report type deliverable work group wp4 - cordis · 2012-08-06 . revision of chapters : 0.8 ....

Contract no.: 248231

MOre Safety for All by Radar Interference Mitigation

D4.2 - Development of a normalized

interferer device

Report type Deliverable

Work Group WP4

Dissemination level Public

Version number Version 1.3

Date 14-12-2012

Lead Partner InnoSenT GmbH

Project Coordinator Dr. Martin Kunert Robert Bosch GmbH

Daimlerstrasse 6 71229 Leonberg

Phone +49 (0)711 811 37468 [email protected]

copyright 2012

the MOSARIM Consortium

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Authors

Name Company

Felipe Torres Innosent GmbH (IS)

Tobias Mahler Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

Revision chart and history log

Version Date Reason

0.1 2012-06-15 Initial version

0.2 2012-07-02 First version with 24 GHz part

0.3 2012-07-31 Version with 24 and 77/79 GHz components

0.5 2012-08-06 Revision of chapters

0.8 2012-08-15 Added information from KIT (GUI, serial protocol description, 77GHZ-part and datasheets)

0.9 2012-08-20 Version for peer review

1.0 2012-09-10 Version with peer review comments included

1.1 2012-09-26 Further improvements and editorial changes

1.2 2012-10-05 Final version for submission

1.3 2012-12-14 Annex with specification from task 1.1 added at the end as requested by reviewers in the annual project review on 12.12.2012 in Brussels

Applicable documents

Ref. Date Title

MOSARIM D1.1-V1.3

07.12.2010 Requirements and specification of a norm interferer -> see Annex 9.3

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Table of contents Authors ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Revision chart and history log ........................................................................................... 2 Applicable documents ......................................................................................................... 2 Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 6 2. OVERVIEW OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS ............................................................ 8

2.1. 24 GHz transmitter ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. 24 GHz VCO, buffer, switch, multiplier .............................................................. 8 2.1.2. VCO tuning voltage generation ............................................................................ 9

2.2. 77GHz transmitter ..................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Control Unit ............................................................................................................... 10

3. INTERFACE AND PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION ......................................................... 11 3.1. Serial Protocol (PC - NI) ........................................................................................... 11

4. USER MANUAL ............................................................................................................. 12 4.1. Graphical User Interface (GUI) ................................................................................. 12

5. NORM INTERFERER VALIDATION TESTS .............................................................. 14 5.1. Validation test setup .................................................................................................. 14 5.2. Results obtained for the predefined modulation waveforms ..................................... 15

5.2.1. CW ..................................................................................................................... 15 5.2.2. FSK ..................................................................................................................... 22 5.2.3. FMCW ................................................................................................................ 25 5.2.4. Chirp Sequence mode ......................................................................................... 30 5.2.5. FSK + FMCW .................................................................................................... 31 5.2.6. Pulse ................................................................................................................... 32 5.2.7. Pulse + FMCW ................................................................................................... 35

5.3. Time-Frequency analysis of a fast chirp sequence mode .......................................... 38 6. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 39 7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 40 8. ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... 41 9. Annex ............................................................................................................................... 42

9.1. Datasheet Tripler (25 GHz to 75 GHz) ..................................................................... 42 9.2. Norm Interferer Validation Test plan ........................................................................ 43 9.3. Requirements and specification of a norm interferer (Extract from MOSARIM Deliverable D1.1 v1.3) ......................................................................................................... 45

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 45 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 45 Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 45 Schematic Diagram .............................................................................................................................. 46 Hardware constraints and maximum ratings ....................................................................................... 47 Power supply ........................................................................................................................................ 47 Maximum temperature ratings and housing specifications .................................................................. 47 Mechanical specifications .................................................................................................................... 47 Regulatory Specifications ..................................................................................................................... 47 Trigger Capability ................................................................................................................................ 47 77 GHz Radar Front End specifications .............................................................................................. 48 Tentative block diagram ....................................................................................................................... 48 List of Parameters ................................................................................................................................ 48 24 GHz Radar Front End specifications .............................................................................................. 49 RFE 21.65-23.6 GHz ............................................................................................................................ 49 Tentative block diagram ....................................................................................................................... 49 List of parameters ................................................................................................................................ 49 RFE 24.05-24.25 GHz (ISM) ............................................................................................................... 50 Tentative block diagram ....................................................................................................................... 50

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List of parameters ................................................................................................................................ 50 RFE 24.05-26.65 GHz ......................................................................................................................... 51 Tentative block diagram ....................................................................................................................... 51 List of parameters ................................................................................................................................ 51 Control Unit ......................................................................................................................................... 52 77 GHz Modulation Modes .................................................................................................................. 52 24 GHz Modulation Modes .................................................................................................................. 53 User Mode ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Terminology, Abbreviations and Definitions ....................................................................................... 55 References ............................................................................................................................................ 56

