report of the scientific survey on cropping …eprints.icrisat.ac.in/13060/1/rp-1218.pdf · report...
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REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC SURVEY ON TRADITIONAL CROPPING SYSTEMS
IN TROPICAL ASlA
P m 1. INDIA md SRI LAN-
L S d f d by TADAYO WATABE
REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC SURVEY ON TRADITIONAL CROPPING SYSTEMS
M TROPICAL ASIA
Pan 1, I N D I A d SRI LANKA
Fdiwd by
TADAYO WATABE
KYOTO UNIVERSlT Y 1981
fbi, u~rvcy wm rwppmad by Grurt.in-hid Tor C)vrmu Scknlifirr Burvty f i n thr Mi&uy of E d ~ t i u n , Suencr ud Culture, chc Govern- nwrrf of j a p n in the d u d 1979.
In myrical MI. varian kid, nf wadithnal Imppin# y . w m am p r w t k d under tbe wli-wfiiuirnt cnndinuar in p u r n t m o ~ ~ t a y Am* them. ecunpltx intermpping or n~ixrd cn~pptng sptrm n one of thc typiral syrterru whlch Ihcm the chanctmiuticu d t d t t i n n r l rmypiw tyrtrms tn chr area Fnr nwnpk, it 18 rult uncomnvrn in India tbnt an a p ~ c h uhaa d rrnp is p w n u the major cmp. -a1 other cn 'p uwb aa pULD md vrgrtabln am gmwa ttqpthcr. Such chbnratr ryatcm as i s e n in intmrappirig or mix& crnplrrng ayntrrn is wmrlty to tx invcrtigacnl in ordrr to understand thr rrrl ulv.ntap in t r u l i t i t d fanning in the area. Furthcrmon, it is well knmm &at in additin11 III Arld crop, vnrinlu kinds or wild phnts a n dnvibutcd nrd u t i l i in rhr m a . Ncrmdy. m m mclie surd wc of lhex plants na thnr A n d materials.
Thu., if* comidcr only B c ahage and prrdurcion 111 main r r n p in .mi* agrirultum and ford pmlrlcnu in cmpirrl Ada. in rnany trutanta wr fail tar grasp the r a l situaticm. In cxdcr to tIuow liybt on chis prdrkm, wc undertook AcW reuamho in India, Sri bnka and sn&rRaim in 1979 with the f i ~ n c i a l aid rrum the Ministry of Education, S i c w r and (:ultun, thc (bvrrnmmt rrf Japan.
This q x m sumnuriza upme or the m u l u of thc &Id sunryl ccdur~ted In l d i and Sri LUh. 11 cornpila two artirb treating ttu: trulitinnai cmpyiq sp l tnu of rmrll farmen in Central a d South lndia and Sri Lrctlu. 'Y'he mults ohuincd in indonau arc s u m m a r i d and rmnpikd in a uparatc volume under B r umc titk as this rcpwt. Thac rrpnru do MI gu beyr~nd a prciimrnary s tye , but they may be of iwnc u x in cndmwufing y i t v l t u m and innd p r o b h in tntpia l Avia.
During t k period or chc survy., wc w m (riven udl tarur by many purpb, including government diicds, whdvr at uniwnitin, hose in inceruiorul m p n i - a h , and purura in the vi- whm: tbc s m went undcrcslrcn. Wc wirh to arcend our sincue appreciation m [bun, Jth~Hlgh m canmt Sit their n u ~ c individumtly.
Pmf. T&yo W A T * ~ .
RnS. TuWli Aunru. Dr. &uumu Y-WA,
Mr. Kaji Tunrru,
Rof. N0rh K-
PmC. T&ro Mnrnmrr
Ik. T M i u N-war,
lk. Mina\r AnANo,
Dr. Hiaa F t ! n u u w ~ ,
'Ihe Cmra f a Sou- hdur Studia. Kyoto Univarity Fuulty nC Aginrlaar, Kyolo UnivaJty Fuculty of Agiwluve, Kyoto h d k a u r d Univadty The C%aw kr Sarrbwt hiu &die+ Kyoto Univerity Faculty ol. Agriculturr. Tokyo u+ty of Agriculture I Yacuiry of Agkulture. Takyo wry of Agriculrwr I Faculty of A&ulnue, Tokyo u+y of Agric Jtur F Y Y ~ m m * u r e , =*yo U&ty of Agriculture 1 The Cater for Soudnut Awim$ Studies, Kyoto University 4
CONTENTS
PREFACE
RFSEARCH REPCIRm:
TraditiMul Mechoda of Vegetabk Cultivrrtian in Gbuch lndii and Srl LnL. Tduhi Arruta* a d Swumu YWWA.. ................................. .25
APPENDICES :
Route M.p .......................................................................... ..,..45 1- in India ud Sri La& ............................ ... ,................ , 7 Phocographn ...................... .... ............ ..
TAyo WATAU* and Koji TAUMA.
Thc fanning aptrnt in the rcntnrl a d mlthrrn Ihcm Wllrau urr ntainly invr41w thr c ultivation of r m n l rnikts and puba. 'llam nptem, almn(l with thr whrrt t.uldvation in northwrsc India and thr w t c rirr cultiva~ion rrfthc C;*#ym luun area, is one of thr n u j w systcrm whirh rharwterrzc Indian .(p.tculiurr 'Ihir includn the ctrltivuion 01' jorrur(Soc#/hn brcr*r). kj?#(Pmiwhon t;ndorhnr). and ~dl[conprai(?a~unu~ repa) in the sutm nC A d h n Prmdcsh and Maharuhtrm. atirl a h ) that of rqr ( E k w rawma; aad pubm wrlt u pimnjlca and nror {L>oiuha~ Irdlub, in K u t u t a h Stair. Chmprrd 11, thc wheal rultivati~~n and wrt r i ~ r rultivat~nn tttrntir,nrd rhrrvc. thr iml ing tynrm rtmrsting nuinly c ~ i rrriUc: awl pub. cultivation is nlorr ulr-n~nl.ieat and ~ .na idcml Im p d ~ ~ r t i w . 'I'h&nrc* the tcchndigiral impmwrncnr mnd d v m r r r u n t of thin Cwnt 1 1 1 farrt~ing is r m 1 ~ 1
the nujor eqrict~lt~lnl prnblnru (win# India today. Although the traruitinn trorn tlrr nrdrtiond farnting rysttnt III a mm mtdanir .
cd farming sysum is a very i r n p w t pmblcrn in the dmlc>pmrnt of lndian agri- rultuvc, how thir rho~rld I r rralized b a mnjru r:am of nmtrovmy. I n t r ~ d t r t i m ~ of h q h yielding variotia and h ighur t technology fur Lhc immsduu inrrcue in production h u tmn sugltatd, but #he cnrldiuon of knrtion which can mtr thir W U c is very lirnitd: lhir hu &cn nude ck r r apccially in the r r r nf wet rice cultivation !Farmer: 1979;. In chis wd, nulring wc dfhe livmrrabk I huwterir- t i o apparent in the traditional i d system and building a nw pdb i f i ty ulnm that fcmndation in adrr In facilitate thr pndurtion lhmJd tn cnruidaed u anrjthcr direction in q ~ i c u l ~ ~ v n l d c v c b q ~ ~ m s ~ . The raga cultivuirm in Karnatah Su tc rhould bc npccially rhnmqhly rc+valwcal tor its intcruiw mnd elahmate i m p d c c (Ohji: 1979,.
'Ihu paper n m p i l a the m u l a bF h e i nYol t ig th on the d i l i o ~ l mapping svumr of s d l fvmm in (;md md Sou- IadL which wol condutwd fmm October to Dac.mber in 1979 tian the abwr m e n t h d viorpoint.l'
me r u n y a- wsrr ~rhbub- ~ ~ a r i c t in ~dah* sate, Rhchpur I W ~ t r i c 3 in M h h t r a State, and Bmgakc Diurics in Karma& S u ~ c . 1k ~ w o v i l b d Auwpdk uul M u r in M . h b u h g u W c c , b p u r villye in Shnbpur D i n . and the air v i l l y s such ar A U L W n , Thippyotd.-
M i , D o d M , Rduhtli, C B F M U l t * d l i , and Kodqwt i in tlrngak*. W c t were dmignarcd u chr urn# vi+. ' I h r butiom ol the a- 4 thc n i l l a p cxaxp Shimpur ut . h u m in t-igurw I d 2, mryoctivoly. Shimpur ir Lvntnl npplnirmtc1:ly I3 mila mmhwca of Stdapur .
. All the v i l e am filund nn th: lboccn i'L.(eau. uuf thclr c k m t i m is aptmu-
imntrly YY) m at Aumpnlk, +SO ~n at 1kJI1r uad 500 m a1 Bbmpur. ' 1 % ~ v i l w tn the BmngrLar Ihstrirt c a w in ckvacion frmn 700 rn m 1.000 rn. Am rhcnn~ in F i y m 2, d l the arcma have unJuLdcp p h t a u t a p m p h y , cumrrtitq IIC ~ n t l y *oping hills and rhr arlr-nt river vrllr)l which d & t d the plain Mcmt ul' t h a c r ivm drv up In tlw dry warm. K n n v r i n a m r m r t w t c d a h thnc r i m to utilire watcr lrnrn rnltly vuun fur irri@ctn. Fnma Fufl~re 2, it t,m hc urn that Ihkiu and northcm Bnrtgalcrrr: L)tstrict ur! thrr ryltcm rbf irrlytiun. 'Ihe mil cypn of u m p k v i l l n ~ vary Irnm ~thcv ur p h r , fnnn deep red AIfiuI in rtrrmpalk through m d i u r r ~ Alfimla in lh*kl#r. 1t1 ~~ndr t~m-drep Vfftiu?& in Shimpr~t.*l In Bnngalon Ihtrict. I'ndarhail~ and (:hrnnanunrhrlli h a w red vndy mil while thr ~ v h m h v r ml losmy ulil (Mln. of 13watu>n and Ywrh W c a : 1972)
'I'hr clirnntic tondiri~~crm I I ~ tttc m y uena nrr ~.harac u r i d by wanly ra1nL1I and the clear d~a~inrtron brtwcen rainy l u u m and dry rrercm. Monthly mcwl annual pwipitatinn and thr iengh rtl d n v v w * n in !Sholnpur, Mahhubnqjar and Rsn@nrc a n shown in F~(luw 3 (Vinnani rt d.: 1978). & ran IJC wen. in my a m . the annual pmipitatinn IS nlrmtt Hm nrm. with the pmipiutinn n~rumyud bet- May mi O r t < h ~ . charnrtdzinp the .re* u a vmir r id m n w m clirnatc. Thc variability rrf pmipitntion b c w n ycan h ntnuiw, u can LK seen by the rharyla in roaual pmipitatinn in Aurcpnlk and Ihkur fmm 522.4 mm and 758.7 mm, r apn ive ly , in 1977, to 1,010.1 nlnl d 944.7 mm in 1978.11 Btuh rnirird cunditimu rlculy c ~ t a i r r the rrq, rulrivach in chr m m , and thc K k f n a p
I u r Fsb 1Gr Arm W y Jum Jnl A u kp O r 1 N m I k c Anawl
(rainy r u r m rmp), which d l l ~ the &dd during cbe nuxmm, becwra (&
mnjtr c r r ~ ruan. 'fhe KIaJ vrvla a d from t& bginniw of (& mO(llXm in May nr June until November, while the R.k rum (dry -1 ruw from Okcatrr ill Fcbrwry nr M a d .
'thc warn balmre in 8 . n g a k w u aunincd by th T b m t h w J t mnbod to n* whrc kind drtRxrs the nppmxinucely 800 mm o f u u w ) pmjpiution hm oa the cn#p rultivmtic~n flaw I), Accrding m rhh hbk, rhe only tima wberr rhm is a wacn nurptur in 1111 mil u duting Ihr thm monchr b*mn Sqnsber and N-. her, with rhc muirking nine mtlnths sulkring m doAdmry in dK Mil nlainurt. Umlw stlcrh r o n d i t h , rkrt ing c m p with the &a polenrid to mvr wnru &- llrkncy and the inruw~riun nuinuin che &mum ~rur*cwc in@ mil bmmr?r n n w r y . (i1nwm1y. thin meam an i d i r p n u b k n a d lor i-ion u a pre- mquidw: to pwutrdnutr or wet rice .iultiy.iion which rcquim aMNi.nt waca for thrir powch.
