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ED 449 647 EF 005 835

TITLE National Gas Cool Times, September/October 2000.PUB DATE 2000-09-00NOTE 22p.; Published bimonthly by the American Gas Cooling

Center, Inc. Managing director is C. J. Cordova; associateeditor is Rita Mhley; Senior writer is Anita Susi.

AVAILABLE FROM American Gas Cooling Center, Inc., 400 N. Capitol St., NW,Washington, DC; Tel: 202-824-7141; Fax: 202-824-7093. Forfull text: http://www.agcc.org.

PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) Reports Descriptive(141)

JOURNAL CIT Natural Gas Cool Times; v11 n5 Sep-Oct 2000EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Climate Control; Elementary Secondary Education; *Natural

Gas; Postsecondary Education; *Public SchoolsIDENTIFIERS *Indoor Air Quality

ABSTRACTSeveral articles are presented covering the development and

use of gas/electric cooling solutions for public schools and colleges.Articles address financing issues; indoor air quality (IAQ) problems andsolutions; and the analysis of heating, ventilation, and air conditioningsystems. Three examples of how schools solved their cooling problems areincluded, as are technology advances in gas cooling, and legislative issues.Concluding articles provide resources for school IAQ, discuss gas cooling asa solution to power crises, and presents a progress report on the Universityof Maryland's research of an advanced air conditioning system designed to cutcarbon dioxide emissions by 45 percent and achieve 30 percent higher energyefficiency. (GR)

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Natural Gas Cool Times

Volume 11, Number 5

September/October 2000

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COOLTIMES

News Digest of the American Gas Cooling Center Inc.

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Schools Seek Creative FinancingFor Infrastructure ImprovementsSchools in the United States are looking for innovative ways to pay for much-needed improvements to their deteriorating facilities. Among the issues to beresolved is indoor air quality.

"The average school in this country is 42 years old," says John Lyons, aneducational facilities program manager with the U.S. Department ofEducation in Washington, D.C. "When a school gets to 40 years, you'rebeyond the useful life of equipment, and it becomes problematic." Lyonssays a 1995 report by the U.S.General Accounting Office "indicatedthere were a lot of very bad condi-tions in a variety of schools. Indoorair quality was one of them."

Bill Brenner, executive director ofthe National Clearinghouse forEducation Facilities, also in thenation's capital, says air qualityinside buildings has become a hottopic among architects, planners andschool officials. "In the last few years,there's been a whole lot writtenabout it," Brenner says. "Generallythey know what to do; it's a questionof getting the resources to do it."

Middle School ControlsHumidity, Meets ASHRAEIAQ RequirementsStudents and staff in a new middleschool wing at St. Anne's School inhumid Columbus, Ga., are breath-ing cool, clean, dry air thanks to aMunters natural gas desiccantdehumidification system installedlast year.

Pupils and staff in a new building at St. Anne'sSchool in Columbus, Ga., are breathing cool, dry

air through a Munters gas desiccant system.

Funding Approaches on the Horizon

Several states are experimenting with different approaches to pay for upgrad-ing schools, and there may be federal assistance on the way.

In Ohio, a portion of the state's settlement money from tobacco compa-nies will be used to help finance a $23 billion, 12-year effort to rebuildschools, which were ranked 48th in the nation in a federal survey of the con-dition of school building facilities.

"Gov. Bob Taft is proposing a $23 billion program of state and local fundingthat would address all facilities needs of all school districts over the next 12years," says Rick Savers, a legislative liaison with the Ohio School FacilitiesCommission. He indicates that a quarter of the state's $10.2 billion share willcome from tobacco settlement funds, with the remaining $13 billion comingfrom local funding.

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The desiccant sys-tem serves a newone-story buildingthat contains class-rooms, computerrooms, a sciencelaboratory, and amedia center at St.Anne's, a private,K-12 Catholic schoolwith 600 students.

"We chose thedesiccant unitbecause the highlevels of fresh air

mandated by ASHRAE 62-89necessitate pre-treatment of theoutside air. Humidity levels are sohigh in the Southeast," says engi-neer Chuck Hammock of Andrews,Hammock and Powell in Macon,Ga., which designed the system.ASHRAE Standard 62-89, issued bythe American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air ConditioningEngineers, sets minimum stan-dards for ventilation air in build-ings. It requires schools to provide15 cfm of ventilation air per stu-dent. This large ventilation air

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School Humidity /IAQControl Continued from page 1

requirement is especially trouble-some in areas where outdoor air ishighly humid.

The Munters HR20 desiccant dehumidifica-tion system supplies 5,000 cfm of fresh,dry air for St. Anne's classroom, libraryand computer building and helps theschool meet ASHRAE Standard 62-89.

St. Anne's humidity control systemfeatures a Munters HR20 dehumidi-fication system with heat recoveryand a natural gas-regenerated desic-cant wheel supplying approximately5,000 cfm of dry air, according toMike Hayes of Engineered AirSystems, which sells Munters equip-ment. Hayes says classrooms in thenew wing are cooled by individualelectric rooftop air conditioners. Thedesiccant system pre-treats outdoorair used for ventilation, removingmoisture before it enters the air con-ditioners, enabling the air condition-ers to operate more efficiently andeconomically.

Paul Dinnage, director ofresearch, development and engi-neering for Munters, says that treat-ing ventilation air using desiccantdehumidification reduces CO2 andother air pollutants, while curtailingmold growth both in the buildingand within the air-handling units. Inaddition to promoting healthy con-ditions for students, it also protectsschool assets (such as books, com-puters and furnishings) frommoisture-related deterioration.

Dinnage says Munters desiccantequipment is selling well in theSoutheast because of two factors: theincrease in new school constructionto keep pace with population growthand the need to meet ASHRAE venti-lation standards. "It is a very activemarket for us," Dinnage notes.

Hammock says moisture controlis a big issue for schools in theregion, and gas-powered desiccantsystems are the answer. "Weembraced that technology 2 to 3years ago and decided to stick withit, because it is one of the simplestways to actively remove the mois-ture from the incoming air streamand give us the consistent low rela-tive humidity levels inside thebuilding," Hammock says.

"There's definitely a demand foroutside air pretreatment in Georgia,Florida, Alabama, and any locationwith high humidity levels throughmost of year," he says. "Columbus isin the southwestern quarter of Geor-gia, so humidity is a big concern."

During a site visit this summer,Hammock measured relativehumidity levels inside the buildingat 45%. This, he says, is "excep-tional, considering it was a cooler,muggy day. In buildings withoutactive humidity control systems,we typically observe relativehumidity levels of 60% and some-times higher in Georgia."

College Integrates GasEngine Advantages IntoCentrifugal Chiller SystemWhen new chillers were needed atits West Campus to replace twoincreasingly inefficient 25-year-oldsingle-stage low-pressure steamabsorbers, Pima CommunityCollege in Tucson, Ariz., consideredvarious options: direct-fired absorp-tion, steam-fired absorption, gasengine-driven, and all-electric. Thesystem the college chose was noneof the above.

The Trane Company's successfulresponse to the college's RFP fea-tured two identical 900-ton TraneCenTraVac® direct-drive three-stagecentrifugal chillers, one powered byelectric from the grid and the other,by electricity produced in a dedicat-ed Waukesha Enginatorl a naturalgas engine generator.

"We didn't at first consider a gasengine-driven genet. We hadasked for a proposal based on ton-

-

Pima CommunityCollege, Tucson,Ariz., operates twoidentical 900-tonTrane CenTraVacocentrifugal chillersin an integratedsystem. For maxi-mum savings, theall-electric chillercarries the base-load while theengine-drivenchiller operatesonly during peaks.

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nage and were expecting to see gasengine-driven equipment," explainsDaryl Rawson, former superinten-dent of operations and manager forthe Pima HVAC project (Rawson hassince moved to the Tucson UnifiedSchool District to serve as utilitymanager). However, the systemthat Trane proposed perfectly metthe college's criteria for two identi-cal chillers, without the need to addcostly electric capacity.

According to Rawson, identicalchillers simplify maintenance. Themaintenance staff only needs totrain on one type of machine, andparts are interchangeable. "The pri-mary advantage of the engine-driven CenTraVac® is its operationon less-expensive primary fuel dur-ing the June through October cool-ing season. In addition," Rawsonpoints out, "if we reduce the fre-quency output on the generator byreducing the engine speed, we slowthe chiller motor and increase itsefficiency." It is not possible to varythe speed of the all-electric chillerto achieve more economical opera-tion without the addition of anexpensive variable frequency drive.

The electric CenTraVac® has beenoperating since summer 1998. Thegas-driven CenTraVac® started uplast May. Already, the college has asense that there will be substantialfuel savings, as promised by thecontractor.

"They like their new system,"notes Bob Stofft of Southwest Gas.According to Stofft, it affords themfuel flexibility and gives themstrength in negotiations with theutilities. "No one knows what'sgoing to happen with fuel costs,"Stofft continues. "With this system,the college is not putting all its eggsinto a single basket. They candecide which fuel to use, dependingon .what gas or electric prices are at

any time in the life of the equip-ment."

Rawson confirms that "Gasengine-driven equipment proved tobe significantly more economicalbased on the way the college oper-ates," using the engine-drivenCenTraVac® to baseload and/orpeak-shave based upon fuel pricesat any given time. The college'sgoal, he says, is to hire an energymanager who will track daily andhourly fuel Costs and apply energymanagement system software toselect the most economical operat-ing fuel.

In the off-months from Novemberto April, the cooling tower works asa wetside economizer to providecold water to air condition the coreand perimeter of buildings, withoutuse of the chillers.

The new chillers are installed in anewly renovated central plant,located in the basement of a three-story campus building. The coolingtower and the genset, connected toits dedicated CenTraVac® chillerthrough electric conductors, are sit-uated in a support building 50yards away from the central plant.Tunnels _carry_ chilled _water_under _ground throughout the campus toserve seven large buildings thatinclude classrooms, administrativeoffices and the student union.