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Executive Summary This document describes the main characteristics and the basic operational modes of the developed Norm Interferer device (NI). The NI’s main purpose is to substitute the already existing, commercially available vehicular radar sensors in the task to serve as a standardized interfering device. Interference robustness and compatibility between radars at the frequency bands used by the automotive industry can be much easier assessed with a unique test device with the capability to emulate all the known radar transmission waveforms. The actually existing modulation schemes (CW, FMCW, FSK, CSM, and Pulse) were implemented and a 0 dBm output power signal is provided at a K-band SMA-connector for 24 GHz and at a W-Band waveguide for 77 GHz usage. The NI consists of a control unit, which provides an interface to the HF part and a 24 GHz and a 77 GHz frontend (RFE). The 24 GHz RFE is based on a VCO working at K-band, a power amplifier and a digital broadband attenuator. Its output can be connected to a frequency tripler in order to generate the 77/79 GHz signals. Different tests were carried out to validate the functionality of the Norm Interferer, which includes a PLL and a High Speed DAC to generate the tuning voltage of the VCO. The interface to the user is provided via an USB link to a laptop or desktop PC. For the MOSARIM project two NI samples were built to conduct both laboratory and open air test sites (OATS) measurements.

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1. INTRODUCTION In order to investigate radar interference robustness in the frequency bands used in the automotive industry (see figure 1-1) a normalized interferer device was developed within the scope of the MOSARIM project.

Fig. 1-1: Transmit spectrum covered by the developed Norm Interferer The NI is a compact device for primary use in laboratory environments. Its main task is to radiate modulated 24 GHz or 77 GHz signals into the detection zone of a victim sensor, whose interference impact and performance can be evaluated under the following conditions (see figure 1-2):

Victim sensor

Norm interferer

Neutral targetTriggersignal

PC

• Norm-Interferer control /operating software

• Victim radar sensor data recording and operating software

Norm-Interferer operating software

Fig. 1-2: Measurement setup with victim radar sensor and Norm Interferer

The supported modulation waveforms are:

• CW with different frequency values and output power levels • FSK with different center frequencies, step sizes and step durations • FMCW with different center frequencies, modulation spans, ramp durations and

output powers • FSK+FMCW with different center frequencies, modulation spans

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• Chirp Sequence with different center frequencies, modulation spans, ramp durations and output powers

• Pulsed signal with different pause lengths between the pulses • Pulsed+FMCW with different center frequencies

For more details please see also chapter 5.

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2. OVERVIEW OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS The NI consists of a control unit, a 24 GHz and a 77 GHz transmitter (see figure 2-1). A PC can be connected via USB interface to the NI in order to select several modulation schemes. The NI provides a K-Connector for 24 GHz horn antennas and a waveguide output for connection of 77 GHz horn antennas.

Fig. 2-1: NI block diagram

2.1. 24 GHz transmitter

2.1.1. 24 GHz VCO, buffer, switch, multiplier The different modulations waveforms are generated by a voltage controlled oscillator working in the K-band. For the purpose of meeting the power requirements a combination of a power amplifier and a broadband tunable attenuator is used. The amplified signal can be connected to a frequency-tripler for generating the 76 GHz to 81 GHz frequency band signals (for details see section 2.2). By means of an RF switch transmit pulses with ca. 1ns duration can be generated (see figure 2-2).

Fig. 2-2: VCO buffer, switch and multiplier block diagram

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2.1.2. VCO tuning voltage generation Two ways of generating modulated signals are implemented in the NI (see figure 2-3). The first one is realized by means of a high speed 14 bit parallel DAC (AD9709). The second possibility is to use a PLL (ADF4154). The voltage variable attenuator is set by two further DACs (AD5662).

Fig. 2-3: 24 GHz tuning voltage generation

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2.2. 77GHz transmitter The 77GHz transmitter consists of an amplifier, a nonlinear element (frequency tripler) and an isolator. The nonlinear element creates the tripled frequency at its output. The isolator prevents mismatch at the RF-output and avoids any saturation within the tripling element that may be caused by back-reflections. The 77GHz-antenna can be mounted on the WR10-flange at the output of the tripler (see the figure below).

Fig. 2-4: 77GHz frontend

2.3. Control Unit The control unit is realized with an evaluation board of the Texas Instrument Microcontroller TMS320F28335. Figure 2.5 shows the signals connected to the different modules of the DSP device.

Fig. 2-5: Use of the DSP in the control unit

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3. INTERFACE AND PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION

3.1. Serial Protocol (PC - NI) The following Table 3-1 shows the protocol syntax and its interpretations.

Symbol Declaration within the Protocol: 1 new NI-state: Download

2 new NI-state: Start 3 new NI-state: Stop 4 new NI-state: Status & End of word % End of frame

Table 3-1: Serial protocol symbol declaration

Protocol when clicking on Download button:

1&Main Type&Sub Type&Frequency&EIRP&Step Duration&Step Size&First Frequency&Modulation Span&Center Frequency&Ramp Duration&Parity&%

Protocol when clicking on Start: 2&%

Protocol when clicking on Stop: 3&%

Protocol when clicking on Status: 4&%

Remark: Detailed information of the protocol commands is directly available in the operational software comment lines (both NI-DSP and Laptop/PC).