& l d o a d umple "ill.#" .ad matbod or tbe + In uimtily the a t w c n u n n o d u~nplc villages. 1tXISA$! (Inunatiorul
C:roln R-rch Institurn fi~r k ~ i - A r i d T r o p i u ) and ~ 'n ivau i t~$d A&icultunl &itncu (UAS. Webball gave us cornpine wqcration a d sup*. The chm villaga of h d h n Pmdeslr and hf rbaruhm S u r a u e Ihe hepb vibges of rh runtinurnuly runductcd village tcKI mrdb of 1CRISAT'r &+a Rym. l h w r h m vil lyta wrrr aekrtcd upon the decirton t h c diderrnt cropping rystam FI>UM be invacigatd b c u u u OCdiRnnl .nil camlitions bcwecn the viilga. The six vil+ of the hngmlar D M c t were vlsfced under thc r ~ t i o n of Ihc Division d Extcmion d UAS. S i m m o t of tbe d h g a ia t& uu -ding brlgalorr lrrac~icesin~ilar rroppingrystenu. mnny villgn, rnthcr than many fannerc in tht wntc vilLyy, wwv i n v d g ~ t e d .
Ihr invutigatiun w u carried ouc by inmvkwing the fuwn uni cbuving the fields. S~nall hmm w r r r churn u n~uch u priblc, Fa it w cltimated th.1 wich thae f-n with lictk rapiul invcsuourt, more tradiuoarl aod d ~ t rrup}riiQ, sy-rterm w a ~ l d probrMy br: in practice. Tbc qwdonmiro uud in th iotaview car thac frrnlen arc includcd in thin mprn M an oppadi.
Thc cnnnntr ofche inwigation can be divided into nvo n+r one u that or the mv q u c n c c a d rum o p a n h q- o~ arrch f . " rad rbe other rr rhac nl mixed emppiag aptem In invmtiptbg cbc crop aqucaa, it u impurcracmterpavrryprshe&drbe&-ti~~crnpvquarein. tbc mane Sdd plot (Bimvangcr dJodb: 1979). Thsdm, in irrPasimiyl tfn mpMdcnta r l a r act& wnr paid m c o d m t& aumbu of mda lbld phr lad tbdr rub-plow kw cultlvrcion.
I b e n u m k r r o f ~ a i n r a t i w d i n t b t v i l h y P ~ b r m a ~ d o a e i n ~ l o a m u i m u m d r r m i a A u n q Y ( L c . -land
hddiq id* ud tbc n u m b dmrin pkn. and their nu*, of r ~ h h m m mm &awn in T.bk 2. In a 4 1 vmplc vill.gh andl linnar wrr dm*& intmar, but a feu mtdium-daad turns. wcn included. In addition, in KodrylurW v ~ l w . Ijmng1hrs Dbaid,akgcEvmerpaeiq(lmbout 1 0 h . d q r m t ~ l L u d w u i a t a v h d , ~ c b e m a h r d L h c i n t a v i o * w W I t h b p l c i n r l . r ~ b . v e k m o m i n c d f r a m r b e f k a m h g ~ . krordin(rrncbrfCBI8ATfvpiwC,tbc.~ysga~
a1 hnd holding ux d d m u U hrmm wmn 0.8 b. in Aurap.UL, 0.6 h in Ikrlur, n d I,4& in Yhinpur villyt, whilt t h ~ * e d ~ n x d i u m 4 a c d ~ ~ 2 . % h r , 1.7h.. ud 4.5 h., mpertively U d h : 1977). Thus, it cur be canr11dnl that this invari- prkvl m* crHulurtcd with lumm ran& f ~ m average mull furrrcrx to smaller- thm-.w.gc n u d i u m 4 d hmern.
1Xe mwryc i~pwai i~mrl Iand hoMlng rim of thr sample f n m m in mrh villagc i o lawJ in Tat& 3. Sirw:c thc numbcr I$' uunplc ramla. wcrc few in m h vllhgc m d lilt* diCcrcrwc w u f i t l d b c t m n dwrn in hngnkwe Distriia thr aver* v d w w u r.lrulatad film t l ~ c con~pilcd m u l t ~ of thr six villagn. -lh;b mn-irrisablr land rrjrrcvnted chc p e a t a t mrca in any wIIagr. urcpc in Ihkur in Ihbubnagar Dinrict, w h m Jle nprrath~nal Lund w u divided trtsrby cqually int r thc irrigablc and ncm-irripblc laiui. Although chc avcrqc oprrrti<rrul land &ldinu rirr in Shiralrur village n c n d c d 3 ha, thc nthw villyta had an avcragc b/hwxn 1.2 ha and 1.7 ha. Ihb rim roinridn with what is c*>ncidmrl a rrnall fnmiQ to r urcallcr- than-aurrylr nudiurn-uzed f f u w u u~mcinard abnvr. h . 'Ik prnpwlion of thc mvrrav net m -a LO the a w x w olrr&nnrl land, or
the land-wc inceruity, r m t q d from 5 5 O , to 985, ihmugh all she vi ('Table 3j.
It ran l a rm that in Shirapur. where knrer vatu- wccc rrcuFdcd, a 3 ut one rounh d the land lay W o w during b d ~ nT the agricultural yean t~ndr r~~ inmt ig rdor i~ Thw prnpmrioru wm p a t l y inrnruistnlt in Ibkur. whew t h m ky r e l t i r ~ l y luff" m a crl'irrigabk Iand during thc two yrur. ?Xu w u dur to t k fwt that thr relatively large main plot lay fnllow during 1978179 agricultural yew. Tbe p w partion ol' thc villa(tn in Karnrtalu S u t r w u & o u t IOO",, i l l u r t n t ~ the Jmort canpieta utilirstbn nf the operatinnd land at 1-1 mrc. fnr mnre rmp, in both yun. A h . b y d r r v i n g thc pnrpation of ~NIW cmppl*l u r a to net wwn uu, or thc cropping intensir).. it ia apparent that W u r hu p l a pmportiom. Thb a n bc n i d to bc a good cxunplc indicating thc relatimuhip bccwrrn &c irrigation k i l i t y and the ddqltet of'mt~ldpic cropping.
Tablc 4 rhmn thc tindr of cmpm culdvarcd in each villgc. rrd t& @wa idirate the pmprnian n i r m p p d urr to the mdrr opr.tiorul land in each )ru.
+ Z l e a u j c v r c m p . r r m i r o d j u a r u d o r u v b i n A u r r p r l l e , w r r i c c . a d ~ nuts in DoLur, rdcjrPrr in R d i - in Sbinpur. uod mimal y ~ ' in rbt BMplat Umria village& In Ddnu, wherc thc L r y b k Ldl uo. is large, h i s r d u i v d y cncnivecultiV.ti~of~t~rie~1DdBDupdnuu ~ , d 1 0 c u l ~ o f t l l C h . , ~ L r n m i n M h a - ItupDldblemlu*hrasdfrr*orbi.ub&,Srcin e v a y v i l l y p u t q n D a k w , n i ~ ~ l ~ o d * i a ( l n v i n t y d m i l h . l i s . ~ the-. T h e c h r r a s L b i c h . r u r r i n a o p p i q i a ~ p u r r u i n i b N h i p . c i a , o F ~ m R 3 i a o p . T b a ~ r m m r a r 5 h i n p r r l n * i n l R 3 i a o p ~ c b e ~ nopimtaddthc~oopl ibtrbcabcrv9 .rga , l iobIbcI .c t tht tbe~ lb
91 111
74 la,
chir a m ~ n r * o dhravy ard r t y c y deep b l u k mil. How thc llrlds in carh v i U y u e emppal by che rkm mentioned nuin c rop
mdtheMhmuemmpikdinTabt5. T h c h g u n s i n ~ u b l e ~ u : t h c p " panion u l dr cmppcd u+r and the f Jbw arm lo the to lJ operatitmal land area during each cmp -n. In addition, thc crop uu h a hm divided between the diIcrent c-mppit~g pttcrru of mimed croppiag and role cropping. By dwrving rbc ratirm h t m n the villages, i t can be ucn that rhcrc war mom m i d mopping than nk cropping in Aurepdlc and thc Buyrk~rc District villypa in bdth yeam. The ratio or mixed cmppi'yb in Dakur in 78/79 y i cu l t u rd year wm u*.lkr due to the falllmuncn nlchc lyCat field plot, but the ratit* orborh mix4 and *ult cropping wcrc about the ume in 79/80. I n Shirspur villagc, where Rabi crop 4 the main nop, aImm dl the rrqn mrc r%lely rrnpped in 78/79, with the exc ian of limited mixed crppi ty during the K k n f r m n . H-, it 8ho1dd be ted chat mixed cmpping war not pnctirrd dtuing die Rabi %cwa in any village. t
me pmfmrtion of thr ~dlw lands wwc N followa: in A the BcWn lay fallow in the Xkn ibuwn, while 867; of hmi lay R d i muon and 93% in the 79/80 Rabi uuon. The Rabi u m n to rhr abcnrc of rainfall and irrigation l ir i l i t io, but thc K was dur to cconon~i~: facton euch PI the inability to purchuc nr in arrange fix khmtn. A h , re-fmilimtion through letting t .rry another impnnant fartor. Such pattern orcropping during ~$pl~scPIon and ktting thr land lie fallow during Rabt u m n , o, i n Aurcpalle, war &o practiced in chc vi lkga nf t lanylnr District. The ruble pmpomion af 7596 fllldwnad in Dokur
Tablo s. Rc*tim of& e. mixed croppi- 4 C.Uavioa in the r m p l c vil- in dUr;mnt arm of18119 uad ?9IW (d*.mir.rm~cdrmpk-)
78/79 . . ... - . - - . -_ \'U+ M R9i -4 RJi . . . -- - - - .- .- ... -. -....... -. . - - ...
Sd. Mlr .Fr l . Sd. M i . P d . Sd. M u . P J . Sol. M h . F d . . . . . . . . ......... - .... A W w * 128 6 8 1 19.1 1x7 0 S .3 $7.9 (8.6 I25 6.6 0 9 1 4 DcLpr 43.5 1.6 Ja9 2 t 5 0 7 i S 41.0 W.2 14.8 24.5 0 75.5 -nP= 1 4 6 8 89.8 a 7 0 J1.S 0 0 100 7?.2 0 a 8 A t L J d 17.8 a 2 0 0 0 Lm a 7 77.3 0 0 0 100 -ll CO 83.4 6 6 0 0 100 4.0 89.4 8 6 0 0 100 rhd~ki H.B 7x1 0 0 0 100 WI a 2 0 0 0 km hd.rhlli 219 75.1 0 4.1 0 95.9 33.3 66.7 0 4.1 0 93.9'
PZ2 77.8 0 1 2 2 0 Y7.8 K 1 63.6 0 0 0 l a
v -. t + ~ a 9 o = I o a s wre o a1 o a9 . . . . . - -~ .................... - -
1) ~ ~ ~ h d l c r t s t b c p s a m q c d t b c f i p q ~ e . r r r e t b c m a l - d . p n - tbYlhdui-hlwa
2) Sd:Ms-,m: L l h o d w a - P d . : P *
vilhgF in M reuon in both yan the exvtnr c l i h v brtwwn the hod-urc pnttmu in the i-abk k M s and nnn-idgable Ihe f r l lavna during K b $ r u o n in Shirywr is due de l y ta mil vonditht, for the b v y rritrlill in h w t y rnttnmrm prrind rcnulta in nrwmcly muddy roil, mabng ~~ulrtvattan imporibk. 'Ihus, they k t the land lie Idkm during the KkrrJuulm, but rulcivntr i~ during thr R& x m n by u t i l i ng (hc water atc.rrrn~ulatecl in chr rojl duriw the rainy mmn.