Absorption Chillers:Perfect Fit for AmericanCouncil on EducationThe American Council onEducation (ACE) started savingapproximately $30,000 annually inutility costs 5 years ago when itbegan using natural gas cooling inaddition to electric cooling in itsoffices at 1 Dupont Circle inWashington, D.C.


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Continued on page 4

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AGCC FEATURE. 1

Scii0oLS ARE READY MARKETS FOR GAS

COOLING iN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

Schools Seek Creative Financing (orInfrastructure Improvements 1

Ohio Study Analyzes SchoolHVAC Systems 8

School Cogeneration:A Growing Trend 9

The School IAQ Dilemma:Sources & Solutions 13

Minnesota Schools Fight IAQProblems with Innovation 15

School IAQ Resources 17

COOLING SOLUTIONS:.. ..... .1St. Anne's School, Columbus, Ga. /MuntersGas climate control equipment promoteshealthy conditions for students and staff in aschool's new wing located in humid Georgia.Pima Community College,Tucson, Ariz. / Southwest Gas / TraneCampus operates economically with identicalcentrifugal chillers: one.powered by electricityfrom the grid: the other by electricity from adedicated gas genset.American Council on Education(ACE), Washington, ELC:-."/ YorkNational educational organization documentssavings with absorption chfilerin an integrat-ed gas/electric cooling systeriC

TECH ADVANCES :.... .5Gas Cooling for GOP EventsEnergy Concepts Unveils 8-Ton GAXHeat Pump with 0.87 COPTrane's single-effect hot water and steam-firedabsorption chiller line is targeted towardenergy conservation applications... ------ -

LEGISLATIVE ISSUES: 6

FOR THE RECORD: 12New installations: Columbus (Ga.) StateUniversity... Mississippi Valley Gas Co....Columbus (Miss.) Air Force Base.- Jack BrittHigh School... Hershey Foods DistributionWarehouse._ Sclunalbach-Lubeca... FloridaPublic Utilities

GAS COOL PROFILE: 14Cooling Center Speaks Out to aPower Hungry NationAGCC Executive Director Tony Occhionerosays America is ripe to hear about gas coolingin integrated systems.

COLD FACTS / HOT TOPICS- 15

COOL INDUSTRY NEWS: 19

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ACE Uses Gas/ElectricCooling Continued from page 3

The eight-story office building,known as the National Center forHigher Education, is owned byACE, a membership organization of1,800 accredited degree-grantingcolleges and universities, accordingto council spokeswoman LauraWilcox. Other occupants of the190,000-sq.-ft. building include var-ious higher education-related asso-ciations and The Aspen Institute,described by Wilcox as a "thinktank." Now the education lobbyists,experts and thinkers can stay com-fortable during Washington's well-known steamy summers while pay-ing less for cooling.

The savings in electricity stemfrom installation in 1995 of a 300ton York direct-fired double-effectgas-powered absorber along withtwo electric screw chillers, one pro-viding 300 tons of cooling, theother 144 tons. This new equip-ment replaced 750 tons of electricchillers, according to Jeff Loeffler,chief engineer for ACE.

The old all-electric equipment wasrunning well, he says, "but our effi-ciencies were down compared toany new type of equipment outthere." In addition, he notes, ACEwas deeply concerned with theimpact that its old CFC-containingcooling equipment might have onthe environment.

In 1994, Ross Murphy FinkelsteinInc., a Baltimore engineering firm,conducted a study on how best torenovate the building's chiller plant,while replacing it with new equip-ment of equal physical size. Basedon its recommendations, ACEchose to install a high-efficiencyabsorption chiller/heater and twoelectric-driven chillers.

The organization received a

The American Council on Education saves $30,000 a year by switchingfrom electric to gas cooling during peak-demand times.

$112,500 rebate from the regionalgas utility to purchase the gaschiller, which uses water as itsrefrigerant. ACE also got help fromthe electric utility. "That made a bigdifference; it paid for about half thecost of the project," Loeffler says.

The engineering study indicatedthat such an approach would saveACE $20,000 a year in coolingcosts, but Loeffler says the amountis nearer $30,000 and could gohigher if electricity costs escalate.In addition, Loeffler says, "With theOld equipment, we used to have torun two pieces of equipment at thesame time to cool the building, butnow just one of the large air condi-tioning units will cool the buildingon the hottest day."

ACE began alternating the gasand electric cooling equipment, inan arrangement with PEPCO, thelocal electric utility, through whichincreases in the utility's kilowattdemand trigger a signal that noti-fies ACE to shut down its electricchillers and run only the gas-powered absorber.

"We cut down on kilowatt usage,which helps PEPCO with its peakload, and we get a rebate on anykilowatts we save on that day,"Loeffler says.

Ken Kohr, a marketing engineerfor York International in York, Pa.,says absorption chillers are oftenused to shave electricity consump-tion during peak usage periods.

"Absorption chillers use energysources (natural gas, oil or steam)that are in low demand during thesummer months," Kohr says. "Byusing a combination of electric andgas-fired chillers in a cooling plant,commonly called hybrid coolingplants, consumers can force theirenergy suppliers to compete fortheir energy needs."

Another advantage of hybrid cool-ing plants is that the individualchillers are not operating constant-ly, according to Kohr. The units aretaken on and off line based on thelowest energy costs, reducing theannual operational hours on eachchiller.

Kohr says the United States hasexperienced tremendous economicgrowth, and electricity suppliers arehaving difficulty catching up to thepower demand, resulting in black-outs, brownouts and increased elec-tric prices throughout the nation.

"[Electric] prices go through theroof during summer. That's whynatural gas is a perfect fit."

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GOP Enjoys Cool Comfort at Armory EventsWith Natural Gas in Integrated A/C SystemPhiladelphia's hot, old Armorywas the scene of two big GOPbashes, July 30 and August 2.But revelers were cool and com-fortable, thanks to an exemplaryintegrated gas/electric air condi-tioning system provided byAmerica's natural gas industry,designed by the American GasCooling Center (AGCC), andshipped to Philadelphia forRepublican National Conventionfestivities.

The 103rd Engineers Armory,an 84-year-old PennsylvaniaNational Guard facility, is notgenerally air-conditioned. Whenthe GOP planned to use the42,000-sq.-ft. site for two bigbashes Senate MajorityLeader Trent Lott's AmericanBandstand, starring Dick Clarkand featuring Bobby Vee, theFour Tops and the Shire lles, andthe Texas Delegation's BBQthree days later red flagswent up. How can you keep1,600 party-goers comfortableat typical mid-day, mid-summertemperatures?

In a cooperative effort thatinvolved Munters MoistureControl Services (MCS) in addi-tion to AGCC, the American GasAssociation offered an answerby underwriting the cost fortemporary air conditioning.

Engineers designed a modelgas/electric integrated systemthat featured two 4,500 cfmMunters desiccant dehumidi-fiers, regenerated by naturalgas. The system also includedtwo generators to power two90-ton electric DX air condition-ers, and gas pipes and duct-work. All equipment was stan-dard and integrated to maxi-

mize fuel efficiency.

It took workers three days toinstall the system. TriState HVACEquipment, West Conshohocken,Pa., laid a temporary gas pipe-line; Ransome Engine, Bensalem,Pa., delivered the electric equip-ment; and two engineers fromMunters MCS in Claymont, Del.,integrated the system andinstalled 18-in, flexible duct-work to deliver the conditionedair into the building. Philadel-phia Gas Works supplied thenatural gas to fuel the system.

"The system worked beautiful-ly," reports Bill Saulino, AGCCdirector of technology, whohelped arrange the installation.

Larry Waltemire, regional man-ager for Munters MCS, explainsthat the armory's equipmentdelivered processed air contain-ing only 25% relative humidity."At this low humidity level, it iseasier for the air conditioners tocarry the cooling load and pro-vide comfort at higher tempera-ture settings of 75° to 80°F. Thatmeans that people stay comfort-able while energy consumptionis reduced."

According to Waltemire,"Desiccant dehumidificationcreates the ideal indoor climatebecause it helps control mois-ture and temperature separate-ly." The dehumidifiers drewmoisture from air passingthrough a wheel laden with des-iccant material, which was con-stantly regenerated by heatfrom a gas burner. Conventionalair conditioners successfully car-ried out the cooling process.

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The Philadelphia Armory, built in 1916, wasupdated with a state-of-the art integrated A/Csystem, courtesy of the natural gas industry andAGCC, for two GOP events.

Robert Sullivan, northeast regional operationsmanager, Munters Moisture Control Services,links components of the model gas/electric inte-grated system. Two Munters natural gas-regener-ated desiccant dehumidifiers (I.) pre-cooled andremoved moisture from the air before it enteredDX air conditioners (r.) on its way to the building.

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Ed Mallory, northeast regional operations man-ager, Munters Moisture Control Services, con-nects ductwork that distributed cool, dry airthroughout the building.

Bill Saulino (I.), AGCC director of technology,inspects the air conditioning system withSullivan of Munters MCS.

September/October 2000 5

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Energy Concepts Unveils8-Ton GAX Heat Pumpwith 0.87 COPEnergy Concepts Co. announcesthe achievement of a new recordlevel of performance in a heat-activated heat pump.

"An intense search has beenunderway over the past decade toachieve air conditioning and heatpumping with gas firing rather thanelectricity," says Donald C.Erickson, president, EnergyConcepts Co. The search is motivat-ed by the promise of a majorincrease in the energy efficiency ofspace conditioning and the need toreduce summer electric demand,which would benefit utilities andconsumers.

