report of the energy efficiency and environment in … · and environment in the electricity sector...

Report of Energy Efficiency and Environment Version 0

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Report of the Energy Efficiency and

Environment in the Electricity Sector

Prepared by: Nessreen Abdelfatah Ali Abdoun

Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA).Sudan


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Introduction

This report aims to facilitate the preparation of a report on the status of the Energy Efficiency

and Environment in the electricity sector for the member countries of the Common Market of

Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA).

Achieving energy efficiency is an important step for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Improving energy efficiency can be done in Power generation, transmission and in usage of

Power in Industry, in buildings and appliances, all would reduce carbon emissions. Efficient

power generation is one of the steps to a sustainable energy system. There are various reasons

to improve energy efficiency. Reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may result in a

financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offsets additional costs of implementing

an energy efficient technique. Reducing energy use is also seen as one way to address the

problem of reducing emissions. According to the International Energy Agency, improved energy

efficiency in buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy

needs in 2050 by one third, and also help to reduce global greenhouse gases emissions. Energy

efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy and

are high priorities in the sustainable energy hierarchy. In many countries energy efficiency is

also seen to have a national security benefit because it can be used to reduce the level of

energy imports from foreign countries and may slow down the rate at which domestic energy

resources are depleted.

Waste or wastes are terms for unwanted materials such as municipal solid waste, hazardous

waste, wastewater , and others, and Waste management is the "generation, prevention,

characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid

wastes".. There are classifications of wastes according to their Properties; Bio-degradable can

be degraded naturally (paper, wood and others such as fruits and others) and Non-

biodegradable waste are those that cannot be degraded naturally (plastics, bottles, old

machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others), There are Classification of Wastes according

to their effects on human health and the environment, Hazardous wastes, Non-hazardous.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficient_buildings

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_transportation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_hierarchy


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Electronic waste is type of solid waste and it is growing to be a major environmental problem in

the world due to fast obsolescence of electronic goods. Solid waste management is a challenge

for the cities’ authorities especially in developing countries mainly due to the increasing

generation of waste, the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs

associated to its management, the lack of understanding over a diversity of factors that affect

the different stages of waste management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handling

system functioning.

Energy conservation" and "energy efficiency" are often used interchangeably, but there are

some differences. At the most basic level, energy conservation means using less energy and is

usually a behavioral change, like turning your lights off or setting your air conditioner higher.

Energy efficiency, however, means using energy more effectively, and is often a technological change.

As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation

can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms. This is especially

the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels. Many energy intermediary

organizations, for example governmental or non-governmental organizations on local, regional,

or national level, are working on often publicly funded programmes or projects to meet this

challenge.

Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the “twin pillars” of a sustainable energy

policy. Both must be developed concurrently in order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide

emissions. Efficient energy use is essential to reduce the energy demand growth so that rising

clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use. If energy use grows too rapidly,

renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy

supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only reduce total carbon emissions; a

reduction in the carbon content of energy sources is also needed. A sustainable energy

economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewable. In this report we

discuss the position of the following countries concerning energy efficiency and these countries

are Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energy


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Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda,

Zambia, and Zimbabwe. We discuss also Demand Side Management of these counties.

Demand Side Management (DSM), also known as Energy demand management, it is the

modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial

incentives and education. Usually, the objective of demand side management is to encourage the

consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use towards off-

peak times such as nighttime and weekends. Peak demand management does not necessarily

decrease total energy consumption, but could be expected to reduce the need for investments in

networks and/or power plants for meeting peak demands.

To facilitate the development of recommendation on issues affecting the Energy efficiency and

energy trade among members (RAERESA work program/pillar3/development of baseline energy

database), COMESA tasked EEE committee Report in current /planned practices a standards

and labeling in COMESA region (EE standards/role of regulators/statutory frame work/actual

application/recommendations).

Agree survey format and contents and chase responses (through secretariat).

Compile results and analyze (prepare report).

Finalize report to be submitted to RAERESA plenary.

Establish links with international environmental and related organizations (partnership

arrangements/benefits of collaboration/actions to be undertaken by RAERESA.

Develop awareness and publicity campaign against the wastage of electricity

(radio/TV/schools/universities…..etc.).

Sudan compiled the results after having responses from COMESA's member countries

and prepared the draft report on the status of the energy efficiency and environment in

the electricity sector.


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1. Country Information and Country’s Energy Resources:

It is important to know the general information about each country, such as area and

population, location, climate and economic situation, it also important to know the sources and

types of energy status in each country. This information helps to study Energy efficiency and

Environment. When looking at energy consumption statistics it is important to consider other

factors influencing energy consumption such as economic development and weather

conditions. No quantitative analysis aiming to assess the influence of these factors is presented

in this report. Nevertheless, possible explanations for consumption patterns can be attempted

by simply comparing energy consumption with the trends observed for some of these factors.

This paragraph analyses in particular the trends of the following parameters: Population, GDP

per capita, weather conditions (actual heating degree days), number of dwellings per country,

average persons per household. This can in principle help to better understand the relation

between energy consumption and efficiency trends in the residential sector. For instance, a

decrease of total energy consumption could be explained by a decreasing population and not

by a more efficient use of energy. COMESA has a population of over 498,358,074 million

people; GDP per capita varies significantly among the nineteen member countries, with DR

Congo having the lowest GDP per capita of US $ 700 and Seychelles having the highest GDP per

capita of US $ 25600 (2014 $). The total GDP per Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in COMESA

countries is 1818.796 ($ billion) and the total GDP per Official Exchange Rate (ER) in COMESA

countries is 1383.962 ($ billion). Annex 1 at the end of report showed the information for

COMESA countries.

2. Power Consumption for COMESA countries:

Within the COMESA region, there is insufficient investment in the energy sector to the

extent that majority of commercial energy infrastructure is still underdeveloped, many

COMESA member countries have recognized that accessibility to affordable energy services is

a prerequisite to poverty alleviation, as well as a necessary condition for sustainable economic

growth. Thus, COMESA is promoting regional energy integration with the view to enhancing


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provision of energy services to millions of people within the region. Implicit in this policy goal is

that increased energy consumption per capita can help achieve social development and

enhance economic growth. Therefore, if appropriate energy policies are to be formulated, it is

important to determine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic

growth for COMESA. The direction of causation between energy consumption and

economic growth has important implications for COMESA member countries which share the

common goal of increasing energy supply through regional energy integration development.

