro
vide
d th
e pr
ojec
t is
cred
ited.
Sug
gest
ed C
itatio
nZ
ehnd
er-M
erre
ll, J
ane
(200
0). K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n: D
ata
Boo
k
2000
: Cou
nty
Pro
files
of C
hild
Wel
l-Bei
ng. L
ansi
ng, M
ichi
gan:
Mic
higa
n Le
ague
for
Hum
an S
ervi
ces.
2K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n 20
00 D
ata
Boo
k
Q.
©aa
gniR
eC
hild
Wel
l-B
eing
: Pro
gres
s on
Goa
ls f
or th
e Y
ear
2000
3
Mat
erna
l and
Inf
ant H
ealth
5
Chi
ldre
n8
Ado
lesc
ents
10
Sum
mar
y an
d C
oncl
usio
ns14
End
note
s14
Ast
hma
amon
g C
hild
ren
Wha
t is
asth
ma?
15
Wha
t are
the
effe
cts
of a
sthm
a on
chi
ldre
n?15
Who
is a
t ris
k of
the
dise
ase?
15
Wha
t is
the
scop
e of
the
prob
lem
?16
Wha
t is
bein
g do
ne a
bout
ast
hma
in M
ichi
gan?
17
Wha
t mor
e ca
n be
don
e ab
out a
sthm
a in
Mic
higa
n?18
End
note
s19
Mic
higa
n O
verv
iew
Mic
higa
n in
the
Nat
ion
20
Rev
iew
of
Mic
higa
n T
rend
s20
End
note
s21
Prof
iles
of C
hild
Wel
l-B
eing
Mic
higa
n22
Cou
ntie
s (i
n al
phab
etic
al o
rder
)24
Dat
a N
otes
and
Sou
rces
191
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE10
-
23
Gi2
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2©
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The
yea
r 20
00, m
arki
ng th
e en
d of
a d
ecad
e an
d of
am
illen
nium
, pro
vide
s a
pivo
tal p
oint
for
ass
essi
ng th
e st
ate'
spr
ogre
ss in
chi
ld w
ell-
bein
g. A
t the
beg
inni
ng o
f th
e de
cade
,na
tiona
l hea
lth e
xper
ts o
utlin
ed o
ver
300
natio
nal o
bjec
tives
to b
e m
et b
y th
e ye
ar 2
000
to im
prov
e th
e he
alth
sta
tus
ofth
e A
mer
ican
peo
ple.
Hea
lthy
Peop
le 2
000
was
rel
ease
d in
Sept
embe
r 19
90 b
y th
e Se
cret
ary
of th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s an
d pr
esen
ted
a na
tiona
lbl
uepr
int f
or im
prov
ing
the
heal
th o
f th
e A
mer
ican
peo
ple
focu
sed
on th
ree
broa
d go
als:
incr
easi
ng th
e sp
an o
f a
heal
thy
life
redu
cing
hea
lth d
ispa
ritie
s
achi
evin
g ac
cess
to p
reve
ntiv
e se
rvic
es f
or e
very
one
\ A \
Bec
ause
Mic
higa
n m
irro
rs n
atio
nal r
ates
and
tren
ds c
lose
lyon
man
y ch
ild w
ell-
bein
g in
dica
tors
, the
nat
iona
l obj
ectiv
espr
ovid
e an
app
ropr
iate
yar
dstic
k fo
r as
sess
ing
stat
e pr
ogre
sson
chi
ld w
ell-
bein
g. W
hile
som
e of
the
natio
nal m
easu
res
such
as
infa
nt m
orta
lity
and
low
bir
th-w
eigh
t hav
e be
enre
gula
rly
exam
ined
by
Kid
s C
ount
, sev
eral
oth
ers
such
as
asth
ma
hosp
italiz
atio
ns, s
ubst
ance
use
and
teen
pre
gnan
cy,
have
not
bee
n pr
evio
usly
ass
esse
d.
Thi
s K
ids
Cou
nt r
epor
t rev
iew
s M
ichi
gan'
s pr
ogre
ss o
n a
sele
cted
gro
up o
f 16
chi
ld w
ell-
bein
g in
dica
tors
incl
uded
inth
e na
tiona
l Hea
lthy
Peop
le 2
000
with
the
sub-
obje
ctiv
es f
orsp
ecif
ic m
inor
ities
, whe
re p
ossi
ble.
' Mic
higa
n ha
s fo
cuse
don
thre
e pr
iori
ty a
reas
: hea
lth r
isk
beha
vior
s; im
prov
ing
surv
ival
of
the
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an m
ale;
and
, str
engt
heni
ngth
e he
alth
car
e sy
stem
. Am
ong
the
stat
e's
curr
ent 2
000
goal
san
d ob
ject
ives
, onl
y th
e fo
llow
ing
six
obje
ctiv
es f
ocus
ed o
nch
ildre
n:2
incr
ease
the
imm
uniz
atio
n ra
te f
or c
hild
ren
unde
r ag
eth
ree
to 9
0 pe
rcen
t
redu
ce th
e pr
egna
ncy
rate
am
ong
teen
s, a
ges
15-1
9, to
63 p
er 1
,000
teen
fem
ales
redu
ce th
e in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
te to
7.5
per
1,0
00 li
vebi
rths
redu
ce th
e A
fric
an A
mer
ican
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
to 1
4pe
r 1,
000
live
birt
hs
redu
ce p
reve
ntab
le m
orta
lity
amon
g ch
ildre
n, a
ges
1-5
incr
ease
acc
ess
to p
rim
ary
care
for
chi
ldre
n an
dad
oles
cent
s, a
ges
0-14
It is
als
o im
port
ant t
o no
te th
at o
nly
in th
e re
alm
of
heal
thha
ve o
bjec
tives
bee
n ar
ticul
ated
, alth
ough
cle
arly
oth
erfa
ctor
s lik
e th
e le
vels
of
child
pov
erty
pla
y a
sign
ific
ant r
ole
in th
e w
ell-
bein
g of
chi
ldre
n.
Thi
s K
ids
Cou
nt r
epor
t use
s th
e br
oade
r go
als
of th
ena
tiona
l Hea
lthy
Peop
le 2
000
and
focu
ses
on o
bjec
tives
inth
e ar
ea o
f m
ater
nal a
nd in
fant
hea
lth, a
s w
ell a
s th
ose
spec
ific
for
chi
ldre
n an
d ad
oles
cent
s in
oth
er a
reas
suc
h as
toba
cco,
sub
stan
ce a
buse
, vio
lent
and
abu
sive
beh
avio
r, a
ndun
inte
ntio
nal i
njur
ies.
