report for work

The Comprehensive

Africa Agriculture Development

Programme (CAADP) In Practice

A Marathon Not A Sprint

A Marathon Not A Sprint: Agriculture Policy in Tanzania

‘A Briefing Paper for the CAADP’


Table of contents

Abbreviations 4

1.0 Introduction 5

2.0 Understanding World Hunger and Food Security 6

2.1 Understanding CAADP and their policy agendas 7

3.0 Tanzania: Evaluating the successes and failures of Tanzania’s agricultural policies 8

4.0 Lessons for the future 11

5.0 Conclusion 12

Bibliography 12-16

3


Abbreviations

AU The African Union

CAADP The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme

DFID The Department for International Development

NEPAD The New Partnership for Africa’s Development

SAGCOT The Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor in Tanzania

4


5

1.0 Introduction

The Report’s Hypothesis

Tanzania is an example of a country that is tackling its hunger and poverty effectively with stable leadership and intuitive modern programmes and successfully transi-tioning to a liberalized market economy (World Bank, 2013). With help from International Organisations to assist with improving infrastructure, Tanzania is grow-ing at a steady rate and are championing development policies for its neighbors.

This project evaluates the successes and failures of Tanza-nia’s journey and assess the factors involved in Tanzania’s success. This project argues that the Comprehensive Afri-ca Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) (CAADP, 2014) and the African Union (AU) (The African Union, 2013) can learn from Tanzania’s story and must take the initiative to be proactive in setting targets to achieve the results and impacts that are needed for de-velopment in their member states by working together to form long sustaining progress helped by private sector investment, partnerships with international

Non- governmental organizations and macroeconomic policies.

The Report’s Aims

To assess why World Hunger and Food Security are key issues for CAAPD, AU and the International Community.

To analyse Tanzania’s successes and to examine what made Tanzania different to other member states of CAADP.

To consider what more CAADP and the AU can do to facilitate development in the member states by using as-pects of Tanzania’s current politics and goals.

Report Structure

The report will look at CAADP and to what extent food security is a problem for its members. It will then evalu-ate the key trends in policy for world hunger and food security. The report will then analyze the case study of Tanzania and its successes and failures in their agricultur-al policy and to what extent they are different and see what lessons can be learnt for the future.


2.0 Understanding World Hunger and Food Security

It's imperative that CAADP member states under-stand that 'sustained political commitment at the highest level is a prerequisite for hunger eradica-tion' (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 1) and that the importance of agriculture for growth and the future of each states food security. Currently estimates suggest that around 'one in nine of the world's population are chronically undernour-ished in 2012-2014' (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 12), thus meaning that they don’t have enough food to lead an healthy and active life. To change this, governments must place food security and improving the nutrition and hunger levels of their citizens at the highest level of their policy agendas. If this can be encouraged and put at the top of agendas then through 'adequate in-vestment, better policies, le-gal frameworks and stake-holder participation' (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 1) levels of those who are un-dernourished will decrease. ' As the CAADP member states grow and become more independent it will become more apparent that diversity will be needed for their economies to

grow past a certain rate and to help this access to food domestically will be incredibly important. Econ-omies will be limited in growth unless states can pro-vide food and resources to help improve the local communities way of life. It is also imperative to be concerned with rural communities as income levels Although the number of those who are chronically

undernourished has declined by more than '100 mil-

lion people over the last decade and of 209 million

since 1990-92' (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 12)

many of those who are still suffering are those in

CAADP's member states.

Since the creation of the United Nation's Millennium

Development Goals there has been a greater con-

cern and understanding towards policy areas regard-

ing food security. The United Nation's target was to

'halve the amount of undernourished people in the

developing world by 2015' (FAO, IFAD and WFP,

2014, pp. 12). This is attainable in time but there

needs to be a quick and proactive response by our

member states to see a difference and 'Institutional

reforms are also

needed to promote

and sustain pro-

gress' (FAO, IFAD

and WFP, 2014, pp.

1). Considering that

In the developing

world, hunger is the

'biggest killer as it

takes more lives

than malaria, HIV

and Tuberculosis combined' (United Nations, 2014)

this is hugely important to tackle the problem effec-

tively with long lasting results.