Energy Concepts Co.'s patented"VX GAX" cycle has now achieved agas-cooling efficiency (COP) of 0.87in an eight-ton prototype. This per-formance is at air-cooled condi-tions: 41° F evaporator and 117°F

condenser. In the heat-pumpingmode, its gas-heating COP is 1.58,with delivered hot air temperatureabove 100° F. The heat pumping iseffective down to sub-zero tempera-tures.

According to Erickson, the appli-ance will initially be available forlight-commercial space-conditioningapplications in the range of 5 to 50tons. With average utility rates, itssimple payback period is less than4 years. Initial tests and evaluationswill be conducted at user sites in2001. A full slate of field demon-stration tests is planned for 2002.with commercial introduction asearly as 2003.

The development program for thisequipment receives financial sup-port from the U.S. Department ofEnergy HI-COOL program, adminis-tered by Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory for the Office ofBuilding Technology. Control sys-tem development is assisted by theUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore

Se*pterriber and early October are shaping up to be--an.intereSting time natural gas cooling-and other-

end-use natural gas options. On the funding side ofthe ledger, .both the House and the Senate have giventheir recommendations for natural gas coolingRD&D funding, with the House allocating $11.5 mil-licin and-the Senate recommending $14 million.

When the'two bodies meet inSeptember to resolve their differ-ences, natural gas cooling isexpected to be fairly well funded. However,the bill that includes these monies will undoubtedlybe vetoed by the President for a variety of reasons.and negotiations between the White House andCapitol Hill will ensue. There is an opportunity duringthis "reconciliation effort" for additional increases inRD&D dollars for gas cooling and buildings cooling.heating, and power (BCHP).

Additionally. there is some interest in including taxrelief and incentives in the reconciliation package.

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Campus (UMBC), with support fromthe Maryland Industrial PartnershipSystem (MIPS). AGCC is providingmarketing and field-testing assis-tance.

"The gas-fired embodiment ofthis appliance promises an appre-ciable reduction in nation-wideenergy consumption and green-house gas emissions." saysErickson. "Long term, the greatestbenefit will result from its ability touse low-temperature waste heat aswell as gas firing. The eventual goalis to combine this appliance with amicroturbine, fuel cell, or advancedreciprocating engine, to providecooling, heating and electric powerat exceptionally high efficiency."

For further information, contact:Don Erickson at: (410) -266-6521 orenerconcep@ aol.com.

Should taxes be an issue and energy continues to--be-a-national concern it-is possible that a tax

incentive for gas cooling equipment will be consid-ered. This incentive would be for gas-fired heatpumps, gas cooling under 20 tons, and gas-fired des-iccants up to 5,000 cfm.

Because Congress is eager to concentrate oncampaigning for the November elec-

dons, the members will likely con-clude their business by the sec-

ond week in October, which is when thestatus of the gas cooling R&D funding and tax incen-tives will be revealed.

In the meantime. AGCC continues to garner sup-port both in Congress and with the Administration sothat if new money does become available. AGCC iswell positioned as a potential beneficiary.

If you have any questions about AGCC's federaladvocacy efforts, please contact Jennifer Schafer at(202) 554-5828.

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Financing SchoolImprovements

Continued from page 1

Georgia allows voters to approve1% special purpose local optionsales taxes (SPLOST), with revenuegoing to school building facilitiesimprovements. Because Georgia

LE-

"If Congress passes a bill that allows

for renovation plus new school

development, there's going to be ahuge market for renovating andbuilding new schools, which willinclude new HVAC as a primaryelement."

-John Lyons, U.S. Departmentof Education

voters frequently reject school capi-tal bond issues, the state legislaturebegan this initiative several yearsago. Funds raised are used to buildschools, but can also be allocated toroad and jail construction.

"Voters like them [ SPLOST]because they're not having to fund100% of the cost," particularly inareas with a great deal of tourism,explains engineer Chuck Hammockof the Macon, Ga., firm Andrews,Hammock and Powell, whichdesigns desiccant dehumidificationsystems for Georgia schools. "Itprovided an economic boost to thestate through construction."

New York State schools are get-ting help from performance con-tracting by energy service compa-nies known as ESCOs (see relatedstory, page 9). An ESCO is a busi-ness that develops, installs andfinances projects to improve energyefficiency and maintenance costsfor facilities, typically over a 7- to10-year period. Among other tasks,ESCOs assume the risk that a proj-ect will save a guaranteed amount

of energy. Funds already budgetedby the school district to pay forenergy are instead allocated torepay loans for the equipment andinstallation. In some cases, con-tracts are set up so that a portion ofthe utility savings goes directly tothe school district. After the loan ispaid off, the energy cost savings godirectly to the schools.

"This is an alternative way ofschools implementing capital proj-ects," says Robert Reifeiss, regionalaccounts manager with CentralHudson Enterprises Corp. (CHEC), aNew York ESCO. "This is an ordi-nary contingent expense, whichdoes not need the approval of thevoters."

"Historically, culturally and consti-tutionally, schools are a localresponsibility," says Lyons. "Of allmoney spent forschools K-12, $650billion a year, thefederal contribution

bill that allows for renovation plusnew school development, there'sgoing to be a huge market for reno-vating and building new schools,which will include new HVAC as aprimary element. It is a goldenopportunity [for the HVAC andbuilding industries] in a lot of ways.The school population is increasing.It is expected to increase by anoth-er million [students] to 54 millionby year 2008."

The National Association ofEnergy Service Companies(NAESCO) estimated in 1998 thatmore than $2 billion in energyimprovements have been financedand installed in 4,000 K-12 schoolsnationwide through performancecontracting, according to David Birr,a consultant for the association.Spurred on by dilapidated build-

ings, enrollmentincreases, and newfinancing options,energy-saving oppor-

to that is 6 5%However, the federalrole may be chang-ing Lyons says sev-eral bills before theU.S. House of Representatives andSenate would, if approved andsigned by the president, provide$7.3 billion in funds in the form ofinterest-free bonds to support therenovation and development ofnew schools across the nation.

"We're pretty sure some parts ofit will pass this year," Lyons says,noting one bipartisan bill has 250co-sponsors. "If Congress passes a

tunities withinschools are expectedto grow

"For capital con-struction in the public

sector, ESCOs have become a cre-ative financing solution," says Birr,who is president of SynchronousEnergy Systems in Barrington, Ill."You're taking the money yousaved from your utility bill andusing it to pay the cost of new capi-tal improvements."


9

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Ohio Study Analyzes School HVAC SystemsOver the next dozen years, Ohiowill pump an expected $23 billiondollars into upgrading its publicschool buildings. To ensure thattaxpayers get the most for thisinvestment, the state is conductinga massive study comparing heat-ing, ventilation and air-condition-ing systems to determine which ofmany possible HVAC combinationsdelivers the lowest annual energyand life-cycle costs in schools.

"What we're trying to do is deter-mine which is the best, most effi-cient, and why," says Stephen E.Petty, vice-president and seniorengineer at Lawhon & Associates inColumbus, Ohio. The firm is con-ducting the study for the OhioDepartment of Development'sOffice of Energy Efficiency, throughsupport from the U.S. Departmentof Energy's Oak Ridge NationalLaboratories, the Ohio SchoolFacilities Commission and the Geo-thermal Heat Pump Consortium Inc.

More than 80% complete, studyresults are due for release in early2001. Its working title is "Energyand Cost Benefit Analyses ofHeating, Ventilation and AirConditioning Systems Available forOhio Schools." Researchers areexamining HVAC performance intwo schools, a high school and anelementary school, that are beingbuilt within the guidelines of theOhio School Design Manual. The 2-year -old manual, which sets criteriafor school construction in Ohio,permits the use of 40 combinationsof HVAC systems in educationalfacilities.

"We took the first two sets ofblueprints for elementary and highschools and put all the elementsinto Carrier HAP [Hourly AnalysisProgram] code," says Petty, a

The findings of this massive Ohio.schoolHVAC study could have far-reachingresults. School districts across the

United States will be able to use it as aguideline to select the most appropriateand cost-effective heating and coolingsystems for their classroom buildings.

research engineer. "We broke thehigh school into 99 zones, and theelementary school into 76 zonesand moved them [on computer]into three cities, Columbus,Cleveland and Cincinnati. Thosethree cities reflect closely theextremes in climate and rate struc-tures for Ohio."

Using the schools' architecturaldata, Petty is evaluating how welleach of the 40 HVAC systemswould perform if installed in a sim-ulated identical school in each ofthe three cities. "We're looking atannual energy consumption elec-tric, natural gas and fuel oil andthe cost of energy," he says. "It'stheoretical in some respects, butit's rooted, in real buildings."

The study has six other goals: tolook at enthalpy heat recovery,minimize electricity demand andcost, meet indoor air qualityrequirements, evaluate geothermalheat pumps, examine the use ofdaylighting, and compare life-cyclecosts of HVAC equipment in addi-tion to installation, operation andmaintenance costs.

Daylighting is of considerable.interest to state school officials,Petty says, because research indi-cates that students work better andget higher test scores in buildingswith large amounts of natural lightas opposed to artificial lighting."We're looking at the energy impli-cations of daylighting," Petty says,noting that putting more windows

in a structure can increase thecost of cooling and heating. Thestudy is examining two daylight-ing systems that a consultantdetermined were most likely to beused in Ohio schools.

"It's a huge study," Petty says,noting the team has compiled17,000 pages of data. "It probably

will have national implications onceit's released." He adds that the realvalue to Ohio is that the study rec-ommendations will likely be incor-porated into the next version of thestate's school design manual.

Few states have manuals likeOhio's that establish criteria forschool design, according toFranklin Brown, a project adminis-trator for the Ohio School FacilitiesCommission. Many states, includ-ing Michigan, Minnesota andFlorida, have requested copies.

