report in philo

8/8/2019 Report in Philo

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-in-philo 1/35

SCHOOL OF EDUCATIONALSCHOOL OF EDUCATIONAL

PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY



What Is An EducationalWhat Is An Educational

Philosophy?Philosophy?refers to a comprehensive and consistent

set of beliefs about the teaching-learning

transaction.

the application of philosophical ideas to

educational problems



help "educators recognize the need to think help "educators recognize the need to think

clearly about what they are doing and to clearly about what they are doing and to see what they are doing in the larger see what they are doing in the larger context of individual and social context of individual and social development simply "to get people thinking development simply "to get people thinking

about what they are doing"about what they are doing"

"provide a valuable base to help us think

more clearly"



PRAGMATIC NATURALISMPRAGMATIC NATURALISM



PRAGMATISMPRAGMATISM

only those things that are experienced or only those things that are experienced or observed are real observed are real

believe that reality is constantly changing

and that we learn best through applying our

experiences and thoughts to problems, as

they arise



There is no absolute and unchanging There is no absolute and unchanging

truth, but rather, truth is what workstruth, but rather, truth is what works



that thought must produce that thought must produce

action, rather than linger in the action, rather than linger in the mind and lead to indecisiveness.mind and lead to indecisiveness.

By: Charles Sanders PierceBy: Charles Sanders Pierce

PRAGMATISMPRAGMATISM



John Dewey (1859John Dewey (1859--1952)1952)

applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive approaches. He believed that learners must approaches. He believed that learners must adapt to each other and to their environment. adapt to each other and to their environment.

Schools should emphasize the subject matter of Schools should emphasize the subject matter of social experience. All learning is dependent on social experience. All learning is dependent on the context of place, time, and circumstance. the context of place, time, and circumstance. Different cultural and ethnic groups learn to Different cultural and ethnic groups learn to work cooperatively and contribute to a work cooperatively and contribute to a

democratic society. The ultimate purpose is the democratic society. The ultimate purpose is the creation of a new social order. Character creation of a new social order. Character development is based on making group development is based on making group decisions in light of consequences.decisions in light of consequences.



For PragmatistsFor Pragmatists

teaching methods focus on handsteaching methods focus on hands--on problem on problem solving, experimenting, and projects, often solving, experimenting, and projects, often

having students

work

in

groups.

Curriculum

having

students

work

in

groups.

Curriculum

should bring the disciplines together to focus on should bring the disciplines together to focus on solving problems in an interdisciplinary way. solving problems in an interdisciplinary way. Rather than passing down organized bodies of Rather than passing down organized bodies of knowledge to new learners, Pragmatists believe knowledge to new learners, Pragmatists believe

that learners should apply their knowledge to that learners should apply their knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry. real situations through experimental inquiry. This prepares students for citizenship, daily This prepares students for citizenship, daily living, and future careers.living, and future careers.



ProgressivismProgressivism

believe that education should focus believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the on the whole child, rather than on the

content or the teachercontent or the teacher Learning is rooted in the questions of Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing learners that arise through experiencing the world the world

It is active, not passive It is active, not passive

The emphasis is on processThe emphasis is on process--how one how one comes to knowcomes to know



The learner is a problem solver and The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his thinker who makes meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context and cultural context

Effective teachers provide experiences so Effective teachers provide experiences so

that students can learn by doing that students can learn by doing Curriculum content is derived from student Curriculum content is derived from student interests and questions interests and questions

The scientific method is used by The scientific method is used by progressivist educators so that students progressivist educators so that students can study matter and events can study matter and events systematically and first hand systematically and first hand



One of his tenets was that the school One of his tenets was that the school

should improve the way of life of our should improve the way of life of our citizens through experiencing freedom and citizens through experiencing freedom and democracy in schools. Shared decision democracy in schools. Shared decision

making, planning of teachers with making, planning of teachers with students, student students, student --selected topics are all selected topics are all aspects. Books are tools, rather than aspects. Books are tools, rather than authority. authority.

