Adds variety

Occurs in testes

Prompted by testosterone

Creates 4 cells

Ovaries make eggs

Fallopian tubes or oviducts are the sight of fertilization

Uterus houses the growing baby

Occurs in ovaries

Born with a finite number of primary oocytes

Creates 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

The sperm approaches the egg

The sperms acrosome opens and the enzymes eat away at the egg

Proteins on the sperm bind with proteins on the egg

The cell membranes of the sperm and egg fuse

The sperms nucleus enters the egg / A fertilization envelop forms, blocking out additional sperm (can be in either order happen at the same time)

The nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse, creating the zygote

1 ZIFT

A Injection of sperm nucleus into a egg followed by implantation of the embryo into the uterus.

2 GIFT

B Insertion of sperm into the fallopian tube.

3 ICSI

C Mixing of sperm and egg in a petri dish followed by the insertion of the embryo into the fallopian tube.

4 Artificial Insemination

D Mixing of sperm and egg in a petri dish followed by the implantation of the embryo into the uterus.

5 IVF

E Insertion of sperm and egg into the fallopian tube.

Video on IVF & ICSI

A

46

Male

Healthy

B

Female

46

Healthy

C

Male

47

Klinefelters

D

Female

45

Turners

E

Female

47

Downs

Syndrome

Failure of chromosomes to separate during:

Anaphase 1

Anaphase 2

Gestation is the period of time in an individual’s development from fertilization to birth.

Fertilized eggCleavage – cell cycle without growth

Solid ball of cells

Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula

Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)

What is a stem cell and how does it get its name?

What does differentiate mean?

Early Embryonic Stem Cells morula or younger totipotent

Blastocyst Embryonic Stem Cells inner cell mass of blastula Pluripotent

Fetal Stem Cells Pluripotent

Umbilical Cord Stem Cells Multipotent

Adult Stem Cells Multipotent

The University of Kansas

The University of Kansas

•Donated embryos from fertility clinics

•Therapeutic Cloning

•http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/stemcells/stemcells.html

ScienceNow – Stem Cell Primer (15:00)http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3209/04.html

Videos on Stem Cell Therapies

Cerebral Palsy Disease Treatment using Cord Blood Stem Cells (5:00)http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=3924774n%3fsource=search_video

Breakthrough: Alternative to Embryonic Cells, reprogramming Skin Cells (2:30)http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=3529039n%3fsource=search_video

Organ Regeneration using adult stem cells (2:20)http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2174471n%3fsource=search_video

3 Types of cloning:

DNA cloning – just copying pieces of DNA

Used in forensics could be used in gene therapy or engineering

Reproductive cloning – copying an entire organism (Like Dolly the sheep)

Used to bring back pets, endangered species

Therapeutic cloning – copying cells, tissues or organs

Used to create therapies

AKA – stem cell research

Stem Cell Research

As an organism develops its cells take on a genetic destiny. Because of this the later in life you harvest stem cells the less potential they have.

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Current therapies are in place using multipotent stem cells but not totipotent.

Gestation is the period of time in an individual’s development from fertilization to birth.

Fertilized eggCleavage – cell cycle without growth

Solid ball of cells

Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula

Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)

Did you get this from the movie too… Cleavage = division without

growthMorula is solid while blastula is

hollowImplantation occurs at day 7 in

endometrium of uterus

There are two major types of twins:Fraternal Twins

Result from two eggs and two spermDizygotic twins

Identical TwinsResult from one egg and one spermMonozygotic twins

Let’s continue onward through gestation and watch the Embryo Take Shape…

Gastrulation – Cell movement and differentiation Results in a gastrula

A gastrula is a hollow ball with 3 distinct germ layers.

Endoderm / Inner Layer Becomes the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary bladder

Mesoderm / Middle Layer Becomes most organs including the skeleton, muscles and blood.

Ectoderm / Outer Layer Becomes the skin and nervous system

Did you get this from the movie too… Nervous system is the first to

form!Heart is the first organ to function!

Moving on, let’s see how the chromosomes we inherit sculpt who we become in Messages In Our Genes…

Boys vs Girls!Boys = XYGirls = XX

SRY gene is on the y chromosome and is activated at 6 weeks. It causes testosterone to be made resulting in testes (male)

What’s the difference between an embryo and a fetus?

EmbryoEmbryo FetusFetusLess than 8 weeks oldLess than 8 weeks oldOrgan systems formingOrgan systems formingLooks like a ball of cellsLooks like a ball of cells

More than 8 weeks oldMore than 8 weeks oldAll organ systems presentAll organ systems presentLooks like a tiny humanLooks like a tiny human

Now that we have seen a little about how the embryo forms into the fetus, let’s examine how it interacts with the mother in Feeding the Growing Fetus…

The placenta starts to form after implantation

The placenta allows the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood to come in very close contact so that they can exchange:FoodOxygenWaste Products

The mother and baby’s blood DO NOT MIX!

There are three important embryonic membranes that will give rise to structures that will support it as it grows.

Embryonic Embryonic MembraneMembrane

StructureStructure FunctionFunction

Chorion Placenta Exchange food, oxygen and waste products

Amnion Amniotic Sac Protection, ease of development

Yolk Sac Eventually dissolves

Provides early blood and germ cells (gametes)

Month 1Fertilization, Cleavage, Implantation, GastrulationHCG (hormone) is produced signaling pregnancy

Month 2 & Month 3 Nervous system is the first organ system to form.Heart develops and is the first organ to begin

working.All other organ systems begin to form.Placenta forms and the umbilical cord connects

mother and embryo.

Month 4, 5 & 6Acessory organs form. (Nails, eyelashes,

eyebrows)Baby moves (can suck its thumb, kick

and punch)Doctors can tell if it is a boy or girlMother can feel baby movingSkin is covered by soft hairlungs begin to develop The 2The 2ndnd trimester is trimester is

marked by continued marked by continued organ developmentorgan development

Let’s take a look at The Third Trimester…

Months 7, 8 and 9Organs continue to developStarts to gain fatSkin develops

Dilation Oxytocin is released causing:

Contractions to begin Cervix to dilate

baby’s head pushed down amniotic sac bursts (water

breaks)

Expulsion Cervix is fully dilated (10cm) Contractions occur every 1-2

minutes The child is delivered

Afterbirth The placenta (afterbirth) is

delivered