report capital gains tax implications

7/29/2019 Report Capital Gains Tax Implications

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Capital Gains

Introduction

In this part of report on capital gains, we begin with the definition of capital asset and transfer andthen the various circumstances under which capital gains tax is levied are enumerated. There are

certain transactions which are not to be regarded as transfer for the purposes of capital gains. These

transactions have also been discussed in this chapter. For computing long-term capital gains,

knowledge of cost inflation index is necessary. Again, there is a separate method of computation ofcapital gains in respect of depreciable assets. Also, there are exemptions from capital gains under

certain circumstances. All these are discussed in this report.

Section 45 provides that any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset effected inthe previous year will be chargeable to income-tax under the head Capital Gains.

Such capital gains will be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which the transfer tookplace. In this charging section, two terms are important. One is capital asset and the other is

transfer.

Capital Asset

DefinitionAccording to section 2(14), a capital asset means property of any kind held by an

assessee, whether or not connected with his business or profession, but does not

include

(i) any stock-in-trade, consumable stores or raw materials held for the purpose of the business or

profession of the assessee;

(ii) personal effects, that is to say, movable property (including wearing apparel and furniture) held

for personal use by the assessee or any member of his family dependent on him, but excludes -

(a) jewellery;

(b) archaeologicalcollections;

(c) drawings;

(d) paintings;

(e) sculptures; or


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(f) any work of art.

(iii) Rural agricultural land in India i.e. agricultural land in India which is not situated in

any specified area.

(iv) 6% Gold Bonds, 1977, or 7% Gold Bonds, 1980, or National Defence Gold Bonds,

1980, issued by the Central Government;

(v) Special Bearer Bonds, 1991 issued by the Central Government;

(vi) Gold Deposit Bonds issued under the Gold Deposit Scheme, 1999 notified by the

Central Government.

NoteProperty includes and shall be deemed to have always included any rights in

or in relation to an Indian company, including rights of management or control orany other rights whatsoever.

(2) Rural Agricultural Lands - We can note from the above definition that only rural agricultural

lands in India are excluded from the purview of the term capital asset. Hence urban agriculturallands constitute capital assets. Accordingly, agricultural land situated within the limits of any

municipality or cantonment board having a population of 10,000 or more according to the latest

census will be considered as capital asset. Further, agricultural land situated in areas lying within adistance of 8 kms from the local limits of such municipality or cantonment board will also be

considered as capital asset. The condition here is that such areas must be notified by the Central

Government having regard to the extent and scope of their urbanisation and other relevant

considerations. Consequently, any capital gain arising from the transfer of the abovementionedagricultural lands will be liable to income-tax.

Explanation regarding gains arising on the transfer of urban agricultural land - The Explanation tosection 2(1A) clarifies that capital gains arising from transfer of any agricultural land situated in

any non-rural area (as explained above) will not constitute agricultural revenue within the meaning

of section 2(1A). In other words, the capital gains arising from the transfer of such urbanagricultural lands would not be treated as agricultural income for the purpose of exemption under

section 10(1). Hence, such gains would be exigible to tax under section 45.

(3) Other capital assets - It is not possible to enumerate the forms which a capital asset can take.Goodwill, leasehold rights, a partners right or share in the firm, a manufacturing licence and the

right to subscribe for share of a company etc. are all examples of capital asset.

(4) Jewellery - As noted above, jewellery is treated as capital asset and the profits or gains arisingfrom the transfer of jewellery held for personal use are chargeable to tax under the head capital

gains. For this purpose, the expression jewellery includes the following:

(i) Ornaments made of gold, silver, platinum or any other precious metal or any alloycontaining one or more of such precious metals, whether or not containing any precious or


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semi-precious stones and whether or not worked or sewn into any wearing apparel;

(ii) Precious or semi-precious stones, whether or not set in any furniture, utensil or other article

or worked or sewn into any wearing apparel.

(5) Zero Coupon BondSection 2(48) defines the expression Zero Coupon Bond. As per this

definition, zero coupon bond means a bond issued by any infrastructure capital company orinfrastructure capital fund or a public sector company or a scheduled bank on or after 1st June,2005, in respect of which no payment and benefit is received or receivable before maturity or

redemption from such issuing entity and which the Central Government may notify in this behalf.