6


2.1 Understanding CAADP and their policy agendas

7

CAADP is a fundamental agency set up by the African union that ‘aims to help African countries reach a higher path of economic growth through agriculture-led devel-opment’ (CAADP, 2010). Through its relationship with The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), an ‘African Union strategic framework for pan-African socio-economic development’ (NEPAD, 2010) It exam-ines all issues with policy and imperative underlying ca-pacity problems with the agriculture sector. Their vision for Africa is comprehensive as it represents the member states collective vision which is intuitive and bold and aims for an ‘average annual growth rate of 6% in agricul-ture by 2015’ (CAADP, 2010).

The year of agriculture, 2014, is the appropriate time for agencies and nations to ‘express their voices on what works and chart the focus and targets for the next dec-ade’ (African Union, 2013) and to reflect on the success stories since the 10 years that the CAADP was formed by also to evaluate what else can be done to encourage and help the member states to develop and to get closer to the goals that the African Union has set, thus why this report has been made and why Tanzania is being used as member states see it as a success.

CAADP has an assortment of different aims that are rele-vant for this project such as creating dynamic agricultur-al markets that allow farmers to take party in the market economy and have access to markets enabling growth and encouraging sustainable environmentally friendly agricultural production. However their overall goal is to ‘eliminate hunger and reduce poverty through agricul-ture’ (CAADP, 2014).

CAADP and the AU understand that a collective fight against poverty would be more successful and so togeth-er, African governments ‘agreed to increase public in-vestment in agriculture by a minimum of 10% of their

national budgets and to raise agricultural productivity by 6%’ (CAADP,2014). They are using the initiative to in-clude every aspect of society to do this and so often in-clude other departments such as Education as it is now agreed by most international organizations that Hunger is a complex problem that requires multiple policy agen-das to coexist at the same time to create long lasting development.

Africa’s leaders are aiming to see by 2015 after the Year of Agriculture that markets will have opened up and expanded; that Farmers who are a part of the market economy have better access to these markets; that Farmers have better yields and are able to export more; there is a fairer distribution of wealth in rural areas; incomes and wages are high-er; there is better access to land, resources, infra-structure, technology and knowledge for rural are-as; Africa becomes a more strategic player in agri-culture and technology; that demands are met in African agriculture and that agriculture in Africa is environmentally friendly and sustainable.

‘CAADP's core principles are:

African ownership Build partnerships and alliances between gov-ernment, the private sector, development part-ners and farmers to better address the needs of a cross-cutting sector like agriculture Promote dialogue, peer-review and mutual accountability to develop a sense of collective responsibility Exploit regional complementarities and coop-eration for common and mutual needs and re-gional comparative advantages.’ (The Compre-hensive Africa Agricultural Development Pro-gramme, 2010). This shows how important agriculture is to CAADP and AU and how setting targets and policies can make a difference to CAADP mem-bers to create sustainable and achievable re-sults.

3.0 Tanzania: Evaluating the successes and failures of Tanzania’s Agricultural policies


8

Tanzania is categorised as a least developed and a low income country (World Food Programme, 2012) yet it is seen as a relative success since its independ-ence in the early 1960s. Tanzania’s GDP had consist-ently grown at 6% annually in the last decade (World Food Programme, 2012) and ‘Tanzania’s ag-riculture sector grew at an annual average rate of 3.8 percent per year between 1990 and 2010, plac-ing it among the top 15 performers worldwide dur-ing that period’ (FAO, WFP and IFAD, 2012). Never-theless, those eco-nomic successes weren’t being trans-lated in general so-cial conditions and living standards since it is only 152 out of 187 in the 2011 UNDP Human Development Index (World Food Pro-gramme, 2012). However with help from international organisations such as the African Union, the UNDP, DFID and others, a strategy has been formed to ad-dress these issues and facilitate Tanzania’s develop-ment. One such strategy harnessing the full capacity of Tanzania’s agriculture. Agriculture is Tanzania’s biggest employment sector as ‘45% of Tanzania’s GDP is derived from agriculture and 80% of their

population depends on subsistence agriculture for their livelihood (World Food Programme, 2012). This was partly achieved because the government decided to focus more on themselves and less on the international markets (FAO, WTP and IFAD, 2012) once they started to develop and to take a ‘food sovereignty’ approach (McMichael, 2011) as Tanzania had always relied on agriculture, so suc-cess was fundamental. It became clear from Tanzania’s journey that sus-

tained political commitment from local, national

and international levels is a prerequisite for hunger

eradication.