This is cognizant of the fact that some of the member countries have a comparative advantage

in terms of energy resources. Table1 shows the Power consumption for COMESA member

countries.

Table1: Power consumption for COMESA member countries

Country Consumer Voltage ( V)

Transmission & Distribution Losses (%)

(2012)*

Per Capita Power

Consumption ( KWH) (2011)

Total New Energy

Consumption ( Million KWH)

(2012)

Burundi 220 NA 23.14 282.86

Comoros 220 NA 55.4 39.99

Congo D.R 230 7.4 99.4 7,292.00

Djibouti 220 NA 405.38 311.55

Egypt 220 11.1 1,631.85 135,557.00

Eritrea 230 NA 45.29 284.00

Ethiopia 220 15 56.15 5,227.30

Kenya 240 18.2 150.89 6,627.00

Libya 127 13.1 3864.47 27,536.00

Madagascar 127-220 6.8 55.01 1,883.25

Malawi 230 NA 121.47 2,027.40

Mauritius 230 NA 1865.27 2,472.00

Rwanda 230 NA 31.15 365.49

Seychelles 240 NA 3169.86 293.88

Sudan 230 19 161.2 7,917.00

Swaziland 230 NA 938.36 1,295.25

Uganda 240 NA 70.16 2,820.85

Zambia 230 23.7 600.69 8,327.00


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Zimbabwe 220 NA 542.19 6,831.00

*Sources: http://www.eia.gov, World Bank, and Data collection throw questionnaire.

To reduce transmission and distribution losses, COMESA countries use following techniques:-

To transfer energy, the configuration of the existing network and voltage levels is taken

into account, also the transmission capacity that offers better reliability (double circuit

or single circuit line).

The choice of conductors because of their resistance for very long range and very heavy

loads, and types of pylons based on the line route and the ground to be covered and

instate HV, MV Power Capacitors.

Power flow analysis and reconfiguration of network.

Maintenance of Transformers and installation of low loss Transformers.

Rehabilitation projects, upgrading the capacities, and installation of capacitor banks at

substations, replacing outdoor insulators, and optimization of cable cross sections.

Upgrading of distribution system from low voltage to medium voltage and rehabilitation

of old distribution network and periodic and preventive maintenance.

Installing energy meters in all points to calculate losses and installing capacitors in all

distribution substations to increase P.F. and performing load balance in the most loaded

area in the distribution grid and performing large maintenance plans on substation and

other grid components.

Implementing the international specification in transformer and other grid components.

Cost- benefits vary from country to country. It costs more in countries like Kenya compared to

Rwanda to get same benefit. Most countries when implementing overhead transmission lines ,

take the following considerations:

Electromagnetic Fields (EMF).

Landscape degradation.

Electromagnetic Interference EMI on implantable medical devices.

Airports.

Archeological and Historical Sites.


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Endangered/Threatened and Protected Species.

Safety.

3. Electric Energy Intensity for COMESA member countries:

Electric energy intensity is a measure of the amount of energy consumed to produce a unit of

GDP in a country. As countries industrialize, energy-intensive businesses make up a bigger share

of the economy. Empirical evidence from time series data on electric energy intensity reveals

that a peak intensity will generally show relationship with point of heavy industrial activity,

before lighter industry and higher value-added businesses (such as services) begin to replace

old-fashioned smoke stack technologies. This also often coincides with gains in energy

efficiency. High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP

while low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP.

According to Table 2, most of the COMESA Member States saw a decrease in electric energy

intensity during 2010 as compared to levels realized in 2003. In 2010, the largest decline in

electric energy intensity was recorded for Zambia (78 per cent) and Swaziland (68 per cent)

when compared to the corresponding levels in 2003. On the other hand, only Zimbabwe

recorded significant increase in energy intensity that more than doubled in 2010 when

compared to 2003 levels.


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Table2: Electric Energy Intensity (KWh/$) (2010).

*Sources: 2012 COMESA Infrastructure Statistics Bulletin and COMESA Member States.

4. Assessment of Energy efficiency in COMESA countries

Most of COMESA member countries use the international standards (Which one Indicate), promoting

energy efficient technology, regulation (Distribution code & Metering code), and monitoring Program

for Benchmarking and performance evaluation to evaluate and assess the energy efficiency. For example

Ethiopia uses promoting energy efficient technology (distributing CFL free, enforcing industries with low

power factor to improve their power factor by installing power factor corrector) to assess EE in

electricity sector. The heat rate range of thermal power plant and the total energy generation by

main fossil it varies from country to another. Most COMESA member countries should use following to

improve power plant efficiency:

Country *Electric Energy Intensity (KWh/$)

(2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) Burundi 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.12 0.1 0.07

Comoros 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.1 0.11

Congo D.R 1.10 1.1 1.05 1.04 0.92 0.83 0.74 0.63

Djibouti 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.36 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.26

Egypt 0.93 1.07 1.19 1.14 1.03 0.89 0.76 0.55

Eritrea 0.41 0.47 0.44 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.18 0.14

Ethiopia 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.17 0.20

Kenya 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.26 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.18

Libya 0.57 0.43 0.45 0.39 0.33 026 0.43 0.38

Madagascar 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.13 0.12 0.10

Malawi 0.48 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.26

Mauritius 0.40 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.44 0.43

Rwanda 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07

Seychelles 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.27

Sudan 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.09

Swaziland 0.40 0.21 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.13

Uganda 0.30 0.28 0.29 0.21 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14

Zambia 2.21 1.96 1.65 1.25 0.90 0.82 0.66 0.48

Zimbabwe 0.28 0.84 1.99 2.27 0.34 0.46 0.46 0.99


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Use of combined cycle plant as well super critical steam plant.

Maximize the share of renewable energy generation.

Dispatch plants have an economical dispatching.

Phase out inefficient plants.

Improve practices for maintenance and operation.

The policy of proper maintenance of facilities.

Rehabilitating and upgrading existing facilities.