Accordingly, the Central Government has specified the following bonds issued on or before31.3.2009 as zero coupon bonds

(i) 10 year zero coupon bonds of HUDCO, SIDBI, NABARD and IDFC;

(ii) 15 year zero coupon bonds of HUDCO;

(iii) 15 year zero coupon bonds of Power Finance Corporation; and(iv) 10 year zero coupon bonds of National Housing Bank.

The Central Government has also specified the following bonds issued on or before 31.3.2011 aszero coupon bonds

(i) Bhavishya Nirman Bond, a 10 year zero coupon bond of National Bank ofAgriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), issued on or before 31.3.2011

(ii) 10 year Deep Discount Bond (Zero Coupon Bond) of Rural ElectrificationCorporation Limited (REC) issued on or before 31.3.2011.

The income on transfer of a ZCB (not being held as stock-in-trade) is to be treated as capital gains.Section 2(47) (iv a) provides that maturity or redemption of a ZCB shall be treated as a transfer for

the purposes of capital gains tax. ZCBs held for not more than 12 months would be treated as short

term capital assets. Where the period of holding of ZCBs is more than 12

months, the resultant long term capital gains arising on maturity or redemption would be treated inthe same manner as applicable to capital gains arising from the transfer of other listed securities or

units covered by section 112. Thus, where the tax payable in respect of any income arising from

transfer of ZCBs exceeds 10% of the amount of capital gains before giving effect to the provisionsof the second proviso to section 48 on indexation, then, such excess shall be ignored for the

purpose of computing the tax payable.

The terms infrastructure capital company and infrastructure capital fund have been defined in

section 2(26A) and 2(26B), respectively. For details, refer Chapter 1- Basic Concepts.

Short-term and long-term capital assets

Section 2(42A) defines short-term capital asset as a capital asset held by an assesse for not more

than 36 months immediately preceding the date of its transfer. Therefore, a capital asset held

by an assesse for more than 36 months immediately preceding the date of its transfer is a long-termcapital asset.


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However, in the case of company shares, various securities listed in a recognised Stock Exchange

in India, units of the Unit Trust of India and of Mutual Funds specified under section 10(23D) or a

Zero Coupon Bond, the said assets will be considered as long-term capital

assets if they are held for more than 12 months. Further, in the case of a capital asset being a

share or any other security or a right to subscribe to any share or security where such right is

renounced in favour of any other person, the period shall be calculated for treating the capital assetas a short-term capital asset from the date of allotment of such share or security or from the date ofoffer of such right by the company or institution concerned.

Determination of period of holding:The following points must be noted in this regard:

(i) In the case of a share held in a company in liquidation, the period subsequent to the dateon which the company goes into liquidation should be excluded.

(ii) Section 49(1) specifies some special circumstances under which capital asset becomethe property of an assessee. For example, an assessee may get a capital asset on a

distribution of assets on the partition of a HUF or he may get a gift or he may get theproperty under a will or from succession, inheritance etc. In such cases, the period for

which the asset was held by the previous owner should be taken into account.

(iii) In the case of shares held in an amalgamated company in lieu of shares in theamalgamating company, the period will be counted from the date of acquisition of shares

in the amalgamating company.

(iv) In the case of a capital asset being a share or any other security or a right to subscribe toany share or security where such right is renounced in favour of any other person, theperiod shall be calculated from the date of allotment of such share or security or from the

date of offer of such right by the company or institution concerned.

(v) In respect of other capital assets, the period for which any capital asset is held by theassessee shal be determined in accordance with any rules made by the CBDT in this

behalf.

(vi) In the case of a capital asset, being a financial asset, allotted without any payment and onthe basis of holding of any other financial asset the period shall be reckoned from the dateof the allotment of such financial asset.

(vii) In the case of a capital asset being shares in an Indian company, which becomes theproperty of the assessee in consideration of a demerger, the period of holding shallinclude the period for which the shares were held in the demerged company by the

assessee.

(viii) In the case of a capital asset being equity shares, or trading or clearing rights, of a stockexchange acquired by a person pursuant to demutualization or corporatisation of a

recognised stock exchange in India as referred to in clause (xiii) of section 47, there shallbe included while calculating the period of holding of such assets the period, for which

the person was a member of the recognised stock exchange immediately prior to such

demutualization or corporatisation.(ix) In the case of a capital asset, being any specified security or sweat equity shares allotted

or transferred, directly or indirectly, by the employer free of cost or at concessional rate to

his employees (including former employee or employees), the period shall be reckonedfrom the date of allotment or transfer of such specified security or sweat equity shares.