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4. USER MANUAL

4.1. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Fig. 4-1: Use of the DSP in the control unit

Getting Started Before being able to work with the NI you have to establish the USB-connection between your PC and the NI. The USB-interface is internally converted to a serial interface (RS232). First the COM-port-number in the Graphical User Interface (GUI) has to be chosen (see red 1 in Fig. 4-1). The right port-number can be looked for in the Microsoft Windows Device Manager. (You can find the Device Manager in Start / Settings / Control Panel / System / Hardware / Device Manager). Selecting a waveform You can select the desired waveform in the middle of the GUI window (see red 2 in Fig. 4-1). First you have to choose the main type (e.g. CS, CW, FSK or FMCW) with the frequency band (24, 76-77 or 77-81GHz) in the respective columns. After having selected the main type

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via a radio button, you can choose the sub type in the dropdown-box right behind the main type. In the example printed in Fig. 4-1 of this manual the following type is selected: CS with 24GHz and Speed 1 / Band 1. Downloading the settings from the PC to the NI After having selected the desired waveform type the settings are downloaded to the NI by clicking the button “DOWNLOAD” (see red 3 in Fig- 4-1). Starting the operation of the NI Clicking the button “START” (see red 4 in Fig. 4-1) starts the radiation of the downloaded waveform. Note: You have first to select and download a complete waveform setting before the NI can be started. Stopping the NI Clicking the button “STOP” (see red 5 in Fig. 4-1) stops the radiation of the NI. Viewing the current state of the NI To recall the current internal waveform settings of the NI just click “STATE” (see red 6 in Fig. 4-1). The NI replies in which state he currently is in (see red 7 in Fig. 4-1) and if it is in operation mode (started) or if it is stopped. Note: In the current version predefined modulation waveforms that correspond to the waveform types commonly used by the automotive radars on the market were implemented. In an extended version a free-programmable waveform mode will be realized by providing a memory space in the NI DSP control unit where arbitrary values can be downloaded. These values will then be transferred to the VCO via a fast DAC converter, thus enabling any possible waveform shape that is then continuously repeated by the DSP board controller.

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5. NORM INTERFERER VALIDATION TESTS

5.1. Validation test setup For the verification and validation of the NI output signals spectrum analysis with different spectrum analyzers was conducted. Figure 5-1 shows the setups used for 24GHz and for 77&79 GHz. At 24 GHz the loss of the interconnecting Sucoflex cable is approx. 1,2 dB. The spectrum analyzer used was the R&S FSP-40 spectrum analyzer. For the 77 GHz band measurements the HP8562E spectrum analyzer and the harmonic mixer 11970W were used. The harmonic mixer was directly coupled to the waveguide of the frequency tripler at 77 GHz, assuming no losses to take into account there, because the exact conversion loss values has been applied for the harmonic mixer for each frequency band from the most recent calibration report. The losses in the IF-cabling between the mixer and analyzer are assumed to be negligible.

Fig. 5-1: Validation test setup using spectrum analyzers

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5.2. Results obtained for the predefined modulation waveforms

5.2.1. CW

Fig. 5-2: Frequency versus time CW signal

For this mode, the VCO tuning voltage is realized by the PLL-IC. The desired modulation waveforms characteristics measured were:

Main type

Sub-type

Parameter Unit Frequency range 24.050–24.250Hz

Frequency range 76.000–77.000GHz


Notes

CW Low Frequency Power

GHz dBm

24.065 -3.2

76.100 0

77.500 -0.07

CW Med1 Frequency Power

GHz dBm

24.110 -1.7

76.400 -0.93

78.500 1.92

CW Med2 Frequency Power

GHz dBm

24.185 -2.8

76.600 -0.1

79.500 2.75

CW High Frequency Power

GHz dBm

24.235 -3.9

76.900 -0.9

80.500 2.75

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Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

CLRWR

EXT

Center 24.064841 GHz Span 500 kHz50 kHz/

*

3DB

RBW 300 HzVBW 1 kHzSWT 5.6 s

*1 PK

-90

-80

-70

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-20

-10

0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 FXD] -5.11 dBm 24.064841000 GHz

2

Delta 2 [T1 PHN] -71.83 dBc/Hz 100.000000000 kHz

PHN

PHN -4.839 dBm

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:36:32

Fig. 5-3 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz CW low@ 24.065 GHz

Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

CLRWR

EXT


*

3DB


*1 PK

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

1


2


PHN -4.067 dBm

PHN

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:39:09

Fig. 5-4 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz CW med1@ 24.110 GHz

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Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

EXT

CLRWR


*

3DB


*1 PK

-90

-80

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0

10

1


2


PHN

PHN -2.996 dBm

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:33:11

Fig. 5-5 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz CW med2@ 24.185 GHz

Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

CLRWR

EXT


*

3DB


*1 PK

-90

-80

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-40

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0

10

1


2


PHN

PHN -5.144 dBm

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:41:31

Fig. 5-6 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz CW high@ 24.185 GHz

