reporting and writing news: a basic handbook (burmese)

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The Indochina Media Memorial FoundationtwGuf Peter Eng óSihf Jeff Hodson

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Reporting and Writing News : A Basic HandbookWritten by Peter Eng and Jeff HodsonTranslated by U Htin Aung Kyaw

ISBN : 974-91900-9-2

Copyright © 2001 The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation (IMMF), ThailandCopyright of this translation into Burmese, 2004 of the basic journalism handbook isasserted by the IMMF, ThailandPrinted by Square Print '93 Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted inany form without the written permission of the IMMF.

Cover photo by Vinai Dithajohn shows students on an IMMF course on urbanenvironment in Chiang Mai, Thailand, October 2001

The Indochina Media Memorial FoundationManeeya Center Building, 6th Floor518/5 Ploenchit Road, Bangkok 10330, ThailandTel.: 66 (0) 2255-5909, 2255-3626Fax: 66 (0) 2255-5909Email: [email protected] or [email protected]: http://www.immf.or.th

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wufa\muf\ef îudKwif]yifqifonfh tae]zifh avhvm\ef wkdufwGef:vdkygonf̀ xkdoifwef:rsm:u

pD:yGm:a\:óSifhobm&ywf&ef:usif uJhodk.aom txl:bmom\yfrsm:udk owif:\<la\:om:]cif:

tajumif: avhusihfoifjum:ay:aeonf̀ oifhtae]zifh pme<fZif: ynmta]ccHukd avhvmxm:úyD:

]zpfygu xdkoifwef:rsm:u oifjum:csufrsm:udk ydkvkdufódkifayrnf̀

ausmif:q\m? q\mrrsm:tae]zifhvnf: onfvufpJGpmtkyfudk ausmif:rsm:óSif h

wUodkvfrsm:wGif oHk:ódkfifygonf̀ t<f'Dwmrsm:uvnf: vufudkifxm:ódkifygonf̀

odk.\mwGif onfpmtkyfu úyD:]ynfhpHkaom ]y÷mef:pmtkyf r[kwfyg` ta]ccHrûom

]zpfygonf` owif:a\:om:enf: trsKd:rsKd: \Sdygonf` Âcif:csufawG trsm:îuD: \Sdygonf`

onfpmtkyfudk q\m? q\mrrsm:? t<f'Dwmrsm: tultnD]zifh]zpfap? wpfa<mufóSifh wpfa<muf

aqG:aóG:úyD: vufawG. vkyfaqmifjunhf]cif:]zifh]zpfap avhvmju\ef tjuH]yKygonf̀

owif:pmq\mrsm:> tvkyfóSifh owif:pmq\maumif: wpfa<muf> t\nftcsif:

wkd.]zifh uïefawmfwkd.u ed'gef:csDxm:onf̀ xdk.aemuf olwkd.wpfawG owif:twGuf pdwful:

b<fvdk\úyD: owif: tcsuftvufrsm:udk b<fvdk pkaqmif:<lonfudk azmf]yonf̀ xdkrS wpfqifh

owif:a\:om:enf:udk oGm:onf̀ owif:tzGifhudk rnfodk. a\:rnfenf:? wpfyk'fvHk:udk rnfodk.

pkpnf:rnfenf:wkd.]zpfonf` aemufydkif:tcef:rsm:udk onfa'orS pme<fZif:orm:rsm:twGuf

tav:ay: azmf]yxm:ygonf` <if:wkd.rSm wkdfuf|kdufpum:a]ymudk aumufókwf azmf]ycsuf?

owif:xkwf]yefcsufrsm:rS owif:\<lenf:? owif:pm \Sif:vif:yJ Grsm:? rdef.cGef:rsm:óSih f

tpnf:ta&:yJGrsm:rS owif:\<lenf:rsm: ]zpfygonf̀ tcef:wpfckrSm owif:tcsuftvufrsm:udk

tckdifrmqHk: rnfodk. a\:om:wif]y\rnfukd azmf]yxm:onf̀ xkd.aemuf yHkóSdyf rD'D<móSifh a\'D<dk?

|kyfoHrD'D<mrsm:jum: owif:a\:om:wifqufyHkcsif: uJG]ym:]cm:em:yHkudk uïefawmfwkd.u wif]y

xm:ygonf̀

odk.aomf owif:axmufwpfa<muf[lonf owif:\<l a\:om:]cif:xuf ydkygonf̀

xkd.ajumifh usihf&wftajumif: ta\:îuD:onhf tcef:wpfcef:udk xnhfoGif:azmf]yxm:]cif:

immf.pmd 7/2/2547, 11:0312

xiii

]zpfygonf̀ tqHk:wGif tem}wftwGufvnf: today: wif]yxm:ygonf̀ <if:rSm onf a'orS

owif:axmufrsm:twGuf t"dupdefac;rSKîuD:t]zpf w]cm:aomódkifiHrsm:óSifhtwl \ifaygifwef:

vdkufódkifap\ef wu<hfowif:\if: ]rpfîuD:]zpfaom tifwmeufudk oHk:pJGa\:tajumif:yif

]zpfygonf̀

onfvufpJGpmtkyfi<f ]yKpk\mwGif }sufzfa[mh'fqiftm: ulnDay:cJhonfh ódkifiHwum

owif:pmq\mrsm: Adrmef? }ïef tufpfóSifh }sdrf:pf t<fvfódkuf\efyHkaiGtzJG.wkd.tm: vnf:aumif:?

yDwmtJef:tm: ulnDay:cJhonhf onfz\D:'rf:zdk\rf tzJG.tm:vnf:aumif: aus:Zl:wif\Sdygonf̀

tvm:wl pmtkyfyHkóSdyf ukefusp\dwfrsm:twGuf axmufyHhay:cJhonhf }smreDódkifiHrS z\uf'\pf

tufbwf \efyHkaiGtzJG.óSifh xdkif:ód kifiH qkdif\m tar\duef]yefjum:a\:Xmewkd.tm:vnf:

aus:Zl:wif\Sdygonf̀ xdk.twl tdk:yif:qkdqkdifwD tifpwDusKtm:vnf: aus:Zl:wif\Sdygonf̀

uïefawmfwkd.onfvnf: oihfvdkyif pme<fZif:orm:rsm: ]zpfygonf̀ avhvmqnf:yl:

p\mawG \Sdaeygao:onf` onfvufpJGpmtkyfi<fudk twwfódkifqHk: toHk:&ifapcsifygonf`

tu<fI pmtkyf ydkrkdaumif:rGefvmap\eftwGuf xif]rifcsufóSifh tjuH]yKcsufrsm: \Sdygvûif

tkdiftrftrftufzfodk. qufoG<fyg\ef arwWm\yftyfygonf̀

yDwm tJef:wpfoD:ykñv pme<fZif:orm:

}sufzfa[mh'fqifódkuftzJG.om:

befaumuf? 'DZifbm 2001`

immf.pmd 7/2/2547, 11:0313

xiv

a&g[m\ \Sif:vif:csuf

|SKaxmifh (Angle) owif:wpfyk'f a\:om:\mwGif tm|kHpl:pkdufxm:aombufu csOf:uyf]cif:?odk.r[kwf |SK]rifcsuf]zpfonf` wcsKd.]zpf\yfrsm:wGif pdwf&ifpm:p\mtajumif:tcsufawGtrsm: t]ym: \Sdódkifapumrl owif:pmq\mu tajumif:t\m wpfckudkyJ tm|kHpl:pdkuf wif]yódkifygonf̀

trnfrazmfvdkaom owif:\if:]rpf (Anonymous source) owif:xJwGif olwkd. trnfemrudkrazmf]yrSom owif:axmufudk owif: ay:ol]zpfonf̀

udk:um:azmf]ycsuf (Attribution) owif:twGuf tcsuftvuf tajumif:t\mrsm: a]ym]yoludkpma\:olu a\:om:azmf]y]cif: ]zpfonf̀

aemufcHorkdif: (Background) owif:aqmif:yg:rSm azmf]yxm:aom tajumif:t\móSifh ywfoufItwdwfwkef:u ]zpfysufcJhyHktajumif:udkyg owif:xJrSm a\:om:azmf]y]cif:]zpfonf̀ onfvdkazmf]y]cif:]zihf pmzwfolu ydkúyD: \Sif:vif:pGm em:vnfoabmaygufoGm:onf̀

rûrûww (Balance and fairness) owif:aumif:wpfyk'ftwGuf ta\:îuD:aom tcsuf]zpfygonf̀udpPwpfckudk owif:axmufu a\:om:wif]y\mrSm wpfzufzufudk bufvdkuf]cif: r]yKbJrûwpGm azmf]y\onf̀

pmudk<f (Body) tao:pdwftcsufrsm:? wkduf|dkufa]ympum:aumufókwfcsufrsm: ponf]zifhowif:wpfyk'f> trsm:pktydkif: ]zpfonf̀

qufpyfrSKtpOf (Context) owif:wpfyk'fxJrS owif:tcsuftvufrsm:u wif]yaeaomtajumif:\yfóSifh qufpyfaeonhf a<bk<sta]ctaeudk azmf]yonf` <if:wkd.ajumifhpmzwfolwdk.u tajumif:t\may;rSm ykdúyD: \Sif:vif:oGm:\onf̀

t<f'Dwmhtmabmf (Editorial) ]zpf\yfwpfckóSifh ywfoufI pma\: q\mu ol.t]rif? odk.r[kwfol.owif:pm? pmapmif> t]rif taumif:tqkd: a&zefydkif:]cm:csuf aqmif:yg: ]zpfonf̀oduQm\Sdaom pmapmifîuD:rsm:wGif t<f'Dwmhtmabmfudk w]cm:owif:rsm:óSifh ra\mbJoD:]cm:t<f'Dwmhtmabmf pmrsufóSmzGifhxm:um a\:om:azmf]yavh \Sdonf̀

immf.pmd 7/2/2547, 11:0314

xv

owif:aqmif:yg: (Feature) ]zpf\yfwpfckudk csufcsif:r[kwfbJ aphikpGmavhvmúyD:rS ]ynhfpHkcrf:em:pGma\:om:wif]yaom owif:aqmif:yg:]zpfonf̀ t]rJwrf: vlpdwf&ifpm:aom |SKaxmifhuyJwif]yavh\Sdonf̀ wpfcgwpf\H soft news [kvnf: ac;onf̀

owif:OD: (Hard news) ]zpf\yfwpfck]zpfvûif]zpfcsif: <if:tajumif:csif:\mudk pmzwfoltm:today:wif]y]cif:]zpfonf̀ onfowif:rsKd:ukd üpuf\yf owif:á [kvnf: ac;onf̀

vlpdwf&ifpm:aomowif: (Human interest) pmzwfolrsm: pdwfvSKyf\Sm:cHpm:\apaom t]zpftysuftajumif:csif:\m]zpfonf̀

yd\rpfa]ymif:]yef (Inverted pyramid) owif:wpfyk'f a\:om:\mwGif ta\:tîuD:qH k:tajumif:t\mudk tp (tzGihfpmydk'f)rSm a\:om:úyD:? <if:udk \Sif:vif:azmf]yúyD: taxmuftul]yKaom tajumif:t\mrsm:udk qufazmf]y\rnf̀ xdk.aemuf ta\:rîuD:vSaom owif:tcsuftvufrsm:udk aemufqHk:rSxm:\aom a\:om:rSKyHkpH ]zpfygonf̀

ynm\yfpum: (Jargon) tpdk:\wm&ef\Sdolrsm:? abm}aA'ynm\Sifrsm:? owif:pmq\mrsm:ponfhvkyfief:rsm:wGif vkyfief:wpfckwnf: vkyfaeolcsif: okH:óSKef:aomtxl:a&g[m\rsm: ]zpfonf̀<if:wkd.udk omref vltrsm:u em:rvnfódkifacs`

tzGifh (Lead) owif:wpfyk'f> tp&gus ]zpfygonf̀ wkduf|dkuf tzGifhu owif: tajumif: t\mudkwJhwdk:azmf]yonf̀ owif:OD: trsm:pkwGif wkduf|dkuftzGifhudkyJ oHk:ygonf̀ zJG.óJG.aom tzGifhutajumif:t\mudk OyrmOyar<srsm:? od k.r[kwf ]rifuGif:rsm:]zif h pma\:oluazmfusL:wif]y]cif: ]zpfygonf` owif:aqmif:yg: trsm:pkrSm zJ G.óJ G.aomtzGifhudkyJoHk:wwfygonf̀

"rR"d÷mefusus(Objectivity) owif:aumif:wpfyk'f> ta\:îuD:aomtcsufrSm owif:axmuftae]zifh owif:a\:om:onfhtcg rdrd> wpfudk<fa\ cHpm:csufrsm:udk wwfódkifoavmuf

ab:z<fxm:úyD: pmzwfolrsm:udk ]zpfysufaeonfh tcsuftvufrsm: twkdif: wif]y\rnf]zpfygonf̀

w\m:&ifa]ym]cif: (On the record) wpfpHkwpfa<mufqDuae ol.cGifh]yK csuf]zifh owif:\<lúyD: olua]ymqkdajumif:udkvnf: owif:xJrSm udk:um:a\:om: azmf]yódkifygonf̀

immf.pmd 7/2/2547, 11:0315

xvi

tvGwfoabma]ym]cif: (Off the record) owif:ay:olu ol.emrnfudk owif:xJrSm rygapvdk]cif:?odk.r[kwf ol.emrnfudk udk:um:azmf]y]cif: r]yKygqdkrS olay:onfh owif:udk xnfhoHk:cGifh]yK]cif:]zpfygonf̀

pdppfa&zef]cif: (Verification) wpfa<mufa<mufqDu \vmaom t]zpftysuf tajumif:t\mrSefrrSefudk od\ef owif:axmufu aqmif\Guf\onf̀ onfvkyfief:pOfwGif avhvmpHkprf:]cif:?w]cm: olrsm:udk xyfrHar:]ref: aqG:aóG:]cif:óSifh taxmuftxm: rSwfwrf:rsm:óSifh wkdufqkdif

ppfaq:]cif:rsm: yg&ifygonf̀

immf.pmd 7/2/2547, 11:0316

1

tydkif: (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm

tcef: (1)owif:pmq\mrsm:óSifhowif:

owif:pmq\mwpfa<muf> tcef:uÖ

vl.tzJG.tpnf:wkdif:rSmyJ owif:pmq\mawG\J. tcef:uÖu wu<hfudk ta\:îuD:ygw<f̀

ódkifiHtvdkuf taetxm:csif: uGm]cm:wmrsKd:awmh \Sdw<f̀ ódkifiHwcsKd.rSm tpdk:\? 'grSr[kwfódkifiHa\:ygwDawGu owif:rD'D<mudk ydkifqdkifxm:wwfjuw<f` wcsKd.rSmawmh vlwpfOD:wpfa<muf?'grSr[kwf ukríEDtzJG.tpnf:rsm:u ydkifqkdifw<f`rsm:aomtm:]zihf awmh tJ'DóSpfrsKd:pvHk: 'GefwJGaewwfwmygyJ̀