Summ~nr in~ this =I lion. i t in p m ~ b k lo ~ ( r t c that tJw rntn lurir. and trrdltinn a1 lad-usr pattern in ch~s arm w u that of ~ h r rain-frd a~ricultuml systrnl with ntixnf rn~pping r ~ l nl~llctr and vwrd other cmlv I n ndditicn~, wrll A p t e d r r n p ping systrnt. c mpping umrn and IN))~~I(I intensity wrrr r l w t n i rr < emdin# I,, atrr h ractrm ma u ~ i l ronditiun and irr~gaUiity~ and than rmt~ltml In thr v 4 r i 4 t r r ~ l t t ~ ~ ~ n n l s)atms fnund trday
Mixed cropping u a t d t i o r r l croppin@ ry.*om
As hu tmn p r m t e d in thr previou, urticm, ~ r r ~ x n l cr~lppiny ir 11re nlcnt traal~. tional rrnpping pattern adoptcd Ir~r nnn- im~rbk (ickln dunry( Khnr~f uawn. Thr qatcm or mixed rn~ppirig d~lTrn from v i l e to village a r t r~n l i n~ III the d i f h n t main rrnp at each urnplr villagr. The raulaolrhr invntigrt~o~i I~II thew c rnpping pattcrnn and thrir agrononrirrl ~ignUiranc.r will br d ~ w d hrrr. r b mrnti~rnnl in Tablr 5. Shirapur hn. tmn ~~mkted frum the &rllrmin# rmc~ltr k c n w crf thc i~ignif irnnt a r u drJipnted for rn i rn l rmppiq.
All the rxampla nf 78/79 and 79430 #nixed cmpping <,I llte sample hrmn in Ampalle, Dokur, and the B a n g ~ k c &tric:t villyfn uc rhuwrr in ' kb l r 6. 11 ah- the number ofthe varietia drxtq*, the number of field plutr urJ fi,r rrrturl rmpping. the ua OF each oumpkof m i d c:rpping. and &e p r w i o n r of it In the 1od m i d crapping arra in c r h vilw. I n I M u r w h m t h m uc relrtivrly tw -pb of mixed cmppin(l, nc4 rrmny cmp r m h i r u t i m arc Irwnd. Hm*cvm, in Aumpalk a d the &n(lJare UiQicr vil+, the awnbinrtirm nl rmp widely r u y ~ from two weight different Irirdr.
The principal cmp of IJU miral cmp community vary hwp vilbge to villgc. Tbe ~ m b i ~ l i o a r ofjomn and pig'fmpa, or Mtor h*n and pigwmpa were mnct eammcn i n Aurcprllc. la Dokur, graudmru wac used u the principal cmp in m* napping. RQi wu chr mat impxunr nqr in Ihc 8.nybrr D h i u vibgu, withjnLrr.nd puLasuch upigmapnuodamwmiral iaaa*mrl ly.
&rb ditkrrPas in nmbLut*m r mentLDnad rban, inllumrr I&: ptlcm d ~ ~ o r . r r u q ~ a r m c o f a u p c o m m s s i t y r w d l . Inthcmuuommm . . ~ c r E j R a r , p i p m p a u n l a L n i n A t l r r p l k . p L o D n p e a w s 8 g o w a i n m*rwitbSowrotmdsrinto.vrh. & h r & a r b Q m w r d w - & -d-diBacata9pcadabgdjumr.adoclwn. Tbu.urborain Fgon 4(r), a Lye n u m b of otbcr aqr wen? mbcd uithin the mm djirv.
Nn. d No. d &ion V U L ~ -Tmd ~ ~ ~ p - ~ a u m R ~ M ph r n r a * ~
pbt* -Fwd-
4 4 * P CIP I 1.91 ( 7.2) Y (:IP.W, Y P I U c 2 245 (17.2) 4 C:PICPlMc 2 2.22 (1x7) 3 JIB/Pf<>P/CU 4 Z I N (21.2)
C/P)l:P/Cu/Mr ti J!B/l'lCPiclMs- 2 1.02: ( 7.2)
JllllPiC:P/C/Cu 7 J/BRfC:I'/C~!Cu~Mr 2 1.1121 1129) R J / B l P ! C ~ P l C l i ~ ~ / S H I 2.6' (186)
t a d I4 I+. 12/c (, 100) 4
lh*ur 9 J/Pr<:P, (;NiP/(!P 2 0. .W: ( I 7. 7)
4 i;NTp
of &a (Pajpdww mo6~tm; , or fin-tail rr~ilkc (Sluni ~ulu~l with othn crty* o b r v d a h on the mearch tnp, h w e d a mmik p t u r n to chat d rq*.
When chc m i d rroj~ping, u nwntn~nad above, ir vwud fnwn M ylrnwrmiul vio*poinc, the hllmving b u r a b b cnnelurirtn can b; dlrwn. Firu, the ofCoruvc utifiurion d a field plot u pmiblc. For cumpk, u ir s h a * o in tbe aumpk nfthc ~ v a , mixed rmp in Aurcpalh i l l W t d in bigurc *(a), lhc space u divided urrrm(r tau cmp. lih+w, bujre and m r d (Hubunr c d u u , , and Jurrt cmpr lih pileon- p a ud g m n warn ! P h t o l w rwntj, and cvrn creeping crup Ilk mclon (C-I mbj. Funbe-, vine rrop Nth an c w p u (Yipso r i w u ) arc JMC to wil up rfrremcmrdcheuUcmp,utiMngcrcrypa*bk~sinlkc&ld. Ibr-ruld bcnjdbrthcraginJdvularinthe&ag.brrD*ainvillyp.
Semd. the df ia ive uu of time in the &Id is mdc pnihlc. 'M h mat clarfy igurmad in the mi.rd mapping with pillaoopa FGT c~lmpk. w b m tbc M ~ n ( ~ b ~ w i l h p i k o n p l . n d c o r p r h c a r i d a s d , i t i a p p r r n c c h . c rllurrrmioJluubuthrwtcdstprady. 'flrbuMda(ydjm~br&errlbc, d i a ~ k i b u R l c o d i n O n n r a . T l c s i m ~ o l l h t j c n r u k ~ H Y d i a g u n t i l c b e ~ o f e a r p . n r i p s d m a m d i t r t r b c d d E C o n m b c r . Afiestbebu- ~ 0 i m w p o . c h c j m m T . r e m ~ c u l h m d o c d T o r r o b d a . Thcpigmnp
thm grow a14 Blk out inlo the WII rlwcc until its hUMt i~yr in C'Ebrumy. This is a cwnbinatinn which nux in~ i rn thc cftwtiwcll d the lnng growth p a i d and d w h t t o b n t rharrrtrri~tic o( p i p p e a . 'Ihu. such ingrnuity in the utilization dcnqn w i ~ h thr d i f f m t ( ~ m w ~ h period to achiore the u m e rau lu d multiple c m p pin# in a single rrcqv. cm LK mid to be an ellicicnt property of thc mix& rmppilyl rptrtn
hnnthcr pu t iv r uprr t of mixed cropping fmm an agrc~~tottricid vimplinl l i a in thr pailrtlity nf avniding, ar lighcming the effccu fram thc dangm ainutritional cu water ddkirnry thr~>u&b rmnbining c r a p w i ~ b different rharactbistit r in norri- ticma1 trptakr nrul tlntught rrsistanry. 'Ihc rnmbinn~ion of l e g u ~ o r u atid non- Iryminmu c.mp u the main rnmldnation in all thc v i b p i s pruba/~ly an cxaniplr of thr limwr'r rrt~piriral kr~tnrrldgr troltlrr cKrctivcnos, dr11ch r c m b ~ t i o n ~ .
'I%* u d v r n ~ n ~ o f mixnl rrnppin(l rnust not IIC 11rriocd lroer &I agr~vn~>rnicaI viewpoint cmly, hut a l n fro111 mrcnnornic viewpint and livelihmd 4rmal l farnlen. 'lhe tnixml crnl,ping w ~ t h many nopa o b e d in Aurepallr andjrhe Bangalom I h t r i r ~ v i l l r p mnu to hc an effea-tiw mrnm of n~aintaining scl~ubsistencc by snrall Iarnterr. l h r mixrd ~rnpping CII' castor bran and wvrral thcr rmpr in ? Aurcpalle ran br u id ro b n mrnru by which urull b rmen sumln thcrnsclva. Ordinarily, rutor lwam arc rskly cmpped, and the fields am &bly irrigated, a* art i t r~p , r t a t~~ rrmin~rrcirl rmp. h t rbr the mull farrnrrs, thd rultivatiorr or .tuypkarcncury find rn c-urtnr k a n field l i b 1 rulaiuenre is as imponad( ru rhc caah it bring. i n Sui h an cronnmicrl silurtion ofthc mull fmcn 111pkm mixed rmpping unarq~idaMr r w n in thr rur of rutor beaw.
Whik mixed m p p i n s has the aclvanugn rncniioncd alx)vc, &e compticatcd wwlril~g pmrrdurr is mid to makr it inrfficicnt. Horvtvcr, in tbc investigated villa(lrr Lhc pnxrdurr w u very r!rtmatir. and the tnnb used in each step were rr1-1y practical. Espmially, thc ton,* uacd in the nlixed r y ' cuhivation in the &n#alam W r i c t Car the scrim of pncticu: M tillage, w i n g and in t en i l ly , Jmwai R K ~ rRk'iacy and mntinuity in the working prwalure that ir is belitvnl to be aa mpriar n any nrerbnical farming s y m m .
In lhir awtion, d u d the i n v u t i g a h at IJIC lrnd u t i l i u h or th crop rguanx rhrow(th rvcrrl yan wiU be rutod. A l h y h rbc intavlnv, mn -mml M &c 76/79 uxl79180 &uliurrl ycur. m l t r including ara from p r v k n u y a n r r r r o b t r i n a d b y c o l k r t i n g ~ ~ ~ y a n . T h r y u t IhwiaT.Mc7. ~main.aguenccducboC~vi l l .ganrfwmrinthable , r i t h t h c h i g h a t ~ ~ c - o f c r ~ p ~ l m u l u M I ~ r r t n ~ . Tbeemp-ur l v l i D a m u ; i P d i a k a I h : r r o p p i n d t i ~ r m r i t y & r i q a m c y d c o h a c m p ~ . t * c b e a r d S ~ l a ~ p k t h m e r r o p m g r u w n i n n n , y ~ , ~ d u c h c ~ k u w i v C I 5 Q 9 b b I b t a a p a l u m r r .
All Jvc daublc mopping in AwepJlr. WUC ud Iht &ngh W c : vil+ - M r s d in the irrig~bk uru. Fuahcmlat, in IIW c u c nl .in& cruppirq in i-bk areas. wet rirr or ~ n d n e m wrm p n a * U y gmvn mwy you I n I~M-
oire af thr rain-fed fields. ur& t m p p g u ol Khmfcmpp~n(l with && frlklw in Aurrp.llc and the Brngalvr 1Lntrict villy(*r, ur tJ' IWc cn~p i l q j with I [ la j f r l lnw in Shirapur, wan t h r nrlmt crsttrmnn Strh nlmt Iwjr pwtcrn of map wqruwcr, whirh xrr mution syrtrrru nf ringlr c mp a year, M crburvnl 111 thnr vi1t.p will Ir d i r d hcb~w.