"Hopefully it will evolve intosomething the U.S. Department ofEnergy may make available on anationwide basis," says WilliamManz, manager of the OhioDepartment of Development'sOffice of Energy Efficiency com-mercial and industrial unit. "We areexcited about the value of theresults in effecting the constructionof energy-efficient schools using theDesign Manual. The study will pro-vide the professional communityvaluable information about the life-cycle cost of each of the variousHVAC systems."

The HVAC study will lead to bettercriteria for the manual, Brown says,noting the state mandated recentlythat all new schools built with statefunds be 100% air-conditioned.

"What it's going to do for us isthat it's the first time anybody hasdone a truly exhaustive analysis ofall of the different options that are

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE 10September/October 2000

available for schools in Ohio,"Brown says. "In the past, engineershad predominantly done systemsthey are familiar with. This allowsthem truly to make selections, deci-sions based on empirical facts."

The results of the study, he says,will help the state achieve energyefficiency in its schools while

reducing the cost of operation;0 improving the quality of the envi-

ronment; and

providing good lighting and com-fortable acoustics.

It will also make possible theselection of materials on the basisof life-cycle cost as opposed to ini-tial cost.

He says the School FacilitiesCommission asked Petty to evalu-ate a locally produced heating sys-tem, look at geothermal heatingand analyze the possibilities ofmicroturbines for cogeneration."We think it has significant prom-ise," Brown says.

Brown maintains that interest inupgrading Ohio's schools is growing."Our motive is that not too manyyears ago, it was determined by afederal study that Ohio was 48th inthe nation in terms of facilities,"Brown says. "We couldn't let thatstand. I think we're running aheadof everybody at the moment."

Rick Savors, a legislative liaisonfor the School FacilitiesCommission, says Gov. Robert Tafthas proposed a $23 billion, 12-yearschool rebuilding program thatincludes money from its $2.5 bil-lion settlement with tobacco firmsas well as state and local funding.The first 2 years' funds have beenappropriated by the state legisla-ture, he says.

For study details, Stephen Pettycan be reached at (614) 975-4123or [email protected].

School Cogeneration: A Growing TrendSome schools in New York state aresubstantially cutting utility costs byusing natural gas to generate elec-tricity and recapturing heat rejectedby the electric generator for cool-ing, heating, supplying hot water,and even warming indoor swim-ming pools. Small-scale cogenera-tion technology was developed aquarter-century ago for solar ener-gy applications, and is finding newlife at schools and other buildingsin which recovered thermal energyis available fOr re-use.

"It's just a good way to savemoney and not pay it to the utilitycompanies," says Robert Reifeiss ofCentral Hudson Enterprises Corp.(CHEC), a Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ESCO(energy service company) that hashelped finance a number of modularcogeneration projects in New Yorkschools. Reifeiss says savings varydepending on the school buildingand the local gas and electric rates.

Ballston Spa Schools Opt forCogeneration w/ Heat Recovery

A combined high school and mid-dle school in Ballston Spa, N.Y., isgenerating 60 to 70% of its ownelectricity and using heat recoveredfrom the process to provide sum-mer cooling, winter heating anddomestic hot water.

"We can produce electricity atabout a third of the cost ofbuying it from Niagara-Mohawk [a local gas andelectric utility company],"says John Duffy, director ofbusiness and support servic-es for the Ballston SpaSchool District.

Through its exemplary cogenera-tion system, Ballston Spa High

School saves more than $300,000per year on utility costs.

Using money saved by reducingits utility bills, the school will addtwo additional 75kW gas-fired elec-tric generators to its bank of 10 thisfall. The new generators willincrease the school's generatingcapacity by another 20%, accord-ing to Duffy

"Cogeneration is capable ofsupplying 100% of a school's

power needs."

Located 6 miles from Saratoga,N.Y., near the foothills of theAdirondack Mountains, Ballston SpaHigh School and Middle School.serve 2,300 students. A few yearsago the Wall Street Journal namedSaratoga County, in which theschool is located, one of the top 20places to live in the United States,Duffy says.

The schools' cogeneration systemwas installed 2 years ago for eco-nomic reasons when a 245,000 -sq.-ft. addition to the 100,000-sq.-ft.school complex was constructed.The older structure, which nowhouses the middle school, had noair conditioning and was heatedwith a trio of natural gas-fired boil-ers. Now a single utility plant servesboth schools, and the gas boilersrarely operate unless the outside

Continued on page 10


11COOL TIMES

&11'1Vi?

School CogenerationContinued from page 9

temperature drops below 10° F,according to Duffy.

The cogeneration units at BallstonSpa High School operate together,with 4 running at night and 8 or 9during daytime hours. If one fails,the others stay in operation.

"They're using the waste heat [orthermal energy rejected by the gen-erators] to provide about 95% ofthe heating for the entire schoolcomplex," says George Wilson, abranch manager for CustomEnergy, the ESCO that financed theproject. "They're also providingabout 60% of the cooling, with therest provided by a reciprocatingcentrifugal chiller."

The bulk of the cooling comesfrom a 160-ton single-effect Carrierabsorption chiller that efficientlyrecaptures rejected heat in the formof hot water from the Tecogen gen-erators, according to Mike Bronder,senior sales engineer with CarrierCorp. in Latham, N.Y.

Bronder says many school sys-tems in New York state are lookingat cogeneration and giving it con-sideration.

The Tecogen generators use aGeneral Motors Corp. 454-cu-in. V8marine engine modified to run onnatural gas and linked to a 75kWelectric generator.

"If people operate cogenerationproperly and use the thermal ener-

COGENERATION

Ballston Spa School:Generates 60-70% of its own elec-tricity and reclaims thermal energyfrom power generation to:

drive a single-stage absorptionchiller that provides 60% of itssummer cooling;

heat in winter; and]

meet hot water needs (ie., forbathrooms, swimming pool).

Annual utility savings: more than$300,000.

gy [for cooling or heating], the over-all efficiency approaches 90%," saysRay Hickey of R.L. Kistler Co., whichsells Tecogen cogeneration equip-ment in upstate New York andVermont. He says the system cangenerate electricity at a cost ofapproximately 7 cents per kWh,although it can go as low as 5 cents.

"The real benefit of cogenerationis using the thermal energy byprod-uct," says Mark Infranco ofKeySpan Energy Delivery, a utilitycompany serving Long Island andparts of New York City. "If you'renot using it [recovered thermalenergy], cogeneration becomes lessefficient. It supplements heat inwinter, reduces the main boilerload, and in the summer it hasEthel potential to cool."

Duffy says selecting all-electric airconditioning for Ballston Spa HighSchool would have added signifi-cantly to the cost of the schooladdition. Nonetheless, cooling wasneeded, partly in the event that thedistrict switches to year-roundclasses in the future.

The indoor pool at Ballston SpaHigh School is heated by reclaim-ing extra heat from the gas genera-tors that produce the school's elec-tricity. The ability to reclaim excessthermal energy makes this cogen-eration system highly efficient andan economic boon.

The cogeneration system wasinstalled at no cost to local taxpayersthrough a performance contractwith Custom Energy, Wilson says.The $300,000 guaranteed annualsavings on all utilities at Ballston SpaHigh School is being used to payCustom Energy back over 10 yearsfor its share of the $6 million proj-ect, for which the district alsoreceived state aid. An additional$70,000 in utility savings goesdirectly to the school district forinstructional needs, although somewill be used this fall to add two extracogeneration units to the school.

Duffy says the school districtloves cogeneration. "We've hadvery few problems, and our savingsare exceeding what we had origi-nally estimated," he says. "We'vebeen under budget for the last 2years in terms of electric and gasfor those two buildings."

The Ballston Spa High Schoolcogeneration project was listed asan exemplary new facility byAmerican School & UniversityMagazine, according to architectMarty Weber of Dodge ChamberlinLuzine Weber Assoc. in Rensselaer,N.Y. Weber says his firm is workingon another cogeneration retrofitproject that will completely removeMoriah High School in Port Henry,N.Y., from dependence on thepower grid.

Ballston'sbank of 10gas-firedgeneratorswillincreaseto 12 thisfall.

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Connetquot High School HalvesUtility Costs

Another school, Connetquot HighSchool in Oakdale, N.Y., is expectedto save more than $220,000 a year,approximately half of its annualutility costs, after installing cogen-eration equipment in two buildingson its Long Island campus, accord-ing to Mark Infranco of Key SpanEnergy. "With electric rates amongthe highest in the nation, that'ssubstantial energy dollars to besaved," he says. The savings arebeing used to repay the loan for theequipment and installation. Theproject was designed and construct-ed and is maintained by CentralHudson Enterprises Corp. (CHEC).

The cogeneration system atConnetquot was built by CHECusing Coast Intelligen cogenerationmodules. These cogeneration mod-ules use an 8-cylinder Ford enginethat can be fired by natural gas orpropane to drive a 60kW electricgenerator. Heat recovered from thecogeneration process, engine cool-ing jacket exhaust, and lubricationoil coolers is reclaimed through sixhot water-fired 10-ton absorptionchillers manufactured by YazakiEnergy Systems Inc. One chiller isused to dehumidify the school'sindoor pool area, according to BobHochstein, director of plant andfacilities for the Connetquot CentralSchool District. Others cool theauditorium, main office and guid-ance rooms, and will soon air con-dition a computer room as well.The rest of the 1,500-pupil highschool does not have air-conditioning.

"Basically we're operating theYazaki chillers for free," Hochsteinsays.

"It's a great way to get free cool-ing," says Joe Wiche, a product sup-port engineer for Yazaki, which alsosells its equipment to Tecogen for

COGENERATION

Connetquot High School:Generates its own electricity andreclaims thermal energy from powergeneration to:

l drive seven absorption chillersthat air condition selected partsof the school; and

meet hot water needs (ie., for theswimming pool).

Annual utility savings: more than$220,000.

school cogeneration systems. TheTecogen units heat water to 190° Ffor use in the Yazaki WFC-10 units,which each supply 10 tons of cool-ing. The cooling capacity of the unitis determined by the temperatureof the hot water that is supplied toit. Hot water supply temperaturecan range from 167° to 212°F, heexplains.