A crucial lesson learned is that hunger, food insecu-

rity and malnutrition are ‘complex problems that

cannot be solved quickly by a single stakeholder or

sector’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 17). Steady

economic growth is not a quick fix and instead en-

tails placing ‘food security and nutrition at the top

of the political agenda’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014,

pp. 1) and focusing on crating the infrastructure and

environment for

growth in these sec-

tors through strate-

gies, stakeholder

contribution and in-

ternational invest-

ment. Such invest-

ment is crucial and

gives Tanzania the

capital it needs to

create initiatives that

are needed. For ex-

ample, in 2008, Tanzania received the ‘world's larg-

est Millennium Challenge Compact grant, worth

$698 million’ (Millenium Challenge Corporation,

2008), and in December 2012 they were selected

for a second Compact.


9

It is clear that a variety of policies are needed to

deal with the short and long term underlying caus-

es of hunger and malnutrition. Such actions may be

‘required in agricultural production and productivi-

ty, rural development, forestry, social protection,

trade and markets, education and health, and oth-

er areas’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 17). Im-

proved infrastructure is imperative as the access to

food is an issue for many developing countries.

The access of food from local and national produc-

tion is crucial as economies develop and domestic

agriculture is still the ‘main provider of food and

the principal source of income and employment in

rural areas’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 13).

Tanzania is working towards this

first by achieving self-sufficiency

(Food and Agriculture Organiza-

tion, 2014) in two stable products,

maize and rice. As a result, it now

stands to share the surpluses with

its neighbours in East Africa and so

compared to many is a success.

The access of food from local and

national production is crucial as

economies develop and domestic

agriculture is still the ‘main

provider of food and the principal source of

income and employment in rural ar-

eas’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014, pp. 13).

Tanzania is working towards this first by

achieving self-sufficiency (Food and Agricul-

ture Organization, 2014) in two stable prod-

ucts, maize and rice. As a result, it now

stands to share the surpluses with its neigh-

bours in East Africa and so compared to

many is a success

Programmes in the country are becoming really

successful. In Tanzania, the transformation focus

has been specifically on developing the southern

corridor (SAGCOT), using a range of public-private

partnerships. SAGCOT programme aims to reduce

poverty and improve food security within the

southern region in Tanzania where the programme

is focused. Its objective is to contribute to adapting

and modifying the business environment for com-

mercial agriculture as it believes that a growth in

commercial agribusiness will make considerable

developments to market operations and increase

growth.


10

The programme has many expected outcomes to

reduce poverty and increase rural incomes. These

include maintaining a sustained ‘increase in agricul-

ture production and productivity’ (Department for

International Development, 2013, p.9) as well as

creating jobs with the increase in production. It also

aims to reduce food prices for customers as food

prices are now higher than in 2008. The project all

wants to make agriculture sustainable for the future

by making it more environmentally sustainable and

to contribute to renewable energy with an aim of

lowering energy prices for poor households. This

shows the project is working hard to lower the aver-

age living costs for the majority and to increase

their wages and infrastructure through agriculture.

The Department for International Development

(DFID) with help from other investors in Tanzania

are funding SAGCOT. An international form of sup-

port is that the EU, USAID and DFID are helping to

fund a priority road building project in the area

linking up vital areas of arable land and businesses

all with the overall aim of increasing wages and re-

ducing the amount of poverty and hunger in Tanza-

nia. The area has a good potential for boosting

productivity and food security and improve nutri-

tion because the area has lots of arable land with

good soil and access to water will relatively little

interruption from weather changes. Tanzania’s issue

is that it failed to capitalise on its resources and po-

tential when it could meaning it has all the founda-

tions of a successful state like many members in

CAADP. The low levels of production are changing

and it should be relatively easy to double their

productivity if the region adopts modern farming

practices which is occurring. Overall, Tanzania is be-

coming a successful agricultural state and by taking

steps to improve their infrastructure, technology

and techniques which will improve yields and make

them self sufficient in time and as a result de-

crease the levels of hunger in the state.