'Ihc nlort ctInrn>rm cnhp qtrcnrr in :\urrpJt rr thr nrtnttcsn 01 ai~nrd ,lourt and rnixed nr urk curtor t m n I n t)trr LIV, i11rm UT vnri~bt~m mltrrtlrm 111 thr IWII
rmpa lhrrr arr c a m in wktr h troth c r o p altrrrutc rvrt). year, cr mihrtl louur i* rult ivatd [or two yean and c.antrw kuu Lw om yrar 'Ih18 rptrtn d allmuting rmpa bcrwmt r.rrrnnicrria1 rnlp as& rnlru.trncr rntp xrnw ICI Iw a prwtirnl methd Lw small fannm with littlr capital and input nlxterial. I n ulclitk~n to rhc dqk cropping in Aurepallt, thrrr arr rmp q e r n m which inc~rrpmalr r whnk ywr's fallownru. Littlr rainfall may lu thr r a w or inwdunlary irlltm~ura c~r ~ h r *Id. but in meat rases, thr Inn$ 16 Irft fil11,w rrguhrly thnw(0i cxfrrirnc r ia twcirr III re-krfilizc thr u)iI.
The mtation ryatcrn with r i n ~ k crc-1, r yrxr in the ra~n-l id firIda in Ik~ktrr han thr objcrt olgnming bvth n l h crrqn .od suln~strnrr cnqn. 'Ihr rcrtrti~sn nT m~ncd
jowar and nlixrd p u d n u n c~wnplin with this g a l I t IS rrrtcmtitt~ chat mm rmp lequcrrra are rxmuiblr in ~JIII we, not 11n1y throgh thr in~xed c ropplnu OF w h yy. but a h thrnugh rotatin# thc two mixed rmppiw syrtrm.
I n the c u c of singlr I rrbpping in thr rain-fed ArMs nf' thr & n ( l m k m 13irtric.t villsga, rontinueu8 cmppinu 'I! mhrnd rub, is chc mrmt rrrmmnn. A h them ur ry r tau in eCccc, in which grcwrdlruu rx hrmcpam lD.luh~ UI&VW) ur n a r d with reb every few yan. 'I'hr rnimfd rultivatu~n nitlais area i s pnr rd ly p r r l i ~ rd by surh mixed crnpping n r t m as ant innrd akrvr, n d thu s)Rcrm ir rmpnrlml to be one or the m r n whirh mrke the rrmtinwus rdgc cdrivrtiun prmi l~k wen it1
rain-rid fields. ?hat is to my, tlls mixed cnpping system play* x uirrihr r d t UI Ihrt of the wata in the paddy ficldr. w k the rmrinwms wl rice rt~llivation u poaibk.
The most widcly prarticd cmp rcqumce in Shirapur u that of cimtinuouc. cropping of mk R d r jowr. N a t a chc maation d Rdi- ud R.)r puk, w h as *pea and baaegr~1. Althnyh cbe continuity of the cnntinurwr crrrlyring of Ihc .bme mmriond Rdiijcnorr m LIIC m p l c ua rrmPira unknown, i t is Mi- matcd that there wm puLs cambid rry d y-.
Such crop leqvcnca in rain-id lid& JDIle nith IJIC miud unppiw m a r t i o m l i n r b : ~ a u K a i o a , r m z l ~ f o n n e x u m v t y p r v r i c r l r ~ h ~ y l l a ~ butd on tbc empirical wtdom d oull CMvn under hurl, ccndithn d U n L ~ u d m a ( l a c r p i u l , m n J i l P i a t h r ~ d t k t r o i l , u , b * l m i f y L h c r i s k i n t i a a d d a u P r , r a d t o ~ ~ ~
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(t i1 Tdl th d t i v u w m rhduk derb rmp in arh mun pla. (a) c i m i l y d t i l l . ~ r , ~ , r m l m g , fki i l iayrpl*.t iun.hnstiq, OD,
(b) uww\l of&. fa i l t r r . and yvld U d . (7) Rnarrb
2. Cnrppiry Rctrm R m n d ( I ) Nrawdtbrrapmbn~ (21 &id pM No. (3) (*- (4) ~ m m U r a l i o o fa. in- mipd? bMov miad? mtirdy nnad? or prcb?) (3) R t u n r d u n n i q a p b n t i q
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'Ihdarhi A u w r u * and Stnunlu Y-ur*.
'Them exist divcm types of sqqrtal~k rul t ivr tm~ in Sou& Inrib .Id Ski ImL. Thew inrlndr varir~iu lrad~ticmal typm mainly drpmndiq on w u l c r d i - tiom or the mpcrtive dittnrt. n d m t t y p wit% ncw vqmabkm inmadwed fnnr the w e t m d aha typn ~nidway becwrra the twu. Hcrmc gudrn iy dm acldm tcr them.
Thia text will k minty ~uwcrnetl with i~itnxluc~ion ol uBmc trnditirnr.l lnethods pnctirnl in t h m divrne typo of 'vgnable cultivati~m in &wth India u ~ d Sri b n h . 'This eumy was cmmductcd fmm lrte Ckt',ber to emrly Ikernber ral 1979 in South India, and mid- lk ronbr in Sri I m l u .
In South India. the area c ~ f Hydrratkad in Andhri Rulah State kwated in the (kntral k c a n Platcart, and t h o r of kn(la1mr in K a n u u l u Strtr locrtrd in the southern part or thr Platrau w a . nrrvryfd. l'bc nuin crq* in the r a u d ud xruthctn Ikrcan PIatcmu arc rnilW and p u b , but w h m irrigaurm w pnrible. pad$y (wet rirrj is xnmt mmrrupn. Althutrgh the ruttivation MI oC v r g ~ r b b u s n d l r o m p a d to othtr crop, m-MI dam Qqm that the vcmt.blr rukivnjthn in four S t r t n of South lndln arc: 140,000 acm in Andhn Pradah. 217.XM ncra in Kamaulu. &!J,OM urn in Kenla , mrul 277,560 wra in Timil N d u . Inci- dentally, the total a rea of v g r u b k cultivation 111 d l India in a ~ p m i m a t c l y 6,874,000 a r m . It is said that t b vegctabk pmductian cmly lLlS'ih 60% ul' the 1-1 -ry nutritional intake I h m v q c d h Indian crtixcw. k n t l y . pwermncntal innitutism iruludiag ICAR (Indian (;rmnciI of ~ ~ l t u r r l Research), IIHR (Indian Iluritutc dHortirultunJ R-mh) a d Strte Apcul tutr l t'nivndtics arc e n d n v r ~ r i q to iwur m b k pmducIion, ronrmtrrcing on v q l ~ b k b d i o g and i r n ~ ~ D t ofirriptiun fkilit ia.
In $ri Mu, principally lhFac agrwlimntic urns &8t. Tht fb*t in thc Dry Zone located n&a# ofthe irlud. The vrnd b rbc Wat &me in southmrc. Th. tbird is the Highland W a Zaw: in appraxinutc ccnur of the uM. V q l ~ ~ b k rultivuion is practical in the thrm with trio, unique to t6c nrpst ivc uno. W e muveycd rhc vcgcubk podurlion in rhcv -.
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01 ltl u r rz 01 Ltl 9l L Y Z -v
LD 6 8F 6 'at F '0 b 1s 9 'I2 m f
In chmrirq vmpk villagm ard hmu, wr mrr atslr ie &ruin ~ul*l rar(rtation ud usirt*nrc fmm Ii:RIS.%'1' i ln tanatm~al Cmp R-fi Innitwtc hx h i . Arid l'mpim) ard APAU (hndhn b a d a h n(lriruloiral C'nivrniry) in tbe klydtr- rbad uu or Andhra R n d n f ~ kale, ant1 lIHW uwl Stacc l.kpnrtmcnt uTitu*icultum (Ialbqh) in the Ikmn8aktm m a d b r n a t a h &ate, In . \ d h r a h*dnll Litatr, Aurclp.llc village Iwarnl ullprc~ximrtcly 90 km m ~ u l h m r 111 l 4 y h b r d city w u rhoun GK survcy 10 wpmcni rhr atr(~-ln-+bk farming uw .o t ypcd uf I.mung in the k c a n Pkteuu. Sewa l vill.gn in l t ~ e wrmulwlittg uu ul' HyJcrmld ctry re aLr~ cluaen I'w invenigrttng wgeiublc r~ultivutimn In t m p t r k rrwu. ~h a rule. we intrwirwcrl ~r~r~~l,rrnttvcly er1~I1 lur~ncn wirh lhrtr~ l r r ~ d ~ of atmalt I to 19 rcm, and cjucrti*ms wcrr nlnrrrly crlru.cn~rd wth MW&U( tirne, nun6ngard rhc~r rultivrtin~ rnrth<ds, ylrld and firkl mtntlctn 111 v*(ctnllm
In K r r r u t s k ~ Stwrr, wwral I&& r d &rigalrrrc lhiwirt war r h n fin survey k s u v of rhcir infrtuivr W R P I J I J I ~ pr(~1~1.tion. I h ~ a ~ ~ ~ l ~ l l i , (hiJLklbaIL1111ra end HcllLoic f d d r 1Ur invntiptltyl their rtlrnvely largr l rnld and cumrr~cni*lly orienld p d u t t i ~ ~ r i . and kfahtr a d AncL1 ~dutr (in i r~vnt i lpl~rq thctr Ineel roruumptivc and rrlntivrly small-u& pndurti<~n. Thc I nnlenlr of invnuytrrn w m the vlrnc an rhmc in Aorlhrr l'ralcsh Stars.
In M 1-La, survr\.r wrm r ~ d u t t r r l u~~clcr tcnsl r r r ~ i l t i r j n .of'i)sc Rrgk~naI
Rire R r ~ a w h Lacion (BrmbuwelL). Nuwur Eliya ua in the Highland Wet Zane Tcx its manmarim1 vrgctable produrtim. thr M a w PRA in the h k n d Wet Znac for the anrll.wlic pmdwtion by k i n g traditional cultivation mctbalr, and -1 Im nci@~tnrin(l Mrha Illupplhma in ihc Dry 7aw for their wgt- uMc rttltlvatinn in the (:ha ( b u d field) were c k n tn show the ama of mqvrtiw y r r a h k cultivation type. The invariga~ion was d y concunal wilh wbat was thought lo br the pcruliarity nf v-tabk cultivation in Sri b n h .
'Table I lhmr thc mnnthlv avnrgc temperature, humidity, prdcipiution and number of dny with pmipiration in the Hydmbnd and Bangal& arrar, a d 'ISbk ? $how avrragc tnnpcrarure, pmipiration and number nfdap with pmipi- tatinn in C;rllr (the lawhnd Wrt ;Cum) and Nuwua Eliya in Sri LnX.
i O o l h e of Croppiall * i
'IIw c.rnppin# senson is thr Itydcrabad and Bangalcm ares, of uth India is
generally dividrd into mhrrr rccnrd~ng ti, the temperature an : pmipitation ditrmtwn due III the naansixm:
f $
fa) Xkrrf uuon (Rainy w n . Junc to Sepcernber) 8 .
(b) l&bi ~ u o n (Wttttu RCWUI. ik to lxr to January~ P (r) Summer rusctn (I.'cbruaq to May)
'Ihac rmpping rslcbtu arc nlrrrs :lurly d ikn t ia ted in the Iwaabud arca than it1 tltr bngalrm arcr dur tu nlclrc dirtirquished fluctuation of pmipitation m d temperature in the f i~mer.
I n the Hydaa ld area. tcmptaturc is high, and t h m is abundant prccipicptian in the KlunJrrmn .a shown in Tablr I. In rhc Robi r r a n , however, them is a
r o n d d m b pmipiution in the Wnning and hudly m y prccipitatinn in the later par^ of che uuon. The pmipimarion in the bqinning nf this season is utilized for sowing d i h c Rabi c r p r . On the i>tha hand, the tcmpernture is high in the bginn- iq. but k n w krw in the lwtcr pnrt, going down ewn to I3 to 15°C. Thus, cool wathcr y ~ t a b k s rurh u g d c n pea, curctt, Mion and potato u c poaible to be rultivrml in this wunn il irrigation facilitia uc avnitble. The M -bk is
anclima railed the winter vrgctabk. I n the tumrncr -, the tempcrrrurc is atrundy high and t h m ir J n w t no runkll.