John Dewey John Dewey



ROMANTIC NATURALISMROMANTIC NATURALISM



JeanJean--JacquesJacques Rousseau Rousseau

human beings are good by nature human beings are good by nature

claim that the goal of education should be claim that the goal of education should be to cultivate our natural tendencies to cultivate our natural tendencies

someone who has been properly educated someone who has been properly educated will be engaged in society, but relate to will be engaged in society, but relate to

his or her fellow citizens in a natural way his or her fellow citizens in a natural way



If human beings are not social by If human beings are not social by nature, how can one properly nature, how can one properly

speak of more or less natural speak of more or less natural ways of socializing with others? ways of socializing with others?



The t wo forms of self The t wo forms of self --love love

Amour d e soi Amour d e soi i s a natural form who of self i s a natural form who of self --love i n that i t d oes not d epend on others. love i n that i t d oes not d epend on others.

Rousseau clai ms that by our nature, each Rousseau clai ms that by our nature, each of u s has thi s nat u ral feeli ng of love of u s has thi s nat u ral feeli ng of love toward ou rselves toward ou rselves

amou ramou r--proprepropre i s an u nnat u ral self i s an u nnat u ral self --love and love and

i s a negat i ve produ ct of the soci ali zat i on i s a negat i ve produ ct of the soci ali zat i on process. Love of self that d epend s on process. Love of self that d epend s on compari ng oneself wi th others compari ng oneself wi th others



Rousseaus philosophy of education, Rousseaus philosophy of education, therefore, is not geared simply at particular therefore, is not geared simply at particular

techniques that best ensure that the pupil will techniques that best ensure that the pupil will absorb information and concepts. It is better absorb information and concepts. It is better understood as a way of ensuring that the understood as a way of ensuring that the pupils character be developed in such a way pupils character be developed in such a way

as to have a healthy sense of self as to have a healthy sense of self --worth and worth and morality. This will allow the pupil to be morality. This will allow the pupil to be virtuous even in the unnatural and imperfect virtuous even in the unnatural and imperfect society in which he lives. His education relies society in which he lives. His education relies on the tutors constant supervision. The tutor on the tutors constant supervision. The tutor must even manipulate the environment in must even manipulate the environment in order to teach sometimes difficult moral order to teach sometimes difficult moral

lessons about humility, chastity, and honesty. lessons about humility, chastity, and honesty.



ORGANICISMORGANICISM



Knowledge is organic; the "body" of it Knowledge is organic; the "body" of it grows, and this growth creates change. grows, and this growth creates change. Thus, it is not finite, it is not final, for Thus, it is not finite, it is not final, for

while we may view it in some particular while we may view it in some particular point in time as a static entity, over time it point in time as a static entity, over time it will not appear so will not appear so



Organicism:Organicism:

The organicist assumes that there is a grand The organicist assumes that there is a grand

story evolving, in which all apparently story evolving, in which all apparently contradictory elements will be found to be part contradictory elements will be found to be part of the evolving whole. Such a changing, of the evolving whole. Such a changing, developing organic system "tells a story" that developing organic system "tells a story" that

can either be read correctly or not.can either be read correctly or not. Truth is the removal of all apparently Truth is the removal of all apparently

contradictory elements so that they are seen tocontradictory elements so that they are seen tobe part of the evolving whole: in a word, be part of the evolving whole: in a word,

coherence.coherence. The organicist assumes, without question, theThe organicist assumes, without question, the

ontological reality of the evolving whole.ontological reality of the evolving whole.



REALISMREALISM



Becaus e humans ar e th e only B ecaus e humans ar e th e only cr eatur es endowed with th e a bility to cr eatur es endowed with th e a bility to think, th eir purpos e is to us e this think, th eir purpos e is to us e this a bility . a bility .

By Aristotl eBy Aristotl e



Aristotle's Golden Mean Aristotle's Golden Mean::

The person who follows a true The person who follows a true

purpose leads a rational life of purpose leads a rational life of moderation, avoiding extremes: the moderation, avoiding extremes: the extremes of too little or too much.extremes of too little or too much.