"Su
b-ob
ject
ives
" fo
r m
inor
ities
,w
hich
wer
e es
tabl
ishe
d to
add
ress
incr
ease
d ri
sk o
r
\S\
/-4
Ead
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2000
Dat
a B
ook
3
12
-
Mic
higa
n's
Sta
tus
on th
eH
ealth
y P
eopl
e G
oals
200
0 fo
r C
hild
ren
Mat
erna
l and
Infa
nt H
ealth
1998
Act
ual
2000
Goa
l
Ear
ly p
rena
tal c
are
All
preg
nant
wom
en81
%90
%
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an w
omen
65%
90%
His
pani
c w
omen
69%
90%
Am
eric
an In
dian
wom
en74
%90
%
Sm
okin
g du
ring
preg
nanc
y17
%10
%
Low
birt
h-w
eigh
t bab
ies
All
babi
es8%
5%
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an b
abie
s14
%9%
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
[per
1,0
00 in
fant
s]
All
babi
es8.
27.
0
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an b
abie
s16
.811
.0
Am
eric
an In
dian
bab
ies
8.3
8.5
Chi
ldre
n
Dea
ths
amon
g yo
ung
child
ren,
age
s 0-
4 [p
er 1
00,0
00 c
hild
ren]
from
dro
wni
ngfr
om fi
reC
hild
dea
ths,
age
s 1-
14 [p
er 1
00,0
00 c
hild
ren]
3.4
3.4 26
2.3
3.3 28
i
Hos
pita
lizat
ions
for
asth
ma
amon
g ch
ildre
n,
ages
1-1
4 [p
er 1
0,00
0 ch
ildre
n]33
23
Ado
lesc
ents
A D
aily
phy
sica
l edu
catio
n [o
f hig
h sc
hool
stu
dent
s]27
%50
%
A C
urre
nt s
ubst
ance
use
am
ong
yout
h, a
ges
12-1
7*
alco
hol
19%
13%
ciga
rette
s16
%6%
mar
ijuan
a9%
3%
A R
ecen
t hea
vy d
rinki
ng
amon
g hi
gh s
choo
l sen
iors
**37
%28
%
FA
Vio
lent
beh
avio
rs a
mon
g yo
uth,
age
s 14
-17
[per
100
hig
h sc
hool
stu
dent
s]
phys
ical
figh
ting
[avg
. mon
thly
inci
denc
e]11
011
0
Ica
rryi
ng w
eapo
ns [a
vg. d
aily
inci
denc
e, p
rier
30 d
ays]
6786
Sui
cide
dea
ths,
age
s 15
-19
[per
100
,000
you
th]
8.4
8.2,
Pre
gnan
cy, a
ges
15-1
7 [p
er 1
,000
fem
ales
]41
50
Not
e: S
hade
d in
dica
tors
ref
lect
rec
ent r
ates
ach
ievi
ng 2
000
goal
.
*C
urre
nt is
def
ined
as
with
in th
e 30
day
s pr
ior
to th
e su
rvey
.
**H
eavy
drin
king
is d
efin
ed a
s fiv
e or
mor
e al
coho
lic d
rinks
with
ina
few
hou
rs.
A19
99 d
ata
4K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
h 20
00 D
ata
Boo
k
0
Si ;
disp
ariti
es w
ith th
e to
tal p
opul
atio
n, a
re a
lso
incl
uded
whe
re
data
are
ava
ilabl
e. T
his
anal
ysis
pre
sent
s an
nual
dat
a ov
er
the
1990
s in
com
paris
on w
ith th
e 20
00 g
oal.
In a
dditi
on,
preg
nanc
y am
ong
teen
s, a
ges
15-1
7, w
hich
is fe
atur
ed o
n
each
cou
nty
prof
ile, i
s di
scus
sed
in m
ore
deta
il. P
revi
ous
Kid
s C
ount
boo
ks h
ave
revi
ewed
onl
y bi
rths
to te
ens
in th
is
age
grou
p. C
lear
ly a
pre
gnan
cy r
egis
ters
a s
igni
fican
t im
pact
in th
e lif
e of
a h
igh
scho
ol a
ged
stud
ent.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
4'
Thi
s ye
ar's
boo
k al
so fe
atur
es a
n in
-dep
th d
iscu
ssio
n of
child
hood
ast
hma,
incl
udin
g a
broa
d ov
ervi
ew o
f the
sco
pe
of th
e pr
oble
m in
the
stat
e, a
s w
ell a
s lo
cal a
nd s
tate
resp
onse
s. A
sthm
a is
the
num
ber
one
caus
e of
pre
vent
able
hosp
italiz
atio
ns fo
r ch
ildre
n. C
ount
y pr
ofile
pag
es th
is y
ear
incl
ude
the
asth
ma
hosp
italiz
atio
n ra
te fo
r m
ale
and
fem
ale
child
ren,
age
s 1-
14.
14
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
-
and
WM
Haa
bM
ater
nal a
nd in
fant
hea
lth f
orm
the
bedr
ock
of c
omm
unity
heal
th. H
ealth
y w
omen
hav
e he
alth
y in
fant
s. I
nfan
ts w
hola
ck a
hea
lthy
star
t hav
e th
eir
futu
res
com
prom
ised
at b
irth
.Pr
ospe
ctiv
e m
othe
rs s
houl
d ha
ve r
eady
acc
ess
to p
rena
tal
care
that
beg
ins
in th
e fi
rst t
rim
este
r. Y
et th
e un
insu
ranc
era
tes
in M
ichi
gan
are
high
est (
16 p
erce
nt)
for
indi
vidu
als,
ages
18-
34, i
n th
e pr
ime
child
-bea
ring
yea
rs.'
Low
-inc
ome
unin
sure
d w
omen
qua
lify
for
publ
ic h
ealth
insu
ranc
e(M
edic
aid)
onl
y af
ter
they
bec
ome
preg
nant
and
are
cov
ered
only
unt
il sh
ortly
aft
er d
eliv
ery.