The technology was originallydeveloped for solar applications,Wiche says. It is receiving newinterest because "people are gettingmore into integrated systems andlooking into how best to use all oftheir utilities instead of letting heatgo to waste," Wiche'says.

Keith Anderson, the former direc-tor of plant and facilities atConnetquot Central School District,who is working on a similar cogenproject in Patchogue, N.Y., says theperformance contract with CentralHudson Enterprises included instal-lation of energy-saving lighting atthe high school. Other improve-ments included computerization ofthe building's temperature controlsand replacement of its boilers with12 Aerco gas-fired modular steelboilers for heating.

"It's running very well," Andersonsays, adding that cogeneration issaving more money than expected.

The school is a charter memberof the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency's (EPA) Energy

Star program.

EPA Administrator Carol Browner,in a June news release aboutEnergy Star schools, praises effortsto make schools more energy-efficient. "Every year, the annualenergy bill for the nation's 115,000primary and secondary schools isapproximately $6 billion morethan schools spend on computersand textbooks combined. Energy-efficient schools can not only savemillions of dollars, but also helpprotect the health and environmentof all Americans by reducing pollu-tion that contributes to globalwarming," says Browner.

The cogeneration system atConnecquot High School wasinstalled at no cost to local tax-payers through a perforrriancecontract with an ESCO.

Connetquot High School's indoorpool is heated through cogeneration.

"It's a good thermal fit," Infrancosays, adding that nearby HauppageHigh School is looking into cogener-ation partly as a way to save theannual cost of 20,000 gallons offuel oil to heat its indoor swimmingpool.

Other Northeastern SchoolsCatch On to Cogen

LaSalle Military Academy inOakdale was the first on LongIsland to experiment with cogener-ation in 1992, although small-scalecogeneration technology has beenavailable for at least a quarter-century, according to Infranco.

So far, only 12 of Long Island's 800or so public schools have installedcogenerating equipment, but otherschool districts are taking notice.



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School CogenerationContinued from page 11

"It's very attractive to the schoolsbecause there is no out-of-pocketexpense. They don't have to go tothe public for voter approval," saysInfranco. School districts financethe cogeneration equipment

IM:=1=10181_ _ -1

"Every year, the annual energy bill

for the nation's 115,000 primary

and secondary schools isapproximately $6 billion - morethan schools spend on computersand textbooks combined. Energy-efficient schools can ... save

millions of dollars ... [and] helpprotect the health andenvironment of all Americans."

-Carol Browner,U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency Administrator

through loans, usually 10 years induration, arranged by ESCOs suchas Central Hudson or Key SpanBusiness Solutions.

The schools' energy savings arestructured into the loan, so there iszero financial impact on the school.After the loan is paid off, schoolsreap the windfall from lower utility

FOR THE RECORD

bills. Some agreements give theschools a portion of the utility sav-ings immediately but require alonger loan payback period.

The systems being used in LongIsland schools are capable of gener-ating 20 to 25% of a school's totalelectric requirement. This can rep-resent a significant amount ofmoney for taxpayers on LongIsland, where utility bills are amongthe highest in the nation.

"They're definitely saving on theelectric side," Infranco says, point-ing out that a school on Long Islandmay be paying as much as 11 centsper kWh for electricity.Cogenerating electricity costsapproximately 4 to 5 cents perkWh, not counting the savings real-ized by reclaiming the hot waterbyproduct of the process.

Other New York State school dis-tricts using cogeneration includePoughkeepsie, Deer Park, Hicksville,Smithtown, Syracuse, Clinton, andthe Madison-Oneida district's voca-tional school, all of which weredesigned, constructed and operatedby Central Hudson Enterprises.

In upstate New York, RosettiVocational Center in Verona is gen-erating 62% of its own electricityusing a Tecogen system. However,not all schools can realize savings

A pair of 65-ton air-cooled TECOCHILLTMchillers by Tecogen was installed this sum,mer at Mississippi Valley Gas Co. in

Jackson. Miss. Two similar models were set up on a flatbed trailer at nearbyColumbus (Miss.) Air Force Base to provide emergency cooling in the barracks.Tecogen also installed three 65-ton air-cooled chillers at Jack Britt High Schoolnear Fayetteville, N.C. . . . UGI reports the installation of Munters humidity control

from cogeneration, Infranco cau-tions. Smaller schools such as ele-mentary buildings may not haveload requirements large enough forcogeneration to be worth the cost.

Jeff Glick of Tecogen says hiscompany is installing 30 cogenera-tion systems and chillers in schoolsin upstate New York. He attributesmuch of the heightened interest incogeneration to a competitor,microturbine technology.

"These new microturbines on themarket are bringing a lot of inter-est," Glick says. "It's boosting pub-lic awareness of cogen."

Wilson says cogeneration is agrowing trend in technology. "It'smuch more efficient, environmen-tally much cleaner burning," hesays. "You use waste-heat insteadof dumping it." Added benefitsinclude lower-emission power notelectricity generated by burningcoal and higher-quality power,with fewer risks of service interrup-tions that can damage computerequipment. In a few instances inwhich schools are making electrici-ty. independent of the power grid,they can serve as emergency cen-

_ tens -when communities lose elec-tric service.

That happened during a severeice storm and power blackout in

equipment, with desiccant regenerated by natural gas. The new 1 million-sq.-ft.Hershey Foods Distribution Warehouse, Hershey, Pa.. installed two 10.000-cfmunits. Schmalbach- Lubeca, a German firm that has opened a new plastic injectionmolding operation in Allentown. Pa., has installed two 4.000 cfm units there... .Florida Public Utilities installed a Robur 25-ton GAX Chiller LinkSM at its CorporateOffice in West Palm Beach last November. Its running pretty well." according toWinston Humphrey. the utility's market applications engineer. The Robur GAXreplaced an aging engine-driven system.

Tecogen has installed one 150-tonwater-cooled TECOCI-111.1:m chillerat Columbus (Ga.) State University.

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Plattsburgh, N.Y., when severalschools with independent cogener-ation systems functioned as emer-gency crisis centers, according toWilson.

Is Supplying Power to UtilitiesNext?

Purchasing equipment that makes aschool's cogeneration system inde-pendent of utility-supplied power ismore costly. Even so, "There areactually school districts in NewYork that are going off the grid,"Wilson says, naming Port Henry,Fonda-Fultonville and Byron-Bergenschools as examples.

"We're in the process of negotiat-ing with the Public ServiceCommission in New York to letschools wheel their excess powerback to the grid," Wilson says. Sucha move, he contends, would makesense, given problems with powertransmission in the state.

Noting that the Northeast's electri-cal grid is stressed in June, July andAugust, and that schools with cogen-eration systems have excess gener-ating capacity during those months,Wilson says selling school-generatedelectric power back to power com-panies offers many benefits.

"Two weeks ago the New YorkTimes had a front page articleabout state power transmissionproblems," Wilson says. "New Yorkdoesn't have the generating capaci-ty or transmission capacity itneeds. We've got 24 school build-ings in the state [with cogenerationsystems], and if we had a mecha-nism to put their excess powerback in the grid, it could substan-tially impact the state."

Selling excess electric powercould also supply much-neededincome for school districts, accord-ing to Wilson. "There are schooldistricts in Pennsylvania that get

paid money just to have the option[of supplying power to the utilities]available," Wilson says. "A Pitts-burgh utility company might pay aschool $15,000 to $30,000 to havepower available in case of need."

Wilson says Custom Energy is inthe process of installing cogenera-tion systems in five schools in theVernon Township, N.J., school dis-trict through a $6 million perform-ance contract.

Cogeneration is capable of sup-plying 100% of a school's powerneeds, according to Hickey. But hesays the New York StateDepartment of Education has thusfar frowned on the practice, con-tending schools are in the businessof education, not power generation.Hickey adds that in some casesNew York communities have votedto generate power in their schools,and subsequently obtained statepermission to do so. He says outly-ing areas that have power distribu-tion problems because of their dis-tance from electric transmissioncenters are prime candidates forcogeneration technology.

The School IAQDilemma: Sources &SolutionsWhy can't Fletcher read or concen-trate? Why is Felicia always sick? Itcould be that the air quality insidetheir schools is affecting children'sability to learn and even to stayhealthy.

Causes and Effects of Poor IAQ

Mold and mildew, volatile organiccompounds, and an array of otherindoor contaminants are all primesuspects in lowering academic per-formance and increasing healthproblems among school children.The rapid growth in asthma cases,

high absenteeism and frequency ofcolds among children age 10 andyounger may be linked to inade-quate indoor air quality (IAQ) inschools, some studies are finding.Drowsiness, headaches and poorconcentration may stem from the

"Fifty percent of schools in the

United States have air conditioning,

heating, roof, or water incursionproblems... Way more than 20%have IAQ problems."

-James Woods,HP Woods Institute

same cause in many cases.

Teachers also suffer from theeffects of poor school air quality,with reduced productivity andincreased absenteeism, althoughresearch indicates growing childrenare far more susceptible than adultsto the effects of pollution.

Studies by the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency show that indoorlevels of pollutants may be 2 to 5times, and sometimes more than100 times, higher than outdoor lev-els, according to the federalagency's IAQ Tools for Schools Website at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/scholkit.html.

In addition, several recent studiesare cited by Charlene Bayer, SidneyA. Crow and John A. Fischer inCauses of Indoor Air QualityProblems in Schools, a summary ofscientific research prepared for theEnergy Division at Oak RidgeNational Laboratory. These resultshighlight the importance of achiev-ing acceptable IAQ in schools.