Aims of EducationAims of Education

Understanding the material world through inquiryUnderstanding the material world through inquiry

A study of science and the scientific methodA study of science and the scientific method

A need to know the world in order to ensure survivalA need to know the world in order to ensure survival

Basic, essential knowledge with a noBasic, essential knowledge with a no--nonsensenonsenseapproachapproach

IntellectuallyIntellectually--gifted student is a precious resourcegifted student is a precious resource

Should use the Great Books of the Western WorldShould use the Great Books of the Western World Adler'sAdler's Paideia Proposal: Paideia Proposal: school should be a oneschool should be a one--

track system, general (nontrack system, general (non--specialized), and nonspecialized), and non--vocationalvocational



Methods of EducationMethods of Education

Not only facts, but method of arriving at facts Not only facts, but method of arriving at facts

Emphasis on critical reasoning through observationEmphasis on critical reasoning through observation

Supports formal ways of teachingSupports formal ways of teaching

Children should be given positive rewards (Locke)Children should be given positive rewards (Locke)

Precision and order: ringing bells, time periods,Precision and order: ringing bells, time periods,

daily lesson plans, prepackaged curriculumdaily lesson plans, prepackaged curriculummaterialsmaterials

Supports accountability and performanceSupports accountability and performance--based basedteachingteaching

Scientific research and developmentScientific research and development

M

ost recent development: computer technologyM

ost recent development: computer technology



Curriculum

Practical and usefulPractical and useful

Physical activity has educational value (Locke)Physical activity has educational value (Locke) Attention to the complete person (Locke) Attention to the complete person (Locke)

Extensive use of pictures (John Amos Comenius)Extensive use of pictures (John Amos Comenius)

Use of objects in education (Maria Montessori)Use of objects in education (Maria Montessori)Highly organized and systematicHighly organized and systematic



R ole of the Teacher R ole of the Teacher

R ealists emphasize the role of the teacher R ealists emphasize the role of the teacher

Should teach students what they need toShould teach students what they need to

survivesurvive At the very least, should teach the essentialsAt the very least, should teach the essentials

Material presented in a systematic andMaterial presented in a systematic andorganized wayorganized way

Humanities should be taught in ways that areHumanities should be taught in ways that areconducive to cognitive developmentconducive to cognitive development



COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM



What is communism?What is communism?

Economic system.Economic system.

Believes in collective (group) ownership Believes in collective (group) ownership

and a planned economy. and a planned economy.

The theory is that everybody pools their The theory is that everybody pools their resources and labor to evenly distribute resources and labor to evenly distribute

everything. everything. Karl Marx is the communist. Karl Marx is the communist.



Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto

Abolition of property Abolition of property

Heavy, progressive taxesHeavy, progressive taxes

Abolition of inheritance Abolition of inheritance Confiscation of property of all emigrants and Confiscation of property of all emigrants and

rebelsrebels

Central bankingCentral banking

StateState--controlled communication and controlled communication and transportationtransportation

StateState--controlled education of the childrencontrolled education of the children



"Free education for all children in "Free education for all children in

public schools; conform education public schools; conform education with industrial productions".with industrial productions".

Y ou are taxed to pay for "free" Y ou are taxed to pay for "free"schools that teach our workers to schools that teach our workers to be slave workers in the coming be slave workers in the coming

police state as part of the police state as part of the Freemason education conspiracy. Freemason education conspiracy.



Communist Education SystemCommunist Education System

It emphasized the role of schools and It emphasized the role of schools and youth organizations in educating students youth organizations in educating students

by indoctrination by indoctrination There had been great confidence that There had been great confidence that schools would be a major instrument for schools would be a major instrument for

building the "New Communist Man"building the "New Communist Man"



According to Communist According to Communist

Educational Philosophy Educational Philosophy a good, modern education is one that is a good, modern education is one that is polytechnic polytechnic

Central to such an education is teaching Central to such an education is teaching about production and providing labor about production and providing labor training and work experience to training and work experience to

youngsters while they are in secondary youngsters while they are in secondary and higher education and higher education



the duty of the school include the job of the duty of the school include the job of

teaching young people the leading role of teaching young people the leading role of material conditions of production in material conditions of production in shaping social and political events shaping social and political events

Y oung people should be given an Y oung people should be given an understanding and some experience of the understanding and some experience of the way production processes are organized; way production processes are organized; the social consequences of different ways the social consequences of different ways of organizing production; and the of organizing production; and the importance of technological change importance of technological change



MarxismMarxism--Leninism also Leninism also

stresses atheist education and antistresses atheist education and anti--religious propaganda in the schools. religious propaganda in the schools. The main approach taken is to The main approach taken is to

emphasize the superior quality of emphasize the superior quality of the answers which science, as the answers which science, as

opposed to religion, can give to the opposed to religion, can give to the basic questions of human existence. basic questions of human existence.

report in philo

Documents