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Specified security means the securities as defined in section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts

(Regulation) Act, 1956 and, where employees stock option has been granted under any plan orscheme therefor, includes the securities offered under such plan or scheme.

Sweat equity shares means equity shares issued by a company to its employees or directors at adiscount or for consideration other than cash for providing know-how or making available rights inthe nature of intellectual property rights or value additions, by whatever name called.

In respect of capital assets other than those listed above, the period of holding shall be determinedsubject to any rules which the Board may make in this behalf.

Transfer: What it means [Section 2(47)]

The Act contains an inclusive definition of the term transfer. Accordingly, transfer inrelation to a capital asset includes the following types of transactions :

(i) the sale, exchange or relinquishment of the asset; or(ii) the extinguishment of any rights therein; or

(iii) the compulsory acquisition thereof under any law; or

(iv) the owner of a capital asset may convert the same into the stock-in-trade of a business

carried on by him. Such conversion is treated as transfer; or

(v) the maturity or redemption of a Zero Coupon Bond; or

(vi) Part-performance of the contract : Sometimes, possession of an immovable property is

given in consideration of part-performance of a contract. For example, A enters into anagreement for the sale of his house. The purchaser gives the entire sale consideration to A.

A hands over complete rights of possession to the purchaser since he has realised the entire

sale consideration. Under Income-tax Act, the above transaction is considered as transfer;

or

(vii) Lastly, there are certain types of transactions which have the effect of transferring or

enabling the enjoyment of an immovable property. For example, a person may become a

member of a co-operative society, company or other association of persons which may be

building houses/flats. When he pays an agreed amount, the society etc. hands over

possession of the house to the person concerned. No conveyance is registered. For the

purpose of income-tax, the above transaction is a transfer. Even power of attorneytransactions are covered.


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Scope and year of chargeability [Section 45]

(i) General Provision [Section 45(1)] - Any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capitalasset effected in the previous year (other than exemptions covered) shall be chargeable to

Income-tax under this head in the previous year in which the transfer took place.

(ii) Receipts from insurance parties [Section 45(1A)] - Where any person receives any money or

other assets under any insurance from an insurer on account of damage to or destruction of anycapital asset, as a result of flood, typhoon, hurricane, cyclone, earthquake or other convulsion of

nature, riot or civil disturbance, accidental fire or explosion or because of action by an enemy oraction taken in combating an enemy (whether with or without declaration of war), then, any profits

or gains arising from receipt of such money or other assets shall be chargeable to income-tax under

the head Capital gains and shall be deemed to be the income of the such person for theprevious year in which money or other asset was received.

For the purposes of section 48, the value of any money or the fair market value of other assets on

the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received oraccruing as a result of the transfer of such capital assets.

(iii) Conversion or treatment of a capital asset as stock-in-trade [Section 45(2)] - A person

who is the owner of a capital asset may convert the same or treat it as stock-in-trade of the businesscarried on by him. As noted above, the above transaction is a transfer. As per section 45(2), the

profits or gains arising from the above conversion or treatment wil be chargeable to income-tax as

his income of the previous year in which such stock-in-trade is sold or otherwise transferred byhim. In order to compute the capital gains, the fair market value of the asset on the date of such

conversion or treatment shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received as a


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result of the transfer of the capital asset.

Illustration 1

A is the owner of a car. On 1-4-2012, he starts a business of purchase and sale of motor cars. Hetreats the above car as part of the stock-in-trade of his new business. He sells the same on

31-3-2013 and gets a profit ofRs. 1 lakh. Discuss the tax implication.

SolutionSince car is a personal asset, conversion or treatment of the same as the stock-in-trade of his

business will not be trapped by the provisions of section 45(2). Hence A is not liable to capitalgains tax.

Illustration 2

X converts his capital asset (acquired on June 10, 1988 forRs. 60,000) into stock-in-trade inMarch 10, 2012. The fair market value on the date of the above conversion was Rs. 3,00,000.

He subsequently sells the stock-in-trade so converted forRs. 4,00,000 on June 10, 2012.

Discuss the tax implication.

Solution

Since the capital asset is converted into stock-in-trade during the previous year relevant to the A.Y.

