report lymphatic blood vessel
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ADVANCED
PHYSIOLOGYLYMPHATICS
&BLOOD VESSELS
MR. REY P. SO-ONG
MSciEd Biology
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEMFunctions
1) Maintenance of fluid balance inthe internal environment
Drain interstitial fluid
2) Transport lipids
3) Carries out immune responses
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Maintaining FluidBalance
Plasma filters into the interstitialspaces from blood flowing through thecapillaries
Much of this interstitial fluid is
absorbed by tissue cells or reabsorbedby the blood before it flows out of thetissue
A small amount of interstitial fluid isleft behind
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Maintaining FluidBalance
If this would continue over even a briefperiod of time, the increasedinterstitial fluid would cause massiveedema
This edema would causes tissuedestruction or death
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Maintaining FluidBalance
This problem is avoided by thepresence of lymphatic vessels that actas "drains" to collect the excess fluidand return it to the venous blood just
before it reaches the heart
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Lymphatic System
Consists of:1) lymphatic vessels
2) lymph
3) lymph nodes4) organs which
contain lymph tissue
5) red bone marrow
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Lymphatic Vessels
The lymphaticsystem is aspecializedcomponent of the
circulatory systemLymphatic vessels
parallel veins
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Lymphatic Vessels
The lymphatic system differs from thecirculatory system in that thelymphatics do not form a closed ring orcircuit
Instead, begin blindly in theintercellular spaces of the softtissues of the body
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic capillaries flow to largerlymphatic vessels
Drain lymph to right subclavian veinand thoracic duct
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph flows through lymph nodesscattered along lymphatic vessels
Lacateals in villi of small intestineabsorbs and transports lipids to
lymphatic vessels
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St t f L h ti
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Structure of LymphaticVessels
Lymphatic vessels resemble veins instructure with these exceptions:
have thinner walls
contain more valves
contain lymph nodes located atcertain intervals along their course
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F ti f L h ti
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Functions of LymphaticVessels
The high degree of capillarypermeability permits large molecularweight substances which cannot beabsorbed by the blood capillary to be
removed from the interstitial spacesProteins that accumulate in the
interstitial spaces can return to theblood only via lymphatics
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F ti f L h ti
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Functions of LymphaticVessels
Each day about 50% of the total bloodproteins leak out of the capillaries intothe tissue fluid and return to the bloodvia the lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic Pump
no muscular pumping organ connectedwith the lymphatic vessels to force lymphonward
Lymph flows through the thoracic duct and
reenters the general circulation at the rateof 125 mL/hour
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Lymphatic Pump
Occurs despite the fact that most ofthe flow is against gravity or "uphill"
Lymph moves through the system inthe right direction because of the large
number of valves that permit fluid flowonly in one direction
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Lymphatic Pump
The movement is due to breathingmovements and skeletal musclecontractions
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Lymph
a moving fluid (lymph) derived fromthe blood and tissue fluid
Fluid formed from excess plasma fluid
App. 3L/day
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Lymph and Interstitial
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Lymph and InterstitialFluid
Essentially the samefluid
Lymph
clear, watery fluid
found in thelymphatic vessels
Interstitial fluid
fluid that fills thespaces around cells
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Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes located alongthe paths of collectingvessels
Isolated nodules of
lymphatic patches in theintestinal wall
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Structure of Lymph
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Structure of LymphNodes
Lymph nodes are oval-shaped of bean-shaped structures
Some are as small as a pinhead andothers as large as a lima bean
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Structure of Lymph
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Structure of LymphNodes
Each lymph node is enclosed by a
fibrous capsuleThink of a lymph node as a biological
filter placed in the channel of severalafferent lymph vessels
Reticular fibers trap foreignsubstances
Macrophages and lymphocytes
destroy trapped material
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Structure of Lymph
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Structure of LymphNodes
Once lymph enters the node, it"percolates" slowly through the spacesknown as sinuses before draining into asingle efferent draining vessel
One-way valvesin both theafferent andefferent vessels
keep lymphflowing in onedirection