b<fvdkyJ]zpfap owif:pm q\maumif:wk d.\J. ta]ccHwm&efuawmh twlwlygyJ`tJ'guawmh vlxktaeeJ. odzdk.vdktyfaewJh t]zpftysuf tajumif:csif:\mawGudk od\Sdem:vnfúyD:olwkd.b& aexdkif pm:aomufa\:twGuf qHk:]zwfvkyfaqmifód kifatmif owif:tcsuf tvufawGay:zdk.yJ ]zpfygw<f̀ ]ynfolawG[m olwkd.\J. vl.todkuft&ef:? tpdk:\?pD:yGm:a\:vkyfief:? tm:upm:? usef:rma\:pwJh owif:tcsuftvufawG odódkifzdk. owif:pmq\mawG ay;rSmyJ tm:xm:w<f`tJ'Duae\wJh owif:ay;rlwnfúyD: |kyfoHrSm b<ftpDtpOfudk junhfr<f? bmpm:r<f? b<farmfawmfqkdifu<fukd &<fr<f? b<fausmif:rSmuav:udk ausmif:tyfr<f? aemuf a\G:aumufyJGus\if b<fol.udk rJay:r<f pwmawGudk qHk:]zwf vkyfukdif juygw<f̀

wpfcgwavrsm:qkd\if 'Dowif:tcsuftvufawGu aoa\:\Sifa\:udpPawmif ]zpfaewwfwmrsKd:yg` avrkefwkdif: usawmhr<f

tydkif: (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm

vltrsm:u

owif:orm:rsm: tay;

tm:xm:juygw<f`

IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:411

2

qkdwmudk ódkifiHa]rmufydkif:rSm \SdwJh aus:\GmawGod\Sdatmif tcsdefrDtajumif:rjum:ódkifcJhwJhtwGuf xdkif:ódkifiHa\:orm:wpfa<mufurkd:av&oXmeudk t]ypfwifcJhzl:w<f̀ tJ'gajumifh a\îuD:rSKrSm vl 30toufqHk:cJh\wmvdk. olu a]ymygw<f̀ rdk:av&o ynm\SifawGtaeeJ. olwkd.\J. îudKwifcef.rSef:csufawG vlxkqD t]refqHk:a\mufatmifqkd\if owif:rD'D<mawGudkyJ tm:udk:\rSmyg`

vltrsm:u owif:pmzwf\ifzwf? r[kwfvnf: a\'D<dkem:axmif? |kyfoHjunhfjuwmqdkawmh owif:pmq\mawGrSm wm&ef\Sdvmygawmhw<f̀ pme<fZif:orm:aumif: wpfa<mufqkdwm vlxktwGufyJ ]zpf\ygr<f̀

rjumao:rDu vkyfcJhwJh tvkyf|kHaqG:aóG:yJGwpfckrSm AD<uferf? uaèm'D:<m:? xkdif:? vmtkdeJ.]refrmódkifiHwdk.u owif:pmq\mrsm:\J. t"dyím<fzGifhqkdcsufudk junhf\if odomygw<f̀ olwkd.wpfawG udküowif:pmq\mwpfa<muf\J.tcef:uÖubmvJávdk. ar:junhf wJh tcg-

• t]zpfrSefudk wif]yzdk.?• tpkd:\eJ.]ynfoljum: aygif:ul:ay:zdk.?• tajumif:csif:\mopfawGudk vlxkqD today:wif]yzkd.?• vlawGudkynmay:zdk.? azsmfa]zzdk.? \Sif:vif:wif]yzdk.?• vlxk\J.tusKd:pD:yGm:udk umuG<fapmihfa\Smufzdk. ]zpfajumif:

a]zjuygw<f̀olwkd.\J.tvkyfu wduswJh? opfvGifwJh owif:tcsuf

tvufawGudk ]ynfolawGqD today:zdk. ]zpfw<fqkdwJh tcsufudkvufcHoabmwljuygw<f̀ olwkd.taeeJ. pmzwfy\dowfîuD:twGufyJ owif:a\:om:wif]yaewm ]zpfajumif:udkvnf: a]ymjuygw<f̀

pmzwfolomvûif ta\:îuD:qHk:

owif:pmq\m trsm:pku pmzwfy\dowfîuD:udk arhxm:wwfw<f` tJ'gtpm: t<f'Dwmrsm:tvdkus? 'grSr[kwf udk<hfudkowif:ay:wJh üowif:\if:]rpfá tvdkus? tpdk:\t\m\SdîuD:awG oabmus ]zpfatmifyJ a\:wwfjuw<f̀ 'guvnf: bm]zpfvkd.vJqkdawmhowif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'Dwmrsm:? olwkd.udk owif:ay: a]ym]yolrsm:eJ.yJ ae.pOfqHkawG. qufqHae\vdk.yg` olwkd.u tJ'DvlawGudkoabm usapcsifw<f̀ 'gayrJh owif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'DwmeJ.owif: \if:]rpfrsm: tvkdus]zpfatmifyJ a\:r<fqkd\if t<f'DwmeJ.

tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:óSifhowif:

IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:412

3

owif:\if: ]rpfawG tav:xm:wJh udpPudkyJ OD:pm:ay:aerdr<f̀ 'Dtcgolwdk. owif:awGudk omref]ynfolawGu em:rvnfókdifawmhbl:`'grSr[kwf olwkd.owif:awGu trsm:]ynfolawG\J. b&udk xif[yfawmhrSm r[kwfbl:`

owif:pmq\maumif:awGusawmh b<fol.twGuf owif:a\:aewmvJqkdwm aumif:aumif: oabmaygufxm:w<f̀ xdkif:ódkifiHu xdkif:\wf (xkdif:ódkifiHawmf) vdk owif:pmîuD:rsKd:awGrSm tpdk:\xdyfwef:t\m\SdîuD:awG? vlcsrf:om vkyfief:\SifîuD:awG? tiSm:<mOfarmif:awG?qif:\Jom:[if:\Gufaç:onfawG po]zifh pmzwfy\dowf tvÏmpHk\Sdw<f̀ xdkif:\wf u pD:yGm:a\:? ódkifiHa\:eJ. vlrSKa\:owif:rsKd:pHk xnhfw<f̀ tJ'Dowif:awGudk pmzwfoltm:vHk: em:vnfókdifatmif owif:pmq\mawGu |dk:|kd:\Sif:\Sif:yJ a\:om:wif]yjuygw<f̀

wpfzufrSm uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiH wlqefem&'D y\mcsya\:(ay;]yLvmrñZif:) vdk acwf<Ofaus:rSKeJ. azsmfa]za\:rñZif:uowif:pmq\mawGusawmhvnf:olwkd.y\dowfu zuf\Sif? }DweJ. |kyf\Sifrif:om:rif:orD:awGudk pdwf&ifpm:wJh vli<fvl\G<fawG ]zpfw<fqkdwmodxm:w<f` 'Dawmh olwkd.u tJ'Dtajumif:t\mawGay; tm|kHpl:pdkufúyD: azsmfa]zwifqufwJh [efrsKd:eJ. a\:om:wif]yay:w<f̀ olwkd.u ódkifiHa\:eJ. tpdk:\tajumif:t\mawGudk tav:ray:bl:`

owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufu ol[m ta\:aumif:olwpfa<muf ]zpf\r<fqkdwm em:vnfw<f̀ udk<fu vltrsm: pdwf&ifpm:atmif ra\:wwfbl:qkd\if pmzwfy\dowfu w]cm:pmapmifudkyJ &<fzwfawmhrSmaygh̀

owif:pmq\maumif:\J. t\nftcsif:rsm:

tvkyf|kHaqG:aóG:yJGudk wufa\mufcJhwJh owif:pmq\mrsm:uowif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufqkdwm-