Physiological and Health Effects

A 1998 study of 39 BritishColumbia schools found that 71%



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School IAQContinued from page 13

failed to meet ASHRAE Standard62-89 ventilation requirements,while 45% of the classrooms hadaverage CO2 concentrations greaterthan 1,000 ppm. High levels ofCO2, which indicate inadequateventilation, can cause significantphysiological effects includingfatigue, drowsiness, lack of concen-tration, and a sense of breathingdifficulty, according to a 1992 studyby Armstrong Laboratory.

The British Columbia study alsoindicated that the highest predictorfor bacterial concentration is indoor

Schools with desiccant systems

have better indoor air qualitythan those without.

-According to Georgia TechResearch Institute data

CO2 concentration. In addition, theauthors found that inefficient venti-lation and low relative humidity,particularly during the winter, mayspread airborne infectious diseases.

John C. Brady, P.E., an engineerwith Unicorn Energy Solutions inMinnesota, who has designedhumidity-control systems forschools in his home state, sayshealth issues stemming from heavymold growth have forced the clos-ing of some Minnesota schools. Theextreme dewpoints that can lead tomold overgrowth are a particularproblem along the Mississippi Rivervalley in Minnesota and pOintssouth, as well as in states in thesoutheastern United States andalong the Eastern seaboard andGulf Coast, according to Brady. Inthese areas, he says, mold-relatedillnesses in schools can be a seriousproblem.

"It's so out of control that it's

going to make the asbestos prob-lem look like a cakewalk," Bradysays.

Costs of Meeting ASHRAE 62-89

In 1996, John Fischer, technologyconsultant for SEMCO in Columbia,Mo., released a study on the costs toaccommodate ASHRAE Standard62-89 ventilation standards and con-trol indoor relative humiditybetween 30% and 60%. The studyshowed compliance costs rangedfrom $62 to $205 per student, andaveraged $95 for a single-wheel totalenergy recovery system approach;$142 for the dual-wheel desiccant-based total energy recovery system.This cost increase is compared tothe cost of a conventional systemproviding only 5 cfm per student ofoutdoor air and not controllingspace humidity. Fischer found thatthe cost of meeting the ASHRAE 62-89 standard in a school with con-ventional equipment was on parwith the more energy efficient, totalenergy recovery system approach.

He concluded that cost savingsand cost avoidance, linked withbenefits of a desirable IAQ, justifythe additional expense. These pro-jected benefits include improvedlearning as well as reductions inabsenteeism, hiring of substituteteachers, and health care costs,improved filtration efficiency, andreduced filter maintenance.

Schools in the study that experi-enced IAQ problems due to inade-

4 1

This photo shows mold growing ona school's ceiling, as documented bythe Georgia Tech Research Institute.

quate ventilation and humidity con-trol all had to spend far more onremediation, legal expenses andrenovation costs than it would havecost to design, construct and oper-ate their buildings to meet ASHRAEguidelines in the first place.

IAQ Measured in GeorgiaSchools

"I'think it's quite clear that mostschools do not supply enough freshair ventilation, and given that, theIAQ in schools tends to be sub-par.If you do pull in enough outdoor airfor ventilation, you need a gooddehumidification system," saysJames Sand, Ph.D., research engi-neer at the U.S. Department ofEnergy's (DOE) Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory in Tennessee, who hasbeen monitoring an air qualityresearch project in 10 Georgiaschools.

In this 1999 DOE-funded study,five schools with either SEMCO orFresh Air Solutions desiccanthumidity control systems werematched with five that had nohumidity control systems. Levels ofrelative humidity, temperature andCO2 were monitored continuouslyfor a year. The schools were alsotested several times during the yearfor airborne microbes, volatileorganic compounds, particles, alde-hydes, and ketones. None of theschools had known IAQ problems.

While some data from the studyis still being analyzed, principalresearcher Charlene Bayer, Ph.D.,of the Georgia Tech ResearchInstitute found that schools withdesiccant systems, in general, hadbetter indoor air quality than thosewithout.

"The desiccant systems weredelivering as much as 3 times moreoutside air while maintaining theindoor relative humidity at the

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16


same or better percentage thanconventional systems," Bayerwrites in this summer's issue ofIAQ Applications, which is publishedby the American Society forHeating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)."Higher outdoor air delivered to theindoor spaces of the schools low-ered pollutant levels."

DOE's study recommendedresearch into the following areas:

13 learn the degree to which IAQproblems in schools increaseasthma, sick building syndromesymptoms and absenteeism;

0 identify various factors thatimpact indoor environments;

D determine whether improved IAQcan foster learning;

D determine the cost-effectivenessof remedying IAQ problems inschools; and

0 determine the cost of lax or inad-equate building maintenancewith respect to students' healthand learning.

Sand says adequate ventilation cansolve the majority of IAQ problems."I think if we solve 80 to 90%, andthe outdoor air is [made] dryenough with air conditioning or des-iccant systems, most IAQ problemsin these schools will disappear."

Bayer notes that indoor air that istoo dry can also result in healthproblems.

"We want to maintain an indoorRH [relative humidity] of approxi-mately 50% and provide continuousventilation to the spaces," she says.

The Solution? Control Humidityand Add Fresh Air

Attention has focused on environ-mental factors affecting studentperformance since the U.S. GeneralAccounting Office released a study

in 1996 stating that one in fiveschools in the nation has IAQ prob-lems. Some experts believe thenumber of affected schools is evenhigher.

"Fifty percent of schools in theUnited States have air conditioning,heating, roof, or water incursionproblems," says James Woods ofthe HP Woods Institute in Herndon,Va., which studies the interrelation-ship between health science andbuilding science.

"These deficiencies in [building]performance are partly becausesome are old, [and] partly becauseof lack of maintenance. Way morethan 20% of schools in the UnitedStates have IAQ problems," Woodssays, adding that the GAO reportfound 13% of all U.S. schoolsreported five or more unsatisfacto-ry environmental conditions.

"It's consistent with evidence thatI see in buildings all the time.We've reported for almost 15 yearsnow that 20 to 30% of all buildingsin the United States and WesternEurope have problems that are suf-ficient to cause symptoms of sickbuilding syndrome or building-related illness," he says.

The average age of U.S. schools is42 years, and years of deferredmaintenance are having theirimpact on students. But untilrecently, school facility problemshave been largely neglected.

"Children don't vote," saysWilliam Turner, president of TurnerBuilding Science LLC in Harrison,Maine. He blames water intrusionfor many air quality problemsplaguing schools. "One of thebiggest problems is allowing theindoor air to hit dewpoint, causingcondensation on cold surfaces, anddehumidification is the only logicalway to take care of that," Turnersays. "Any time you are close to

dewpoint in the air, you will growmold on cold surfaces."

The gas cooling industry offers avariety of economical solutions thatcan help clear the air and improvethe learning environment forFletcher, Felicia and their teachers.Front and center, there are gas-fireddesiccant moisture control systemsto remove humidity that facilitatesmold growth, as they bring inenough ventilation air to lower con-centrations of volatile organic com-pounds and CO2 to acceptable levels.

,,,:2153:EMTEEM

The 13 Minnesota schools will be

cooled and dehumidified using afusion of engine-driven chillers,

natural gas desiccants andthermal displacement ventilationtechnology.

Minnesota Schools FightIAQ Problems withInnovationThirteen schools in an easternMinnesota community outsideMinneapolis-St. Paul are gettinginnovative new HVAC systemsdesigned to address humidity andresulting indoor air quality (IAQ)problems in their buildings.

Pike Lake Elementary School is thefirst of the Mounds ViewIndependent School District build-ings under construction. The schoolwas closed for several months threeyears ago after a mold problem wasdiscovered inside the building. Itwas remediated and reopened, thenclosed again for extensive renova-tions that will include the addition ofair conditioning. The project isexpected to be completed in 2001.

"They just had unit ventilatorswith no cooling," says Brent Jones,



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School IAQ InnovationsContinued from page 15

a project development manager forJohnson Controls in Minneapolis,which is involved in value-engineer-ing and managing the project."We're giving them humidity con-trol and drastically increasing theirventilation rates."

The schools will be cooled anddehumidified using a combinationof engine-driven chillers, desiccantsand thermal displacement ventila-tion technology as the result of acollaboration between two engineer-ing firms, Dunham Associates andArmstrong Torseth Skold & RydeenInc. (ATS&R). The firms workedtogether on design standards for thedistrict-wide project, which willaffect eight elementary schools,three middle schools and two highschools and which will include otherbuilding improvements in additionto the mechanical systems.

"This is the first we know of,using both systems combined,"says architect David Paeper of thefirm of Perkins & Will. "ATS&R wasdesigning desiccants while Dunhamwas designing displacement venti-lation. We got the two engineerstogether and they realized therewere a lot of synergies. If they com-bined the two technologies they'dhave a much better indoor air qual-ity solution than doing each [tech-nology] alone. The two engineeringfirms actually cross-trained eachother."

Displacement ventilation, whichis commonly used in Europe,involves supplying cool fresh airinto rooms from the floor level andremoving it through ceiling vents.During its movement through theroom, the cool air is warmed bythe "thermal plume" or bodywarmth of the occupants, causingthe air to rise along with indoor

contaminants it may contain.

Des Champs Laboratories Inc. ofNatural Bridge Station, Va., is sup-plying the desiccant system for PikeLake E.S. while the Halton Companyof Scottsville, Ky. is manufacturingthe thermal displacement diffUsers.The remaining equipment bids havenot been awarded.

Displacement diffusers, each 3- to6-ft. tall, bring in the conditionedair. The air velocity leaving the dif-fusers is very low, so most roomoccupants don't even realizethey're operating, says Matt Keck ofDunham Associates. Such a systemis beneficial for a classroom,because it produces very little noiseand there is no blast of cold air.

"One of the big benefits is thatheat sources in a room are typicallythe contaminants water vapor,dander, CO2, body odor," Kecksays. "The vast majority of contam-inants are carried away throughthermal displacement. There havebeen studies in Europe and they'vefound it to be 2 to 8 times better interms of air quality than a conven-tional mixing system, dependingon the study."