On
the
four
mea
sure
s of
mat
erna
l and
infa
nt h
ealth
revi
ewed
for
this
rep
ort,
Mic
higa
n m
ade
little
pro
gres
sto
war
d th
e 20
00 g
oals
, par
ticul
arly
in r
ecen
t yea
rs. T
hese
tren
ds a
re p
artic
ular
ly p
uzzl
ing
in c
onte
xt o
f a
dram
atic
drop
in b
irth
s to
teen
s w
ho r
epre
sent
a h
igh
risk
gro
up f
orla
te o
r no
rec
eipt
of
pren
atal
car
e, lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght,
and
infa
nt m
orta
lity.
Ear
ly p
rena
tal c
are
(firs
t trim
este
r) in
Mic
higa
n ha
s im
prov
ed s
light
ly b
utst
alle
d in
rec
ent y
ears
bel
ow g
oal.
100-
to
80-
> o60
-
0240
-a.
20-
0
78 7
8 79
80
8081
81
81 8
190
CD
CD 0
CD
CD
CD
CD
IN3
CDto
co CDco co U
i
CD
CD rn
co coC
DC
D03
o La 8
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
15
Ear
ly P
rena
tal C
are
The
sha
re o
f M
ichi
gan
mot
hers
sta
rtin
g pr
enat
al c
are
in th
efi
rst t
rim
este
r ha
s in
crea
sed
only
slig
htly
in th
e 19
90s,
leve
ling
off
wel
l bel
ow th
e 20
00 g
oal o
f 90
per
cent
.B
etw
een
1990
and
199
5, th
e pe
rcen
tage
exp
ande
d fr
om 7
8to
81
perc
ent w
here
it h
as r
emai
ned
thro
ugh
1998
.
Am
ong
Mic
higa
n m
othe
rs f
rom
min
ority
gro
ups,
the
shar
eof
mot
hers
sta
rtin
g pr
enat
al c
are
begi
nnin
g in
the
firs
ttr
imes
ter
was
sig
nifi
cant
ly lo
wer
, and
neg
ligib
leim
prov
emen
t occ
urre
d ov
er th
e 19
90s.
Les
s th
an tw
o-th
irds
(63%
) of
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an m
othe
rs r
ecei
ved
care
in th
e fi
rst
trim
este
r in
199
3, a
nd b
y 19
98, t
his
shar
e ha
d gr
own
byon
ly tw
o pe
rcen
tage
poi
nts.
Sim
iliar
ly a
mon
g H
ispa
nic
mot
hers
, the
per
cent
age
rose
by
only
one
poi
ntfr
om 6
8 to
69 p
erce
nt. A
mer
ican
Ind
ian
mot
hers
reg
iste
red
the
bigg
est
gain
, six
per
cent
age
poin
tsfr
om 6
8 to
74
perc
ent o
fm
othe
rs s
tart
ing
pren
atal
car
e in
the
firs
t tri
mes
ter.
Ear
ly p
rena
tal c
are
amon
gra
cial
/eth
nic
min
oriti
es in
Mic
higa
nre
mai
ns w
ell b
elow
goa
l 200
0.
100 80 -
60 -
40,
20-
1993
90
63 6
5
Bla
ck
0199
8
90
7468 Am
eric
anIn
dian
2000
Goa
l 90
His
pani
c
689
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
1993
was
the
firs
t yea
r fo
r w
hich
dat
a w
ere
avai
labl
e fo
r m
inor
ities
oth
erth
an A
fric
an A
mer
ican
.
Mat
erna
l sm
okin
g du
ring
preg
nanc
yha
s de
clin
ed s
low
ly in
Mic
higa
n, le
velin
g in
rece
nt y
ears
at r
ates
abo
ve g
oal.
ON
cpC
Dcp
CD
CD
CO
CD
CD
0cr
oC
Dup
CD
CO
CD
CD
CD
00
11%
)4=
.c.
n-.
Ico
Et 0
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
Sm
okin
g D
urin
g P
regn
ancy
Mat
erna
l sm
okin
g du
ring
pre
gnan
cy d
ropp
ed b
y 22
per
cent
in M
ichi
ganb
etw
een
1990
and
199
8, f
allin
g to
few
er th
anon
e in
fiv
e m
othe
rs s
mok
ing
(17%
). D
espi
te th
is d
rop,
it is
unlik
ely
Mic
higa
n w
ill a
ttain
the
2000
goa
l of
10 p
erce
nt o
fm
othe
rs s
mok
ing
duri
ng p
regn
ancy
. Ove
r th
e de
cade
, the
perc
enta
ge h
as d
ropp
ed b
y ro
ughl
y on
e po
int e
ach
year
, and
betw
een
1996
and
199
8 it
esse
ntia
lly lo
dged
at 1
7 pe
rcen
t.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly, t
he o
vera
ll de
clin
e in
sm
okin
g du
ring
preg
nanc
y in
Mic
higa
n m
asks
a s
tead
y in
crea
se o
f sm
okin
gam
ong
teen
pre
gnan
t wom
en (
unde
r ag
e 20
) si
nce
1993
.A
lmos
t one
of
four
(24
%)
of n
ew m
othe
rs in
this
age
gro
upsm
oked
dur
ing
preg
nanc
y in
199
8.
Mat
erna
l sm
okin
g du
ring
pre
gnan
cy c
ompr
omis
es th
e he
alth
of b
oth
mot
her
and
baby
. The
mot
her
puts
her
ow
n he
alth
at
risk
, and
the
baby
is m
ore
likel
y to
be
born
at l
ow b
irth
-w
eigh
t, th
ereb
y he
ight
enin
g su
scep
tibili
ty to
dis
ease
and
disa
bilit
y, s
uch
as a
sthm
a.
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2000
Dat
a B
ook
5
16
-
Low
Birt
h-W
eigh
t Bab
ies
Tre
nds
in lo
w b
irth-
wei
ght s
ugge
st M
ichi
gan
will
not
rea
chth
e go
al o
f 5 p
erce
nt o
f birt
hs b
eing
low
birt
h-w
eigh
t in
2000
.T
he p
erce
nt o
f low
birt
h-w
eigh
t bab
ies
in M
ichi
gan
has
hove
red
just
bel
ow 8
per
cent
of a
ll bi
rths
ove
r th
e 19
90s.
Rou
ghly
10,
000
infa
nts
are
born
in th
e st
ate
each
yea
r at
a
wei
ght b
elow
five
and
a h
alf p
ound
s.