Table 3 show the rmppin(l -n of m.in vqlcubla. The sowing time of vqcubla gn~nrl ly cl..lihal into the summer or K l r i / c r u p u not u, different in tbc Hydcrnbad rad & n e a k utu. Homvcr, tbac is a difiirrncc with tbat of vqcmblea belwqing to the R.Ci crop, and their growing pcriod d i i in tbc-r Hyd-bad and Bangahre ucu. For uumpl. p w t n i. pkaud &vrly betwan O c t o b c r d Nnvanber in the H~~ ua, wbaou in thc B.g.hre u e r i i ispoaibktmbeplurrcd bczwca, N o y e m b a d D e c e m b a d a h k t w e a June and July. Such a diRaact is abo round in radii, arrot, kraoot (id& bar) dydenp. T h o r u c a ~ u i l w m b k t o l o w ! r i ~ ~ i n t b e B w @ n m
. .. .-.. H d m M Il.n;Rbrr
- v m Bri& P a , -Mu. Jan -P&.
MapJua Jm. -Jd . *.-&I Om.-Nw.
U w n b a Frb.-M.r Jan. -V&. Jus.. JuI. Jun. Jul.
Chilli May-Jw. Jan. Pcb. Srpl.-Nw. May Jun.
c h ~ , . N a ,
Clrvtn bean reh. Mar Jun -Jul. Lb,..Apr. I&.-J.. Juo.-Jul. Ucc. Jan.
I.-
JM ..Fob. Jun, Jul
J m T.b. Jw. Jul.
Jw,-Jul . Nn. ow. Jan Fvb. JWI Jul. *. 4h3.
Jus ,jul. Ort. w a . JWI Jul Orc. W n .
Jan.-Web. Jun. .Jul. Ck~."Nuv.
IMlpnruvl v & h
tkulbarc lau)
Jum.,,JuI. Or(.-Nm.
Jla-Fab. Jun..-Jul OIl...Wa*.
Jm.-Jul. srpc. On. cm.-T)s. (inils-J Um-9
ucr aficr June. The rnauntaincma rqion in the mtnh r m t d pan of Sri b n k a ckarly dutin-
midla thc 1m.1 I linutc r~nttcs in thr country. 'The -n Ixtwarn May and Sep cenllnr i# llwally calkd rhr )'& . u ~ n . In thin s c a m lhc northcastem part of the island npcrimcrs H dry ww1n with hardly any rainfall, whik the r e n t d mnctntain- ow and s~uthwntrrn rrutr havc plenty of rainfall due to the muthwatern mansoan. I h e r u t l n l ~ t w r m Sovernlm and Januar)., nn rhc n t h a hand, is mlkd the hfeh -n with cnwidmblr rainfall all uvrr rltr island dtar to the rtorthePrcern n1onroon. The a m u dryirlg d u r i q thr Yda wunn arc t all& thr Dry %<lnc. as'op& to the WU which baon tn hutnid during thir -n. Thus, the p i p i t a t i o n of the I'm& err Mahu r u m ig a Imstr farr~w drtrrminiw thc tylw rrf v r g c q t c rultivation in the m l m tiw L ~ n r .
Typem of Vegetable Cultivation 8
I. Hmr (~uir t l i t l ( l r l l \'rgrlublo in thr Farm Vitlngr I,
'Ibr l ~ r n n t ittratinn of hr,tnr grdrriing in thr r~tral conlndnity m to rr1k.t rwnr tratli~innal i q r r t t ~ l vrp-tablc. self-supply in the dist+t. Ftoni this f ~ ~ i n t ol v im, we ntrrtrinn brirlly hrunr gnnlrning in r a m villaK* in thc survey aman.
'Ihc itrution of' Iurnicn' hornr ganlrntryl in the Hyderabad &a is cxtre~nely armger. nn shown in lY~t r 1. At Attrrpnllc village wlirrc dry land (Cwming is prc- vriling, the rma of rarh h<mr ~anI r t t is \2ry srnall 1x1 nlcnt C-, rul even at the Inqpt rIr,ut 0.13 utw. 'I'llrrr am mnny fkrtnm who havc no'*hornc garden. t ' g c u b h gmwt~ in u w u l ~ I I J I I C gvnlcru of this vilhgc am shown in 'Tabk 4. Such m w r utuuciun of llonic gurrlcning id vcgctubla d o a not scan to be arm- batat& to ample ~Ulrupply h > m 11rl1rr vqctabk &Ids of the fa-. Ocruionnliy chc ynung l e a w ~J'fibmxu cmps an nvrlu (IiibLuu rrwnbuur) or oil rmp as &wer ( C t d m w rtrtuirr) urr nrbatitutd Ibr wgetabkr (Place 11). It sam. that wild p l w u are uud u wgctubla in addition to thir uac of dry land crop. The book by H. Sigh brd R. Anom should be d e m l to For wild plants suta~itutcd f a vqlcubla in Indin. One nf the rcasonr Rr the small wale of home gardening in this aara l i a in the inlaaivc n8nmntration of iannm' homa~cnds in a village or d arm hawe d limited wntcr availability in the ueu kmthw -n to bc in the ay8tcnr d l a d ownership in India. H m do the villagemen get wgcmbla as
much PI ncccnary f& their Life in auch r nmqpr mtruurm ad w g c t ~ l ~ l r rubrvauua? In the Banealnrt arca whrrc wager a v ~ l a l ~ i l ~ t y 1s mc MILIITI I~~I u in lhe tiydn.
abad area and h m ' h ~ m ~ u t c d ~ arc ncn so c~~ncrntra tnl i e villyc, mm varieties of vcgctnbln are c~rltivatad in hntm grrdzn in r l r rpn kale Ptx exampk. pumpkin. make gaurd. botclc p u r d , r i b W gourd (rthtnl lufrv I@# .nrt+j, mustard, radish. F m 1 1 b n , d d t r h n h n , gnlundnut, okra ud rarrry l u f (Mwayrr h p r j w n r fi~utrd in hrrnn ' t h r t o t a a d m rtvrrhi villyc r ~ f Devwlu l l i &.
Furahcr south, in KcrrL Stutr. w b n c prcriyjuuon rs the highnt m L w ~ b India. f k n p i d a am scattered in thc l i m t of cwonut palmnn m u x l a t d with mrinly banana, cuuva and pcppcr, a d famen' h~lrnocmuFc am not dutinguuhrblc from their Cann lands. Al~hrtugh thc V ~ & L M of v~#etablm cuItivaLCd 11% hmnc~cda of I u d l r i c i w u r not invatiguml, rha. rc~111 to Ix m vuia) u la (&: L u w h d Wet Zone of Sri Lank, w h m thc agr~eolturml s i t u r t h hu A arnllrity with K a h Sute, in dtpcndma on abundant pccipiut rm in both tbc ddiruiLXn. 'Ihm is A
wide &ay dvqetabls cultivated &I a Lvmcr'l hanc ynlm in thr Maulra area SDi L.nL, abundant as rhowr~ in Tabk 5. A c c t d i n g III nnK wrvcy of [him
-, it ir said th.1 appmximrely 1M) kinds nf dl )Ilurl# includiog verpubkr. apc&lly wiou, mot v ~ t a h l a , hll(*, q i w . fruit trees, 61m cmqm and u, mr are cu1d.nt.d in a d l urtMlnt in an &rut 0.25 .rm humacrad (PLuc 111). lhw, it &&t be p*.iMc in LhL t r o p i d humid dntricl th.1 f- S u w uwml of chcir lire wi* plmu culhvatcd in their M hmncllud.
2. Vegeubtc Wtivadun in f a 1-1 C'oNumptinn
(a) m p k s in dry Lnd &I& in tbc H y b b u l M
In h Hy&&ad M, ~ c h a ud(a dnlicba hm u r iu~a(b cultivnlsd in mirrd-aPpp*yh16ntrogh~m,pculmiUa,pigarpr,blrmudn~ & -c) witbow +rigah k j l i ry . Tkir type d rgi.Ye culrivafh . & m r ~ o b e ~ d u a d j l i a u l i n C u m i n g d w m i r r i d t m p i n . T b e W o f mkrn c a r d in dy trd Bdd. t uUal 4omtqm which munr cucwnba in
qqm* ~I)M!III~J JUJ q o q w ~wuo!a!peu snoum ivqa h!~saulu! .uw r! 11 .>IS uo!uu puw lqnqlouq 'rorl l l ;wcl 'qnp~ 'IWUJ n Want
a l q n l a u WQ pus IWJ pus ' (w.wr -1) u p u w '(* nryt ' v u q tpw!dr) ppd -1 'dkqqrs n qanr a l q m a h Ajxa( ' ~ n u p u r d yur uraq ~ar,imp 'uraq q > w ~ ' p a q wqa
Minl IS mnc nlttcutu: In OM -, cvrm ia +am I- with oorknda. -nth ( A r u u h w), u*buk (Andhum wr) and@ &&-I
(4- knnuir) (Plate V). Tabb 6 &mvr the d n t c of auh vffubh in cha or miad cropping hcM ofcumc. The l q c u*d n t c dmi.mbr k dur tu
b d@bt d the dngle sad, cmtpuin# to t b t of the nibem hhn hrcUkutiw the mixed uds. the f#M roil ir a t i m d by hand to rrrm rltc sab. Apprtnimmrc\y 5 by. .Rn h w dvhrul ganiruca, rnlhwrd by u ~ m t h , &hi and m.
G m r d l y r a m 1 seeds do not t ed i l y ~ r l ~ n r t c i n the hot rum. h x W d l d y , lhoding ofcbbat h i r h ~ i r u c a rulier, fa- the rum p r m i ~ t h thmqh suppnrion of nu in mi tmrpcrniure and IIW ol'rnil mrristuw, In ddit ian, the #TUW& of -1 duriag r Imt wwlu Collowing @mnirratinn IS ~ t w m r l y h, a d rbo more vigmuc p w i h of c r m r n b r , arnarmth a d ~ d l u d i ni?m gwminuthn mnr to pmmnte c a m pycwth. -her muson for m i d wdng d rurul, % d i n # to nmc h m , l i n in p v r n t i ~ cumc wedl from - m l i y l d~lr: In their pappus.
Two m o n h a fv r win*, all bcn c r m l t ur h~md and at the r m r rime cumt &ling. are thinned. Ihr height nf r a m at thb rime is a h 1 IS em. Thinning maka the i~ l t rnmw q ~ r i n g of c n r r ~ r i r p~m~x~mnte ly I 2 rnt . ?hc 104 yield dumn uabat19.5 t a u per a m i n ruth Asbfi.
Other a u n p k . of mixed rmppbK 14 ronl cr leafy v r g e ~ a b b are nbnv.d.
Thnc u. bbtlra* ud unumth, mirnda and unuurth, and leek md carrot Mix& croppin8 d vcpsbk fieklr - to be 8 meam of efficiently util l iq autc~ d l wala, u well u imnrriq thc t a d yidd per M.
Cm)uiar plortiq o j g i n p a d rarw: Cum is cultivated u canpmi- plant f a &din# in ginger Iield u &own in Fig. 1. Rlutoma dginga m p h t e d bet- May ud June, and they arc h.nrntcd ITw 6 m 7 months. Cutor vtwn
ar h e ume time u g i n p planting -ha r pknt height of 1.2 m 1.5 m in 6 to 7 monib. AgalAi (Sllknir p01dvVmd) md coconut palm a r e Jlo cultivraal companion phnu Tor ginger. 'T)lc r u ~ n Tor a t o r being the cummon companion plant l ia in its T u t p w t h .
The Bckl dgingcr ir divided into .m.U rbot~t once a w a k . The yield of ginger is uc dried in rfK h d c .It= huvating, md d d l Ware marketing co imymve stmgc qudity. The rhiroma a p p u n to bc r scrim pmblem in rhar mu. %;
AMk6tiM ./or#ai6 nmnu# 1-h s(**Ppmmn&': Putting r $d~ of sheep into a limited arm dfidda for night is called sheep penning, and Be w& material u c r ~ ~ a d lay the rhecp during the night ir utilizcd aa m organic nunure$ Sheet, penning is m l l y pncdccd at the ract o i 8,000 lhap pa acre. In thq cpw the fields arc actually divided inco lcvaal b k x t , m d sheep is penned in block for 15 lo 20 d r p , & d m it takes 2 to 3 months to complete ail h e in one acre. AlhUgb th~ W u n t of orgenic mnnurc is uncuuin, which ir.bpplicd to the fkld by r h ~ p penning at rlur rntc, lnmr Tmers in thae a- t ~ l d that no o h fenilizc. than phorphatn were rupplemcntcd In the field of potato or gou*
In rddition to the aediootul method mentioned abovc, the pit cultun of fruit vqFZabk'l u ramctimu pmtired (Phtc M).