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Fig. 5-7 Measured spectrum for waveform 76-77 GHz CW med1@ 76.40 GHz


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Fig. 5-9 Measured spectrum for waveform 76-77 GHz CW high@ 76.9 GHz

Fig. 5-10 Measured spectrum for waveform 77-81 GHz CW low@ 77.5 GHz

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Fig. 5-13 Measured spectrum for waveform 77-81 GHz CW high@ 80.5 GHz

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5.2.2. FSK

Fig. 5-14: Frequency versus time 4 Step FSK

For this mode, the VCO tuning voltage is realized by the PLL-IC. The desired modulation waveforms characteristics measured were: Main type

Sub-type

Parameter Unit Frequency range 24.050–24.250GHz

Frequency range 76.000–77.000 GHz


FSK 4-step Low

Step duration Step size Freq 1st step Power

µs MHz GHz dBm

15.0 1.0 24.065 0

FSK 4-step Med1

Step duration Step size Freq1st step Power

µs MHz GHz dBm

15.0 1.0 24.110 0

FSK 4-step Med2

Step duration Step size Freq1st step Power

µs MHz GHz dBm

15.0 1.0 24.185 0

FSK 4-step High

Step duration Step size Freq 1st step Power

µs MHz GHz dBm

15.0 1.0 24.235 0

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Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

CLRWR

EXT

*1 PK

Center 24.06688 GHz Span 19.8 MHz1.98 MHz/

*

3DB

RBW 100 kHzVBW 300 kHzSWT 20 ms

-90

-80

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0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -12.64 dBm 24.064591600 GHz

2

Delta 2 [T1 ] -7.09 dB 4.466400000 MHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:47:18

Fig. 5-15 Measured spectrum for waveform 24GHz 4 step FSK low

Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

CLRWR*1 PK

EXT


*

3DB


-90

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0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -15.20 dBm 24.109524800 GHz

2

Delta 2 [T1 ] 2.20 dB 4.593600000 MHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:48:40

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Fig. 5-16 Measured spectrum for waveform 24GHz 4 step FSK med1

Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

CLRWR*1 PK

EXT


*

3DB


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0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -9.02 dBm 24.184604000 GHz

2

Delta 2 [T1 ] 0.96 dB 4.474800000 MHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:50:17

Fig. 5-17 Measured spectrum for waveform 24GHz 4 step FSK med2

Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

CLRWR*1 PK

EXT


*

3DB


-90

-80

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-20

-10

0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -9.03 dBm 24.234564400 GHz

2

Delta 2 [T1 ] -10.82 dB 4.514400000 MHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:51:22

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Fig. 5-18 Measured spectrum for waveform 24GHz 4 step FSK high

5.2.3. FMCW

Fig. 5-19: Frequency versus time FMCW

For this mode, the VCO tuning voltage is realized by the PLL-IC. The desired modulation waveforms characteristics measured were:

Main type

Sub-type




FMCW Band_1, Low speed

Span Center freq Ramp time Power

MHz GHz ms dBm

90.0 24.200 40.0 0.0

250.0 76.300 20.0 0.0

1000.0 77.500 20.0 0.0

FMCW Band_1, High speed


MHz GHz ms dBm

90.0 24.200 0.5 0.0

250.0 76.300 0.5 0

1000.0 77.500 0.5 00

FMCW Band_2, Low speed


MHz GHz ms dBm

190.0 24.150 40.0 0.0

250.0 76.700 20.0 0

1000.0 78.500 20.0 0

FMCW Band_2, High speed


MHz GHz ms dBm

190.0 24.150 0.5 0

250.0 76.700 0.5 0

1000.0 78.500 0.5 0.0

Note: The 77-81 GHz FMCW signals were not possible to be tested, because the images produced in the harmonic mixer were overlapping.

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Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

EXT

Center 24.2 GHz Span 200 MHz20 MHz/

*

3DB


1 PKMAXH

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0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -4.27 dBm 24.154964400 GHz2

Delta 2 [T1 ] 0.46 dB 90.114400000 MHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 10:57:08

Fig. 5-20 Measured spectrum for waveform 24GHz FMCW Band 1 low speed

Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB

EXT

1 PKMAXH


*

3DB


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0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -3.72 dBm 24.054600000 GHz2

Delta 2 [T1 ] 0.02 dB 190.600000000 MHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 11:33:54

Fig. 5-21 Measured spectrum for waveform 24GHz FMCW Band 2 low speed

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Ref 10 dBm *

A

Att 20 dB


EXT

*

3DB


1 PKMAXH

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0

10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -19.74 dBm 24.054600000 GHz

2

Delta 2 [T1 ] 0.23 dB 190.600000000 MHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 11:52:53

Fig. 5-22 Measured spectrum for waveform 24GHz FMCW Band 2 high speed

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Fig. 5-23 Measured spectrum for waveform 76-77 GHz FMCW Band 1 low speed

Fig. 5-24 Measured spectrum for waveform 76-77 GHz FMCW Band low speed

Fig. 5-25 Measured spectrum for waveform 76-77 GHz Not overlapping FMCW 250 MHz

Real signal (250 MHz BW) at the right and image (due to harmonic

i ) h

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Fig. 5-26 Measured spectrum for waveform 76-77 GHz Overlapping FMCW 1000 MHz

Real signal (1 GHz BW) and image (due to harmonic mixer) are overlapping.