• ar:cGef:awG trsm:îuD:ar:\r<f?• rûw\r<f?• pmzwfy\dowfudk av:pm:wefzdk:xm:\r<f?• owif:tcsuftvufawGudk owif:\if:]rpf tawmfrsm:rsm:

uae \<lúyD: pdppf\r<f?• |dk:om:úyD: w]cm:owif:rD'D<mwpfckckuae ul:<lwmrsKd:

rvkyf\bl:vdk. qkdjuw<f̀


IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:413

4

'Dtcsuftm:vHk: rSefygw<f̀owif:pmq\maumif:qkdwm pyfpkwwfjuw<f` bmawG

b<fvdk ]zpfaew<fqfdkwmudk t]rJ odcsifaewwfovdk owif:awGudkvnf: t]rJzwf|SKavhvmaecsifw<f̀ olwkd.wpfawG[m pl:prf:avhvmolawGyg` vrf:ay;rSm w]cm:vlawG owdr]yKrdwJh xl:]cm:wJh ]zpf\yfawGudk olwkd.u ]rifwwfw<f̀ olwdk.[m wpfzufom: a]ym]yorûudkaumif:pGmem:axmifwwfjuayr<hf oHo<pdwfawmh t]rJ\Sdwwfjuw<f̀ wm&ef\Sdolwpfa<mufu a]ymvdkufwm qkdwmrûeJ. vufcHwwfwJh vlpm:rsKd: r[kwfbl:` olwkd.u vGwfvyfjuw<f̀ w]cm:ol wpfa<mufa<mufu udk<fusKd:twGuf toHk:cswmrsKd: b<fawmhrS rcHbl:`olwkd.u bufóSpfzufu a]ymorûudk em:axmifrSwfom:úyD: \wJhtJ'Dowif:tcsuftvufawG[m rSefuefrSK \Sd r\Sd pdppf<lw<f̀

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:414

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tajumif:t\mvm:á? ü'g[m olwkd.odcsifwJhudpPvm:á qkdwm udk<fhudk<fudk t]rJ ar:junhfju\w<f̀

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'g[m edpP"l& ]zpfysufaewmrsKd:eJ. uGmygw<f̀

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:415

6

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:416

7

tcef: (2)owif:\if:]rpfrsm:óSifhowif:twGuf pdwful:\SmazG]cif:

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tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:óSifh owif:twGuf pdwful:\SmazG]cif:

IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:417

8

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:418

9

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:419

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4110

11

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4111

12

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4112

13

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4113

14

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4114

15

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4115

16

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4116

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4117

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twdkif: xnhfw<fqkd\if b<folu a]ymw<fqkdwmudk xnhfa\:udka\:\r<f̀ 'ght]yif udk<fwkdif r]rifrawG.\wJh t]zpftysuftajumif:udk a\:wJhtcgrSmvnf: o|kyfazmfa\:om:csufeJ. \Sif:vif:csufawGudkudk:um:azmf]ycsufxnhfúyD: a\:\ygr<f̀ udk<fu tJ'Dvdk razmf]y\ifowif:axmuf? 'grSr[kwf owif:pm[m owif:\if:]rpfyJvdk. pmzwfolu <lqoGm:r<f̀

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owif:axmufu owif:\if:]rpf udk azmf]ywJhae\mrSmemrnf? \mxl:wm&ef eJ. w]cm: tao:pdwfawGudkyg ]zpfódkif\if a\:]y\


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r<f̀ owif:\if:]rpf tajumif:udk pmzwfoluydkod\av? olwkd.taeeJ. 'Dtajumif:t\m[mrSef rrSef? 'Dtajumif:t\may;rSm b<fvdkwHk.]yefoifhw<f qkdwm awGudk ydkúyD: vG<fvG<fulul qHk:]zwfvmódkifav ]zpfr<f̀ wpfa<mufuüpD:yGm:a\:u paumif:vmúyDá vdk. a]ymw<fqkdygpdk.` 'gudk aç:onfwpfa<mufu a]ymwmeJ. A[dk bEf tîuD:tuJu a]ymwm av:eufyHkcsif: rwlódkifbl:`

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um:azmf]yaep\m rvdkygbl:`

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trnfrazmfvdkaom owif:\if:]rpf

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\if:]rpf (2) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk b<folu ay:w<fqkdwmudk trsm:uodxm:úyD:]zpfwJh owif:\if:]rpf? (3) owif:twGuf rygr]zpfwJhtajumif:t\meJ. (4) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk w\m:&if b<fvdkrS r\ódkifawmhvdk. qkdwmawGygyJ̀

rûrûww

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\Sif:vif:]cif:

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\Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwm omreft\yfom: em:vnfwJh |kd:|kd:\Sif:\Sif:toHk:tóSKef:eJ.yJ a\:wmudk qkdcsifwmyg` uïrf:usifolawGeJ. AsL|dku\ufawGyJ oHk:wwfwJh ynm\yfpum:awG? vltrsm: em:rvnfódkifwJh pum:vHk:awG oHk:wmrsKd:udk a\Smifyg` \Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwmxJrSm pum:vHk:uspfvspfwmvnf: ygw<f̀ pum:vHk:awGudk vkdwmxuf ydkroHk:ygeJ.`a<bk<soabmrsKd: r[kwfbJ wdwdusus oHk:óSKef:yg`

atmufrSm tckazmf]yr<hf owif:tzGihfpmydk'fu t}FvdyfbmomeJ. xkwfa&wJh tm\Sowif:Xmewpfcku ]zpfygw<f̀ tJ'DrSma\:om:yHku AsL|dku\ufawG a\:[efrsKd:aygufaeygw<f̀

rav:\Sm:óSifh ]refrmwdk.onf óSpfódkifiHtjum: ukefypPnf:csif: zvS<faom ukefoG<fa\:vkyfief:rsm: tqifa]yacsmarG.pGmaqmif\Gufód kifa\:twGuf rjumrDumvtwGif: oabmwlnDcsufwpf\yfudk tacsmowfrnf]zpfajumif: rav:\Sm:t]ynf]ynfqkdif\m ukefoG<fa\:óSifh pufrSKvkyfief:&efîuD: \mzD'gtZpfu jumoyaw:ae.wGif a]ymjum:onf̀


ukd<f]riforûukd

wwfódkifoavmuf

\Sif:\Sif:vif:vif:

azmf]yay:yg`

IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4133

34

tJ'Da\:om:csufu pum:vHk:awG azmif:yGaew<f̀ owif:u bmudk qkdvdkwmvJ̀ tJ'gudk tckvdk ]yefa\:ódkifygw<f̀

rav:\Sm:óSifh ]refrmódkifiHwkd.onf 4if:wkd.> ukefypPnf:csif:zvS<faom ukefoG<fa\:udk wkd:]rÛifhrnfh oabmwlnDcsufwpf\yfrjumrDrSm \\Sdawmhrnf]zpfajumif: rav:\Sm:ukefoG<fa\:&efîuD:u jumoyaw:ae.u a]ymjum:onf̀

\Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwmxJrSm zGihfqkd\Sif:]ycsufvnf:ygw<f`tu<fI udk<fhowif:xJrSm üaiGaju:usHK.]cif:á qdkwJh pum:vHk:ygvm\if tJ'Dpum:vHk:tajumif:udk pmzwfolem:vnfatmif \Sif:]yay:\ygr<f̀ Oyrm-

üaiGaju:usKH.]cif:qkdonfrSm aiGazmif:yG]cif:> qef.usifbuf]zpfúyD: ukefpnfóSifh &efaqmifrSKaç:óSKef:rsm: usqif:vm]cif: ]zpfonfáqkdwmrsKd:aygh̀

\Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwm pum:vHk:uspfuspfeJ. &guswkdwkd a\:wmudkvnf: qkdvdkygw<f` t}Fvdyfbmom tygt&if bmompum:tawmfrsm:rsm:rSm (uwWm:-îud<m- uH) yHkpHeJ. &gusukd \Sif:vif:pGma\:om:juw<f̀

Oyrm- Police arrested three men on Thursday.

Subject: Police

Verb: arrested

Object: three men

Oyrm- The prime minister will visit China.