( Repeat of above point)Prevention of silting of hydro- electric power plants by Soil

conservation (forestation on the up streams of the basins).

Monitoring and compliance.

5. Environmental issues in COMESA member countries

Most of COMESA countries do not have a clear estimate of the waste in the electricity sector

(has no role in a report on Energy efficiency). In Ethiopia and Seychelles are no plans to convert

the gas turbine to combined cycle, but Kenya and Rwanda have. Most country use the benefits

of renewable energy in the street lighting and heating for example Madagascar lighting

intermunicipal public roads and some highways, electricity services in welfare centers (schools,

health centers, police stations ...) and reduced power demand during peak hours, resulting in

reduced fuel and emission of greenhouse gases. There is few installation of Solar PV for street

lighting on pilot level in Mauritius. Solar heaters Scheme has been a successful campaign to

promote use of solar water heaters in household.


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6. Gas emission (GHG) in COMESA member countries:

A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs radiation within the thermal

infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary

greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous

oxide, HFC, SF6. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them,

Earth's surface would average about 33 °C colder, which is about 59 °F below the present

average of 14 °C (57 °F). Variations between countries generating electrical power affect

concerns about the environment. The cleanliness of electricity is dependent its source. Most

scientists agree that emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from fossil fuel-based

electricity generation account for a significant portion of world greenhouse gas emissions.

GHG can be cut in 4 ways:

– Increased efficiency

– Reducing demand

– Action on non-energy emissions

– Switch to low-carbon technologies

The reducing of GHG is the one important issue in COMESA to implement EE programs.

6. Policies and legislations in COMESA member countries

Some countries have national plan for EE such as Sudan (NEEAP-Sudan). Energy Efficiency

Improvement and Greenhouse Gases Reduction Project (EEIGGR) is an Egyptian project, which

is executed through the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) with support from the

United Nation Development Program (UNDP) and The Global Environment Facility (GEF). The

project consists of three components including: loss reduction on the national grid and demand

side management component, market support for energy efficiency business and energy codes

and standards component, and cogeneration component. The project approach is to establish

mechanisms which can ensure sustainable energy conservation activities beyond its lifetime.


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All countries’ Regulatory bodies supervise and integrate work of Electricity activities companies,

and have the right to apply penalties on them, according to laws and decrees.

Egypt has a building code. In Egypt, NGO’s are always participating in events held to increase

awareness, like seminars. Most of countries, labeling and testing are done, so that

manufacturers are encouraged to produce EE appliances. The measures taken to get

improvements in public sector (consumption control) are Energy audit for governmental

buildings and Changing employs behavior by awareness. Madagascar design, plan and analyze

indicators of EE. Madagascar Ongoing plans for consolidation into account solutions and

technologies for more efficient energy consumption. It uses higher prices to control higher

consumption through the tariff structure of electricity: Peak demand price is higher than lean

period.(day, night). Madagascar has laws, decree clearly stating the protection of investors and

performers including the Investment Code and Law No. 98-032 of 20 January 1999 on the

reform of the electricity sector in Madagascar.The potential for efficient use are they identified

in the field of EE by operators in the sector, the Ministry of Energy, in partnership with

organizations attached.There is a Code of urbanism and housing, but it does not incorporate EE

standard. The National Electricity Fund (NEF) was established by the state to subsidize private

investors operating in rural electrification. The electricity service provided to households (low

consumption devices). No impact of electricity subsidies on improving EE and no fuel subsidy

for the EA. Current electricity subsidies are geared towards the investment, that is to say,

access to electricity services.There is a National Electricity Fund (NEF), but focuses primarily on

rural electrification. Price levels based on time positions Madagascar improve EE. In

Madagascar, monthly electricity consumption billed to the social rate (corresponding to a

minimum consumption of electricity service = 2 light points). Prices are regulated to end users,

and their adjustment indexed by specific parameters.

Mauritius calculate and analyze EE Indicators through the Energy Observatory of the Energy

Efficiency Management Office as well as in the published annual Energy Statistics reports and

have national EE action plan set and approved by the cabinet. Energy efficiency targets are set

out in the MID Policy, Strategy and Action Plan report, approved by Government.


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Funds are provided by Development Partners for the implementation of certain projects.

Requests are made to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MOFED) for

additional human resources to achieve set targets.

The plans towards enabling more efficient energy consumption in COMESA member countries

are:

Ongoing National Energy Efficiency Awareness Campaign;

Talks and distribution of awareness raising materials to targeted groups and

general public;

Preparation of educational courses and school curricula on the efficient use of

energy;

Mandatory energy efficiency labeling of electrical appliances;

Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electrical appliances;

Mandatory energy audit for large energy consumers;

Energy Efficiency Building Code and Energy Efficiency Building Regulations to

ensure energy efficient buildings

Monitoring of energy consumption in government buildings

Mauritius employ higher prices to control higher consumption, Additional levy is being imposed

at customs on non-efficient electrical appliances. Moreover, consideration is being given to

review the electricity tariff of large energy consumers (benefitting from concessionary

electricity tariff) who do not conduct energy audits and do not implement the

recommendations of the audits thereof. Mauritius attain exchange of views within society

(coordination) through Public – Private meetings/ workshops and consultations. Collection of

data/information regarding energy consumption is possible through the Energy Efficiency Act

2011 and through the Statistics Act. Energy Efficiency Management Office (Ministry of Energy

and Public Utilities) identified EE; this is done through consultation meeting with all relevant

stakeholders. The potentials are already set in the MID Policy, Strategy and Action Plan. Total

primary energy requirements have been increasing since the last few years while energy

intensity is on the decreasing trend. Opportunities exist to make the economy more energy


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efficient. Mauritius has EE standards and codes of practices set For Energy Efficiency Labeling of

Electrical Appliances only; others in preparation.

Draft Energy Efficiency Building Code has been prepared and will be finalized soon and it covers

the whole energy sector, including power. Energy auditing is mandatory for existing large

energy consumers by the Energy Efficiency Management Office. It is mandatory to provide EE

consultation for new structures and this will be done in the upcoming Energy Efficiency Building

Code (EEBC) and Energy Efficiency Building Regulations (EEBR).