2012-13, it will be a transfer under section 2(47) during the P.Y.2011-12. However, the profits orgains arising from the above conversion will be chargeable to tax during the A.Y. 2013-14, since

the stock-in-trade has been sold only on June 10, 2012. For this purpose, the fair market value on

the date of such conversion (i.e. 10th March, 2012) will be the full value of consideration.The capital gains will be computed after deducting the indexed cost of acquisition from the full

value of consideration. The cost inflation index for 1988-89 i.e., the year of acquisition is 161

and the index for the year of transferi.e., 2011-12 is 785. The indexed cost of acquisition is

60,000 785/161 = Rs. 2,92,547. Hence, Rs. 7,453 (i.e. Rs. 3,00,000Rs. 2,92,547) will betreated as long-term capital gains chargeable to tax during the A.Y.2013-14. During the same

assessment year, Rs. 1,00,000 (Rs. 4,00,000 - Rs. 3,00,000) will be chargeable to tax as

business profits.

Year of chargeability Capital gains are chargeable as the income of the previous year in which the sale or transfer

takes place. In other words, for determining the year of chargeability, the relevant date of

transfer is not the date of the agreement to sell, but the actual date of sale i.e., the date on

which the effect of transfer of title to the property as contemplated by the parties has taken

place.

Thus, in the case of any immovable property of the value exceeding Rs. 100, the title to theproperty cannot pass from the transferor to the transferee until and unless a deed ofconveyance is executed and registered. Mere delivery of possession of the immovable

property could not itself be treated as equivalent to conveyance of the immovable property.In the case of any movable property, the title to which would pass immediately on delivery

of the property in accordance with the agreement to sell, the transfer will be complete on

such delivery.

However, as already noted, Income-tax Act has recognized certain transactions as transfer


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in spite of the fact that conveyance deed might not have been executed and registered.

Power of Attorney sales as explained above or co-operative society transactions for

acquisition of house are examples in this regard.

(iv) Transfer of beneficial interest in securities [Section 45(2A)] - As per section 45(2A),where any person has had at any time during the previous year any beneficial interest in anysecurities, then, any profits or gains arising from the transfer made by the Depository or participant

of such beneficial interest in respect of securities shall be chargeable to tax as the income of the

beneficial owner of the previous year in which such transfer took place and shall not be regarded asincome of the depository who is deemed to be the registered owner of the securities by virtue of

sub-section (1) of section 10 of the Depositories Act, 1996. For the purposes of section 48 and

proviso to section 2(42A), the cost of acquisition and the period of holding of securities shall be

determined on the basis of the first-in-first-out (FIFO) method.

When the securities are transacted through stock exchanges, it is the established procedure that the

brokers first enter into contracts for purchase/sale of securities and thereafter, follow it up withdelivery of shares, accompanied by transfer deeds duly signed by the registered holders. The seller

is entitled to receive the consideration agreed to as on the date of contract. Thus, it is the date of

broker's note that should be treated as the date of transfer in case of sale transactions of securities

provided such transactions are followed up by delivery of shares and also the transfer deeds.Similarly, in respect of the purchasers of the securities, the holding period shall be reckoned to take

place directly between the parties and not through stock exchanges. The date of contract of sale as

declared by the parties shall be treated as the date of transfer provided it is followed up by actualdelivery of shares and the transfer deeds.

Where securities are acquired in several lots at different points of time, the

First-In-First-Out (FIFO) method shall be adopted to reckon the period of the holding of the

security, in cases where the dates of purchase and sale could not be correlated through specificnumbers of the scrips. In other words, the assets acquired last will be taken to be remaining with

the assessee while assets acquired first will be treated as sold. Indexation, wherever applicable, for

long-term assets will be regulated on the basis of the holding period determined in this manner -CBDT Circular No. 704, dated 28.4.1995.

Beneficial owner means a person whose name is recorded as such with a depository.

Depository means a company formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956and which has been granted a certificate of registration under section 12(1A) of the

Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.

Security means such security as may be specified by SEBI.

(v) Introduction of capital asset as capital contribution [Section 45(3)] - Where a person

transfers a capital asset to a firm, AOP or BOI in which he is already a partner/member or is to

become a partner/member by way of capital contribution or otherwise, the profits or gains arising

from such transfer will be chargeable to tax as income of the previous year in which such transfertakes place. For this purpose, the value of the consideration will be the amount recorded in the

books of account of the firm, AOP or BOI as the value of the capital asset.