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5.2.4. Chirp Sequence mode

Fig. 5-27: Frequency versus time Chirp Sequence Mode

The specified modulation waveforms characteristics are:

Main type

Sub-type

Parameter Unit Frequency range

24.050–24.250GHz

Frequency range

76.0–77.0 GHz

Frequency range

77.0–81.0 GHz

Chirp sequence

Band_1, Speed_1

Span Center freq Ramp time

Power

MHz GHz µs

dBm

90.0 24.200 50.0

0

250.0 76.300 50.0

0

500.0 77.500 50.0

0

Chirp sequence

Band_1, Speed_2


Power

MHz GHz µs

dBm

90.0 24.200 20.0

0

250.0 76.300 20.0

0

500.0 77.500 20.0

0

Chirp sequence

Band_2, Speed_1


Power

MHz GHz µs

dBm

190.0 24.150 100.0

0

250.0 76.700 50.0

0

500.0 78.500 50.0

0

Chirp sequence

Band_2, Speed_2


Power

MHz GHz µs

dBm

190.0 24.150 40.0

0

250.0 76.700 20.0

0

500.0 78.500 20.0

0

Note: The chirp sequence mode is already implemented in the Norm Interferer, but for DAC-tuned VCO-operation a temperature drift calibration is not yet operational. Therefore, no stable measurement results can be reported here. See chapter 5.3 for a further validation test.

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5.2.5. FSK + FMCW

Fig. 5-28: Frequency versus time FSK + FMCW

For this mode, the VCO tuning voltage is realized by the PLL-IC. The specified modulation waveforms characteristics are:

Main type

Sub-type




FSK+ FMCW

Band_1, 4-steps

Modulation span Center frequency Ramp duration Sub-step duration Sub-step size Power

MHz GHz ms µs MHz dBm

90.0 24.200 40.0 15.0 1.0 0

FSK+ FMCW

Band_2, 4-steps

Modulation span Center frequency Ramp duration Sub-step duration Sub-step size Power

MHz GHz ms µs MHz dBm

190.0 24.150 40.0 15.0 1.0 0

Note: This modulation scheme is not yet activated. None of the known automotive radar devices is using this modulation waveform.

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5.2.6. Pulse

Fig. 5-29: Measured spectrum for waveform Frequency versus time Pulse

For this mode, the VCO tuning voltage is realized by the PLL-IC and the pulsing with the RF switch. The desired modulation waveforms characteristics measured were: Main type

Sub-type Parameter Unit Frequency range 24.050–24.250GHz



Pulse Pause_1 Center freq. Pulse ON Pulse OFF Packet length Pause length EIRP

GHz ns ns µs µs dBm/MHz

24.150 1.0 100.0 50.0 50.0 -41.3

n/a n/a

Pulse Pause_2 Center freq. Pulse ON Pulse OFF Packet length Pause length EIRP

GHz ns ns µs µs dBm/MHz

24.150 1.0 100.0 50.0 100.0 -41.3

n/a n/a

Notes: A possible extra pause time between the individual pulses is not yet programmed.

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A

Att 10 dB*Ref -10 dBm

EXT

Center 24.065 GHz Span 5 GHz500 MHz/

*

3DB

RBW 30 kHzVBW 100 kHzSWT 5.6 s

*1 PKVIEW

-110

-100

-90

-80

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-20

-10

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -22.57 dBm 24.065000000 GHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 15:52:34

Fig. 5-30 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz 1.2ns pulse

A

Att 10 dB*Ref 0 dBm

EXT


*

3DB

RBW 3 kHzVBW 10 kHzSWT 22.5 s

*1 PKVIEW

-100

-90

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-10

0

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -46.91 dBm 24.150000000 GHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 16:03:47

Fig. 5-31 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz 1.2ns pulse repetition frequeny

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A

Att 10 dB*Ref 0 dBm


EXT

**

3DB

RBW 30 kHzVBW 10 MHzSWT 2.25 s

*1 PKVIEW

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -21.74 dBm 24.150000000 GHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 16:07:51

Fig. 5-32 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz 1.2ns pulse main lobe

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5.2.7. Pulse + FMCW

Fig. 5-33: Frequency versus time Pulse +FMCW

The desired modulation waveforms characteristics measured were: Main type

Sub-type




Pulse + FMCW

1 Center freq. start Center freq. Stop Ramp duration Pulse ON Pulse OFF EIRP

GHz GHz ms µs µs dBm/MHz

24.500 25.000 5.0 1.0 1.0 -41.3

n/a n/a

Pulse + FMCW

2 Center freq. start Center freq. Stop Ramp duration Pulse ON Pulse OFF EIRP

GHz GHz ms µs µs dBm/MHz

25.000 25.500 5.0 1.0 1.0 -41.3

n/a n/a

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A

Att 10 dB*Ref 0 dBm

EXT


*

3DB

RBW 300 kHzVBW 1 MHzSWT 30 ms

1 PKMAXH

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

01

Marker 1 [T1 ] -2.90 dBm 25.250000000 GHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 17:07:45