(c) Faampla in Sri Lnka ~ ~ r d L , r . l r i a a k a ~ o / ~ J W l r : I n t h e p . d d y d e l d d & h c ~ f
h h t u a in the Wet Znnr, thc vel[ttabla ur fnquently c u l t i d on bank (Platc VII). This method of vgccnble cultivation, which can rbo be found in Japan, is llid tn h v c b a n in @EC fw 200 to 300 y m n in Sri Lurk. hspmgw okra, yam, wingxl bean (Pn+wpur Wqmdo6u), F m h bua, -va .ad buu)~ ~ a . obsovai to be culti\.ptad a, rbe bank. rUtbmagh thc yidd in ruch cultirntlon i s not m high, the p d u c t s am w d y muteml Fm loul mnmnption.
A i d mp)ltl d-s: M i cropping of -Ma in Sri L.nL rollowr admihrpnttcmtoIhainIndk. ThelsLrcdcroppingdarror,bsarooc.ad kekinNuur EIjndthcEighIand Wet & m c w i U b c i n a o d ~ h e m m h o i ) u r -pk. Curot b mvn in rhc bcginnbg d June, a t t h q i t it l OC.CUiQUUYwwn ia mid-Orrdur, .Aa which kctr rcdlinp ue pLntai in the nmc phce d ridged vrhatthecumthuka-. A t t h e ~ d m t , b c c u w t h w r m m t h b c d ~ ridgcadca ~ n h . r v a r r d 2 m r r n f h h a , a r r r o t h d - A g u C . I l d b c L in kte %ptcdw. Plate VIII rtra the d anac m*m "u mLdOaober
and cultivated with kck and kuunc . Aaather numpk of mixed cmpping m~ ntvrvai with c t ~ ~ & u r c a n vqr+.
tabla in the M o l Matara. For exunpk, snake g~uc( and Mctu mud ur urn, tqpxbw. Thc purpcur is to a r p c hnm dunr((a by d r x d and i-I rmta In this m a , bitter gourd which ir mm resistant ran survtn, cvcn when IM& nnud suRcm fmm the bunyy.
Mixed cr-ng of unwrmth. ndih a d dul in a pit b a h obr*ml In thir a m .
VegrtoMr nlfruaf~mtr ra Ckru: 'Ihc C h . hum! lie@, is hnrnct cn Ju Ih-y YKW. T h r uu, howcvcr, is constantly dareuiw mcncly. 1wx.awe fbr: p m r n t m t mommemi. f m m r to cxploit thr wildernem and urclc thrrr.
Main r m p in the C k uc lrubm (mrh u p n glum. nm. prr and b k k glum nc.) and oil crop (mwtard and raunc) ~mrrinltacly ~ I C T tttr Ibrtst h u Lnan burnt ( h t c 1X). No vcgrtahlr is cuitivatd, In the nrwly r ~ t l n i (:ha. thr farnutcad which was mencly cxpluittd and whrrr brmcn tvr rrrk. varirrin of vgctabkr arc rulrivatcd rrch in a sn~alt amount for thctr vcIf.utlluimy I s the ~ ~ t t L d Ckna with well-uttlcrf, the mntmcr<-id pmdur ttrm atf vrgrtrbln Aw Icrml marleu, though in a trnall r a l r , is ILo pdcmned W d n that '#I ihc othrr rnym 1Xcy arc minty chilli, btrtrr gourd. onininn. Fmnrh lvrn and d m . As to rhiltr. rotation with row pea, maize or fiagcr milk1 IS cnmrnon hlthntrgh vina dun- of chilli ir widely nrngni7rd. t h m h hardly ur~y dacnagr by l u n n i r l will, which is spread in chilli fields of the Wet 7 . m . 3. Vegetable Cultivation in 'l'ruck F m i r y t
S u r v ~ y . w m c u r i d out in the vGinitia of Hyderrlud and Rangrlrm. Hrrw, ever, truck farming of vyleubla u in h e r a r r u and Inrzrc intrnriwly ~a r ru r l rm in the E ~ g a I o r c area. This dcpcnds on plenty r ~ l pwciptmtinn d dwek,pntmc ~d irrigation h i l i t i a in this area. The nrltivation icthrds o l ' v q p & k in h r p u d r truck fvmr of the .mu are not KJ didicrent from thr wl~rhrdr Oi~mtd<uw ~ u h ~ v a t i ~ ~ n in Japan.
(aj Rrriningofreaflingr Ingcnclrl, r a i ~ n g o f u e d l i w ia warrely practired In cha tam^ where v ~ t a b h
M produrcd II uu~ndwy mop. As the prdwrion d vqetahln gru h r p r in %&, morr effort is directed wards rahing uallingn. In lac1 8 r v iumrn am specklirad in numuis. In a n u n a y of the K u r m ~ l area in h n a w k a fitam, the coul n u M y .n r~ b 0.5 un, and r a i d vqlrorbla m chilli, rmiun, romtn, s e t pepper, brinjll, cauliflower and c&bqc.
I n m a r o f C u m r P r o u a d I h c H y d m ~ m d ~ ~ n u r v t y u z r t i n a rrma dwgctJdc 6cl& witbout any p a c r t i m of the d l i ~ R U C ~ u ~ d t ~ p .
S ~ m e i m p w a n a r n i n t h e ~ r w d ~ m e i b a l d r o k m u y i n r h a c -. F a a u m p L ; ~ ~ ~ w i t h c & a e c l a k ~ ~ p r o t o c t c h ~ r m d ( i ~ 6mahocwarhcrdk.vyrrin,raddcaavduny(abdi-di-pao. Inurcumplednurrybcd.afkinjrSevcn ~ / 4 d c h c d g r h d b a m i a b c t e d
by virus prirr UI t ra rup lm~ i i t~ . k i n u q l r t a h h eult~vaccd in chae a m can be c L u i f i d into two m u p , ch-
which. dinr t ly smvn and that or whirh rmltinga a n railed i n nu&a (Tabk 7). Wmc, mimn and rtuudntwnnrr vcgctablrs a n the f-, while m h - w a u ~ role v q r t a b l n and m inn ur uuratly ~ h c Ltrm. I n ihe uu of rhilli, htnrcra. the wed 18 gcnaally directly in dry land field., whik che riled raltimg i s tranaplrniui i s i m e b k fields. ' A c rrd anwing rate of vgeublea is &own i n l'rblc 7.
NIIM~ bed* am i m p t d ma~nly thnrugh rhannclr. 'Ihc rbruel irrigation 4 a trmutt, n u m i n i~ g iwn i n Fig. 2. h t i c l d a a t d hrngir:ida rL mixed and rpruyd an toinatn 3 to 4 tttrxu in gi~is ntrrrry. 'I'ramplrating o l ' v q ~ q b l a such u tomato, brinjrl, rtrrlli and rnrrlitlnwer s ~ n l u l l y prnrticcd aa iollcrws.$ Furrows o f the planting Acid am irrigated. and when thr wnlm dimappears frrnn r@ surfwe, the
a 'rru. 7. 1br md R L * e n l IIX ( ~ ~ m y d top dmiru t t w u b ~ ~ +
(b #he W y l l r r n M ud h y l a m ur r .1
.sud mtr. i4i.crr)
TRNp*ntai V Q C I ~ M ~ Srinjd 0.24 U4 Cblk 0. 4 0. M Tmulu o. ~iazi <Lhb.*? 0. 3 0. + Crulitlmwr 0.2 0.3 Kmlk~SIl 0. $ 0.5
0ak1 1.322
DLoalr mn y r u b l n QiSU 0.7 0.8 Cacumbu 1.0-1.6
Bonk pwd I. 5-2 0 -Fud 2 0 MpPa 2.0-28 mC0LI.d 2 0 Ribbcdprd 2 0 Rurptin Z 8 lcda a 2-3.0 c m 2.a-*?
-ps s-4a Fim&ku m-40 ha ao-ILO avhrw C M O oh. i - 0 Rmb 600
,.n;;d, * .i---am asssss.. . - '
avqlrsPd-
rout dlscdlinlp h pravd into the rhocllder of the ridge with a thumb. About SO b p & mmplmt i~ , n n n art rebuilt u shown in Fig. 3.
(b) Cmp nttmion in 1978 to I979 T a l ~ k 8 rhcm ronu d t h c nrults of the sumyr on the rmp rotation in vegetable
&Ids in 1978 tn 1979. lThr w t i o n frequently combines c m a h . apcc idy , &a
(P#miwh !*ikm), maim, rice and rq*: ( E M * cmorm). In mutiom of wk y**attlcr, g d m pu and French b u m am most orten d. ?here arc m e exampfn nr ruct w i n cnqlpitypl of chilli and tomato or brinjd. In such fields, nutbmrk nf w i t dincam WI h as bacterial wilt m e d to be a &nu pmbkrn. Whm they cry m rultivate rurcrnively u ~ k n a c m w vylctabla, mnxc fabncn plough the Add u v m l timcl during the iallnw period of 2 to 3 monrhr in o e to raolve 1hi1 pntblm. In i n t m i m with f a rn~rn in the Hyderabad ptu, farmcn told chat they rnntinurd tocultivatc uirrdcn i=a rwry )rar in the m e . Injury due In rnntinuow cmpping ol'prden pca is a serious pmblcrn in Jnpa hmce what runditi~~ns prrrnit rur,h cr~ntinuow cropping in this ptu?
(r i Frriilixing C"
Farm yard mnnurr (thr r r t r of 5 tn 10 tom per acre) and oil c& a r t wd @ncrally u ursanir ttuttcn in table cultivation. C:httnicd F&ilizmm with N:P:K ,5*15:15:15 or 17:17:17 am aupplcmcntnl to bual d k n g i i m o r t cases.
tlma is g tma l ly applied for top dmring. ?he aver* frequcncp of the top d m i n g for main wgetabla i n rhawn in Table 7.
(d) Aj~plicacion c~f nuric ultunl chemicrb 1Xe wc o i herbicides w u no1 OW wilhin Ibc xopc o l our survty, although
d i n g is Ficqucatly practiced by hand hoe rrr animal rultivnton. Wooding u inrrrru1tunng is wry in~pnrtant hlr decreasing w a t a loss of lhc mil in thae semi- wid amu.
'l'he frequency d application nf pcmtiridn in very high in vcgnrble fields. F w mumpic. it is 6 co 10 appliration, in cabbage or uuliflnwa ficld during the culti- n t inn prim1 in thc B u y k w r nms. Although the vioknt outbreak o r p a n nent i d w m lhc h u v y ur el lunpcidn md iwmticida in this uopicd d k i c t , it is a rriaus pmblun b c chnmicnb auch u Methyl Panthion, which u swongly toxic to humuh Mia, uc n i U urd on vegctabkr.
(c) l n ip t ion Chnne l irrigation u romrnon in vcgtublc &cl& In this irrig.tian metbad,
tbe field is dividcd intt~ nuny quare blocks md warer i s conducted ~cca ive ly into each Mock through chnnd. dug b c t m n blocks. Thir ir a tm%tianal ud dliciem method fw o r i m u m ur nf rurrr water. Ilatc X rhow, rbe churnd higariocl in a a n o t w .