Laboratories for testing appliances and equipment are being set up at the Mauritius Standards

Bureau. There is an ongoing voluntary scheme for energy efficiency labeling of electrical

appliances. Mandatory phase will start as from December 2014. NGO’s involved in EE

programme through consultative meetings, 3-year programme with private sector already

started to invest in EE products and services. Awareness is created through joint

Government/Private Sector/Donor Agency funded program in the field of Energy Efficiency over

the next 3 years. Energy efficiency market is being developed through a regulatory process.

Memorandum of Understanding has been signed for certain sectors. Low electricity tariffs are

not conducive to efficient use of energy. In Kenya, The Government regularly involves the

private sectors in formulation of energy efficiency in policy making and implementation. Like

the energy audit program is financed by Government and executed by Kenya Association of

manufacturers. In Uganda, the factors affecting EE policies success are external factors:

Damping of second hand low efficient equipment and cheaper low efficient appliances. Internal

factors such as weak laws and incentives for use of energy efficient technology and lack of

public sensitization by utilities on the use of efficient appliances, and lack of minimum

standards for electrical equipment. There are no targets, but the strategy addresses energy

efficiencies measures for the industrial sector and the domestic sector. It involves consumer

awareness, dissemination of CFLs/LEDs, Energy audits, subsiding solar water heating for

residential and industrial consumers, introduction of laws to ensure energy efficient equipment

is imported.


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7. Demand Side Management (DSM) Economy growing rapidly, expected growth might be much higher; growth is linked to energy

availability, so we must generate more energy for the growth of economy. DSM is controlling

the quantity of energy used at specific times to reduce system peak demand, load leveling,

reduce overall system demand, energy efficiency, and balance system supply and demand

response. COMESA countries must be facing the increase of energy and economic situation in

most of COMESA countries. DSM programs include:

Metrics:

Actual peak reduction (MW).

Annual effect (MWH).

Direct load control.

Other load management.

Energy Efficiency.

For example;

Balancing supply and demand :( during periods of high demand, Interruptible

customers, during periods of low demand, Energy storage, and Energy incentives (ex: off

peak incentive rate).

Minimizing peak power requirements by EE programs, and smart metering (real time

pricing).


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8. Conclusion From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that energy related problems within the COMESA

region will require practical policy actions. In order to stimulate economic growth and address

the poverty issues, COMESA countries need to look for alternative sources of energy that would

guarantee a sustainable flow of energy. Considering the fact that the region is endowed with

renewable energy resources, COMESA should focus on formulating policies that would promote

development and expanded supply of clean energy based on renewable resources. In addition,

COMESA should formulate appropriate policies and legislation that would attract investors who

can invest in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects.

We emphasized the need for the organization of training workshops (Secretariat to extent

efforts to mobilize resources). Workshop on the methodology of calculating National indicative

targets\Templates for national EE action plans, energy and energy auditors.

The concept of EE:

Creation of stronger incentives for the rationalization on demand side. The public sector

should set a good example in the use of EE criteria in all We will be longing for any

comments, amendment or change for the questionnaire.

There is an awareness of the rational consumption effect through published,

communicated, services, offices, stands, bills, brochures, and TV spots for households.

The measures taken to achieve improvements in the public sector (consumption

control) are use of prepayment meters for electricity.

The Barriers for Energy Efficiency for COMESA countries are:

Devalue of some countries currency (for example Egypt and Sudan) and the

instability in the exchange market.

High subsidy of energy and unstable energy tariffs in some countries.

No comprehensive governmental policy or programs regarding energy

conservation in the demand side except some efforts which rely mainly on

international funding and aids.

In Egypt, inconvenient lending terms for energy conservation implementations

such as short term loans, high equity ratio (1:1) and high interest rate.


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Low awareness and absence of a plan to improve EE in some countries or the

non-application of energy efficiency plan.

No specific targets for energy efficiency in the demand side.

Unavailability of special funds for energy efficiency projects and absence of

economic incentives for energy conservation.

Electricity cannot be economically stored in large quantities; electricity generation and

consumption need to be matched at all times. Managing, moving and balancing

electricity demand from high load to low load times would provide a number of

advantages both for the economy and the environment in terms of CO2 / NOX

emissions reduction, and this is known as Demand Side Management (DSM) and can be

achieved with new metering technology.


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9. Analysis and Recommendations

Supply Side

According COMESA Secretariat, the Installed capacity is expected to increase annually 7 %

from 48,730 MW to 188,569MW -about 4 times increase.

Year *Installed Capacity MW

2010 48,730

2015 68,346

2020 95,859

2030 188,569

*Source: Value of Clean Energy Corridor to COMESA, Abu Dhabi 2013

28.7 % of Power Produced in 2012 in COMESA countries is from renewables. The share of Hydro

Power is 26 %, 2.7% is from other renewables. Balance capacity is from thermal Power Plants.

More than 90 % of Installed Power is from Hydro Power plants for some countries like Burundi,

D.R.C, Ethiopia, Malawi, Uganda and Zambia. This situation renders their power infrastructure

vulnerable to climate changes. These countries can supply their excess from Hydro power to

Regional interconnection and get good percentage from the same grid from other power

generation sources, which will make Power situation better. The COMESA countries should also

exploit their Hydro Power Potential to the maximum and export their surplus to Regional/ Pan

Africa grid.

Except for Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Congo who have coal deposits, other COMESA countries

do not have significant fossil fuel reserves. They will depend on imported fuel for their Power

generation in future also. So they’re exposed to fluctuations in fuel price.

COMESA countries may plan to increase share of other renewables (Solar, Wind, Geothermal

etc.). They can implement recommendation of the COMESA Report” Alignment of Renewable

Energy Technologies in the COMESA Region” submitted in 2014 on RE.


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Energy audits of existing Power Plants to be done and their performance brought up to the best

possible level. Energy efficiency norms for Power Plants have to be formulated and monitored

on regular basis. Since the new thermal Power plants will be base done imported fuel, they

should be built to high energy efficiency norms adopting latest technology like super critical

boilers, combined cycle Gas turbines.