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Immune Functions
filtration andphagocytosis
The structure ofthe sinus channels
within the lymphnodes slows thelymph flowthrough them
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Immune Functions
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Immune FunctionsAllows the phagocytic cells that line the
channels time to remove microorganisms and
other injurious particles (soot) from the lymphSometimes such large numbers of
microorganisms enter the node that thephagocytes cannot destroy enough of them to
prevent their injuring the node
Swollenlymph
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Immune Functions
An infection of the nodecancer cells often
break away from amalignant tumor
and enter thelymphatics
they travel to thenode, where theymay set up newgrowths
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Norma
l
Cancerous
Lymph Node Cancer
h
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Lymphocytes
When an infection is present the nodebegins to release lymphocytes
Lymphocytes mature in the lymphnodes
Lymph nodes are lined with fixedmacrophages, capable of phagocytosis
L h
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Lymphocytes
T-cells and macrophages contained onthe rim of the follicles
B-cells proliferate in the centralgerminal centers
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L h t
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Lymphocytes
The lymphatic tissue of lymph nodesserve as the sites of the final stages ofmaturation for some types oflymphocytes and monocytes that have
migrated from the bone marrowT-cell attackingcancer cells
L h O
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Lymph Organs
Primary lymphatic organs produce B-cells and T-cells and include:
Red bone marrow
Thymus gland
Secondary lymphatic organs are:
Tonsils
Spleen
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Red bone marrow
B-cells and pre-T-cells originate in thebone marrow
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Th l d
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Thymus gland
Located behind sternumand between lungs
Thymus performs twoimportant functions:
Lymphocytedevelopment
Secrete thymosin
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Th l d
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Thymus gland
Pre-T-cells migrate from red bonemarrow to thymus
Proliferate and mature due to thymichormone
Thymus reaches maximum size atpuberty (10-12 months)
As an individual
matures thethymus glandatrophies
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Tonsils
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Tonsils
Masses of lymphoid tissue located in aprotective ring under mucousmembranes in the mouth and back ofthe throat
Help protect against bacteria that mayinvade tissues in the area around theopenings between the oral and nasalcavities
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Tonsils
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Tonsils
The tonsils serve as the first line ofdefense from the exterior and as suchare subject to chronic infection
tonsillitis
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Spleen
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Spleen
Roughly ovoid in shape
Largest mass of lymphatic tissue
Does not filter lymph
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Functions of the
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SpleenPhagocytosis of RBC and bacteria
Complete maturation of monocytesand lymphocytes
Blood reservoir
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Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis
As blood passesthrough the spleen,macrophages liningthese venous spaces
removemicroorganisms fromthe blood and destroythem by phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis
Macrophages lining the spleen removeworn-out red blood cells and imperfectplatelets from the blood and destroythem by phagocytosis
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Blood reservoir
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Blood reservoir
Pulp of the spleenand its venoussinuses storeconsiderable blood
which can be releasedduring hemorrhage
Redpulp
White
pulp
Trabeculae
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Red pulp
White pulp
Trabeculae
ood reservoir
Splenectomy
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Splenectomy
Removal of thespleen
Red bone marrowand liver perform
functions of thespleen
Disorders of the
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Lymphatic System
Tonsilitis
Lymphangitis
Elephantiasis
Lymphedema
Lymphomas
Lymph nodecancer
TONSILITIS
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TONSILITIS
bacterial or viral infection of thelymphoid tissue of tonsils
soreness of the throat, high fever,difficulty swallowing
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LYMPHANGITIS
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LYMPHANGITIS
bacterial infection that has spread from
its initial site (skin cut, etc.) to nearbylymph glands
chills, fever, swelling of the lymph glands
if the lymphatics
become inflamed, redlines may appear onthe arms or legsindicating
concentration ofinflammation alongthe lymph channels
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ELEPHANTIASIS
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ELEPHANTIASIS
filarial (worm) infestation that blocksthe lymphatics
swelling of the area, skin discoloration,difficulty urinating, etc.