I h o a x c o f ~ b b d o ~ . M n l i n g t o a q s l t b 9 0 a n x 1 2 0 r m o r 1 2 0 u a x 1 5 0 c m i n i b c ~ o f w M u r ~ r v c b ~ u b h e e , t o d t d r t , briqi.l o a i o n , b c e m a c , a r r a t , d ~ , ~ ~ F I t s b b a n u d ~ , r a d t b a c i z s - m k n u d u d i n r f i e u s u A a d I b e ~ a f ~ , ~ ~ ~ m
dividcd into 1 JO rm i 600 cm ur rbo otncrvcd in a few ua. Such d i i k m u a in chc are uxm M k due to the type of ~ b k r u well u on the cap.lciry aE w a t a rupply in the am* 4 Vs(pcubk (:ul~ivrtion in Highlands of Snurh India .ad Sri h n k a
In .Youth India highland vqletable prwlurtion is commmidly performed in Onucamund (ckvation 2,000 to 2,300 m), where in h e center of Ni- mounuiru nMt f.mnur for tea pmd~rrtmn and dcnbpcd abng with the tea a t a . VT- t rbk pmluct* arc aht@ to dirunt large citia such u Bombay Ind Calcutta. In Ckwacarnud, the m**rr fieklr of w a t w w e m b l a and gaaniJn for oil arc fipund a- hillside. 'Ihr truin vegttabla rultivated uc cab* uuliflomr, knolkohl, tomato, carrat, Ixetrnnt, p t a t o nnd radish, for which cm&unprntums am auitrl~lc
Icttucc, leek, ~ u l i c , c m t . radirh, k t r t m ~ , Frcnrh bean and t e m r r &Ids piwailing rut wgc~ablc rultivation, d u n of mil , fcnilixrn due in heavy rain a r t urit*ur problems in &a men. ThCn, a unique Currowin# xnrthnd called d m bd is p r u t i c d to diru>lvc r h e ~ kinds o f p r o b b . In this morhod. farm ycard manure, mil and fmi5raa are stratified in this o r d a imnr the top to the &Ittom in the trench abnut 18 to 96 cm in depth. And lhen trrm.hm uc cwvercd with soil o i both s ida to nuke ridge. This furrowing method hw been t r a d i t i d l y found in Japan. Ridging up is rometima r t p r a t d during culti\ntion period in tlrir area.
The m l n d Ihe survey on the procnt dtwtion o f v w b k farming in Swrh India rml Sri Wu ur M y sumrmrizd u f d h .
A m q various rypcr of rqlcuble Canning existing in rhae uar, thra bn ic 1)- uc rccogni*at; Ihr pmductioa in the frmur'r homutad for d-arw, the d l & fuming far bul mmrkca, and the mrck f a m i q Tor ahiw to
d*wrt c i t k . Euh &the typm h u funba d ' i t i u i o n w i n g m the h a a*rlidorrr, ap&i.Uy pnxipiutfw in tbc rrrpaive ucr Tbt di&muc d cbc *
J& oT wgcmbb cuhinciaa d 4 d vapid &MU and hamid anem bebridfydacdbcdufdbw
T B c u a d H y d a a b d n b a r r d ~ y i n t h c F r n r a d r h e ~ R.tuq ~ ~ m r b c m n i u i d a o p i a l e l i m u c u o r u . V.;riarlriadroGaditkd ~ - f r m D i ~ u + ~ b a t , r h i c b . r r ~ m h n a r i g i m t s d i n l P d k
and Africa. In this uu. a few kinds and aull amwnt of y y ~ B k r rrr culuvrtnl in the farmer's hnmaterds, but thew arc MPI mmylh hw tupprritq the lik of the f u m r ' r family. Tbc indwtrial mop ruch u nus& ud u- mired.crrbp@ with cmcllr in dry land field arc wed evan u v q ~ u b k Yhu i rhc ammpk nt t r d i t i o d v b k prulurtion in the r d - a r i d ~ m p i u l q i m .
Ranarkable w i n i n of vqlnabkr am. h m , p m d d in K r n b S u ~ r and in rhe southern uer oTSri Lnka which bebne, in the htrmid vrrpic-rl rlimatir ranr. Chltivation m n h o d s of yprtabla lib m h a rrcy* in rhcsr ucu ur w e tc~ IK dcrivrd fmm the hrmina originated and &relope3 in . % u ~ b t hri., mainly Inr the cuhiwtion ofwgetativcly propagated my* rtrrh u tam, h n a and on cm.
Vqleuble rultivation mcihocir in the tnditiarul ramling ny8tcim in .%uth India and Sri Lanka, nftcn gtn~ngly dcpmd on the poxipilrtinn in the unr, but thae methob are impmving u r d i w tn Ihc dovehpment of m ~ : u a frcilitin fir utilidaq water rmurce. Therefre. m ran find r b rn kun in wrh tcrhniqun of efficient utiliration of m t n .
I n r w v r yur round production 01 vqprblc in thr rmpird I t i g h ~ a wrh u Oouumund and Nuwara FAiya imprcrcd us. The rultivrticm (11' v q v t a h in the cmpiul highlands, which maka good w of their nature, cuggnt. ua tor~rhmidcr our magy-exhawting g m n h o w hmirulnur.
The vuiolu typa of vegetable fanning praut~red in Snutlt Iru!ca xtul Sri l ~ n h are suggestive in cmnidering ~ h c pattern of hirtl~riral drv~kr~rtuttc fntm tllr rwigiri to the prucnt.
We would like to c x p m nur heurily p t i t u d r tn I*. S N. Kar* and Ih 8. R. Rddy, Ref- of Andhra Ifpdah A ~ c u l ~ t u a l linivmity, Ik. 1' R. Kubrrnu~- nian, Acting Director of Indian lnrdtute of H~~nirultttrrl R-rh. Ik. A. Krish. - m y , Director of KamauL State Dcpuuncnt of Honirultum and Mr. 8. I). G . Jayawuduu, Regional Rice R a t w h $ d o n (llmnburmlh in Roi Lurt) for r b d t L i n d ~ o n u d a i d f m o * r r a u r c h p r a g . m m e .
We would l i i .ho to r W Mr. V. B. R.o, InwmntinnJ C h p s itam& Inaitutc Tclr Semi-Arid Tropics. Ecommicr Drpuaaent, Mr. 1. P. Reddy, V e
afhn of Andhn Rdab AgiculturJ Univariry, Mr. H. P. Ruw- LrhbP* &nta Adrunt Dtector 'YfHacinrlluft, Kuarulu Sutc r)rpnmml of Hadruhurr, md Mr. K. L MirbgatL ud Mr. D. L. Wickfwwi* &gbd Rhx S& (Bomknllr ia Sri Lurk) fnc rbcir Gad @lance and Uiarartkrrourlsareb OurAddrumydh.rrr:baa,impariMowir&rcll th& -&. P W , re rhoL &O mUry ~ f b d chr: ~ M U N ~ U ud u&- vcnitia w k we vimitcd and mmy f.nncn w b w we inlsrvinrrd.
.I
~rGHmbtlswal Ibc4ay. c.il d LJiwy.1977. H w , 1976. surll,P.C.urlP,S.N.Rud.41*1~m-Ahrrc*c.,DeIbi. 1971. ULca. M.. V l u ) * D J y l u . . a n h y , 1976. C 3 d h m . K . L . ( B d l r a ) , P m - + ~ f l * . & U I m m a S a d ~ m & ( Y d B h C * . l HrY*n, VJ. I. ~ ~ I f a S d m d , ~ d M . L a i . l P L u . U . r D c l b i . 1976. -, b., Vq&h (I& d.), New Uclhi. 1979. ul.uban, D. V. S., t'+d& h I*. M. 1979. w , c . ~ . . ~ r . l l ~ m d e ( ~ r p l n ~ j , ~ d h i , 19m. -.H. (ddl~a),&rMa,Shikhdi Val. 1 (QipefW -*drrU) (in J a w ) . ToLlo. I W . In& ~~ ApLuhunl R- . H d q/',Wrnbmv. Nor Delhi. 1S6a In& laiculr d Hmrullunl R n a m h . Vqcfrbk CTJt*llao in Sm& I&. dllln*. No. 18.
IS) I l u u n l r , A . ~ . ~ s l n n d ~ & * - . Q Z r ~ t . S r i L n t r . ~ - M . 14) Iin*, H. B. mnd R. K. &w8, WiU M b l a flu0 I(I&. NR Dclhi, 1978. t ) ) U d u d l y d +icubunl eirm, . h l r hpr lmc l l l d Hueticutnun .sd 1,s Imdtutc d
Hmbrltwr) R m . LYMN. R&/.r I r ~ . 1978. 16) V d u W a l p u a . L., H r d n l k r Dbd I&, N w RIhi. 1973. 17) Vrmu, V.. A rW&* d- *. Whi, 1974.
h r r I l l . A haar prdm in tIw Wrl ?mix d L*I Mu Ibhlarr~.
i*irlr*).
- . -- -- .-. Plate \ 4 hcld rnis-cnroprd with cam* . emnnch, u 4 h & (.Wl, m.. r M u * f
(.lb,)(rr k h w i an1 <rwmn&r I R . u r & I t "illy. d t k r R * ~ l s n r N . ~ J
---- - - - - Y*cc \'I Pit culcurr d I- (-& vJ- d c& B n n y I e *W*I
. - - . .--.A
I t . "I.... _̂._-I--. I- ! Hl-I. I
-AutmPblc
Route Map of Sri L.okP
N w . I IThu.1
MAT- .rul TABU* ~ d t K u n r n l and a r r n d m b n g a l r m LG hnmtapur . S r a y d .I Shdtein llotrl III b q a l r ~ r r h s n * ancl Y ~ r ~ r r had an ~ n t m i r n wnth mme runten and w w n l ~hcir &I& at &,11.w~+m ~n Iiurr~oul Ilucnct. V w t l Nmcumal SCCds Ciqmratr,n (Mu. .I 1 ' an ldr . lu lu . Ldt Kunwr,l ud r r tumrd to H y d r r a M . Stayed a l I k ~ k ( 'atlr Hrttrl c$ll ?Gn 3 \ V r + m ud T w a r r \ustnl I IHH I I t d u n l ~ l i r u r c o l HortirulturJ W n u r c h ) and l lAS (,l:sovm~cy~,l A*r~ultur.l Sr#mncr. Kamntska Sts t r ) . Rrguorrrl rhr .MI, fa*. v l l l r r u n ~ y m Krn,nt.k. Stntr. Left &ngalc>rr and anertd In Anr t~tapw S u y r d at &prlugrrl Hotrl. A m t l u ~ u ~ d $'MAW* .tudKd t r ~ t thr ruburtun gardrning r t a r Hydcrabad. Inrnvur . r l wnth uunc vqrtalulr g n n m a d surveyed thew f~rldn 81 Tosdpall) a t d All&pur v t l l . ~ r r .
W~rnmc a 1 4 'TANAKA lrlr Anrntrpur and n u r n d tn HydrraM. Ohserved hrld r q r .m thr *a).. A-tu rrvi Y-wr h d so #ntrr*jrw wtth snmr rl(rrahlc~msurrs nc Han(larrddy Suyrd at Rack l i s t l r tfotrl. HAT- m n d I'mrs* \ ~ n t r d I(;RISAT and mcc Dr. .I . S K L n w ~ r (Arttns l ) , m t + r i and l h . Y M \ trrrannh i lkpl . of A p . Mnn,luyvt. b l r d r the final mmnymnrot lor lhr uallqr ."wry ~n Andhra M n h Strlc. \\AT*= I 4 1 f ) d m h . d lor hladrar by IAl. A w ~ ~ A . YUAW ntd TANAKA 1n.d. .rratbgrnm>rn L,r lhc >ill.gr n u m y . Austnr. Y ~ r r n ~ and T ' A N ~ A Irft Iiyrkfmlud and arraved in A*-llc v i l l q r III Mrhlubtugar l h r r ~ t wch hlr. Y. B h u b r H.u (l<:RIS&T Ikonotruo Pnmn>l Ohunrd lumm' liel& a d h d ~ntcwirw* wtch mmr l u m e n . Stayed at cllr Hrar H o u r r,iFurnrry ,n Arrulyl.1.