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Illustration 3A is the owner of a foreign car. He starts a firm in which he and his two sons are partners.

As hiscapital contribution, he transfers the above car to the firm. The car had cost him Rs.

2,00,000. Thesame is being introduced in the firm at a recorded value ofRs. 3,50,000. Discuss.

Solution

Car is not capital asset but is a personal effect. Section 45(3), as explained above, coversonly cases of transfer of capital asset as contribution and not personal effects. Hence, the abovetransaction will not be subject to capital gains tax.

(vi) Distribution of capital assets on a firms dissolution [Section 45(4)] - The profits or gainsarising from the transfer of capital assets by way of distribution of capital assets on the dissolution

of a firm or AOP or BOI or otherwise shall be chargeable to tax as the income of the firm etc. of the

previous year in which such transfer takes place. For this purpose, the fair market value of the asset

on the date of such transfer shall be the ful value of consideration.

(vii) Compensation on compulsory acquisition [Section 45(5)] - Sometimes, a building or some

other capital asset belonging to a person is taken over by the Central Government by way ofcompulsory acquisition. In that case, the consideration for the transfer is determined by the Central

Government. When the Central Government pays the above compensation, capital gains may

arise. Such capital gains are chargeable as income of the previous year in which such

compensation is received.\

Enhanced Compensation- Many times, persons whose capital assets have been taken over by theCentral Government and who get compensation from the government go to the court of law forenhancement of compensation. If the court awards a compensation which is higher than the

original compensation, the difference thereof will be chargeable to capital gains in the year in

which the same is received from the government. For this purpose, the cost of

acquisition and cost of improvement shall be taken to be nil.

Reduction of enhanced compensation - Where capital gain has been charged on the compensationreceived by the assessee for the compulsory acquisition of any capital asset or enhancedcompensation received by the assessee and subsequently such compensation is

reduced by any court, tribunal or any authority, the assessed capital gain of that year shall be

recomputed by taking into consideration the reduced amount. This re-computation shall be doneby way of rectification under section 155.

Death of the transferor- It is possible that the transferor may die before he receives the enhancedcompensation. In that case, the enhanced compensation or consideration will be chargeable to taxin the hands of the person who received the same.

(viii) Repurchase of mutual fund units referred to in section 80CCB [Section 45(6)] - The

difference between the repurchase price and the amount invested will be chargeable to tax in theprevious year in which such repurchase takes place or the plan referred to in section 80CCB is

terminated.

Note - Since the tax treatment accorded to a LLP and a general partnership is the same, theconversion from a general partnership firm to an LLP will have no tax implications if the rights


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and obligations of the partners remain the same after conversion and if there is no transfer of any

asset or liability after conversion. However, if there is a change in rights and obligations of

partners or there is a transfer of asset or liability after conversion, then the provisions of section 45would get attracted.

Capital gains on distribution of assets by companies in liquidation [Section 46](1)Where the assets of a company are distributed to its shareholders on its liquidation, such

distribution shall not be regarded as a transfer by the company for the purposes of section 45

[Section 46(1)]. The above section is restricted in its application to the circumstancesmentioned therein i.e., the assets of the company must be distributed in specie to

shareholders on the liquidation of the company. If, however, the liquidator sells the assets of

the company resulting in a capital gain and distributes the funds so collected, the company

will be liable to pay tax on such gains.

(2)Shareholders receive money or other assets from the company on its liquidation. They will bechargeable to income-tax under the head capital gains in respect of the market value of the

assets received on the date of distribution, or the moneys so received by them. The portion ofthe distribution which is attributable to the accumulated profits of the company is to be treated

as dividend income of the shareholder under section 2(22)(c). The same will be deducted from

the amount received/fair market value for the purpose of determining theconsideration for computation of capital gains.

(3)Capital gains tax on subsequent sale by the shareholders - If the shareholder, after receipt ofany such asset on liquidation of the company, transfers it within the meaning of section 45 at

a price which is in excess of his cost of acquisition determined in the manner aforesaid, such

excess becomes taxable in his hands under section 45.

Capital gains on buyback, etc. of shares [Section 46A]Any consideration received by a shareholder or a holder of other specified securities from any

company on purchase of its own shares or other specified securities held by such shareholder orholder of other specified securities shall be chargeable to tax on the difference between the cost

of acquisition and the value of consideration received by the holder of securities or by the

shareholder, as the case may be, as capital gains. The computation of capital gains shall bemade in accordance with the provisions of section 48.