Transmission

The losses in the Transmission and distribution in COMESA member countries are as high up to

25 % of Power generated against International norm of about 10 %. This means there is a

considerable room for improvement on transmission and distribution network including

metering of power consumed. High maintenance cost which is not commensurate by

transmission fees means the transmission and distribution networks are not maintained

properly. Also considerable investment is required for new transmission lines not only within

each country, but also to realize connection across regions so that surplus power is transmitted

across interregional network.. Demand Side

Major consumers of Power are in Residential and industry sector, which will continue to be

same as still large percentage of population are without power connection. As the economic

growth takes place there will be more demand for Power from both residential use to produce

goods.

Residential

Main power consumption for Power in a Household is the appliances and Lighting. These are

Lights, Fans, Refrigerators, TV, Pumps, Washing machine, Air-conditioners and water heaters.

Appliances may be brought under minimum Energy efficiency labeling. The equipment and

appliances may be rated to provide the consumer an informed choice about the energy saving

and thereby the cost saving potential of the relevant marketed product. The energy efficiency

labeling programs are intended to reduce the energy consumption of appliance without

diminishing the services it provides to consumers.


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To ensure appliances sold meets the requirement; Regional test labs may be set up not only to

assign rating, but also do periodic market surveillance of equipment being sold. Public

Awareness Programme to be initiated to encourage consumers to buy energy efficient

appliances as they are the key beneficiaries and drivers of EE standards in appliances.

Six significant benefits of standards and Labeling are:

1. Provides information on energy use to consumers

2. Enables consumers to reduce energy bills

3. Reduces capital investment in energy supply infrastructure

4. Strengthens competitive markets

5. Mitigates climate change goals

6. Reduces urban/regional pollution

Considerable reduction in both energy and environment impact can be made by adopting

Green Building norms both commercial and residential use. A set Architects/Engineers and

auditors/ raters have to be trained initially to give impetus to the Programme.

Industry

Energy is the fuel of growth; no modern company can function without it. Every operation in

the plant or office relies on the ready availability of power and each passing day consumes

more, adding to spiraling energy bills. Some firms take their energy costs as a natural outcome

that they need to live with. They try to control expenditure in other areas, often resulting in

skewed investment, staff discontent and failure to manage costs.

Apart from the other unfavorable results, not attempting to control energy usage also often

tarnishes a firm’s public image, being seen as a contributor to the environmental damage and

energy crisis the world is facing.

For large industries, the adaptation for ISO 50001 (Energy management system), must be made

mandatory. Power Plants have to Energy audited and the recommendations implemented to

raise their performance. Energy Audit shall be mandatory for large industries and

implementation of the recommendations too. Initially set of Energy auditors and managers


Page 21 of 46

have to be trained in each country to carryout energy efficiency activities in industry. ISO

50001, Awareness Implementation, Auditing courses have to be imparted in each country to

kick start culture of energy efficiency in industry.

General

Awareness campaigns shall be conducted to sensitize people on energy conservation,

Start a journal for Energy efficiency and environment to share ideas and practices among

COMESA members countries.

Annual Energy data must be submitted to COMESA secretariat for future research and analysis.

REFERENCES

1. The Questionnaire on the Status of the Energy Efficiency and Environment and DSM in

the Electricity Sector (COMESA 2012-2013), (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo,


Page 22 of 46

Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, and

Uganda).

2. 2012 COMESA Infrastructure Statistics Bulletin and COMESA Member States.

3. Energy Information Administration(EIA), http://www.eia.gov

4. World Bank

5. ERA-Uganda

6. ERA-Egypt

7. EHS Audit Report- Iberafrica Sep 2010 (Kenya)

8. EHS Audit Report-TSAVO 2011(Kenya)

9. EHS-POLICY APPROVED final Sept 2005(Kenya)

10. Kenya Power company Annual 2011(Kenya)

11. Kenya's Draft Environment Policy

12. Kipevu Audit report (final) (Kenya)

13. SESSIONAL PAPER 4 ON ENERGY 2004(Kenya)

14. THE ENERGY ACT, 2006(Kenya)

15. Ethiopian Environmental Policy

16. Highlights of the Energy Policy (Ethiopian)

17. MV&HV Rwanda Network 2010

18. Environmental Policy(Rwanda)

19. Rwanda Atlas

20. National plan for EE(Sudan)


Page 23 of 46

21. ERA & ESCOM Malawi

22. JIRAMA- Madagascar


Page 24 of 46

Annexes Annex (1): Country Information

Country Population

(2015 est.)

Area

km2

Longitude

Degree

Latitude

Degree

Forestry &

Agriculture

percentage of

total country

area%

Climate Natural resources GDP

(2014 est.)

($ billion)

GDP

per

capita

(2014

est.)

$

Burundi

10,742,276 27,830

(Land

25,680-

Water

2,150)

3 30 S

30 00 E arable land 38.9,

permanent crops

15.6,permanent

pasture

18.8,forest: 6.6

Equatorial; high

plateau with

considerable

altitude average

annual

temperature varies

with altitude from

23 to 17 degrees

nickel, uranium, rare earth

oxides, peat, cobalt, copper,

platinum, vanadium, arable

land, hydropower, niobium,

tantalum, gold, tin,

tungsten, kaolin, limestone

8.378(PPP)

3.094 (ER)

900

Comoros

780,971 2,235

land: 2,235 water:

12 10 S 44 15 E agricultural land:

84.4 arable land

46.7,permanent

crops 29.6,

permanent

Tropical marine; rainy season

(November to May).