The
per
cent
age
of th
ose
born
at "
very
low
birt
h-w
eigh
t"(u
nder
thre
e an
d a
half
poun
ds)
has
also
rem
aine
d qu
ite
stea
dy o
ver
the
1990
saro
und
1.5
perc
ent o
f all
birt
hs,
com
pare
d to
the
2000
goa
l of 1
per
cent
of a
ll bi
rths
. The
se
frag
ile in
fant
s fa
ce m
uch
high
er r
isk
of c
ompl
icat
ions
,in
clud
ing
shor
t, as
wel
l as
long
-ter
m d
isab
ility
, dis
ease
and
even
dea
th.
Whi
le lo
w b
irth-
wei
ght a
mon
g M
ichi
gan'
s A
fric
an A
mer
ican
infa
nts
drop
ped
from
alm
ost 1
5 pe
rcen
t of b
irths
in 1
990
toro
ughl
y 14
per
cent
in 1
998,
the
shar
e st
ill r
emai
ns w
ell a
bove
the
goal
of 9
per
cent
. The
sha
re o
f ver
y lo
w b
irth-
wei
ght
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an in
fant
s pe
rsis
ted
abov
e 3
perc
ent,
not
atta
inin
g th
e go
al o
f 2 p
erce
nt.
Lack
of p
rogr
ess
in in
cide
nce
oflo
w b
irth-
wei
ght b
abie
s le
aves
Mic
higa
nw
ith r
ate
abov
e go
al.
Low
birt
h-w
eigh
tV
ery
low
Ext
rem
ely
low
rn9-
7.6
0
a)
6-0
3-0
0
6K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n 20
00 D
ata
Boo
k
78 7
.5 7
7 7.
8 7.
7 7.
77.
7 7.
8
7 7
5.0
171
O CD OC
DC
DO co
CO
CO
CO
cD O
O OC
DC
DC
OC
D ".1
CO
0C
DC
D0)
Low
birt
h-w
eigh
t per
sist
s am
ong
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an b
abie
s in
Mic
higa
nw
ith r
ates
abo
ve 2
000
goal
.
Low
birt
h-w
eigh
tV
ery
low
0 E
xtre
mel
y lo
w
15.0
-
10.0
-
5.0
0.0
14.8
14.9
14.4
13.6
13.8
r-7
CD O
9.0
CO
D
rs
CD
CD
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
Low
bir
th-w
eigh
t is
unde
r 2,
500
gram
s (5
lbs.
8 o
z.)
Ver
y lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght i
s be
twee
n 1,
499
and
750
gram
s (3
lbs.
5 o
z. a
nd 1
lb. 1
0 oz
.)E
xtre
mel
y lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght i
s un
der
750
gram
s (I
lb. 1
0 oz
.)
18
CD
CD 02
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
-
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Sign
ific
ant p
rogr
ess
occu
rred
in th
e 25
per
cent
dec
line
inM
ichi
gan'
s in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
te b
etw
een
1990
and
199
6.B
etw
een
1996
and
199
8, th
e ra
te e
ssen
tially
sta
lled.
At 8
.2de
aths
per
1,0
00 in
fant
s in
199
8, th
e ra
te is
unl
ikel
y to
rea
chth
e 20
00 g
oal l
evel
of
7. R
ough
ly a
thou
sand
infa
nts
die
each
yea
r in
Mic
higa
n be
fore
thei
r fi
rst b
irth
day.
Am
ong
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an in
fant
s in
Mic
higa
n th
e in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
te d
eclin
ed 2
2 pe
rcen
t bet
wee
n 19
90 a
nd 1
998,
whe
n it
reac
hed
its lo
wes
t lev
el in
the
deca
de. R
ough
ly 1
7
of e
very
1,0
00 A
fric
an A
mer
ican
infa
nts
peri
shed
dur
ing
thei
r fi
rst y
ear
of li
fe, c
ompa
red
to a
lmos
t 22
in 1
990.
Des
pite
this
tren
d, th
e dr
op h
as n
ot b
een
stee
p en
ough
toas
sure
the
likel
ihoo
d of
atta
inin
g th
e A
fric
an A
mer
ican
infa
nt m
orta
lity
2000
goa
l rat
e of
11.
Whi
le th
e A
mer
ican
Ind
ian
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
in M
ichi
gan
atta
ined
the
natio
nal g
oal i
n 19
98, i
t als
o st
arte
d th
e de
cade
belo
w th
e go
al le
vel.
The
se r
ates
in M
ichi
gan
refl
ect
rela
tivel
y sm
all n
umbe
rs-b
etw
een
6 an
d 11
dea
ths
each
year
. Bec
ause
of
the
rela
tivel
y sm
all n
umbe
rs, o
ne d
eath
can
shif
t the
rat
e dr
amat
ical
ly, s
o ca
re s
houl
d be
take
n in
draw
ing
infe
renc
es f
rom
thes
e ra
tes.
cI
P
Des
pite
impr
ovem
ents
, tre
nds
in M
ichi
gan'
s in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
tes
for
all b
abie
s an
d A
fric
anA
mer
ican
bab
ies
are
not d
ropp
ing
stee
ply
enou
gh to
atta
in g
oal l
evel
in 2
000.
21.6
21.7
22.1
U T
otal
Birt
hs 0
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an
18.8
18.2
17.3
17.5
17.6
16.8
11
8.6
8.3
8.0
8.1
8.2
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
15to "E 01
00 0 cr) 0_
5
1997
Infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
s am
ong
Mic
higa
n's
Am
eric
an In
dian
sdr
oppe
d be
low
goa
l lev
el in
199
0 an
d in
199
8.
11.4
13.3
13.7
11.9
11.8
7.5
8.1
918.
99.
29.
58.
8
1998
200
0 G
oal
Am
eric
an In
dian
His
pani
c
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.5
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
No
goal
was
set
for
His
pani
c in
fant
s.
1997
1998
2000
Goa
l
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2000
Dat
a B
ook
7 20
-
CH
&en
Of
the
four
indi
cato
rs m
easu
ring
chi
ld w
ell-
bein
g du
ring
earl
y an
d la
te c
hild
hood
, thr
ee r
efle
cted
mor
talit
y tr
ends
.(U
nfor
tuna
tely
, oth
er th
an m
orta
lity
rate
s, f
ew in
dica
tors
trac
k th
e st
atus
of
child
ren
in th
is a
ge g
roup
.) A
ll th
ree
show
ed im
prov
emen
t ove
r th
e fi
rst e
ight
yea
rs o
f th
ede
cade
, but
the
rate
of
asth
ma
hosp
italiz
atio
ns f
or c
hild
ren,
ages
1-1
4, h
as r
emai
ned
basi
cally
fla
t ove
r th
e ei
ght-
year
peri
od. (
A s
peci
al s
ectio
n on
chi
ldho
od a
sthm
a fo
llow
s th
isre
view
of
2000
goa
ls.)