Such capital gains shall be chargeable in the year in which such shares/securities were purchasedby the company. For this purpose, specified securities shall have the same meaning as given in

Explanation to section 77A of the Companies Act, 1956.


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Transactions not regarded as transfer [Section 47]Section 47 specifies certain transactions which will not be regarded as transfer for the purpose of

capital gains tax:

(1)Any distribution of capital assets on the total or partial partition of a HUF;(2)Any transfer of a capital asset under a gift or will or an irrevocable trust;

However, this clause shall not include transfer under a gift or an irrevocable trust of a capital

asset being shares, debentures or warrants allotted by a company directly or indirectly to its

employees under the Employees' Stock Option Plan or Scheme offered to its employees inaccordance with the guidelines issued in this behalf by the Central Government.

Any transfer of a capital asset by a company to its subsidiary company.Conditions-(i) The parent company must hold the whole of the shares of the subsidiarycompany; (ii) The subsidiary company must be an Indian company.

(3)Any transfer of capital asset by a subsidiary company to a holding company;Conditions- (i) The whole of shares of the subsidiary company must be held by the holdingcompany; (ii) The holding company must be an Indian company.Exception - The exemption mentioned in 3 or 4 above will not apply if a capital asset is transferredas stock-in-trade.

(4)Any transfer in a scheme of amalgamation of a capital asset by the amalgamatingcompany to the amalgamated company if the amalgamated company is an Indian company.

(5)Any transfer in a scheme of amalgamation of shares held in an Indian company by theamalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company.

Conditions- (i) At least 25 percent of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign company must

continue to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign company; (ii) Such transfer shouldnot attract capital gains in the country in which the amalgamating company is

incorporated.

(6)Any transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation of a banking company with a bankinginstitution sanctioned and brought into force by the Central Government under section 45(7)

of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, of a capital asset by such banking company to such

banking institution.

(7)Any transfer by a shareholder in a scheme of amalgamation of shares held by him in theamalgamating company.

Conditions- (i) The transfer is made in consideration of the al otment to him of any share in theamalgamated company, except where the shareholder itself is the amalgamatedcompany; (ii) The amalgamated company is an Indian company.

For example, let us take a case where A Ltd., an Indian company, holds 60% of sharesin B Ltd. B Ltd. amalgamates with A Ltd. Since A Ltd. itself is the shareholder of BLtd., A Ltd.,being the amalgamated company, cannot issue shares to itself. However, A Ltd. has to issueshares to the other shareholders of B Ltd.


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Illustration 4M held 2000 shares in a company ABC Ltd. This company amalgamated with another

company during the previous year ending 31-3-2013. Under the scheme ofamalgamation, M was allotted 1000 shares in the new company. The market value oof shares allotted is higher by 50,000 than the value of holding in ABC Ltd. The

Assessing Officer proposes to treat thetransaction as an exchange and to tax Rs. 50,000

\ as capital gain. Is he justified?

SolutionIn the above example, assuming that the amalgamated company is an Indian company,

the transaction is squarely covered by the exemption explained above and the proposal ofthe Assessing Officer to treat the transaction as an exchange is not justified.

(8)Any transfer in a demerger, of a capital asset by the demerged company to the resultingcompany, if the resulting company is an Indian company.

(9)Any transfer in a demerger, of a capital asset, being a share or shares held in an Indiancompany, by the demerger foreign company to the resulting foreign company.

Conditions

(i) The shareholders holding at least three-fourths in value of the shares of

the demerged foreign company continue to remain shareholders of the resulting foreigncompany; and Such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country, in which the

demerged foreign company is incorporated.

However, the provisions of sections 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 1956, shall not apply in

case of demergers referred to in this clause.

(10) any transfer in a business reorganisation, of a capital asset by the predecessor co-operative

bank to the successor co-operative bank.

(11) any transfer by a shareholder, in a business reorganisation, of a capital asset being a share or

shares held by him in the predecessor co-operative bank if the transfer is made inconsideration of the al otment to him of any share or shares in the successor co-operative

bank.

(12) Any transfer or issue of shares by the resulting company, in a scheme of demerger to theshareholders of the demerged company if the transfer or issue is made in consideration of

demerger of the undertaking.