Fig. 5-34 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz Pulse + FMCW 24.5-25.5 GHz 1us PW and 2 us PRI

A

Att 10 dB*Ref 0 dBm

EXT


*

3DB

RBW 300 kHzVBW 1 MHzSWT 30 ms

1 PKMAXH

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

01

Marker 1 [T1 ] -2.90 dBm 25.250000000 GHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 17:07:45

Fig. 5-35 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 GHz Pulse + FMCW 25-25.5 GHz 1us PW and 2 us PRI

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A

Att 10 dB*Ref 0 dBm

*1 PKCLRWR


*

3DB


EXT

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -10.10 dBm 24.149850000 GHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 16:25:55

Fig. 5-36 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 Pulse 1us PW and 2 us PRI

A

Att 10 dB*Ref 0 dBm

EXT

Center 24.14984 GHz Span 5 MHz500 kHz/

*

3DB


*1 PKVIEW

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

1

Marker 1 [T1 ] -10.38 dBm 24.149850000 GHz

Date: 9.AUG.2012 16:24:19

Fig. 5-37 Measured spectrum for waveform 24 Pulse 1us PW and 2 us PRI main lobe

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5.3. Time-Frequency analysis of a fast chirp sequence mode Besides the possibility to verify and validate the emitted output signals of the NI with a spectrum or network analyzer new measurement equipment recently entered the market that is capable to perform true time-frequency analysis of signals up to 40 GHz. In the laboratories of project partner KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) a 80 Gsample oscilloscope DSO93204A from Agilent was available to conduct further validation tests. Of special interest was to verify whether the fast chirp sequence mode was capable to emit full span frequency ramps with repetition rates in the µs range.

Fig. 5-38 Spectrogram of a 2 GHz, 300 ns fast chirp sequence signal at 24 GHz In Fig. 5-38 the spectrogram recorded at the 24 GHz K-Band SMA output, directly recorded with the DSO93204A in the time domain and then post-processed with MATLAB™ is shown. In this measurement the fast DAC AD9709 was used to generate a signal ramp with 300 ns duration and a frequency span of 2 GHz. Remark: Further tests with the DSO93204A are still conducted but cannot be reported in this document to avoid any further delay of the submission of this deliverable. Further improvements of the NI until project end are still foreseen.

Time (s)

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6. CONCLUSIONS The norm interferer prototype is capable of generating nearly all of the required and specified modulation waveforms. Some improvements until project end are still foreseen and valuable inputs and recommendations for a possible next generation NI are already gathered. During the validation and test campaign it became obvious that for a sound and professional validation of the NI functionality a RF signal analyzer for showing frequency versus time (i.e. spectrogram) is indispensable. The two NI are now operational and can be used as stable and reproducible interference sources for test campaigns and laboratory experiments. Some items to increase performance and professionalism of the NI still have to be tackled. The most important issues to name are:

- Temperature drift calibration when using the high speed DAC for tuning - Optimization of the analog switch with respect to its interference in the tuning voltage - Optimization of the RF switch with respect to achieving even shorter pulses - Optimization of the 15 V power supply with respect to ripple and cross-talk - Optimization of the -3.3 V power supply with respect to ripple and cross-talk - Troubleshooting of the variable attenuator circuitry

From the first measurement results that were already conducted with the two NI devices it can already be concluded that the NI are of outstanding benefit when doing interference analysis. For the last test campaign that is scheduled for 13th of October 2012 in a parking garage in Sindelfingen, Germany the two NI will be used as the only interference device, replacing the existing automotive radar sensors. A more stable and better reproducible result when using the NI is expected.

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7. REFERENCES [D1.1] MOSARIM Deliverable D1.1 ”Specification and characteristics of a

norm interferer” - Workpackage 1/August 2010

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8. ABBREVIATIONS CSM Chirp Sequence Mode CW Continuous Wave DAC Digital to Analogue Converter DSP Digital Signal Processor EIRP Equivalent Radiated Isotropic Power FFT Fast Fourier Transformation FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave FSK Frequency Shift Keying GPIO General Purpose Input Output GUI Graphical User Interface NI Norm Interferer OATS Open Air Test Sites PC Personal Computer PLL Phase-Locked Loop PRI Pulse Repetition Interval PW Pulse Width PWM Pulse Width Modulation pol Polarization RF Radio Frequency RFE Radar Front End SMA SubMiniature version A SPI Serial Peripheral Interface SW Software VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator USB Universal Serial Bus

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9. Annex

9.1. Datasheet Tripler (25 GHz to 75 GHz)

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9.2. Norm Interferer Validation Test plan

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9.3. Requirements and specification of a norm interferer (MOSARIM Deliverable D1.1 v1.3)

Introduction

Purpose This document describes in detail the specifications of a compact, portable und non-automotive device, which shall be used as a Norm-Interferer working on the 24 and 77 GHz frequency ranges. These bands are of special interest since they are used for automotive radar applications, e.g. ACC, BSD, and LCS. Main focus of attention shall be put on

• Current modulation modes used by automotive radar sensors and other devices used for traffic monitoring, counting and classification, door openers and speed enforcement (police radar) working in the mentioned frequency range

• Full use of the available bandwidth

• Full use of the available EIRP and peak power

• Antenna polarisation used by automotive radar sensors

Scope This document is for internal use of the MOSARIM project members.