Fish 1.202 (PPP)

717 (ER)

1,500

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2111&term=Natural%20resources

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2195&term=GDP%20%28official%20exchange%20rate%29

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2001&term=GDP%20%28purchasing%20power%20parity%29



Page 25 of 46

0

pasture 8.1,

forest1.4

DR Congo 79,375,136 2,344,8

58 land

2,267,0

48,wate

r 77,810

0 00 N 25 00 E agricultural land: 11.4

arable land 3.1,permanent

crops 0.3, permanent pasture 8,

forest: 67.9

tropical; hot and

humid in equatorial

river basin; cooler

and drier in

southern

highlands; cooler

and wetter in

eastern

cobalt, copper, niobium,

tantalum, petroleum,

industrial and gem

diamonds, gold, silver, zinc,

manganese, tin, uranium,

coal, hydropower, timber

55.81 (PPP) 34.68 (ER)

700

Djibouti

828,324 23,200

land

23,180

water 20

11 30 N 43 00 E agricultural land:

73.4 arable land

0.1,permanent

crops

0,permanent

pasture

73.3,forest 0.2

desert; torrid, dry potential geothermal

power, gold, clay, granite,

limestone, marble, salt,

diatomite, gypsum, pumice,

petroleum

2.865 (PPP)

1.589 (ER)

3,100

Egypt 88,487,396 1,001,45

0 land

995,450

Water

6,000

27 00 N 30 00 E agricultural land: 3.6 arable land 2.8,permanent

crops 0.8, permanent pasture 0

forest: 0.1

desert; hot, dry summers with

moderate winters

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates,

manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead,

rare earth elements, zinc

943.1 (PPP) 286.4 (ER)

10,900

Eritrea

6,527,689 117,600 land:

101,000

15 00 N 39 00 E arable land 6.8; permanent crops

0; permanent

Hot, dry desert

strip along Red Sea

coast; cooler and

gold, potash, zinc, copper,

salt, possibly oil and natural

7.814(PPP),

3.858 (ER)

1,200






Page 26 of 46

water: 16,600

pasture 68.3 forest: 15.1

wetter in the

central highlands

(up to 61 cm of

rainfall annually,

heaviest June to

September);

semiarid in western

hills and lowlands

gas, fish

Ethiopia 99,465,819 1,104,300

land: 1*106

water: 104,300

8 00 N 38 00 E arable land 15.2; permanent crops 1.1; permanent

pasture 20 forest: 12.2

tropical monsoon with wide

topographic-induced variation

small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower

144.6 (PPP), 52.34 (ER)

1,600

Kenya 45,925,301 580,367 land:

569,140 water: 11,227



varies from tropical along coast to arid

in interior

limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife,

hydropower

132.4(PPP), 60.77 (ER)

3,100

Libya

6,411,776 1,759,540

land: 1,759,5

40 water:

0

25 00 N 17 00 E arable land 1; permanent crops 0.2; permanent


Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert

interior

petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

97.58(PPP), 41.15 (ER)

15,700

Madagascar 23,812,681 587,041 land:

581,540 water: 5,501

20 00 S 47 00 E arable land 6; permanent crops

1; permanent pasture 64.1 forest: 21.5

tropical along coast, temperate

inland, arid in south

graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth

elements, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones,

mica, fish, hydropower

33.87(PPP), 10.6 (ER)

1,400






Page 27 of 46

Malawi 17,964,697 118,484 land:

94,080 water: 24,404

13 30 S 34 00 E arable land 38.2; permanent crops 1.4; permanent

pasture 19.6 forest: 34

sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)

limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal,

and bauxite

13.73(PPP), 4.263 (ER)

800

Mauritius 1,339,827 2,040 land: 2,030 water:

10

20 17 S 57 33 E arable land 38.4; permanent crops


tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry

winter (May to November); hot,

wet, humid summer

(November to May)

arable land, fish 23.36(PPP), 13.24 (ER)

18,600

Rwanda 12,661,733 26,338 land:

24,668 water: 1,670

2 00 S 30 00 E arable land 47; permanent crops 10.1; permanent


temperate; two rainy seasons

(February to April, November to

January); mild in mountains with frost and snow

possible

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore),

methane, hydropower, arable land

18.84(PPP), 8.012 (ER)

1,700

Seychelles 92,430 455 land: 455

water: 0


pasture 0 forest: 88.5

tropical marine; humid; cooler season during

southeast monsoon (late May

to September); warmer season

during northwest monsoon (March

to May)

fish, coconuts (copra), cinnamon trees

2.406(PPP), 1.42 (ER)

25,600






Page 28 of 46

Sudan 36,108,853 1,861,484

land: NA

water: NA



hot and dry; arid desert; rainy

season varies by region (April to

November)

petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc,

tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower

159.1(PPP), 73.82 (ER)

4,300

Swaziland

1,435,613 17,364 land:

17,204 water:

160



varies from tropical to near temperate

asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and

diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc

8.621(PPP), 3.676 (ER)

7,800

Uganda 37,101,745 241,038 land:

197,100 water: 43,938



tropical; generally rainy with two dry

seasons (December to February, June

to August); semiarid in northeast

copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone,

salt, arable land, gold

76.94(PPP), 27.62 (ER)

2,000

Zambia

15,066,266 752,618 land:

743,398 water: 9,220

15 00 S 30 00 E arable land 4.8; permanent crops


tropical; modified by altitude; rainy

season (October to April)

copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver,

uranium, hydropower

61.05(PPP), 26.76 (ER)

4,100

Zimbabwe 14,229,541 390,757 land:

386,847 water: 3,910



tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy

season (November to March)

coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel,

copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group

metals

27.13(PPP), 13.67 (ER)

2,000







Page 29 of 46

Annex (2): Country’s Energy Information (A):

Country

Oil Gas Coal Total Power( MW)

Reserves

( Billion

Barrels)

Daily

Production

( K-Barrels)

(2012)

Reserves

(Trillion

CFT)

Annual

Production

(Billion CFT)

(2012)

Reserves

Million

Tons

(2011)

Annual

Production

(Kilo Tons)

(2012)

Potential

Installed

Capacity

(2012)

Burundi 0 0 0 0 NA 0 55

Comoros 0 0 0 0 NA 0 22

Congo D.R 0.18 20 0 0 97.0034 0 2506

Djibouti 0 0 0 0 NA 0 116

Egypt 4.4 711.68873 2140.089 2140.089 17.63698 0 29452

Eritrea 0 0 0 0 NA 0 167

Ethiopia 0.00043 0.1 0 0 NA 0 2470

Kenya 0 0 0 0 NA 0 1851

Libya 48.363 1483.04423 430.91363 430.91363 NA 0 7121

Madagascar 0 0 0 0 NA 0 544


Page 30 of 46

Malawi 0 0.2 0 0 2.20462 0 302

Mauritius 0 0 0 0 NA 0 902

Rwanda 0 0 0 NA 0 99

Seychelles 0 0 0 0 NA 0 89

Sudan 5 115.31273 0 0 NA 0 3038

Swaziland 0 0 0 0 158.73284

538.98616 149

Uganda 2.5 0 0 0 NA 0 799

Zambia 0 0.17461 0 0 11.02311 0 1888

Zimbabwe 0 0.12 0 0 553.3603 3302.52483 2038


Page 31 of 46

Annex (2): Country’s Energy Information (B):