LYMPHEDEMA
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LYMPHEDEMA
blockage or dysfunction of lymph
vessels or nodesoften associated with lymphatic
disorders following surgery forbreast cancer, prostate cancer, etc.
swelling of arms
breast cancer surgery,radiation
swelling of legsprostate cancer and
gynecologic cancer surgery,with or without radiation
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CANCER OF LYMPHG S
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GLANDSSymptoms include:
loss of energy, appetite, and weight
swelling and hardening of glands
surgical removal, radiation therapy,
chemotherapy
Cancerous tissue
Blood Vessels
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Blood Vessels
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Arteries
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Arteries
Three coats (tunics) line the vessels
Intima (tunica interna)
Media (tunica media)
Adventia (tunica externa)
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Intima
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Intima
Inner layer
Endothelium lining
Basal layer
Elastic layer
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Intima
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Intima
Inner layer
Endothelium lining
Basal layer
Elastic layer
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Tunica media
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Tunica media
Middle layer
Elastic fibers
Smooth muscle fibers
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Tunica media
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Middle layer
Elastic fibers
Smooth muscle fibers
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Adventia
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Outer layer
Elastic fibers
Collagen fibers
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Adventia
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Outer layer
Elastic fibers
Collagen fibers
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ArteryA - adventiaM - tunica media
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y
I
M
A
I - intima
Vasoconstriction
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Smooth muscle contracts
Arterial lumen size decreases
Clickmouse to
seeanimation
Vasodilation
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Smooth muscle relaxes
Arterial lumen size increases
Clickmouse to
seeanimation
Elastic Arteries
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Large
Tunica media contains more elasticfibers, less smooth muscle
Elastic Arteries
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Walls stretch and
momentarily storesome of the energy ofsurging blood
During relaxation ofthe heart they recoilconverting stored(potential) energy into
kinetic energy
Muscular Arteries
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Tunica media
contains moresmooth muscle andfewer elastic fibers
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Anastomoses
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Union of branches of two or more
arteries supplying the same bodyregion
Provide alternate routes for blood to
reach a tissue
Arterioles
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Fewer elastic fibers than arteries
Arterioles
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Function in
regulating bloodflow from arteriesinto capillaries
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Capillaries
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Microscopic single cell layer (endothelium)
thickFunction in exchange of substances
between blood and interstitial fluids
Capillaries
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Three types of capillaries
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid
Continuous capillaries
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Small gaps between endothelial cells
Muscle, lungs
Fenestratedcapillaries
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capillariesMore openings (pores) than continuous
capillaries
Kidneys, small intestine, brain
Sinusoid capillaries
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Large openings
Basement membrane is incomplete
Liver, spleen, bone marrow
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Venules
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Veinsi i
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Tunics same as arteries
Intima is thinner in veinsTunic externa (adventia) is thicker in
veins
Veins
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Blood pressure lower in veins, thus
thinner walls
V
A
Vein Artery
Veins
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Veins
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Lumens contain flap like cusps (valves)
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Veins
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Valves prevent back flow of blood
Muscular contraction forces bloodthrough veins
Disorders of BloodVessels
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VesselsAtherosclerosis
Aneurysm
Varicose veins
Atherosclerosis
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Cholesterol plaque builds up on the
arterial wallConstricts flow of blood
Atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis
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Treatments
Arthrectomy
Angioplasty
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Aneurysm
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A weakening of the arteriole wall
causes an out pouching of the artery
Varicose VeinsB l i f i d b li f
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Bulging of veins caused by a pooling of
blood behind the venous valvesOut pouching of the walls brings veins
closer to the surface of the skin
EndLymphatics and Blood
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Lymphatics and Blood
Vessels
Living with