4.0 Lessons for the future


11

The Tanzanian government understands that they need address all aspects of society and every sec-tor to achieve change. If the project is to be suc-cessful in reducing poverty and improving food security especially within the southern region in Tanzania it needs to improve links between the private and public sector to build relationships and increase substantial investment to help their projects. They need to focus on improving the in-frastructure and modernization of agriculture for the sector to drastically change and double productivity which is what Tanzania will have to do to be self-sufficient by 2025 when its projected population will be 70 million.

A key lesson that can be learned from Tanzania’s story is that hunger, food insecurity and malnutri-tion are ‘complex problems that cannot be solved by a single stakeholder or sector’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2014). A more nuanced tactical approach is needed with a variety of actions that can deal with the short-term and the deeper underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition. It is also key that members fully understand the issues so that the response can be tailored to them. responses may be needed to deal with ‘production, productivity, rural development, fisheries, forestry, social pro-tection, public works, trade, markets, resilience to shocks, education or health’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2014). Responses may been needed at both na-tional and local levels however other issues may require a regional response which may be needed

for CAADP members in regional zones across Afri-ca. For a sustainable achievements, policies should be communicated and executed in ‘complex social, political and economic environ-ments’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2014) as to respond to complicated issues.

This type of response will encourage investors from different sectors to focus their actions and increase investment and so to influence food inse-curity. All policies should reflect a focus on ‘four key dimensions of government: policies, pro-grammes and legal frameworks; mobilization of human and financial resources; coordination mechanisms and partnerships; and evidence-based decision making’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2014). This will create an environment where ‘the actors and sectors concerned contribute to en-hancing food security outcomes’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2014).

One aspect of this is that members of CAADP should implement inclusive, widespread, ‘evidence-based policies, strategies and pro-grammes’ (FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2014) that can ad-equately tackle the short-term and underlying so-cial issues and causes of food insecurity with a col-lective response that will create long term sustain-able growth in rural economies and nationwide agriculture. This should be supported and encour-aged by legal frameworks that also encourage eth-ical sustainability and business investment as this will create better business practice, minimise cor-ruption, increase growth and economic spending.

Members of CAADP should continue to share ex-pertise and information like they have in the year of agriculture and encourage investment into Africa’s infrastructure and agricultural industries as it will create more jobs, higher wages, and more importantly a more sustainable response to food insecurity that will better tackle hunger and malnutrition. in Africa states.


5.0 Conclusion

12

In conclusion, this report illustrates the types of policies needed for a successful agricultural in-dustry in Africa with specific reference to Tanza-nia’s story. It shows the types of policy agendas needed to be carried out and what specifically governments of CAADP members need to do to build a sustainable industry that will be success-ful. It shows evidence of successful impacts on agriculture and sector performance and how it would be possible for CAADP members to relate this to their regions. It highlights how complex the issues are surrounding food insecurity and hunger and that in response a complex plan is needed to tackle it effectively. A key theme is that for a successful plan to work it must include all sectors and areas within the state and must be fair to rural and developed areas. It also high-lights how important infrastructure is to the suc-cess of a project and that both foreign and do-mestic investment is needed for programmes and policies to become viable and to become successful and sustainable. The focus of CAADP’s work ‘is at a national level, where agri-cultural investment and productive actives take place’ (The Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme, 2010). However it is clear that CAADP must allow states to develop gradually, and to not try to rush and fix the short term apparent issues facing states regarding

hunger, but also address the long term deeper issues in society to fix the issues in a sustainable long lasting way that will effectively help the most amount of people. This may need to be done by addressing the framework of the state or region and take into account the effectiveness and legitimacy of existing agencies, govern-ments, institutions, legal and production sys-tems. As a result this will take time, and the re-sults will not be quick and easy, and so CAADP and AU must be patient and it would be unrea-sonable to expect huge alterations quickly. Alt-hough the awareness and understanding of the issues surrounding food security and hunger are still relatively new and the process has just be-gan, Tanzania’s story makes it clear that by pur-suing a long term plan, success can be reached in time however time will need to pass before huge sweeping changes can be seen for many mem-bers.

Words: 3269


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report for work

Documents

understanding caadp

member states of caadp

states food security

african union caadp

understanding world

extent food security

agriculture policy

tanzania different