Hd tntrr\wwr w t h mnu l i r rnrn m Auqwll r . Wr A u - l i e d mwcd in l M u r n l l a ~ r r u MahlwIrnr(~ar U o t ~ t c ~ . ObKnrd f.m,cn' a e l L and had t n t m v w wtlh r+anr lam- r n UuLur. Stayed at thc R o t H o a r m h h h l u - luu*rr. Had tt,tcrrtcw wcth sc,nlc Inr~~un in Ihkur. W t A l s h b u b ~ g u at 5:W tn thc nrtury and antvnl in ShoLayur at midrught. Stayed .I &g)yhn Hotel m Shuiapur. O k n c d hnlun' ficlda and h d untmac- w d ~ w n r Carmen an Sb~rapur v i l l y ru Shu*yur lh~trurt S U M at Slx~dapur. I r l t Sturrkpur r t Y:W fur H ~ d r n l u d ud &n+d &Id cnrlr uo thr way.
Y h l d ~ k i ~ Hryi rch Stattun and wcm mnwd by Lk. S. N. G o . Arrival H s d m l u d and st.vrd a t Hock CIltlr Hanrl. h u s u l r c ~ u d un rllr C n m n t S i c l u h d V-bk hodurtirn in J.p.o' r t A. P. Amr. L'nrv. nd h.d a t m t t t y ( u i th thc *all rnrmbcrm. TAX- vuitrd ICX~ISI\T r d KlKt Un. J. S. &an-. M. von Uppcn. V.S. lbheny m n d S. M. \'mnm~ ud Mr. V. Bh.ltu Ra, to thank Tor their a m - nwnn .awl ad. W t Hydrmbd ud a n i \ n i m Uelbr by IAL. Rmivcd by Mr. T. I&. a hnt rrer). dtbr h h u y 4'J.p.n. Suya l at Dip(mut H m d till Na. 4. .huw. ud YAUWA mn l o rhe s&bw 10 Tui Mrb.1. T- mycd r t chc Hcid ud n w l r urug(emcn1 drhc calk14 bu. Cdkc~rd bDC\ un Indun ruuuio r r d y r m l t u r r st l C M l lad O d d Ra. V 6 1 d l M l jLdLn W u l ~ u r J L a ~ l h l t ~ . ) uad MI Dr. h. It. &I+. Dr. -wry ud LL. Svhur Iky g a b - la p d i h b l c ~ ~ m a u ~ . Obwed~brapsLPeruJSdd.d lARI . Cdlaadbmbmlodt.swi.~k..Id.LILJMCatRinbMrb.l.
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MA. .rr.n,p-mn~t r r~equ~paunts Gilr the r e tripm South India. ~ H I U ,
y * l ~ w r . td 7.*rr=r vmatrd I l l f R and K m n u b t State ~ r p p r t m ; o ~ ~ o n i - ruIturr I,, ttimk Ih. T. )1 Subnrnnzi i , md Mr. H. P. bnukdhm for t h n r k1.d srr.n#mnutttn urd uds. I d t &.,y*lnrr at 8:W mtd a n i d 411 M v r r at I6:W v u Maodya by rar. Stay-
4 at Jrl<rh* Mshal l'alacr Hc!trl V r t t d (:YTKI l l i r t t n l Fwd Tnhrurltq~cal Rarrrrh I t u t ~ t u i ~ ) Illd Ih. (.: P. NJ.razua ~lJ,wrtorl. <i,llrrlrd boob utd litrratun on fond* in India. Oturvnl I*~ndm.n ( ~ a n l c n rn Kriah~uqia Sagar. I d 1 M w r r r 7:W.td ~ r n v r d t r ~ CJolurn~und at 1 2 : 3 0 1 ~ Cuod.lur. Vurtcd htr N. & r u b mnd ~,lnrrvnl hn r r r rrtalr. Sludlrd vegrtabl. cultlvalion in <k#l~pro,atrd Stavnl .I Savoy tirral 1At (k,taramurd at S 1)(1 wud urrrvml tn li,~nalututrr at 13:(Ylrw Kuugiri by cur. \ ' tretd 'l'a,erl Svdu Agrtnblturrl Crtl\cralty ard met l h 1:. R. h i u t h u l u h r u n , lkatt. Y.r.ul~y ~d H * r t ~ u l t u r r ) a r d lh. K. (;. Slut~ruuylvcl* Prur. of Olrrr- I t \'nstnl larrwrt ' lerlds and t ~ r d nn ~tr l rn icw with them at Prrrr ' T h o , - dxyunr v~ll*gr I), h 'lh*r~,bur*j ~ t d r d us Stnyrd at thc (;-[ H o w of ?' S A#. Llnh.. O t u r r m l lltr rqrnnbrtttal Iarlds In T. N. A p . Untv V t u t d \'rllukapurat %nlly(r awl KW ~ n l ~ ~ r n u t r o k ~ Irvrnt Iar t sm. Olnewrd a Iwnl r r l v k t vl vrgctnblo a t t t l r l l L~btrnlrulorr at 1S:W and amivrd In E r n l u l a r n r. l8:UJ rur 'l'rsrhur b) car. On the wav to Y.mmskulartr, uhrvnl wma hrmm' fields. Stryrd at8 lolrnul#<m.l Ilotrl at Er~,akulan, l r l t Enmkulatta at !J:iKl an4 ursd I. Trivandmrn at 17:W rC h h a n Island awl L!wIcrtt b) tar. \ ' t u t n l LI,IIV f a r n w ~ ' fields r,n thc way b, Trivmdruzu. h t a y d at KmvaIat~ Hq~lrl tall I h 2
i ' n ~ l d (?'(:HI $ t i t l t n l l ' u b r r <htp Ke~anh IRIII~UICJ a ~ d 111e 111'. N. kirkhi, 1 r C.01 ~t>lt,n~ulhon c*) tulwr crop p r ~ d u ~ t ~ m 111 India. VLnted fnnncn' held. arnund 'Ta n n d r u t n H n t . Id1 I ~ I V ~ I ~ N I I I at i : 1 5 m n d arrwrd nn hlrdurai at 17:W rw Cape < ! r i n . Olnrwnl l i r r ~ t m ' firid* rm Ithe *nF S t a y 4 at liotrl Pandyan. Vnrld the h f d u r n (itnpw 01 T . S . .%, Uorr. r r d rnct Ih. K. K.4m-urthy (Iku~!. I h . K. W. 1'. Santburn (Pmf. of Hon. ) and li. K. Sub- ( P d . o l Awww~111~ !. OLun7A thr r ? x n n ~ m t a l kids m d had a w t b . M a r thc L',~I\MIY. 1.4 hindurn at 13:W rml m r n l m T v u c h i n p p J l i a t 10:UO M Ltclur a84 \ l r r l ~ n u l u by car St.@ at Hvtrl Suy(ml ur T ~ c h l = ~ ~ l l i . V m t l G r a d &~%lru% atrl ubm7d t h -tim r p t a u of t& Riw C.u*cry. Ir(l T ~ N e h ~ n p p r l l t at 12:45 uxl un%d in Puodichm). a t 18:W ri. Vridha- durrnr and Nryvcliz by u r . S t a y 4 at Howl &lithc ia Yondicm. \'kild Pwdrhtrry Hutmral ti&. Lrfl M i at 1 2 ~ u d I r r i v c d in h i 8 d r u at 15:11) by rrr. S u ) d rt Hocrl Lhoh till k. 8. \.Pit4 thr Ccnu*~r ( k r m a l rd Japan .ad O M I C to brrw a - w t wilb Mr. A h a d . (a 6-1 m - 1 ud MI. SuJri (OMIC). M d e Ibc p q m n t i o a for rhr drpurw t o Li k h . Mdr the a m n m n m n d lhr ro lkcta l &b d outrri.ls. \Vent m th a t - - l a W b d i Pum TL.mplc.
1 x 4 Wdrm at l o r n and u d u n v n l in C o b b 81 I l m a)by I C 373. U ' a rrcri-rd by Dr. M. NU= cTMC) ud Mr. S. D. G. J-pruday (RqioaJ AurirdNnl Rr+urh -%t*n, LbmburrL). b h k I-: drhc mSc.r.3
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R o a r c h I m t i t u t r ) a d t h r I h r r s ~ ~ ~ s u l l r ~ t c l .!*I \ \ p r r t4v I'rruIrlltyr Staytd at t l ~ r Hcrt tfmur. l r f t P-dn~iya at 8.00 and a r ~ t v d III hlatto I l l u ,~u l l r ~ ru , r t 12:40 b, car Mr. K. 1.. hl i r ih r l l r l la (Rq. Anr. R n . Strt~cln. I k m i l ~ u w r l ~ m r d 4 8th t t l l lb 14. Lru i tn l w m r ~umcn' riel& on thr way re h f a l u I l l u l q ~ I L n t r \ imt-l Re#. @. H n . S l r l ~ w , hfnha I l luppal laam a t rd tn r r l k brrtmndr*, l h I ' l u v r r r
and Ih. , I . I iaml rwc la . A wtlctlme ~~lrrlry. wax h r l d 181 r h r rvrrlrtiy h w y n l at the G u n r H a u c rn Maha I l l u p p l l a n ~ a . Olrwvrd t h r r xp r r imcn t r l brld9 d t h r *lataut rtd l r l t L i r l t r Illurytaliurrta a: 9:W. A r r i v d i n P r r d c n ~ y m at I(8:W w % ~ r n y r S l a y 4 nt 111r nr4t l l tnrw in Pnadmiya. i 'u i r rd . Pcradrniya Bnun r r r l I;nnirn lcri I'rrndrnrya st H.tW and nr r l *n l tn N u w a m Eliya at IO:W by tar. \'tsttrd t h r I)I*IIN I A ~ n c ulrarnl Q.xtrn.o~tnOllur and t ru t Mr. A . S. Wdihr tdo. I l m w d un vrgrrr l t lc ~n<uixlrc r8.m .I Nuwarr Elrya wi th him. O ~ c d uun r Lnn r r s ' i i r lds nrvl 1 1 ~ 1 iarrrvnrwl *~ t l r t l ~ r r r ~ I d 1 Nuwara Eliya a r d ar r iv rd at b n d r r r w r l a \ ' t r l tn l H r b r l r K ,~nnuu l ( i v d c n o n t h r way t u h r d r r a w r l a . S t r yn l .I A l y ~ s r 11111 111 l b ~ d a r a w r h V E I I ~ Re&. , \ ~ r , Hm. Sta~rittr, b m h r a w r l a a114 ttrrr 1)r 3 , R l', \ \wr%t~tulw a r d t f u staff of th r rtat ioe O h u r v r d thr Inrrrum' hrlda III fbtui.rmwrlr IXII I*ndurawcla at I3:JU and arr lvrd 111 h l r t r r v at IH.30 t , tu \ \ c l l r r r ya ~III~
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! k c . 11,. I ~ f t .\latrrr at H:V) hy rrr \ ' , s~rn i Parlrly Hnror r 1s SIAII~PII III (,.Il* a d 111r1 M r . bl. Kurtur.. Obd .crnu vrwrab l r Ibrlrl* 11, 1,allr . \ r ~ ~ < r < l *I K~IIV
buwr la IG:CM). V u r r d Hcg. Agr. H o Stuttt,rr, & n ~ ~ I m w r l n rrd r r t r rrtravrd by hfr. S. I). (:.,Jayrw+nr. S t r y d rr tlsr I ; u n t I lm rw 4 d 111r !it.rr.m O k r d t h r r r ~ u n r n s n l v l hrkL nl thr St*toon 1.41 Hcur~lmwrla ~ r w l *rr lvnl
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a t Chian# Mmi. Obmal cbc r r p r u n a r t a l &I& d rhc mul t rpk cr<p$irr(l p ' v n r frl t)lr ) U * I ~ ~ Y d Ag tku l t um wilh l hc guidvrcr ul Lh. YItrrk l i y p w r t t u ~ r ~ , srd lllr hmm' &Ib in ths suburban a r m s cdOlians Mmi. S u y d ul Ldt Uhy hlru' ud m v o d at BrqCLot by av. Mdr arr-n~n: frr :h
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