Country

Hydro Power ( MW)

Non Hydro Renewable

Energy ( MW)

Solar Remarks

Potential

Installed

Capacity

(2012)

Potential

Installed

Capacity

( 2012)

Solar

Insolation

( KWh/m2-

day)

Average

of

Sunshine

hours/

days

Burundi 300 54 * NA 0 4 to 5 9

Comoros 2200 1 NA 0 5 9

Congo D.R 100,000 2472* NA 0 3.25 to 6.0 9

Djibouti NA 0 NA 1 5.5 to 6.5 9

Egypt NA 2,800 NA 827 NA 9 Non Hydro includes Wind-550MW;

Solar-160MW; Biomass 117MW

Eritrea NA 0 NA 2 5.0 to 6.5 9 Wind & Solar- 1MW each

Ethiopia 45,000 2178* NA 88 NA 9 Wind-81 MW; Geothermal-7 MW

Kenya 3000 812 6000 255 4.0 to 6.0 9 Non Hydro includes Geothermal-

200MW; BioMaSS -50 MW; Wind-5

MW

Libya NA 0 NA 55 7.5 9 BioMass-50MW; Solar-5 MW


Page 32 of 46

Madagascar 164 1

Malawi 900 300* NA 0 5 9

Mauritius NA 60 NA 161 9 Biomass-160MW; Wind-1 MW

Rwanda NA 65 NA 0 4.5 to 5.5 9

Seychelles NA 0 NA 0 5.76 9

Sudan 4920 2,250 NA 70 6.1 9 Sudan Installed capacity -2083MW

(2010),BioMass-70MW

Swaziland 140 60 NA 0 6 9

Uganda 1300 706* NA 23 5.1 9 BioMass-23MW

Zambia 6,000 1881* NA 0 5.5 9

Zimbabwe NA 750 NA 0 NA 9

Annex (3): power legislations


Page 33 of 46

Country Energy Policy

Renewable Energy Policy

Energy Regulator Address

Supporting Legislations

Regulatory Measures Energy

Efficiency Regulation

Issues under EE

Regulation Remarks

Burundi N/A N/A N/A

The Presidential decree No. 1040/284 of

14 November 2011

The Presidential decree No. 1040/284 of 14

November 2011

N/A N/A An Energy Policy was adopted by the Ministerial Council

on the 26thSeptember

2012, but it has not yet been published

Comoros N/A N/A N/A The Electricity

Code

N/A N/A N/A

Congo D.R Document de Politi que du

secteur de l’électricité

en République Démocratiq

ue du Congo” of

2009

The National Energy

Commission (CNE), The Ministry of Mines and

Energy regulate the petroleum industry.

SNEL (http://www.s

nel.cd/).

Not Accessed

The promotion of all renewable sources of

energy other than hydroelectricity, with

notably rational use of wood fuels, and the

gradual replacement of diesel electricity

generation systems in the autonomous

centers with thermal generation.


Page 34 of 46

Djibouti Not Accessed

Not Accessed

Centre des Etudes et de Recherche de Djibouti

(CERD),The Ministry of

Energy and Natural

Resources.

Act No.97/AN/00/

4

Currently, the country does not

have a REFIT tariff or any other

incentives. But it is government policy to explore and promote

new resources for power generation

especially renewable energy.

Egypt N/A a. Resolution of President of the Arab Republic of Egypt No. 339 for the year 2000 – Presidential

decree; b. Law

governing investment guarantees

and incentives – Law No. 8 of

1997; c. Law

governing the grant of licenses d. Prime Minister

Feed-in Tariffs (Available for wind farms; and photo voltaic projects),

incentive schemes based on renewable energy development,

and how much of Renewable resources are currently in use.


Page 35 of 46

Decree No 1947 of 2014

Eritrea Not Accessed

Not Accessed

The Electricity

Proclamation No.141/2004

Ethiopia The national Energy Policy;

Ethiopian Energy

Authority P.O. Box

2554, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email:

energy.authority@ethionet

.et Website:

www.ethioenergyauthority.

gov.et Fax:

+2510115507734

i) Proclamation No. 86/1997

A Proclamation Relating To Electricity

ii) Directive For

Maximum Duration Of License For Non-Hydro

Power Generation Plants For

Commercial Purposes iii) Pricing Procedure For Small And Very

Small Self-Contained Systems

Special Provisions for promoting renewable

energy:

i) Duration of renewable energy

licenses.

ii) Tariffs for renewable energy power.


Page 36 of 46

(SCS) No 2/2005

iv) Pricing Procedure For Inter-

Connected System (ICS)

And Large Isolated

Systems No 1/2005

Kenya Sessional Paper No. 4 of 2004 on

Energy)

N/A Energy Regulatory

Commission (ERC)

http://www.erc.go.ke/erc/in

dex.php

THE ENERGY ACT, 2006

THE ENERGY (ENERGY

MANAGEMENT) REGULATIONS, 2012

THE ENERGY (ENERGY

MANAGEMENT)

REGULATIONS, 2012

1) Appliances Labelling.

2) Designated Consumers

3) Mandatory

Energy Audits

Kenya is in the process of reviewing

the Energy Policy and Energy Act.

Libya Not Accessed

Energy Council and Renewable

Energy Authority of

Libya (REAOL)

Law 426 to create the Renewable

Energy Authority of

Libya (REAOL)

Currently, Libya does not have a

REFIT tariff or any other incentives.