Fire
and
Dro
wni
ng D
eath
s A
mon
g Y
oung
Chi
ldre
n
In M
ichi
gan
the
goal
dea
th r
ates
for
chi
ldre
n, a
ges
0-4,
from
fir
e an
d dr
owni
ng c
ould
fea
sibl
y be
atta
ined
in th
e ye
ar20
00. B
oth
rate
s dr
oppe
d be
low
the
year
200
0 go
al r
ates
in19
96 a
nd 1
997,
but
ros
e ab
ove
the
goal
leve
l in
1998
. The
goal
of
2.3
drow
ning
dea
ths
amon
g ev
ery
100,
000
child
ren,
ages
0-4
, was
rea
ched
thre
e tim
es o
ver
the
tren
d pe
riod
. In
1998
, a to
tal o
f 13
chi
ldre
n of
thes
e ag
es d
ied
by d
row
ning
.
The
, goa
l rat
e of
3.3
dea
ths
by f
ire
amon
g ev
ery
100,
000
child
ren
in th
is a
ge g
roup
was
slig
htly
exc
eede
d in
199
8w
ith a
rat
e of
3.4
. A to
tal o
f 15
of
the
stat
e's
child
ren
in th
isag
e gr
oup
died
by
fire
in 1
998.
Chi
ld d
eath
rat
e in
Mic
higa
n dr
oppe
d be
low
goa
lin
mid
-199
0s a
nd r
emai
ned
ther
e.
40-
30-
20-
10-
30 --32 r-
-31 r.7
.7
3129
2726
2526 -, ..1
28
rF
" 0 00
r,r
OC
OC
OC
DC
OC
D(0
CO
CO
CD
003
CD
CO
CO
cDC
OC
OC
D 0
"C
o3.0
*(.
11C
3)4
03
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
Mic
higa
n de
ath
rate
s fo
r fir
e an
d dr
owni
ng a
mon
g yo
ung
child
ren,
age
s 0-
4,fe
ll be
low
goa
l lev
els
in m
id-1
990s
.
<-
Dea
th b
y D
row
ning
0 D
eath
by
Fire
3.3
2.3
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
Goa
lS
ourc
e: D
ivis
ion
for
Vita
l Rec
ords
and
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics,
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of C
omm
unity
Hea
lth
8K
ids
Co8
nt in
Mic
higa
n 20
00 D
ata
Boo
k
1
6
22E
ndno
tes
for
this
sec
tion
are
on p
. 14.
-
Chi
ld d
eath
s fr
om d
isea
se in
crea
sed
in M
ichi
gan
betw
een
1997
and
199
8,w
hile
inju
ry d
eath
s co
ntin
ued
to d
eclin
e.80
0
600
400
200
Dis
ease
Inju
ry
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
310
301
305
311
271
264
249
239
289
264
317
307
294
306
264
259
256
227
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
Chi
ld D
eath
s
Chi
ld d
eath
rat
es in
Mic
higa
n ac
hiev
ed th
e 20
00 n
atio
nal
goal
(28
dea
ths
amon
g ev
ery
100,
000
child
ren,
age
s 1-
14)
mid
way
thro
ugh
the
deca
de a
nd h
ave
rem
aine
d be
low
goa
lth
roug
h 19
98. B
etw
een
1990
and
199
7, th
e ye
ar w
hen
the
rate
rea
ched
its
low
est p
oint
(25
), th
e st
ate'
s ch
ild d
eath
rat
edr
oppe
d by
17
perc
ent.
In 1
998,
the
num
ber
of c
hild
dea
ths
(516
) ro
se s
light
ly.
Dea
ths
from
dis
ease
incr
ease
d fo
r th
e fi
rst t
ime
sinc
e 19
93,
but d
eath
s fr
om in
jury
con
tinue
d a
five
-yea
r de
clin
e.
23
100 80
-
60 40-
20 - 0
Hos
pita
lizat
ions
for
Ast
hma
amon
g C
hild
ren
Ast
hma
caus
es m
ore
prev
enta
ble
hosp
italiz
atio
ns a
mon
gch
ildre
n, a
ges
1-14
, tha
n an
y ot
her
dise
ase.
"Pr
even
tabl
e"is
the
key
wor
d. M
ost c
hild
ren
who
suf
fer
from
ast
hma
neve
r vi
sit t
he h
ospi
tal b
ecau
se th
ey h
ave
rece
ived
appr
opri
ate,
con
sist
ent m
edic
al tr
eatm
ent o
r be
en a
ble
toav
oid
thos
e co
nditi
ons
or s
ubst
ance
s th
at e
xace
rbat
e th
eir
sym
ptom
s. A
siz
eabl
e sh
are
of M
ichi
gan
child
ren
rem
ain
unin
sure
d, r
ough
ly 8
per
cent
. The
hig
h ra
tes
ofho
spita
lizat
ion
for
asth
ma
and
low
leve
ls o
f yo
ung
child
ren
test
ed f
or le
ad p
oiso
ning
sug
gest
acc
ess
to p
reve
ntiv
e ca
rem
ay b
e a
prob
lem
eve
n fo
r th
ose
with
insu
ranc
e.
Whi
le th
e M
ichi
gan
rate
of
child
hos
pita
lizat
ions
for
asth
ma
rem
aine
d re
lativ
ely
leve
l (ab
ove
30)
over
the
eigh
t-ye
ar p
erio
d, it
act
ually
dro
pped
bel
ow th
e 20
00 g
oal o
f23
hos
pita
lizat
ions
per
100
,000
chi
ldre
n fo
r on
e ye
ar(2
2 in
199
4).
Alth
ough
no
natio
nal g
oals
wer
e se
t for
ast
hma
hosp
italiz
atio
n fo
r A
fric
an A
mer
ican
chi
ldre
n, it
isim
port
ant t
o no
te th
eir
hosp
italiz
atio
n ra
tes
in M
ichi
gan
rose
pre
cipi
tous
ly a
fter
199
4 an
d m
aint
aine
d le
vels
trip
leth
ose
of w
hite
chi
ldre
n.