Subject: The prime minister

Verb: will visit

Object: China

]refrm\J. &gus zJG.pnf:wnfaqmufyHkuawmh uwWm:-uH-îud<m]zpfwmrdk. txufu &gusawGudk a\:r<fqkd\if-

• jumoyaw:ae.wGif \Ju vloHk:a<mufudk zrf:qD:vdkufonf̀• &efîuD:csKyfonf w|kwfódkifiHodk. tvnftywf oGm:a\muf

rnf vkd. a\:\ygr<f̀


IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4134

35

]ynfhpHk]cif:

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udk<fh\J. owif:[m tJ'Dvdk ta\:îuD:wJh tcsufawGay;rSmwnfaewmyg` [ódGKifrSm tdwfpfa\m}g ]yef.aewJhtajumif: owif:aqmif:yg: a\:r<fqkdygpkd.` tJ'DrSm 'DudpPeJ. ywfoufúyD: uïrf:usifwJhq\m&efwpfa<muf\Sdw<fqkd\if udk<fu tJ'Dq\m&efeJ. oGm:úyD: awG.qHkpum:a]ymoifhw<f̀ wpfa<mufa<mufu 'Dtajumif:eJ. ywfoufvdk. avhvmcsufpmwrf: ]yKpkxm:wm\Sd\if tJ'Dpmwrf:udk zwfjunhf\r<f̀ úrdK.xJrSm tdwfpf a&'emonfawG \SdaewJh aq:|kH\Sdw<fqkd\ifudk<fu tJ'Daq:|kHudk a\mufatmif oGm:junhfoihfygw<f̀


IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4135

36

tydkif: (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:

owif:pmq\mrsm:[m tcsuftvufrsm:udk ta]ccHtm:]zifhenf:oHk:enf:eJ. pkaqmif:<ljuygw<f̀ tJ'gawGu-

• wkduf|kdufavhvmpHkprf:wmrsKd:` udk<fwkdif oGm:junhfwm ]zpfygw<f̀

• tifwmAsL:vkyfwm` vlawGeJ. awG.qHkúyD: ar:]ref:a]ymqkdwJhenf:yg`

• okawoevkyfwJhenf:` pmawGeJ. taxmuftxm:awGudkzwf|SKavh vmwJh enf:]zpfygw<f̀

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tcef: (5)pl:prf:avhvm]cif:

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tydkif: (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:

IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4136

37

ukd<fwkdifud k<fjuyf avhvmpH kprf:wmuawmh tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:zkd.twGuftaumif:qHk:enf:ygyJ̀ rsuf]rifoufao qkdwmrsKd:u udk<fvdkcsifwJh tao:pdwf tajumif:t\mawGudk rSwfrdcsifrS rSwfrdr<f? 'grSr[kwf]zpfajumif:ukefpifukd ]yefa]ymódkifcsifrS a]ymódkifr<f? 'ght]yif wpfa<mufa<mufu a]ymwJhtajumif:t\mwpfck[m [kwf r[kwf qkdwmudkud k<fwkdifuk d<fjuyf oGm:junhfwm[mvnf:wu<fawmh tvGefaumif:ygw<f̀ udk<hf rsufpdeJ.wyftyf]rif\awmh rSef rrSef qkdwm aoaocsmcsm od\wmaygh̀

t]zpftysufwpfck ]zpfwJhae\mrSmudk<fwkdif\Sdaew<fqkd\if udk<fu tao:pdwftcsufawGudkyg \ódkifygw<f` tJ'Dtao:pdwf]zpf\yfawGeJ. pmzdwfy\dowfîuD: rsufpdxJuGif:uGif:uGufuGuf ay;vmatmif a\:]yódkifygr<f̀ tJ'DrSm bm ]zpfcJhw<fqkdwmudk udk<fu yDyD ]yif]yif azmf]yódkifwmaygh̀

owif:pmq\maumif:awG[m tm|kHig:yg:pvHk:]zpfwJh tawG.?txd? teH.? tjum:? t\omt]yif a<bk<s ücHpm:\csufá udkyg oHk:úyD: owif:vdkufjuygw<f̀ vlawG bmvkyfaejuvJ? olwdk.\J. taetxm: b<fvdk\SdvJ? bmoHawGjum:\vJ? bmeH.awG\vJ? \moDOwkudkb<fvdkcHpm:\vJ (ylovm:? at:ovm:) 'gawGudk udk<hfbmomar:cGef:xkwfúyD: rSwfpkpmtkyfxJrSm tao:pdwf a\:rSwf\ygr<f̀

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ukd<fwkdifudk<fjuyf awG.]rifwJhtwGuf owif:pmq\m[mt]zpftysuf? tajumif:udpPeJ. vlykñdKvfwdk.tajumif:udk ydkúyD: em:vnfoabmayguf\w<f̀ udk<fu puf|kHopftajumif: a\:\w<fqkd\if tJ'Dpuf|kHudk udk<fwkdifoGm:junhfawmh ydkúyD: od\wmaygh̀ abmvHk:orm:wpfa<muf tajumif: a\:w<fqkd\ifvnf: tJ'DabmvHk:orm: upm:wmudk udk<fwkdifjunhf\\if ol.tajumif: ydkúyD: ]ynhf]ynfhpHkpHka\:ódkifwmaygh̀

tcef: (5) pl:prf:avhvm]ciff:

tao:pdwf

tcsufawGudkvnf:

owdrlyg`

IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4137

38

vlawGeJ. pum:a]ymwJhtcgrSm olwkd.\J. trlt\mawGudkavhvmyg` udk<fu olwkd. a]z\cufwJh ar:cGef:rsKd:ar:vdkufwJhtcgrSmtJ'DvlawG[m ta&:qDudk ai:armawGa&oGm:wwfjuovm:` olwkd.\J. ywf&ef:usifudkvnf: tuJcwf\r<f̀ pm:yJGay;rSm |SKyfaxG:yG\aeovm:? 'grSr[kwf pepfwuseJ.vm:` eH\Hay;rSm b<fvdk yef:csDum:rsKd: csdwfqJGxm:ovJ po]zihfaygh̀

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owif:tm:\Sdvmatmif tao:pdwfusus pl:prf:avhvmyHk tajumif: erlemrsm:udkatmufrSm azmf]yvkdufygw<f̀ tm|kHig:yg:eJ.

cHpm:<lxm:wJh tao:pdwftcsufawGudk owdxm:junhfyg`yxrwpfcku tar\duefeJ. tm\SódkifiH owif:pm tawmf

rsm:rsm:rSm a\:om:azmf]ycJhwJh owif:aqmif:yg:wpfyk'f\J. tzGifhpmydk'fyg` xkdif:ódkifiH\J. cspfp\m a\S:a[mif:úrdK.wpfúrdK.[m pufrSKzHG.úzdK:wkd:wufrSK'Ef cH\wJhtajumif: ]zpfygw<f̀


ol.tvSavmufukdyJ

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4138

39

csif:rd kif? xdkif:` tifomcifac; a\S:yJ GawmftwGufcsif:rd kif> úrdK.a[mif: yifr&ifayguf }dwf&ig:ae\mwGifrjumao:rDu vltrsm:pka&:a\muf \SdcJhjuonf` vdarRmfa\mifouFef:rsm: ]cHKvÏrf:xm:aom Ak'Ýbmom \[ef: oHCmrsm:ubk\m:pmudk \Gwfzwfo\ZPsm<faejuum yJGawmfvm vlxk uvnf:yef:eH.omóSifh qDrD:uyfvSLum rdk:óSifh oD:óSHaumif:ygapajumif:qkawmif:cJhjuonf̀

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4139

40

tcef:(6)awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:

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tifwmAsL:awmif:]cif:

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tcef: (6) awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4140

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üuïefr\J. yxrOD:qHk: ar:cGef:udku vdkcsifwJhtcsufudk rdzdk.vdkygw<f? uïefrudk<fYvnf: olwdk.qDu udk<fbmvdkcsifw<fqkdwmodxm:w<f? rsm:aomtm:]zihfu wpfrdepf? óSpfrdepfyJ tcsdef\wmav?bmrSr[kwfwJh ar:cGef:awGeJ. olwkd.udk pdwftaóSmifht<Suf r]zpfapcsifbl:’vdk. csef<myGefu a]ym]yygw<f̀