Page 37 of 46

Madagascar Not Accessed

Office de Regulation

de l’Electricite”

(O.R.E)

The Reform of the

Electricity Sector; Law no. 98-032

i) Special agency for renewable energy

(research, development or deployment): N/A

ii) Feed-in Tariffs: Not Accessed

iii) Incentive schemes based on renewable energy development:

Malawi National Energy Policy

Ministry of Natural

Resources, Energy and Environment

(MNREE) Department of Energy

Affairs (DoEA Malawi Energy

Regulatory Authority (MERA) Energy

Regulator contact HEAD

OFFICE Postal

Address Malawi Energy

Regulatory

Law governing

energy and /or renewable

energy: • The Energy Regulation Act 2004;

• The Electricity Act

2004; • The Rural

Electrification Act 2004;

• Renewable Energy

Regulations

Special Provisions for

regulating renewable

energy


Page 38 of 46

Authority (MERA)

Private Bag B496

Capital City Lilongwe 3,

Malawi Tel: +265 (0)

1 775 810 Fax: +265 (0)

1 772 666 Email:mera@meramalawi.

mw Website:www.meramalawi.

mw Mauritius Action Plan

for the Energy Strategy

2011-2025

The Ministry of Energy and Public

Utilities (MEPU) is

responsible for the

energy policy and its

portfolio includes

energy, water and

wastewater. Address:

Level 10, Air Mauritius

Centre, John

• Utility Regulatory Act of 2008.

• The Electricity ACT 2005

Feed-in Tariffs and incentive schemes

based on renewable energy development.


Page 39 of 46

Kennedy Street, Port Louis Email: [email protected]

ov.mu, snemchand

@mail.gov.mu

Rwanda National Energy

Policy and National Energy Strategy

2008-2012;

• The Ministry of

Infrastructure;

• Rwanda Utilities

Regulatory Agency; • Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority (EWSA);

• Law N°21/2011 of

23/06/

mailto:[email protected]




Page 40 of 46

Seychelles i) The Energy

Policy 2010 – 2030 ii) The

National Climate Change Strategy (2009);

iii) The

Seychelles Sustainable Development Strategy 2011-2020

i) The Ministry of

Environment and Energy

(MEE)

ii) The Seychelles

Energy Commission

(SEC)

a. The Energy Act

2012 (approved by the National Assembly in December 2012) b. The Public

Utilities Corporation

Act and Regulations

i) Special agency for renewable energy

(research, development or deployment); N/A

ii) Feed-in Tariffs: Not

Accessed

iii) Incentive schemes based on renewable energy development

Sudan National Energy Policy

Electricity Regulatory

Authority(ERA), Al-jama'a

Avenue, Sudan

P.Obox:6881-Postal

Code:11113

N/A Incentive schemes based on renewable energy development

Swaziland •National Energy

Policy; that expressly

provides for the

maximization of the use

of

i. Ministry of Natural

Resources and Energy,

Energy Department; P.O Box 57 Mbabane,

Income Tax

1) The Energy

Regulatory Authority Act

of 2007 2) Electricity

Company Act of 2007; and

3) The

Feed-in Tariffs and incentive schemes

based on renewable energy development.


Page 41 of 46

renewable energy

technologies wherever

they are viable.

•National Energy Policy

Implementation

Strategy (NEPIS) •National Biofuels

Development Strategy and Action

Plan.

Building, Mhlambanyat

si Road Email:

[email protected], shongweh@

gov.sz Website:

www.gov.sz

ii. Swazi Energy

Regulatory Authority Address:

A204, Plaza Email:

[email protected]

Swaziland Electricity

Company Act of 2007

Uganda National Energy Policy of 2002

The Renewable Energy Policy , 2007

1)The Electricity

Regulatory Authority Contact:

Chief Executive

Officer Tel: 256-414- 341852/3416

46 Email:

[email protected] Website:

a) The Electricity

ACT b) The

Electricity (License

Fees) (Amendment of Schedule) Instrument,

2011 c) The

Electricity (Installation

Permits)

a) Capital subsidy, grant, or rebate;

b) Public investment, loans, or/and financing;

c) Feed-in tariffs


Page 42 of 46

www.era.or.ug

2)Rural Electrification

Agency Contact:

Executive Director

Tel: 256-312- 264095 Email:

[email protected]

Website: www.rea.or.u

g

Regulations, 2003

d) The Electricity (License

Fees) Regulations,

2003 e) The

Electricity (Primary Grid

Code) Regulations,

2003 f) The

Electricity (Quality of

Service Code)

Regulations, 2003

g) The Electricity (Safety Code)

Regulations, 2003

h) The Electricity

(Tariff Code) Regulations,

2003 i) The

Electricity (License


Page 43 of 46

Exemption) (Isolated Grid

Systems) Order, 2007

j) The Electricity

(Application for Permit,

License and Tariff

Review) Regulations,

2007 Zambia The

National Energy Policy 2008

Energy Regulation

Board

The Energy Regulation

Act Cap 436

Incentive schemes based on renewable energy development

Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Energy

Regulatory Authority (ZERA)

National Energy

Policy of 2012


Page 44 of 46

Acronyms

COMESA Common Market of Eastern & Southern Africa

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GW Giga Watt

GWh Giga Watt hour

% Percent

Kj kilo joule

Kwh kilo watt hour

Kg Kilo gram

dB Decibel

KV Kilo volt

Km Kilometer

EMF Electromagnetic Fields

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls

SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride

T&D Transmission & Distribution

ISO International Organization for Standardization

EMAS EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGross_domestic_product&rct=j&q=GDP&ei=mZj5TeDbNYaXhQeq4ryLAw&usg=AFQjCNHrvAphnIzkTxrjRh5jBnsvFeEs7g&cad=rja

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEkQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhope.com%2Fjargon%2Fd%2Fdecibel.htm&rct=j&q=dB%28A%29%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&ei=TJr5TdXTJtC4hAfr0KSKAw&usg=AFQjCNHU-wo5v91gugC-Q26X_VAGvb_cmg&cad=rja

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization


Page 45 of 46

GLOSSARY

ISO 14001Environmental management standards exist to help organizations (a) minimize how

their operations (processes etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e. cause adverse changes

to air, water, or land); (b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally

oriented requirements, and (c) continually improve in the above.

EMAS the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is a management tool for companies

and other organizations to evaluate report and improve their environmental performance.

(PCB)Polychlorinated biphenyls, a none flammable substance often used as a dielectric fluid in

transformers since they are not flammable. They are toxic, and under incomplete combustion,

can form highly toxic products

(C7, C8)Synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acidesters used as efficient Di-electric to replace

the toxic PCB in transformers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaerythritol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid

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