Rat
es fo
r as
thm
a ho
spita
lizat
ions
am
ong
child
ren,
age
s 1-
14,
in M
ichi
gan
clim
bed
in r
ecen
t yea
rs a
fter
drop
ping
bel
ow g
oal i
n 19
94.
Afr
ican
Am
eric
anA
ll C
hild
ren
7873
77
6359
99
23
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
2000
Goa
l
Sou
rce:
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
nd H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s, M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ity H
ealth
No
goal
was
set
for
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an c
hild
ren.
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2000
Dat
a9
-
Add
esce
rds
Dur
ing
thei
r ad
oles
cent
yea
rs, y
outh
for
m h
abits
and
attit
udes
that
sha
pe th
eir
adul
t opp
ortu
nitie
s an
d lim
itatio
ns.
Of
part
icul
ar c
once
rn in
rec
ent y
ears
are
the
incr
easi
ngle
vels
of
phys
ical
inac
tivity
am
ong
yout
h, th
e in
cide
nce
ofvi
olen
ce, a
nd th
e us
e of
sub
stan
ces
such
as
alco
hol,
mar
ijuan
a an
d to
bacc
o. T
een
preg
nanc
y an
d bi
rth
rate
sam
ong
youn
g w
omen
in th
eir
high
sch
ool y
ears
hav
e al
sobe
en a
foc
us o
f co
ncer
n in
this
era
. Hig
h sc
hool
com
plet
ion
and
post
-sec
onda
ry s
kills
are
cri
tical
in o
rder
to e
arn
a"l
ivin
g" w
age
in to
day'
s la
bor
mar
ket.
Dai
ly P
hysi
cal E
duca
tion
Part
icip
atio
n in
dai
ly p
hysi
cal e
duca
tion
(PE
) cl
asse
s am
ong
Mic
higa
n's
high
sch
ool s
tude
nts
(27%
) re
pres
ents
abo
ut h
alf
the
natio
nal g
oal o
f 50
per
cent
. Par
ticip
atio
n va
ries
sign
ific
antly
by
gend
er a
nd g
rade
, acc
ordi
ng to
fin
ding
sfr
om M
ichi
gan'
s 19
99 Y
outh
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Surv
ey (
YR
BS)
.A
lmos
t a th
ird
(31%
) of
mal
e st
uden
ts a
ttend
ed P
E e
very
Dai
ly p
artic
ipat
ion
in p
hysi
cal e
duca
tion
clas
ses
in M
ichi
gan
high
sch
ools
sta
nds
at a
bout
hal
f the
200
0 go
al.
60-
40-
20-
0
2331
48
1916
19
27
50
-nco
.N
..)m
O00
003
co5
5iv
cD Gen
der
Gra
de
Sou
rce:
You
th R
isk
Beh
avio
r S
urve
y, M
ichi
gan
(199
9), M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n
2510
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2000
Dat
a B
ook
day,
com
pare
d to
less
than
a q
uart
er (
23%
) of
fem
ale
stud
ents
. Mic
higa
n's
mal
e hi
gh s
choo
l stu
dent
s w
ere
also
mor
e lik
ely
to p
artic
ipat
e in
"vi
goro
us"
phys
ical
act
iviti
esan
d do
str
etch
ing
or to
ning
exe
rcis
es th
ree
or m
ore
days
aw
eek.
Mic
higa
n's
nint
h gr
ader
s (4
8%)
wer
e m
ore
than
twic
eas
like
ly to
be
atte
ndin
g PE
dai
ly th
an h
igh
scho
ol s
tude
nts
in a
ny o
ther
gla
de. N
o si
gnif
ican
t dif
fere
nces
, how
ever
,oc
curr
ed b
etw
een
whi
te a
nd A
fric
an A
mer
ican
stu
dent
s (t
heon
ly m
inor
ity y
outh
with
a la
rge
enou
gh s
ampl
e in
Mic
higa
n fo
r co
mpa
riso
n).
Cur
rent
sub
stan
ce u
se a
mon
g M
ichi
gan
yout
h in
1999
per
sist
s ab
ove
goal
s fo
r 20
00.
20-
19
15 10
13
Alc
ohol
16
0199
90
Goa
l 200
0
Cig
aret
tes
Mar
ijuan
a
Sou
rce:
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld S
urve
y on
Dru
gs
"Cur
rent
" is
def
ined
as
with
in th
e 30
day
s pr
ior
to th
e su
rvey
.
Sub
stan
ce U
se
In 1
999,
one
in f
ive
Mic
higa
n yo
uth,
age
s 12
-17,
use
dal
coho
l; on
e in
sev
en s
mok
ed c
igar
ette
s; a
nd o
ne in
ten
used
mar
ijuan
a w
ithin
the
prio
r 30
day
s. T
he 1
999
"cur
rent
"(w
ithin
the
30 d
ays
prio
r to
the
surv
ey)
subs
tanc
e us
e am
ong
Mic
higa
n ad
oles
cent
s re
gist
ered
at l
evel
s w
ell a
bove
the
goal
s fo
r th
e ye
ar 2
000.
Cur
rent
alc
ohol
use
am
ong
Mic
higa
n yo
uth
was
clo
ser
to th
e go
al th
an th
e ot
her
two
subs
tanc
es-1
9 pe
rcen
t of
Mic
higa
n yo
uth
repo
rted
cur
rent
use
of a
lcoh
ol c
ompa
red
to a
goa
l of
13 p
erce
nt. A
lcoh
olw
as a
lso
the
mos
t wid
ely
used
sub
stan
ce b
y M
ichi
gan
yout
h.
The
per
cent
ages
of
Mic
higa
n yo
uth
repo
rtin
g cu
rren
t use
of
ciga
rette
s an
d m
ariju
ana
are
roug
hly
thre
e tim
es h
ighe
r th
anth
e 20
00 g
oal l
evel
s. C
igar
ette
s w
ere
used
by
16 p
erce
nt o
fyo
uth
com
pare
d to
the
2000
goa
l of
6 pe
rcen
t, w
ithm
ariju
ana
used
by
9 pe
rcen
t com
pare
d to
a 3
per
cent
goa
l.