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Schematic Diagram

The Norm Interferer device consists of: • a control unit, which supplies power and timing signals to the radar front end. It shall

also provide an interface over a private USB to the end user,

• 24 GHz Radar Frontend,

• 77 GHz Radar Frontend

The present specifications are detailed in the following chapters • Ch.3. The hardware constraints and maximum ratings valid for all the

components of the Norm Interferer are listed here

• Ch.4. 77 GHz Frontend

• Ch.5. 24 GHz Frontend. In order to be able to cover the frequency band of interest (21.65 to 26.65 GHz) this module consists of 3 RFE:

+ Section 5.1 RFE 21.65 – 23.65 GHz

+ Section 5.2 RFE 24.05 – 24.25 GHz ( ISM Band)

+ Section 5.3 RFE 24.05 – 24.65 GHz

• Ch.6.Control Unit

Control Unit Chapter 6

24 GHz RFE Chapter 5 h

77 GHz RFE Chapter 4

Computer

USB

24 GHz Horn Antenna

77 GHz Horn Antenna

Coaxial

Waveguide E-Band

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Hardware constraints and maximum ratings

Power supply Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes DC Voltage [VDC] 12 + / - 5% DC Voltage for the front

ends[VDC] 4,5 5 5,5 + / - 10%;

internally generated by the Control Unit

AC Voltage [VAC] 230 + / - 5%

Table 1 Power supply requirements

Maximum temperature ratings and housing specifications Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Storage Temperature [°C] 0 70 Operating Temperature [°C] 0 50 IP Schutzklasse IP40

Table 2 Maximum Temperature Ratings

Mechanical specifications Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Weight TBD Dimensions TBD Based on 19“ rack system

Table 3 Mechanical specification

Regulatory Specifications Since the purpose of MOSARIM is to investigate the interference between devices, which comply with different versions of emission regulatory norms, the following norms [2], [3], [4], [5] are used merely as a reference. Nevertheless the EIRP emitted in the frequency band used by EESS and RA (23,6 to 24 GHz) must be under -74 dBm/MHz. The Norm Interferer must comply with: • RoHS Norm The low voltage power supply complies with: • ISO 16750-2 • ISO 7637

Trigger Capability A trigger signal (TTL) allows the PC to trigger a “victim” (PC as master) or vice versa to be triggered by a “victim” (NI as slave). This means: • 1 Master Analog Output, TTL level • 1 Slave Analog Input, TTL level

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77 GHz Radar Front End specifications

Tentative block diagram

Figure 1 77 GHz RFE Block diagram

List of Parameters Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Frequency range [GHz] 76 81 Tune bandwidth [GHz] 1.5 Polarisation Horizontal,

Vertical, 45°,135°

This will be achieved by means of mechanical adapters

Interface to antenna E Band waveguide Transmit Power at antenna

connector [dBm] 0 + / - 2dB

Modulation modes CW, FMCW, LFMSK, CSM (For a detailed description see chapter 6

Table 4 List of parameters of 77 GHz Radar front end

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24 GHz Radar Front End specifications

RFE 21.65-23.6 GHz


Figure 2 RFE 21.65-23.6 GHz Block diagram

List of parameters Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Frequency Range[GHz] 21.65 23.6 Tune bandwidth [GHz] 1 Polarisation Horizontal,

Vertical This will be

achieved by means of mechanical adapters

Connector to antenna SMA Transmit Power at antenna connector [dBm] 0 + / - 2dB Modulation modes CW,FMCW,LFMSK,

pulsed FMCW, Pulse modulation(For a detailed description see chapter 6)

Table 5 List of parameters for the RFE 21.65-23.6 GHz radar front end

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RFE 24.05-24.25 GHz (ISM)



List of parameters Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Frequency Range[GHz] 24.05 24.25 Tune bandwidth [MHz] 200 Polarisation Horizontal,





Table 6 List of parameters for the RFE 24.05-26.65 GHz radar front end

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RFE 24.05-26.65 GHz



List of parameters Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Frequency Range[GHz] 24.05 26.65 Tune bandwidth [GHz] 1 Polarisation Horizontal,





Table 7 List of parameters for the RFE 24,05-26,65 GHz radar front end

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Control Unit This component must generate the power supply and control signals for the 77 and 24 GHz radar front ends. It must implement at least the current modulations schemes described in the following sections 6.1 und 6.2. Additionally a free programable mode must be provided (see section 6.3). All these modes must be configurable over the private USB of the Control Unit.