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t"duuswJh ar:cGef:awGudk csef<myGefu t\ifîudKúyD: a\:rSwfxm:wJhtwGuf ar:ae\if:eJ. arhusef\pfwmrsKd: r\Sdbl:` olu ar:cGef:awGudkvnf: tpDtpOfusus pDúyD: ar:wwfw<f̀

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tifwmAsL:udk pwif]cif:? rdrdudk<fudk rdwfqufyg

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rSwfpkrSwfw<fqkd\ifawmh wpfenf:enf:eJ. vufa\:wkd a\:\r<f` vufa\:wkdoifwef:awG wufódkifygw<f` owif:axmuftrsm:pkuawmh udk<fykdifvufa\:wkdenf:awG xGifxm:wwfw<f̀ Oyrmübm]zpfvdk.vJqkdawmhá qkdwmudk ü H. Há? üpD:yGm:a\:á udk üpD:/-á? ütpdk:\áudk ‘Gov’ po]zihfaygh̀

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tJ'DerlemrSm owif:axmuf[m t}Fvdyf article pum:vHk:awG]zpfwJh (the, a) eJ. &dbwfawG]zpfwJh (to, in) pwmawGudkxnfha\:rxm:wm awG.\ygr<f` Âcif:csuftaeeJ. a]ympum:ukdaumufókwfukd:um: azmf]yr<fqkd\ifawmh a]ymwJhvl\J. pum:twkdif:twdtus a\:rSwf\ygr<f` txufu erlemrSm owif:axmufueconomy udk ‘econ’? Cambodia udk ‘Camb’? Factories udk ‘facts’

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übmajumifhá? üb<fvdká ar:cGef:rsm:

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• üa\G:aumufyJG&ifzdk. cifAsm: bmajumifh qHk:]zwfwmvJá• ücifAsm: \nf\G<fcsuf yef:wkdifudk a\mufzdk. b<fvdk

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tajumif:t\mwpfckudk \vmwwfjuygw<f̀ tifwmAsL:vkyfpOftwGif:rSm owif:\if:]rpfawGu udk<fh

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aemufqufwJGar:cGGef:rsm:- tókpdwfar:]ref:]cif:

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eJ. pmzwfoltwGuf yDyD]yif]yif o|kyfazmf]yódkifzdk. owif:axmuftaeeJ.u tao:pdwftcsuftvufawG odzdk. vdktyfygw<f` tJ'Dvdktao:pdwftcsuftvufawG odatmifqkd\if aemufqufwJG ar:cGef:aumif:awG ar:wwf\w<f̀

w\ef[efa'gif:vrf:rSm um:óSpfpD: wkdufrdw<fvdk. [dkcsDrif:pD:wD: \Jt\m\Sd wpfa<mufu udk<fhudk a]ym]yw<fqkd\if bmum:trsKd:tpm:vJ? um:awGu bmta\mifvJ qkdwmudk ar:\ygr<f`wu<fvdk. vloHk:a<muf 'Ef\m\oGm:w<fvdk. \Ju a]ym\if tJ'DvlawGu b<folawGvJ? bm'Ef\mawG \oGm:wmvJ? b<faq:|kHudko<foGm:wmvJ qkdwmawGudkyg ar:\ygr<f̀

ódkifiHa\:orm:wpfa<mufu ol.toufúcdrf:a]cmufcHae\w<fvdk. qkdvm\if b<fvdk úcdrf:a]cmufwmvJ qdkwmudk Oyrmay:ckdif:yg`

wpfcgwpf\HrSm udk<fu aemufqufwJGar:cGef:udk |kwfw\ufîuD: rar:ódkifwmrsKd:vnf: \Sdwwfw<f̀ tJ'DtcgrsKd:rSm bmar:\r<fqdkwm pOf:pm:zkd.tcsdef\atmif...

ütJ'g bmajumifh]zpf\wmvJá? üquf\Sif:ygOD:á po]zifh ar:]ref:\if: tifwmAsL:udk t\Sdefrysufatmif qufxdef:oGm:\ygr<f̀

a]z\cufaom ar:cGef:rsm:

\Hzef\HcgrSm a]z\cufwJh ar:cGef:rsKd:awG ar:zdk. vdktyfwm awGvnf: \Sdwwfygw<f` 'gudk zspfnÛpfúyD: vkyf\r<f`vlwpfa<mufudk ücifAsm:tdwfpfa\m}gb<fvdk\vmwmvJá vdk. ar:zdk.qdkwmtawmf uav: tm:emp\m aumif:ayr<fhvnf: 'Dta]zukd pmzwfy\dowfu odcsifaew<f̀ 'Dvdk ta]zrsKd:ay;rSm rlwnfúyD:omrefowif:wpfyk'f eJ. owif:aumif:wpfyk'fqkdwm uGm]cm: oGm:wwfwmyg`'Dvdkar:cGef:rsKd: udk-

üuïefawmf? uïefr taeeJ. tm: awmh emygw<f? 'gayrJhvnf:rar:r]zpf ar:\r<fqkdawmh em:eJ.rem z&g:eJ.em yg...á vdk. ed'gef:csDúyD:ar:ódkifygw<f̀

wpfcgwpf\HrSm pGyfpJGa]ymqdk cHxm:\wJh ykñdKvfwpfOD:OD:eJ.


vlawG\J. 'kuQukd pmemyg`

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awG.qHkúyD: ol.\J. acsycsufawGudk owif:<l\wm rsKd:vnf: \Sdwwfw<f̀'D tcgrSm udk<fu rûrûww ]zpfapcsifwJh tajumif: \Sif:]yyg`ol.taeeJ.owif:rSm:awGudk ]yifqifódkifwJh tcGifhaumif: ]zpfajumif:udkvnf: \Sif: vif:a]ym]y\ygr<f̀

ar:cGef:awGudk vG<fvG<fuae p ar:yg` a]z\tcufqHk:ar:cGef:udk aemufqHk:rS ar:yg` 'gqkd\if a]z\cufwJh ar:cGef:udk awG.qHkolu ra]zbl:qkd\ifawmifrS ola\S.rSm a]ymcJhwmawGudk owif:tcsuftvufwcsKd.awmh \vdkufókdifygw<f̀

owif:\if:]rpfu udk<feJ. zkef:ra]ymbJ zkef:csypfvdkufw<f?tawG.rcHbJ wHcg:ydwfypfvdkufw<f qkd\ifvnf: pdwfrysufygeJ.` udk<fu owif:axmufyJ̀ ola]ymvmatmif vkyfzkd.u ukd<fhwm&efyJav`

waphwapmif: |kyfyHkvÏm tifwmAsL:rsm:

waphwapmif: |kyfyHkvÏm\J. oabmu vlwpfa<muf\J."avhp|kdufukd ay;vGifatmif a\:zdk.yJ̀ 'gajumifh owif:\if:]rpf ykñdKvfudk oufaomifhoufomeJ. vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a]ymqkdcGifhay:xm:\r<f̀'Dvkd tifwmAsL:rsKd: vkyfr<fqkd\if aocsmpGm îudKwif]yifqifoGm:\ygr<f` 'grS udk<fhtifwmAsL:u vdkcsifwmudk acsmacsmarmarm\ódkifr<f̀ udk<fu tcsdef<l]yifqifcJhwJhtwGuf udk<fhudk a]ym]yr<hfowif:\if:]rpfuvnf: oabmusvdrfhr<f̀ ola\:om:cJhzl:wJh aqmif:yg:udk udk<fu \nfnÏef:a]ym]yódkifovm:? olwufcJhwJh ausmif:udk a]ym]yódkifrvm: po]zifhaygh̀

waphwapmif: |kyfyHkvÏmtwGuf tifwmAsL:vkyf\if ol.\J.t]yKtrludk }|kpdkuf avhvm\ygr<f̀ wu<fvdk. tcsdef\r<fqdk\ifol.tdrfrSm b<fvdkaew<f? |kH:rSm b<fvdkaew<f? bmudk &goemygw<f qkdwmawGutp avhvmoifhygw<f̀ owif:aumif:awGqkdwmvlawG\J. vSKyf\Sm:vkyfaqmifrSKawGudk azmf]yay:ygw<f̀

tifwmAsL:udk tqHk:owf]cif:

owif:\if:]rpfudk tckvdk tcsdefay: a]ym]ywJhtwGuf aus:Zl:wifajumif: a]ymyg` 'gayrJh aemufqHk: ar:cGef:oHk:ck ar:zdk.udkawmhb<fawmhrS rarhygeJ.`


