report on the absolute calibration of the airlight experiment · measure the pmt efficiencies by...
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![Page 1: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight
Experiment
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
D.M. Gonzalez1, J. Blümer1, K. Daumiller1, H. Klages1, T. Waldenmaier2
1 Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), Germany2 Humboldt-Universität
zu
Berlin, Germany
![Page 2: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 3: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ph
oto
mu
ltiplie
r
Photomultiplier20 cm
PDM
ESM
EDM
Scintillator
Quartz window
Filter
90Sr source
10
cm
•Experimental Setup: Electrons emitted from 90Sr-source produce fluorescence light in gas. This fluorescence is measured by photon detectors around the electron beam [T. Waldenmaier
et al. Astropart.
Phys. (arXiv:0709.1494)]
AirLight
Experimental Setup [T. Waldenmaier]
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
• 90Sr, 37 MBq
• Energy Range: 250 keV
–
2 MeV
• Gas: N2
, Dry Air, N2
:O2
mixture (90:10)
• Pressure: 2 hPa
–
1000 hPa
• Temperature: ~ 20 0C
• Wavelength Range: 300 –
400 nm
•
Detection: 7 PMTs
with 5 different narrow-band filters and one broad-band (M-UG6 ) filter
•
Fluorescence Yield was absolutely determined with a precision of 15%
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 4: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 5: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter
with an accuracy of ±5%
Rayleigh Scattering theory is used to obtain the precise number of Rayleigh scattered photons:
Raylmol
RayltotLScatt NNN
Scatt
Scattdtected
NNX
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 6: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Absolute Calibration –
System Overview / Components
PMT
CollimatorLin. Polarizer Filter/4 PlateLin. Pol. Filter (cross
check)Quartz Glass WindowBlack Tube for Collim.
Light SourceLight Source
N2
Laser,
= 337.1 nm
Emax
= 120
J
Pulse Width, FWHM = 3ns
Silicon Energy ProbeSilicon Energy Probe
Laser Probe –
RjP-465
(EminDet
= 500 fJ, EmaxDet
= 250 nJ)
Detection Area = 1.0 cm2
Calibration Accuracy ±
5 %
N2
PMT
Rm
3700
Scattering Volume
PMTs
Si Detector
Beam Splitter
Stepped Density Filter Photonis
XP 2268 and XP2262
Aperture Ring (Ø
=
4.0 cm) Limits the Sensitive Area of the Photocathode.
PMTs
surrounded by Electrostatic Shield (brass tube)
Windows PC Windows PC ––
LabViewLabView
DAQDAQ
Trigger PMT (fast)
Radiometer (slow)
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 7: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh
Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 8: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Si vs GaAsP Photodiodes’
Energy Response Measurement @355
nm Nd:YAG
Nd:YAG
Laser –
1064 nmTHG –
355 nm
Circular Stepped Density Filter
Circular Neutral Density Filter
GaAsP
PhotodiodeSi Photodiode
RmSiSi EE
FilterT1
0.69 T Filter Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 9: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Si vs GaAsP Photodiodes’
Energy Response Measurement
Energy response of the Si and GaAsP
photodiodes for different energies (14 pJ
–
4.5 nJ). The response remains linear
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 10: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh
Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 11: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mechanical System Stability Improvement
Linear response of the photodiode
CollimatorLin. Polarizer Filter/4 PlateLin. Pol. Filter (cross
check)Quartz Glass WindowBlack Tube
N2
PMT
Rm
3700
Scatter Box
PMTs
Si Detector
Beam Splitter
Stepped Density Filter Trigger PMT (fast)
Radiometer (slow)
Cross Stage
Splitter Holder
Diffusers
Pinholes
Laser
Chamber
PMT
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 12: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Si photodiode vs
the trigger PMT responses –
Energy Range: 12 fJ up to 0.6 nJ
Comparison of the photodiode vs
PMT responses for different intensities, using a 337 nm of the N2
laser.