77 GHz Modulation Modes CW Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes CW Frequency[GHz] 76 81 Step[MHz] 0,4882 Number of steps 1 3072

Table 8 - 77 GHz CW tuning parameters

FMCW Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Center frequency[GHz] 76 81 In steps as the

CW Modulation Frequency deviation[MHz] 1.5 Ramp duration time[msec] 1 40

Table 9 -77 GHz FMCW tuning parameters

FSK/LFMSK Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Start Frequency[GHz] 76 81 Number of steps 1 2048 Time between steps[usec] 10 1000000 Frequency step[MHz] -1500 1500

Table 10 - 77 GHz FSK/FMSK

CSM (Chirp sequence modulation) Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Start frequency[GHz] 76 81 In steps as the

CW Modulation Frequency slope[MHz/usec] 100/125 750/16 Freq. Repitition time[usec] 16 0 16000 Ramp Duration[usec] 16 0 125

Table 11 -77 GHz CSM Tuning Parameters

Pulse / Doppler Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Center frequency[GHz] 76 81 Tune as a CW

frequency Pulse width[nsec] 25 25 Pulse width steps[nsec] 0 0 0 Pulse repitition

interval[usec] 2,5 2,5 2,5

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Table 12- 77 GHz Pulse / Doppler Tuning Parameters

24 GHz Modulation Modes CW modulation Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes CW Frequency[GHz] 21.65 26.65 23.6 to 24 GHz is not available. Step[MHz] 0,4882 Number of steps 1 2048

Table 13- 24 GHz CW Tuning Parameters

FMCW modulation Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Center frequency[GHz] 21.65 26.65 Tune as a CW frequency.

23.6 to 24 GHz is not available. Frequency Deviation[GHz] 1 For the ISM RFE just 200 MHz Ramp duration time[msec] 1 40

Table 14- 24 GHz FMCW Tuning Parameters

FSK/LFMSK Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Start frequency[GHz] 24.05 26.65 Tune as a CW frequency .

23.6 to 24 GHz is not available. Number of steps 1 2048 Time between steps [usec] 10 1000000 Frequency step[MHz] -1000 1000

Table 15- 24 GHz FSK/FMSK Tuning Parameters

Pulse / Doppler Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Center frequency[GHz] 24.05 26.65 Tune as a CW frequency.

23.6 to 24 GHz is not available Pulse width[nsec] 0.8 40 Pulse width steps[nsec] 0.8 1 Pulse repitition

interval[nsec] 200 2000

Table 16- 24 GHz Pulse / Doppler Tuning Parameters

CSM (Chirp sequence modulation) Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Start frequency[GHz] 21.65 26.65 In steps as the CW Modulation

23.6 to 24 GHz is not available Chirp Slope[GHz/s] 10 800 Freq. Repitition time[usec] 250 0 20000 Ramp Duration[usec] 250 0 20000

Table 17 -24 GHz CSM Tuning Parameters

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User Mode In this mode the PLL of the RFE ( see Figures 1,2,3,4,) will be arbitrarily set according to a table of 2048 frequencies. The start frequency, the end frequency, the number of frequencies to be set and the time step between frequencies is configurable (see Table 18). The table must be loaded over the USB interface of the control unit. Free Configurable Mode Nr. Parameter [unit] Min. Typical Max. Notes Number of steps 1 2048 Time between steps [usec] 10 1000000 Frequency step[MHz] -1000 1000

Table 18- Free Configurable Mode

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Terminology, Abbreviations and Definitions Table of abbreviations used in this document Abbreviation Denotation

ACC Automatic Cruise Control

BSD Blind Spot Detection

CSM Chirp sequence mode

CW Continous wave

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FSK Frequency shift keying

FMCW Frequency modulated continuous wave

FMSK Frequency modulation shift keying

HW Hardware

IF Intermediate frequency

ISM band "Industrial Scientific Medical" band (24,05-24,25 GHz)

RFE Radar Front End

SW Software

TBD To be defined

VGA Variable gain amplifier

VCO Voltage Control Oscillator

Table 19 Abbreviations

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References

[1] Winner, Hakuli, Wolf. Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsystem.1.Auflage 2009.Verlag Vieweg+Teubner ISBN 978-3-8348-0287-3 Section 12.2 and 12.8 [2] ETSI EN 301 091 V1.1.1 (1998-06). Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Technical characteristics and test methods for radar equipment operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band [3] ETSI EN 300 440-1 V1.6.1 (2010-08). Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short range devices; Radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz frequency range; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods. [4] ETSI EN 302 288-1 V1.2.1 (2006-05) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices; Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Short range radar equipment operating in the 24 GHz range; [5] ETSI EN 302 858. (2010-04)Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Short range radar equipment operating in the 24,05 GHz to 24,25 GHz frequency range for automotive application;

report type deliverable work group wp4 - cordis · 2012-08-06 . revision of chapters : 0.8 ....

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