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• tck uïefawmf? uïefr ar:oGm:wmawGxJrSm ta\:îuD:wJhtcsufwpfckck ar:zdk. usefoGm:wmrsm: \Sdygovm:`

• 'Dtajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufúyD: aemufxyfawG.oifhwJhykñdKvfrsm: \Sdygao:ovm:? \Sd\if vrf:òÏefay:ódkifrvm:`

• aemufxyf ar:p\mav:awG ay;vmcJh\if xyfar:yg\ap`(]zpfódkif\if tdrfzkef:eJ. rkdbkdif:zkef:eHygwfawG \atmif awmif: <lyg`tcsuftvufawGeJ. ywfoufvdk. r\Sif:wm\Sd\if xyfar:yg\apqkdwm aocsmatmif a]ymxm:cJhyg`)


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tcef: (7)taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toHk:cs]cif:

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tcef: (7) taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toHk:cs]cif:

w\m:r&if opfckwfvJSrë owif:twGuf taxmuftxm:rsm: \zdk.rvG<fulyg`

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tjuH]yKxm:ovJ qkdwmukd tav:xm:junfhyg` úyD:\if tJ'DtjuH]yKcsuftay;rSm axmufcHwJh? ydkrdkckdifrmapwJh Oyrmay:rSKawG? aumufókwf a]ympum:awG? 'grSr[kwfvnf: udef:}Eef: azmf]ycsufawGudk\SmazGyg`

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taxmuftxm:awGudk trsm:]ynfolawGtaeeJ. b<favmuf \\SdódkifvJqkdwmuawmh ódkifiHtvdkuf uGm]cm:rSK \Sdygw<f̀ 'gayrJh taxmuftxm:awG b<favmuftxd \Sdwwfw<fqdkwm a]ym\\ifawmh wu<f tHhjop\mygyJ̀ pOf:pm:junfhr<fqkd\if-

• tdrf]cHa]r rSwfwrf:awG?• \JrSwfwrf:awG?• Oya']yKa\: tqkd]yKcsufawG?• w\m:|kH:rSwfwrf:awG?• ukríEDrsm:\J. ajunmcsufeJ. óSpfywfvnf tpD\ifcHpmawG?• obm&ywf&ef:usifqkdif\m tpD\ifcHpmawG?• opfckwfrdef.cGifh]yKcsufawG?• tpdk:\pD:yGm:a\: tpD\ifcHpmawG?• aumifpDtpnf:ta&: rSwfwrf:awG po]zifh awG.\ygr<f̀

bmtaxmuftxm:? rSwfwrf:rSwf\mawG \SdovJqkdwmudkt]rJ vG<fvG<feJ. \wwfwmawmhvnf: r[kwfbl:` 'gayrJh udk<fhtaeeJ. yxrOD:qHk:rSm 'DXme tzJG.tpnf:awG b<fvdk tvkyfvkyfjuw<fqkdwmudk em:vnfatmif vkyfoifhygw<f̀ olwkd.u yHkrSef b<fvdktpD\ifcHpmrsKd:awGudk xkwf]yefwwfovJ? tJ'DtpD\ifcHpmawGu b<fvdkyHkpHrsKd:eJ. xGufvmwwfwmvJ? b<fXmepdwf? b<fwm&ef\Sd ykñdKvfuxkwf]yefay:wmvJ qkdwJh tcsufrsKd:awGaygh̀

owif:axmufawG taeeJ. tpdk:\qDu taxmuftxm:awGudk w\m:&if awmif:cHjuwJh tcgrsKd:rSm rsm:aomtm:]zifhawmhtjumîuD:aerSyJ \wwfw<f` 'gajumif h ud k<feJ.cifrifaewJh


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tpdk:\wm&ef\dSolwpfa<mufa<mufudkuyfúyD: ol.qDuae awmif:junhfwmuyJ tvG<fulqHk: ]zpfygr<f̀

'Dtaxmuftxm:awGuae t}wdawG? tmEmtvJGoHk:rSKawGudk owif:axmufawGu \SmazGazmfxkwfódkifwmrsKd:awG \Sdwwf w<f̀wcsKd.ódkifiHawGrSm ódkifiHa\:orm:awGudk b<fykñdKvfu aiGaju:ay:urf:aew<f qkdwmudk taxmuftxm: vkduf\Smw<f` úyD:\iftpdk:\u tJ'DaiGawGudk b<fvdkoHk:pJGw<fqdkwJh tpD\ifcHpmawGudk vdkufpHkprf:w<f̀ tJ'DrSm ódkifiHa\:orm:rsm:ukd aiGaju:ay:urf:olawG[mt]rwftpGef: îuD:rm:wJh tpdk:\uefx|dkuf vkyfief:îuD:awGudk \oGm:juovm:qkdwJh qufóG<frSKawGudk vdkuf\Smjunhfwwfjuygw<f̀ 'Dowif:rsKd:awGu b<fol[m joZm\Sddw<f? b<folu tpdk:\rSm aiGaju:]ynhfpHkatmif yHhydk:ay:aew<f qkdwmrsKd:awGudk azmfxkwf wif]yay:ygw<f̀'Dvdk owif:rsKd:udk owif:pHkprf:a\:om:]cif:vdk. ac;ygw<f̀

t]rJwrf: pdppfyg

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úyD:awmh vltrsm:óSihf pum:a]ymjunhfyg

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tydkif: (3) pk|kH:aygif:pnf:]cif:

pdefac;csuf

tpudk a\:\wm[m tcufqHk:yJvdk. owif:pmq\m tawmfrsm:rsm:uyJ a]ymjuygw<f̀ udk<hfowif:\J. tp pum:vHk:u wu<fvnf: ta\:îuD:wmudk:` tzGihfpmydk'fu pdwf&ifpm:p\mqkd\if pmzwfolu tJ'Dowif:udk qHk:wJhtxd zwf]zpfoGm:r<f̀ pdwf&ifpm:p\m raumif:\ifawmh aemufpmrsufóSmudk vSefoGm:rSmyJ̀

udk<fu tzGifhpmydk'fudk b<fvdk a\:r<fqdkwm qHk:]zwfúyD:oGm:\if aemufpdefac;vmwmu owif:\J. usefwJh tydkif:udk b<fvdkpkpnf:úyD: a\:rvJqkdwmyg` tqifa]ya]y ]zpfatmif owif:tcsuftvufawGudk b<fvdkpDpOfúyD: a\:rvJaygh̀ 'Dvdk tcsuftvufawG tpDtpOfwus ]zpfatmif qkdwm[m &g\ihfpma\:q\mawGtwGufawmifrS rjumcEqkdovdk tcufawG.\wwfwmrsKd:` udk<fu tcsuftvufawGtrsm:îuD: pkaqmif:<lvmwmav` 'Dawmh b<f[mawGudk oHk:úyD:b<f[mawGudk csefypfcJh\r<fqdkwm qHk:]zwf\ cufaewwfwmaygh̀