(13) Any transfer of bonds or shares referred to in section 115AC(1).

Conditions - ( i) The transfer must be made outside India; ( ii) The transfer must be made by thenon-resident to another non-resident.


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(14) Any transfer of agricultural lands effected before 1-3-1970.

(15) Any transfer of any of the following capital asset to the government or to the University or theNational Museum, National Art Gallery, National Archives or any other public museum or

institution notified by the Central Government to be of (national importance or to be of) renown

throughout any State :(i) work of art(ii) archaeological,

scientific or art collection

(iii) book(iv) manuscript

(v) drawing

(vi) painting

(vii) photograph or(viii) print.

(16) Any transfer by way of conversion of bonds or debentures, debenture stock or depositcertificates in any form, of a company into shares or debentures of that company.

(17) Any transfer by way of conversion of Foreign Currency Exchangeable Bonds into shares ordebentures of a company.

(18) Transfer by way of exchange of a capital asset being membership of a recognised stockexchange for shares of a company to which such membership is transferred.Conditions - ( i) Such exchange is effected on or before 31st December, 1998 and ( ii) such sharesare retained by the transferor for a period of not less than three years from the date of transfer.

(19) Capital gains arising from the transfer of land under a scheme prepared and sanctioned undersection 18 of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, by a sick industrial

company which is managed by its workers co-operative.Conditions - Such transfer is made in the period commencing from the previous year in which thesaid company has become a sick industrial company and ending with the previous year during

which the entire net worth of such company becomes equal to or exceeds the

accumulated losses.

(20) Where a firm is succeeded by a company or where an AOP or BOI is succeeded by a

company in the course of demutualisation or corporatisation of a recognised stock exchange

in India, any transfer of a capital asset or intangible asset (in the case of a firm).

Conditions(i) All assets and liabilities of the firm or AOP or BOI relating to the business immediately

before the succession become the assets and liabilities of the company;

(ii)All the partners of the firm immediately before the succession become theshareholders of the company and the proportion in which their capital accounts stood in thebooks of the firm on the date of succession remains the same;

(iii)The partners of the firm do not receive any consideration or benefit in any form, directly or


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indirectly, other than by way of allotment of shares in the company.

(iv)The partners of the firm together hold not less than 50% of the total voting power in thecompany, and their shareholding continues in such manner for a period of 5 years from thedate of succession.

(v)The corporatisation of a recognised stock exchange in India is carried out in accordancewith a scheme for demutualisation or corporatisation approved by SEBI.

(21) any transfer of a membership right by a member of recognised stock exchange in India for

acquisition of shares and trading or clearing rights in accordance with a scheme for

demutualization or corporatisation approved by SEBI.

(22) any transfer of a capital asset or intangible asset by a private company or unlisted public

company to a LLP or any transfer of a share or shares held in a company by a shareholder on

conversion of a company into a LLP in accordance with section 56 and section 57 of the

Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008, shall not be regarded as a transfer for the purposes of levy

of capital gains tax under section 45, subject to fulfillment of certain conditions, namely:i. the total sales, turnover or gross receipts in business of the company should not exceed 60lakh in any of the three preceding previous years;

ii. the shareholders of the company become partners of the LLP in the same proportion astheir shareholding in the company;

iii. no consideration other than share in profit and capital contribution in the LLP arises to theshareholders;

iv. the erstwhile shareholders of the company continue to be entitled to receive at least 50% ofthe profits of the LLP for a period of 5 years from the date of conversion;

v. all assets and liabilities of the company become the assets and liabilities of the LLP; andvi. no amount is paid, either directly or indirectly, to any partner out of the accumulated profit

of the company for a period of 3 years from the date of conversion.

(23) Where a sole proprietary concern is succeeded by a company in the business carried out by it,

as a result of which the sole proprietary concern transfers or sells any capital asset or intangibleasset to such company.Conditions - (i) All assets and liabilities of the sole proprietary concern relating to the businessimmediately before the succession become the assets and liabilities of the company; (ii) The soleproprietor holds not less than 50% of the total voting power in the company, and his shareholding

continues in such manner for a period of 5 years from the date of succession; (iii) The sole

proprietor does not receive any consideration or benefit in any form, directly or indirectly, other

than by way of al otment of shares in the company.