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 13: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh
Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 14: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
High Scattering inside the instrument
Single photoelectron distribution of one of the PMTs
located around the Laser beam (2.5 pJ
and 948 hPa
of N2
)
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 15: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Setup Background Improvement
CollimatorLin. Polarizer Filter/4 PlateLin. Pol. Filter (cross
check)Quartz Glass WindowBlack Tube
N2
PMT
Rm
3700
Scatter BoxSi Detector
Beam Splitter
Stepped Density Filter Trigger PMT (fast)
Radiometer (slow)
Mechanical setup improvement: Flock Paper, Baffles (Laser shape), Vacuum
Flock Paper, Mechanical Modifications, Vacuum Improvements: removing the flock paper contribution as a trap to the Nitrogen Molecules between measurement sets…
Considerable Reduction of the Background Noise
10 mm
21 mm
2 mm
5 mm
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
1 mm
1 mm
![Page 16: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
N2
Setup Background Improvement
CollimatorLin. Polarizer Filter/4 PlateLin. Pol. Filter (cross
check)Quartz Glass WindowBlack Tube
Scatter BoxSi Detector
Beam Splitter
Stepped Density Filter
Mechanical setup improvement: Flock Paper (only 1 PMT uncovered), Baffles (backscatter light phd), Tilted phd
40
Flock Paper
Removable Baffle's set
Steel Extension Tube
500
mm
70 m
m
50 mm
Flock Paper, Mechanical Modifications, Vacuum Improvements: removing the flock paper contribution as a trap to the Nitrogen Molecules between measurement sets…
Considerable Reduction of the Background Noise
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 17: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh
Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 18: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Measurements
Single photoelectron distribution of one of the PMTs
located around the Laser beam
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 19: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 20: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pressure Scan
Pressure range from 10-3
h Pa up to 1000 h Pa of Nitrogen
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 21: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs GaAsP Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 22: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rayleigh Calibration
Rayleigh scattering cross section
simulation
photons#generatedphotons#detected Rayl
Ωε Geometrical Acceptance
Fluorescence
collQEfilterglassscatt TTNN det
Rayleighcalculated
measured/simulated
XTpY fluodepEN ,,det
simulated
X
X
Raylmol
RayltotLscatt NNN
Number scattered photons reaching the PMT’s iris
2
22
22
24
3
cos116
32124
k
mol
Fnn
Ndd
background corrected
measured
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 23: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Calibration Factor
Raylmol
RayltotLScatt NNN
015.0
1080.3
1018.9
)pJ 1for (1070.1
226
18
6
Rayl
Rayltot
mol
L
cm
N
N
31068.8 ScattN
19.0Scatt
dtected
NNX
Number scattered photons (Si photodiode)
Detected number photons (PMT) background corrected
...1069.1 3det N
collQEsQuartzGlasTX
Data provided by Photonis: 25.0 collQE
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 24: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Error Estimation -
Preliminary
Accuracy of energy meter: 5%
Rayleigh cross-section:
3%
Pressure accuracy:
1%
Beam polarization:
0.25%
Acceptance:
2%
Error estimation
(preliminary)
Total uncertainty of calib. factor:
6%
Absolute uncertainty of individual N2
bands:
8% -
11%
Measured by Ulrich et al., in dry air at 1013 hPa
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 25: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Outline
AirLight
Experiment –
Short Review
Absolute Calibration using the Rayleigh Scattering of a N2
laser beam
System Overview / Components –
Short Review
Si Photodiode Response vs
GaAsP
Photodiode
Absolute Calibration Setup Improvements
Mechanical System Stability
Scattering inside the instrument
Results with the present setup
Pressure scan
Rayleigh Calibration
Outlook
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 26: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
http://www.auger.org/admin/GAP_Notes//GAP2009/GAP2009_128.pdf
Background
from scattering inside the instrument
is understood and considerably reduced
Measurements @ various pressures performed (near vacuum to ambient pressure)
Measurement of PMT with the 337 nm filter for end-to-end calibration
Long tube, vacuum tight and with baffles on top of the chamber, Light trap @ the bottom extension tube, baffles, new phd
angle scan…
new Laser!
Modify the Simulation code: reflectivity of the PMTs, laser shape, geometry of the experiment…
AirLight
absolute calibration using a N2
Discharge Lamp
and a NIST photodiode
(collaboration with Andreas Ulrich and Thomas Heindl)
Status / Outlook
-
done -
to be done started…working on
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra
![Page 27: Report on the Absolute Calibration of the AirLight Experiment · Measure the PMT efficiencies by comparison to an energy meter . with an accuracy of ±5%. Rayleigh Scattering theory](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060719/607f2657682ca97cd063b09f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Danays
M. Gonzalez -
7th AFWS, Coimbra