In addition to thermal displace-ment ventilation, the schools willinstall engine-driven chillers and des-iccant dehumidification equipment.Natural gas-fired boilers and heatrecovered from the chiller will beused to regenerate the desiccants.

The schools, built in the 1950sand 1960s, have unit ventilators inindividual classrooms.

"These ventilators are not theoptimum solution when you con-sider the whole matrix of energyefficiency, maintenance and indoorair quality," Keck says. He adds thatair quality is of particular concernwhere children are involved.

"Their immune systems are still

developing so they don't have thedefense mechanisms yet. Also, theybreathe and take in a higher per-centage of the pollutants in the air.Their bodies bear a heavier burdenof the pollutants in the space,"Keck says, noting that the schooldistrict was concerned with proper-ly addressing the air quality issues.

"The primary reason the schooldistrict chose the desiccant dehumid-ification option is because it preventscondensation on the cooling coils,reducing the possibility of moldgrowth and bacteria on the coolingcoils," Keck says. "If you have moldgrowing in your drain pan, the moldis releasing toxins into the air. Youhave to take a holistic approach toIAQ, look at everything from the out-door air, to how you're conditioningthe air, to how you're delivering theair through your system."

Paeper says Minnesota has mois-ture control issues.

"There's a lot of water in thestate," he notes. "It's the land of10,000 lakes."

According to Paeper the schooldistrict reacted quickly to com-plaints about mold at Pike Lake E.S.three years ago, shutting the schooland temporarily shifting pupils andstaff to temporary facilities. Afterseveral months of remediationwork to encapsulate or removeaffected areas, the school wasreopened. In the meantime, a com-munity IAQ committee was formedto look into improving air quality inthe entire school system. The resultof the study was a proposal tofinance improvements through abond issue, approved by voters inMay 1999.

Jones says the unique combina-tion of technology will provide theschool system with the lowest avail-able life-cycle costs.

COOL TIMES 16


In August, EPA announced an incen-

tives program to promote use of its

IAQ Tools for Schools kit.

Components include:

an outreach campaign that focus-

es on the importance of goodschool IA0 and its connection tostudent performance;

mentoring efforts;

innovative technical tools;

awards and recognition for leadersin promoting school environmental

issues; and

private-sector partnering by cor-

porations and businesses to pro-vide technical assistance forschools using the IAQ kit.

For ordering information. go to

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/schoikit.html. The Web site is co-

sponsored by the NationatPTA,National Education Association, the

Council for American PrivateEducation, Association of SchoolBusiness Officials, American

Federation of Teachers, and the

American Lung Association.

The National Clearinghouse onBuilding Facilities (NCBF) offersinformation on school IA0 issues onits Web site at www.edfacilities. org.

Another Web site, www.itvisus.com/techno.htm.producer, includesinformation about a video producedby the NCBF called 'DesigningSmarter Schools.' The video wasbroadcast June 4 on CNBC and willbe shown again several more timesthis year according, to Judy Marks ofthe Clearinghouse.

"The proposed systems' utilitycosts will be 55% less than sys-tems designed around theMinnesota state energy code andusing traditional electric cooling,"adds Jones. He says the cost sav-ings figure was obtained throughan analysis conducted by theWeidt Group, an energy consult-ant. Weidt used a U.S. Department-of Energy building simulation pro-gram that evaluated the cost ofinstalling traditional HVAC equip-ment in Pike Lake E.S. based onMinnesota's energy code, com-pared to installing the gas engine-driven chiller, desiccant dehumidi-fication and thermal displacementventilation.

The school district is using bondmoney, a state health and safetylevy and alternative facility bondingto finance the project, Jones says.

CJ Cordova Joins theCooling Center

Cynthia "CJ"COrdova hasjoined theCooling Centeras managingdirector.Formerly theAmerican GasAssociation'svice presidentof market

CJ brings a breadthto the task of corn-

development,of experiencemercializing gas cooling/heating,refrigeration and humidity controltechnologies in integrated systems.CJ can be reached at: (202) 824-7142: ccordova @agcc.org.

NEW MEMBERS

AirXchange * Armstrong InternationalNortec Industries * Trigen Energy

Munters: Drying, Guaranteed!Based on experience gathered during20,000 water damage recovery projects,Munters Moisture Control Services has pub-lished new drying standards for drywall,hardwood floors, documents,.and cementi-tious materials. The new standards will beused by Munters as the company's new'Five Point Guarantee' on all future dryingprojects.

Copies of the complete standards areavailable by contacting any Munters MCSprofessional or calling 800-Munters. Thisnew toll-free number has been establishedto serve customers of all of Munters' NorthAmerican divisions, including the DHDivision (Cargocaire and DryCool).

Dereg Opportunities for TeicansElectriC utility deiegulation in Texas is bring7,ing with it new energy efficiency opportuni-_,..ties for customers and the energy.services:

. community.

Under the Texas restructuring plan, whichtakes effectin 2002, electric utilities willadminister new energy, efficiencylincenti:programs fOr'all market segmenta:.these.'programs, whick will be implemented primi!rily by energy_service companiee'(ESCOs)and retail electric providers (FIEPS) ,Cover.;.fuet switching (from electricloias),:frig gas cooling, under certain circum= 'stances.

The state's largest utility, TXU::hai justcompleted a pilot program for the:largecommercial and industrial retrofit,Market.Additional pilot programs will betnwelled .throughout the transition period leading up'-to the onset of competition in January 2002,.:.according to TXU Commercial MarketManager Greg Anderson.

For Holistic Cooling System mAttention----Bon Aqua International Inc., a Greensboro,N.C., firm, sells water treatment systemsthat can keep boilers and cooling towersfrom developing scale and corrosion withoutthe use of chemicals. The Bon Aqua sys-tems protect pipe interiors by inducing afocused magnetic field. The Faraday's gen-erator creates an environment in which it isphysically impossible for corrosion, pittingand scaling to occur.

Gerald H. Lowenstein, chief executive offscer of Bon Aqua International, says use ofthe product yields significant water andenergy savings, results in less downtime forequipment repair and maintenance, andleads to environmental compliance by elimi7-nating the need for chemicals to removescale.

Additional information is available throughthe company's Web site, www.bonaqua.comor by calling its toll-free number, (888) 294-2424.


BEST COPY AVAILABLE 19COOL TIMES

e 60 0 Prf

Cooling CenterSpeaks Out to aPower-Hungry NationBy Tony OcchioneroExecutive DirectorAmerican Gas Cooling Center

All summer long, Americans expe-rienced power outages. Californiawas hit the hardest. With recordheat, San Francisco businesses oninterruptible eleetric-rates hadtheir power cut for a couple ofdays in early summer. The samething happened during a subse-quent heat wave around LosAngeles.

The LA situation could have beenmuch worse. If Mother Naturehadn't turned off the triple-digittemperatures on the third day, thearea could have faced its worst

- power catastrophe ever. With elec-tricity reserves at an all-time low -near 5% of capacity highdemand on that third day couldhave crushed the grid. If that hadhappened, not only would inter-ruptible customers have beenaffected, the total system wouldhave collapsed. Everyone in theregion would have been left in thedark.

U.S. Secretary of Energy BillRichardson says that blackouts areto be expected. The U.S. powergrid is sorely stretched by ever-increasing demand for electricity.Yet new power plants are notbeing built and new, modern trans-mission lines are not being added.Outages will become more andmore commonplace, because ofperiodic shortfalls between supplyand demand. This precarious stateof affairs is exacerbated by heatwaves and high demand, especial-ly demand for electric air condi-tioning.

COOL TIMES

With public awareness height-ened by these power outages andmedia discussion focused on thecrisis looming over the electricgrid, the Cooling Center took theopportunity this summer to pro-mote gas cooling as a remedy. Wedelivered our position in plainEnglish. For the first time, bothtrade and popular press gave uscoverage, with USA Today carryingour "Letter to the Editor" onAugust 11, a-Friday, when its circu-lation peaks (see text, right).

Whenever we anticipate an occa-sion to promote gas cooling toconsumers, the Cooling Center willseize that opportunity to show thatwe have equipment ready to meetAmerica's needs for highly effi-cient and economical air condi-tioning that can help to prop upthe fragile electric grid.

We anticipate taking a similarapproach to the press as theschool year begins. As parents.,educators and school administra-tors encounter indoor air quality(IAQ) problems and high air condi-tioning bills, we will speak out onhow gas cooling technologies areavailable to address those issues.

Please join your voice to ours. Letyour local communications outletsknow that gas cooling is a technolo-gy that consumers should embracebecause it offers many benefits.Integrated into systems with elec-tric equipment, gas cooling canshave peak demand and help tofree up capacity on the electric grid.

One installation can't solve theproblem, but if we encourage theinstallation of one system afteranother, so that 10% of eachyear's new installations run on nat-ural gas instead of electric, we'llhave overcome America's electricshortfalls.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 18

20

Our Letter to the Editor-appeared inthe Friday, August 11 edition of

USA Today, in answer to the paper'sAugust 2 lead story about

California's growing electric crisis:

"What about solutions?'USA TODAY does an excellent job

researching the scope of the crisis loom-ing regarding the U.S. power grid. But thereport leaves readers facing the threat ofpersistent blackouts without offeringsolutions.

Americans need to know that readysolutions exist.

Air conditioning consumes 40% of ourelectricity. During heat waves, increasedelectric demand created by air condition-ing causes the fragile power grid inCalifornia and elsewhere-to crash. Wecan keep the grid in operation byentreating consumers to adopt alterna-tive fuels, including natural gas, to powerair conditioning. Businesses that integrategas cooling into existing:electric air-conditioning systems can continue tooperate during heat waves. In addition,they are able to displace enough kilowattdemand to secure the electric grid forothers.