owif:aqmif:yg:awGrSmqkd\if ed}kH:uvnf: ta\:îuD:ygw<f̀pma\:q\mwcsKd.u olwkd.aqmif:yg:awGudk ta\:tîuD:qHk: tajumif:t\meJ. ed}kH:csKyfwwfjuw<f` wcsKd.uawmh aqmif:yg:\J. t"duausm|dk:udk pmzwfol\ifxJ pJGusef\pfatmif a\:wwfjuygw<f̀ wpfcgwavrSm wu<fxdrdwJh a]ympum:wpfckeJ. ed}kH:csKyfay:wwfw<f̀xdrdwJh ed}kH:udk pOf:pm:\wmvnf: tawmfcufwJh udpPyg`

owif:a\:om:]cif:

owif:a\:om:]cif:[m owif:axmuftaeeJ. pma\:pm:yJGrSm xkdifvdkufwJhtcgusrS pwm r[kwfygbl:` a\:om:]cif:qkdwm[mpOf:pm:]cif:ygyJ̀ owif:axmuf[m owif:twGuf pdwful:\úyDqkduwnf:u 'Da\:om:]cif:uvnf: pwm]zpfygw<f̀ tJ'Daemuf t"dutcsufudk \SmazGwm? ar:cGef:awG ar:]ref:wmeJ. tao:pdwftcsufawGpkaqmif:wm pwJh owif:vdkufaewJh wpfcsdefvHk:rSmyJ a\:om:]cif:u'GefwJGvkdufygvmw<f̀ owif:axmufu olpkaqmif:\\SdvmwJh tcsuf

tydkif: (3) pk|kH:aygif:pnf:]cif:

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tvufawGudk pOf:pm:w<f̀ úyD:awmh tJ'DtcsuftvufawGudk cJG]crf:pdwf]zmavhvmw<f` owif:twGuf b<ftcsufawGu toHk:&ifw<f̀ b<ftcsufawGuawmh]zifh tydkawG qkdwmudk pdppf\ygr<f̀aemufqHk:rSm pmzwfolawG tvG<fwul em:vnfoabmaygufatmif'DtcsuftvufawGudk b<fvdktpDtpOfxm:úyD: a\:rvJ qdkwmudk pOf:pm:\ygw<f̀

owif:aumif: a\:ódkifzdk.twGuf yxrqHk: udk<fuowif:tvkdufaumif:zdk. vdkygw<f̀ owif:wpfyk'f a\:wmrSm tqifracsmbJ tcuftcJawG.ae\w<fqkd\if udk<f[m owif:tcsuftvuf]ynhf]ynhfpHkpHk\atmif rvkdufrdcJhvdk.ygyJ̀ udk<fu ]ynhf]ynhfpHkpHk owif:vdkufrxm:\if 'Dowif:uvnf: udk<fhpdwfxJrSm \Sif:rSm r[kwfbl:`

tcef: (8)tzGifh

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wkduf|dkuftzGifh

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tcef: (8) tzGifh

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a\S.rSm azmf]ycJhovdkyJ t}Fvdyf &gusqkd\if subject-verb-object yHkpH?]refrmvdkqkd\ifawmh uwWm:-uH-îud<myHkpHeJ. a\:om:xm:wJh tzGifhawGygyJ̀ t}Fvdyfvdk a\:r<fqkd\if owif:OD:\J. tzGifh pmydk'f[m pmvHk:a\25 vHk:xuf rydkoifhbl:` tJ'DtzGifh[m \Sif:\r<f? wdus\r<f̀

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bdef:pdkufysKd:]cif: avsmhenf:a\:aqmif\GufrSK wpfpdwfwpfa'ot]zpf }syeftpdk:\u [Gmzef:]ynfe<fwGif aus:vufvrf:rsm:azmufvkyfa\:vkyfief:twGuf aiGxnhf&if\ef oabmwlcJhonf̀

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4158

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4162

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4164

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tcef: (9) owif:udk pkpnf:]cif:

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4173

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4174

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4175

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:4176

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:42103

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rdef.cGef:wpfck tajumif: a\:xm:wJh owif:aumif:wpfyk'fudk junhfju\atmifyg`

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ütpdk:\taeeJ. b&opftwGuf tcGifhtvrf: awGudk \Sdorû tiftm:eJ. zefwD:wnfaqmuf<lrSm ]zpfygw<f?xdkif:ódkifiH[m buf aygif:pHkrSm a]ymif:vJzdk. vdktyfaeygw<fá[k w<fvDuGef vkyfief:\Sif olaX:îuD:t]zpfrS ódkifiHa\:orm:]zpfvmol oufqifu a]ymygonf̀

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'Dowif:u oufqifa]ymorûudk]yefa\:xm:wm r[kwfqkdwmpmzwfolu csufcsif:odvkdufúyD̀pma\:q\mu tzGifhrSm uwnf: uqef.usifbuf t]rifudkygxnfha\:xm:wmudk:`

tzGifhrSm a<bk<soabmyJ azmf]ycJhwJht"dutajumif: t\m]zpfwJhrl&g'tajumif:udk pma\:q\mucsufcsif:tusOf:csKyfúyD: azmf]yay:w<f̀'gudk oufqif\J. a]ympum:eJ.tusOf:csKyfazmf]yúyD: tzGifhudktm:]znhfay:w<f̀ 'Dae\mrSm rl&g'utajumif:t\m topf tqef:r[kwfwmajumifh tzGifhrSm ra\:wmudkowd]yKyg` tJ'DuwdawGu a\G:aumufyJGrJqG<fyJGawGrSm ay:cJhwmrdk.owif:awGxJrSm zefw\mawatmifygúyD:aeúyD̀

pmzwfol[m owif:udkem:vnfódkifzdk.twGufaemufcHorkdif:udkra\:r]zpf a\:\r<f̀

odk.aomf a&zefolrsm:url vlúydef:îudKuf rl&g'rsm:rSm p\dwfpu îuD:rm:vGef:rnf]zpfajumif: owday:xm:onf̀

ütawG:tac;opfawG? vkyfaqmifcsuf topf


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ol uwd]yKaom w]cm:tajumif:t\mrsm:rSmvkyfief:i<f orm:rsm:tm: acs:aiGxkwfay:ódkif\ef aus:\GmbEfrsm: wnfaxmifa\:? ódkifiHzHG.úzdK:wdk:wuffa\: vkyfief:rsm:udk ódkifiHa\:t\ &ifa\mufpGufzuf ]cif: r\SdbJ uïrf:usifol

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IMMF2.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:42125

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tydkif: (6)

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tydkif: (6)

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The AP Broadcast News Handbook, by Brad Kalbfeld. Published in 2000 by McGraw-

Hill Professional Publishing.

The Associated Press Guide to News Writing (2nd edition), by Rene J. Cappon. Pub-

lished in 2000 by ARCO.

Getting the Story. This is a textbook and a videotape produced in 1990 by the Interna-

tional Center for Journalists, 1616 H Street, NW, 3rd Floor, Washington DC 20006-4999,

U.S.A.

A Handbook for Cambodian Journalists, by Huw Watkin. Published in Phnom Penh in

1998 by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Germany.

News Reporting and Writing (8th edition), by Melvin Mencher. Published in 1999 by

McGraw-Hill College Division.

The Newspapers Handbook (3rd edition) by Richard Keeble. Published in 2001 by

Routledge, London and New York.

Writing and Reporting News (3rd edition), by Carole Rich. Published in 1999 by

Wadsworth Publishing Co., 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002, U.S.A.

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The International Center for Journalists u atmufygpmtkyf awGudkvnf: ]yKpkxkwfa&xm:ygw<f̀

Ten Practical Tips for Environmental Reporting, by Peter Nelson

Ten Practical Tips for Business and Economic Reporting in Developing Countries, by

Paul Hemp

Ten Steps to Investigative Reporting


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Cover.pmd 6/2/2547, 23:562

reporting and writing news: a basic handbook (burmese)

Self Improvement