With
cig
aret
tes
rem
aini
ng th
e na
tion'
s le
adin
g ca
use
ofpr
even
tabl
e de
ath
and
dise
ase,
the
surg
eon
gene
ral o
f th
eU
nite
d St
ates
rec
ently
issu
ed a
rep
ort c
allin
g fo
rim
plem
enta
tion
of th
ose
appr
oach
es a
nd m
etho
ds p
rove
nef
fect
ive
to r
educ
e to
bacc
o us
e.' S
choo
l-ba
sed
prog
ram
s,co
mbi
ned
with
med
ia a
nd c
omm
unity
-bas
ed a
ctiv
ities
, can
prev
ent o
r po
stpo
ne s
mok
ing
in 2
0 to
40
perc
ent o
f yo
uth,
acco
rdin
g to
the
repo
rt. L
ess
than
5 p
erce
nt o
f sc
hool
sna
tionw
ide
are
impl
emen
ting
the
maj
or c
ompo
nent
s of
guid
elin
es r
ecom
men
ded
by th
e C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
olan
d Pr
even
tion.
The
rep
ort s
ugge
sted
that
sta
tes
coul
d us
eto
bacc
o se
ttlem
ent f
unds
to im
plem
ent t
he c
ompr
ehen
sive
appr
oach
es m
ost e
ffec
tive
in c
hang
ing
soci
al n
orm
s an
dre
duci
ng to
bacc
o us
e. A
ccor
ding
to th
e re
port
, the
tool
s, th
ekn
owle
dge
and
the
reso
urce
s ar
e av
aila
ble
to c
ut s
mok
ing
rate
s in
hal
f by
201
0.
26
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
-
Rec
ent h
eavy
drin
king
am
ong
Mic
higa
n's
high
sch
ool s
enio
rs in
199
9 re
mai
ned
abov
e go
al fo
r th
e ye
ar 2
000.
40-
3734
32
23 co
Gen
der
Rac
eG
rade
28
Sour
ce: Y
outh
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Surv
ey, M
ichi
gan
(199
9), M
ichi
gan
Dep
artm
ent o
f E
duca
tion
"Rec
ent"
hea
vy d
rink
ing
is d
efin
ed b
y th
e Y
RB
S as
with
in th
e pa
st m
onth
and
by th
e go
al a
s w
ithin
the
past
two
wee
ks.
"Hea
vy"
drin
king
is d
efin
ed a
s fi
ve o
r m
ore
drin
ks w
ithin
a f
ew h
ours
at
leas
t onc
e in
the
rece
nt ti
me
peri
od.
Hea
vy D
rinki
ng
Alm
ost t
wo
of f
ive
(37%
) M
ichi
gan
high
sch
ool s
enio
rsin
dulg
ed in
hea
vy d
rink
ing,
that
is f
ive
or m
ore
drin
ksw
ithin
a f
ew h
ours
at l
east
onc
e w
ithin
the
last
mon
th,
com
pare
d to
the
2000
goa
l of
28 p
erce
nt. (
The
goa
l def
ines
"rec
ent"
with
in th
e la
st tw
o w
eeks
, but
the
YR
BS
anal
ysis
uses
the
past
mon
th.)
Hea
vy d
rink
ing
is f
ar m
ore
prev
alen
tam
ong
mal
e, w
hite
, and
twel
fth
grad
e st
uden
ts in
Mic
higa
nth
an a
mon
g fe
mal
es, A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s an
d ni
nth
grad
ers.
Hea
vy u
se o
f al
coho
l has
bee
n lin
ked
to v
iole
nce
and
fata
lau
tom
obile
acc
iden
ts.
Vio
lenc
e
The
199
9 in
cide
nce
on b
oth
indi
cato
rs o
f vio
lenc
eph
ysic
al f
ight
ing
and
carr
ying
a w
eapo
nam
ong
Mic
higa
nhi
gh s
choo
l stu
dent
s m
et th
e 20
00 g
oal.
For
ever
y 10
0
27
Mic
higa
n st
uden
ts, 1
10 p
hysi
cal f
ight
s oc
curr
ed e
ach
mon
thdu
ring
the
prev
ious
12
mon
ths
exac
tly m
eetin
g th
e 20
00go
al. O
ver
a th
ird
(35%
) of
all
Mic
higa
n hi
gh s
choo
lst
uden
ts r
epor
ted
havi
ng b
een
in a
t lea
st o
ne p
hysi
cal f
ight
duri
ng th
e pa
st y
ear.
Alm
ost h
alf
of th
ose
stud
ents
had
onl
ybe
en in
volv
ed in
one
inci
dent
, but
3 p
erce
nt o
f al
l stu
dent
sha
d be
en in
volv
ed in
12
or m
ore
figh
ts.
The
inci
denc
e of
wea
pon
(kni
fe, c
lub,
gun
) ca
rryi
ng a
mon
gM
ichi
gan
high
sch
ool s
tude
nts
(67
inci
dent
s pe
r 10
0st
uden
ts)
in 1
999
fell
wel
l bel
ow th
e 20
00 g
oal o
f 86
. (T
hein
cide
nce
is a
n es
timat
e ba
sed
on th
e nu
mbe
r of
tim
esst
uden
ts r
epor
ted
carr
ying
a w
eapo
n.)
Whi
le o
nly
16 p
erce
nt o
f al
l stu
dent
s re
port
ed h
avin
gca
rrie
d a
wea
pon
duri
ng th
e pa
st 3
0 da
ys, h
alf
of th
ose
repo
rted
hav
ing
carr
ied
a w
eapo
n on
six
or
mor
e da
ys,
acco
rdin
g to
fin
ding
s fr
om th
e 19
99 M
ichi
gan
YR
BS.
For
roug
hly
a th
ird
of th
ose
carr
ying
a w
eapo
n, th
at w
eapo
n w
asa
gun.
Of
the
6 pe
rcen
t of
all M
ichi
gan
high
sch
ool s
tude
nts
who
rep
orte
d ca
rryi
ng a
gun
in th
e pa
st 3
0 da
ys, t
hem
ajor
ity r
epor
ted
havi
ng c
arri
ed a
gun
on
mor
e th
an o
neoc
casi
on. N
inth
gra
ders
and
mal
es w
ere
sign
ific
antly
mor
elik
ely
to r
epor
t phy
sica
l fig
htin
g an
d ca
rryi
ng w
eapo
ns th
anfe
mal
es a
nd tw
elft
h gr
ader
s.
7
cco16
014
8a) 7
oV
) 12
00-
6 0 _C0.