Specifically, if 3,000 Wal-Mart-size facili-ties switch-half their-air-conditioning loadto natural-gas-driven chillers and inte-grate it with electric equipment. they willdisplace 1,000 megawatts of electricityenough to keep 800,000 homes onlinewhatever the weather.

Gas cooling technologies are availabletoday from leading U.S.-manufacturers.Integrated gas-electric systems operatesuccessfully, efficiently and economicallyas alternatives to all-electric plants.Installing more of these innovative sys-tems would ease the strain on the elec-tric grid.

Tony OcchioneroExecutive DirectorAmerican Gas Cooling CenterWashington, DC


A

ProgressDesiccant

Progress continues at theChesapeake Building, the BuildingsCooling, Heating, and Power(BCHP) research and demonstrationsite at the University of Maryland(see July/August 2000 Cool Times).This installation of an advanced airconditioning system was undertak-en in a typical office building incooperation with the U.S.Department of Energy (DOE), OakRidge National Laboratory, andindustry partners, to achieve 30%

Continues at BCHP Demo Site:Unit Installed, Controller Refinedwere made fully operational by bal-ancing the charge, superheat, andair discharge temperatures of therefrigeration system, and optimiz-ing the engine speed and throttlefor the rated operation. CapronCompany, which provides controlsfor the demonstration, integratedthe Goettl units to produce fourstages of cooling before the TraneDX unit is energized. TheDry Handler® unit from theDESICAiR Division of Air

TechnologySystems Inc.(ATS) arrived inlate July and willbe fully integrat-ed by the end ofSeptember. As

A Dry Handler@ unit from the DESICAiR Division of AirTechnology Systems Inc., arrived on site in July and wasinstalled at the Chesapeake Building, the BCHP demon-stration site at the University of Maryland.

higher energy efficiency with 45%lower CO2 emissions. The demon-stration is expected to show:

O integration of readily availableBCHP technologies;

0 operating cost savings;

U improved indoor air qualitythrough humidity control; and

O true initial and operating costs ofBCHP technologies.

The building has two zones withsimilar cooling loads and identical90-ton standard Trane DX rooftopunits. Each zone is being equippedwith a BCHP system.

In the first BCHP system, two20-ton engine-driven Goettl units

the BCHP team

toward desired integration of theBCHP equipment.

In the second BCHP system, theBCHP team has run the Honeywellmicroturbine to produce prelimi-nary performance data and gainfamiliarity with its operation andcontrols. Broad engineers are test-ing several prototypes of their 60-ton absorption chiller to find thecorrect match to maximize the uti-lization of thermal energy from themicroturbine's exhaust gases. TheBroad chiller is expected to bedelivered in March 2001 for thenext cooling season. Honeywell andthe BCHP team have also beenworking to design Honeywell con-trols for this system.

installed the extensive instrumenta-tion to characterize performance ofthe ATS unit, it became apparentthat more advanced controls areneeded to enable the Goettl, ATSand Trane equipment to providefeedback to the Capron controls formaximized integration and per-formance. A new Internet-basedcontroller was obtained that has theability to communicate with differ-ent open communication protocols,such as the Capron controller'sMod Bus protocol and the ATS con-troller's N2 Bus protocol. The newcontroller provides an innovativecontrol platform, an important step

Cool Times will continue to followthe progress of equipment installa-tions and research at theChesapeake Building, and reportoutcomes as they become available.

For further information about theBCHP research and demonstrationproject and possible cooperation,contact Predrag Popovic, Ph.D., fac-ulty research associate, Center forEnvironmental Energy Engineering,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,University of Maryland: (301) 403-4410 or [email protected];or check the Web page:www.enme.umd.edu/ceee/bchp/.


BEST COPYAVAILABLE 21COOL TIMES

TechnologiesAbsorptionBCHPCentrifugal ChillersCogenDay lightingDesiccant (humidity control)

1-2,5,7,11,12,13-17,19Electric chillers 2-3,5,10,19Enthalpy heat recovery 8

Gas engine-driven 2,10-11,12,16,19Gas engine generator 2,5,10-11GAX 6,12Geothermal heat pumps 8

Heat pump 6

Integrated systems 1-5, 7-17,18,19Microturbines 12

Solar 11

Thermal displacement vent 15-16

SitesAmer. Council on Education (DC) 3-4Armory (Phila.) 5

Ballston Spa Schools (NY) 9Chesapeake Building (MD) 19

Columbus A.F.B. (MS) 12

Columbus State Univ. (GA) 12

Connetquot H.S. (NY) 10

Fla. Public Utilities 12

Hershey Foods Dist. Wrhse (PA) 12

Jack Britt H.S. (NC) 12

LaSalle Military Academy (NY) 11

Mississippi Valley Gas Co. 12

Moriah H.S. (NY) 10

Mounds View Ind. Sch. Dist. (MN) 15

Pike Lake Elem. School (MN) 15-16Pima Com. Col., W. Campus (AZ) 2-3Rosetti Vocational Center (NY) 12

Schmalbach-Lubeca (PA) 12

St. Anne's School (GA) 1-2

Vernon Township (NJ) 13

ManufacturersAerco

September / October 2000 COOL TIMES IndexUse this index to find specific technologies, site installations and equipment applications.

2-4,10-11,126,19

2-3,109-13

8

11

Air Technology Systems Inc.BroadCapron Co.CarrierCoast IntelligenDeschampsEnergy Concepts Co.Fresh Air SolutionsFordGeneral Motors Corp.GoettlJohnson ControlsHoneywellMuntersRoburSemcoTecogenTraneWaukeshaYazakiYork

19

19

19

8,1011

16

61411

1019

15

19

1-2,5,12,1712

14

10,11-122-3, 19

211

4

Govemment/Corporations/UtilitiesAmerican Federation of Teachers 17

American Gas Association 5,17American Lung Association 17

Amer. Soc. of Heating, Refrigerationand A/C Engineers (ASHRAE)' 1,14

Andrews, Hammock and Powell(Macon, GA) 1,7

Armstrong Torseth Skold &Rydeen Inc. (ATS&R) 15-16

Assoc. of School Business Offls. 17

Bon Aqua International Inc. 11

Capitol Hill 6

Center for Environmental EnergyEngineering (CEEE) 19

Central Hudson Ent. Corp., (CHEC)(Poughkeepsie, NY) 7,9,11-2

Connetquot Cent. School Dist. 11

Council for Amer. Private Ed. 17

Custom Energy 10,13

Dodge Chamberlin Luzine WeberAssociates (Rensselaer, NY) 10

Dunham Associates 15,16Engineered Air Systems 2

Fla. Public Utilities 12

Georgia Tech Research Institute 14

Geothermal Heat PumpConsortium Inc. 8

GOP 5

HP Woods Institute 13

Lawhon & Associates(Columbus, OH) 8

KeySpan Energy Delivery 11,12Maryland Industrial PartnershipSystem (MIPS) 6

Nat'l. Assoc. of Energy ServiceCompanies (NAESCO) 7

Nat'l. Cntr. for Higher Education 3

Nat'l. Clearinghouse on BuildingFacilities (NCBF) 17

National Education Association 17National PTA 17

NY Public Service Commission 13

NY State Dept. of Education 13

Oak Ridge Nat'l. Laboratory6,8,13,14,19

Ohio Dept. of Development,Office of Energy Efficiency 7,8

Ohio School Facilities Comm. 1,8-9PEPCOPerkins & WillPhiladelphia Gas WorksRansome Engine (Bensalem, PA)R.L. Kistler Co.Ross Murphy Finkelstein Inc.(Baltimore, MD)

Southwest GasSynchronous Energy Systems(Barrington, IL)

The Aspen InstituteTristate HVAC Equipment(W. Conshohocken, PA)

4

16

15

510

43

74

5

Tucson (AZ) Unified School Dist. 3Turner Building Science LLC(Harrison, ME) 15

TXU Electric 17

UG I 12

Unicom Energy Solutions 13-14Univ. of MD, Baltimore Campus 6Univ. of MD, College Park Campus 19U.S. Dept. of Education 1,7

U.S. Dept. of Energy 6,8,16,18,19U.S. Environ. Protection Agency(EPA) 11,13,16

U.S. General Accounting Office 1,15U.S. House of Representatives 6,7U.S. Senate 6,7White House 6

MiscellaneousAmerican School 8 University 10

ASHRAE 62-89 1-2,13,14British Columbia Study 14Carrier HAP 8CNBC 17DOE Study 14"Energy and Cost Benefit Analysesof Heating, Ventilation andAir Conditioning SystemsAvailable for Ohio Schools' 8

Energy Services Companies(ESCOs) 7,9-10

Energy Star schools 11

Gas cooling R&D funding 6IA0 1-2,13-17IA0 Applications 14IA10 Tools for Schools 13,17NY Times 13Ohio School Design Manual 8Ohio School HVAC Study 8SPLOST 7

USA Today 18

Wall Street Journal 9

AMERICAN GAS COOUNG CENTER INC.

400 North Capitol St., N.W.Washington, DC 20001 USA

P: (202) 824-7141 m F: (202) 824-7093Web: www.ogcc.org

Richard M. MorrowSouthern California Gas Co.

Chairman, AGCC Board of Directors

Tony OcchioneroExecutive Director

COOL TIMESPublished bimonthly by AGCC to provide an update ongas cooling developments for the gas Industry, affiliated

manufacturers, architects, engineers, government energyofficials, public Interest groups, and consumers. Opinions

expressed are not necessarily those of AGCC or its mem-ber companies. Publication does not necessarily consti-

tute AGCC endorsement of featured products or services.

C.J. CordovaManaging Director

Rita MhleyAssociate Editor

Anita SusiSenior Writer

Deadline for next issue: October 17

COOL TIMES

BEST COPYAVAILABLE

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22


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