)a_
u)
80
"
Mic
higa
n hi
gh s
choo
l stu
dent
sm
eet g
oals
for
redu
ctio
n in
phys
ical
figh
ting
and
carr
ying
wea
pons
.
r 1E40
FS
Fem
ale
Ei i
Mal
e
Tot
alE
l Goa
l 200
0
110
110
Phy
sica
lF
ight
ing
112
86
Wea
pon-
Car
ryin
g
Sour
ce: Y
outh
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Surv
ey, M
ichi
gan
1999
Phys
ical
fig
htin
g re
flec
ts a
vera
ge m
onth
ly in
cide
nce.
Wea
pon
carr
ying
ref
lect
s av
erag
e da
ily in
cide
nce
in th
e pr
ior
30 d
ays.
Wea
pon
was
def
ined
as
knif
e, c
lub
or g
un.
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.-
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2000
Dat
a B
ook
11
rl
-
Rat
es fo
r in
jury
dea
ths
amon
g M
ichi
gan
yout
h, a
ges
15-1
9, d
rop;
sui
cide
rat
e di
ps n
ear
goal
.
40 30 20 10
-0-A
ccid
ents
AH
omic
ide
-g-S
uici
de
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
Goa
l
34.3
38.8
30.6
31.7
33.6
32.8
36.9
35.2
28.5
25.6
25.8
20.6
23.5
22.6
20.4
14.6
15.1
12.2
11.7
12.0
11.8
10.8
10.2
10.7
8.8
11.1
8.4
8.2
Sour
ce: D
ivis
ion
for
Vita
l Rec
ords
and
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics,
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mun
ity H
ealth
Sui
cide
The
rat
e of
sui
cide
dea
ths
amon
g th
e st
ate'
s yo
uth,
age
s 15
-19
, has
fal
len
over
the
1990
s to
8.4
dea
ths
amon
g ev
ery
100,
000.
5 It
is f
easi
ble
that
the
goal
of
8.2
such
dea
ths
coul
dbe
atta
ined
by
the
year
200
0 in
Mic
higa
n. T
henu
mbe
rof
suic
ide
deat
hs (
58)
that
occ
urre
d in
199
8 w
as th
e lo
wes
t in
the
prev
ious
18
year
s.
Rep
orte
d su
icid
e at
tem
pts
amon
g M
ichi
gan
high
sch
ool
stud
ents
dro
pped
bet
wee
n 19
97 a
nd 1
999,
par
ticul
arly
amon
g m
ale
stud
ents
.' In
199
7, o
ne in
ten
high
sch
ool
stud
ents
rep
orte
d ha
ving
mad
e at
leas
t one
sui
cide
atte
mpt
in th
e pr
evio
us y
ear,
com
pare
d to
8 p
erce
nt in
199
9.
Suic
ides
rep
rese
nted
17
perc
ent o
f al
l inj
ury
deat
hs f
orte
ens,
age
s 15
-19,
in 1
998.
Whi
le th
e na
tiona
l goa
ls o
nly
defi
ned
goal
s fo
r su
icid
e de
aths
in th
is a
ge g
roup
, the
oth
ertw
o ca
uses
of
inju
ry d
eath
s ha
ve c
laim
ed th
e liv
es o
f m
any
mor
e yo
uth.
The
maj
ority
(58
%)
of th
e de
aths
for
this
age
grou
p re
sulte
d fr
om a
n ac
cide
nt, w
ith f
our
of f
ive
of s
uch
acci
dent
s in
volv
ing
a m
otor
veh
igle
. For
tuna
tely
thos
e ra
tes
12K
ids.
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n 20
00 D
ata
Boo
k
have
als
o de
clin
ed s
igni
fica
ntly
ove
r th
e ei
ght-
year
per
iod.
The
acc
iden
t dea
th r
ate
drop
ped
from
34
to 2
7 de
aths
per
100,
000
yout
h be
twee
n 19
90 a
nd 1
998;
the
hom
icid
e de
ath
rate
plu
mm
eted
fro
m 2
6 to
12.
Pre
gnan
cy
Mic
higa
n's
preg
nanc
y ra
te f
or te
ens,
age
s 15
-17,
rep
rese
nts
the
mos
t con
sist
ent i
mpr
ovem
ent i
n ch
ild w
ell-
bein
g ov
erth
e de
cade
as
wel
l as
the
mos
t sol
id a
chie
vem
ent o
f a
natio
nal g
oal.
The
rat
e be
gan
drop
ping
at t
he b
egin
ning
of
the
1990
s an
d at
tain
ed th
e go
al o
f 50
pre
gnan
cies
per
1,0
00te
ens,
age
s 15
-17,
in 1
995.
The
rat
e co
ntin
ued
its d
eclin
ein
to 1
997
to 4
1 su
ch p
regn
anci
es w
here
it s
taye
d in
199
8-a
34%
dec
reas
e co
mpa
red
to 1
990.
Eve
n at
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
deca
de, m
ost M
ichi
gan
coun
ties
had
preg
nanc
y ra
tes
for
this
age
gro
up b
elow
the
natio
nal g
oal.
A to
tal o
f 23
cou
ntie
s ha
d pr
egna
ncy
rate
sov
er th
e na
tiona
l goa
l of
50 p
regn
anci
es p
er 1
,000
teen
s,ag
es 1
5-17
, in
1990
; in
1998
onl
y 12
cou
ntie
s di
d.M
uske
gon
Cou
nty,
with
63
preg
nanc
ies
amon
g 1,
000
fem
ale
teen
s, h
ad th
e hi
ghes
t pre
gnan
cy r
ate
for
this
age
gro
up, a
ndH
uron
Cou
nty
the
low
est w
ith n
ine
such
pre
gnan
cies
.
Pre
gnan
cy r
ate
for
Mic
higa
n te
ens,
ages
15-
17, r
each
ed 2
000
goal
in 1
995
and
cont
inue
d to
fall.
80-
60-
40-
20-
0
625,
,a56
54
521!
41 4
150
CO
CD 0
CD
CD
CD
CD
-C
Oco
CD
CO
WC
O C
)O
CD
OC
DC
DC C
ODX
s0
($1
CO
-.I
Sour
ce: D
ivis
ion
for
Vita
l Rec
ords
and
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics,
Mic
higa
nD
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mun
ity H
ealth
30
End
note
s fo
r th
is s
ectio
n ar
e on
p. 1
4.
-
6
Hur
on a
nd C
raw
ford
cou
ntie
s al
so e
xper
ienc
ed th
e bi
gges
tdr
ops