(24) Any transfer in a scheme for lending of any securities under an agreement or

arrangement which the assessee has entered into with the borrower of such securities and

which is subject to the guidelines issued by SEBI or the RBI, for example, the SecuritiesLending and Borrowing (SLB) Scheme for all market participants in the Indian securities

market under the overall framework of Securities Lending Scheme, 1997 of SEBI.

(25) Any transfer of a capital asset in a scheme of reverse mortgage under a scheme made and


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notified by the Central Government.

Illustration 5In which of the following situations capital gains tax liability does not arise?

(i)

Mr. A purchased gold in 1970 forRs. 25,000. In the P.Y. 2012-13, he gifted it tohis son atthe time of marriage. Fair market value (FMV) of the gold on the day thegift was madewas Rs. 1,00,000.

(ii) A house property is purchased by a Hindu undivided family in 1945 forRs.20,000. It isgiven to one of the family members in the P.Y. 2012-13 at the time ofpartition of thefamily. FMV on the day of partition was Rs. 12,00,000.

(iii) Mr. B purchased 50 convertible debentures forRs. 40,000 in 1995 which areconverted into 500 shares worth Rs. 85,000 in November 2012 by the company.

SolutionWe know that capital gains arise only when we transfer a capital asset. The liability of

capital gains tax in the situations given above is discussed as follows:(i) As per the provisions of section 47(iii), transfer of a capital asset under a gift is not

regarded as transfer for the purpose of capital gains. Therefore, capital gains tax

liability does not arise in the given situation.

(ii) As per the provisions of section 47(i), transfer of a capital asset (being in kind) on thetotal or partial partition of Hindu undivided family is not regarded as transfer for the

purpose of capital gains. Therefore, capital gains tax liability does not arise in the

given situation.(iii) As per the provisions of section 47(x), transfer by way of conversion of bonds or

debentures, debenture stock or deposit certificates in any form of a company into

shares or debentures of that company is not regarded as transfer for the purpose of

capital gains. Therefore, capital gains tax liability does not arise in the given situation.

Important Definitions

(a)Amalgamation [Section 2(1B)] -Amalgamation, in relation to companies, meansthe merger of one or more companies with another company or the merger of two or

more companies to form one company (the company or companies which so merge

being referred to as the amalgamating company or companies and the company with

which they merge or which is formed as a result of the merger, as the amalgamatedcompany) in such a manner that -

(i) all the property of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before the

amalgamation becomes the property of the amalgamated company by virtue of theamalgamation;

(ii) all the liabilities of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before the

amalgamation become the liabilities of the amalgamated company by virtue of the

amalgamation;(iii) shareholders holding not less than three-fourth in value of the shares in the

amalgamating company or companies (other than shares already held therein

immediately before the amalgamation by, or by a nominee for, the amalgamated


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company or its subsidiary) become shareholders of the amalgamated company by

virtue of the amalgamation, otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the property

of one company by another company pursuant to the purchase of such property by theother company or as a result of the distribution of such property to the other company

after the winding up of the first mentioned company.

(b)Demerger [Section 2(19AA)] - Demerger, in relation to companies, means the transfer,

pursuant to a scheme of arrangement under sections 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 1956, by a

demerged company of its one or more undertaking to any resulting company in such a manner that-

(i) all the property of the undertaking, being transferred by the demerged company,

immediately before the demerger, becomes the property of the resulting company by

virtue of the demerger;(ii) all the liabilities relatable to the undertaking, being transferred by the demerged

company, immediately before the demerger, become the liabilities of the resulting

company by virtue of the demerger;(iii) the property and the liabilities of the undertaking or undertakings being transferred

by the demerged company are transferred at values appearing in its books of account

immediately before the demerger;

(iv) the resulting company issues, in consideration of the demerger, its shares to theshareholders of the demerged company on a proportionate basis except where the

resulting company itself is a shareholder of the demerged company ;

Note - If the resulting company is a shareholder of the demerged company, it cannotissue shares to itself. However, the resulting company has to issue shares to the othershareholders of the demerged company.

(v) the shareholders holding not less than three-fourths in value of the shares in thedemerged company (other than shares already held therein immediately before the

demerger, or by a nominee for, the resulting company or, its subsidiary) becomeshareholders of the resulting company or companies by virtue of the demerger,

otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the property or assets of the

demerged company or any undertaking thereof by the resulting company;

(vi) the transfer of the undertaking is on a going concern basis;(vii) the demerger is in accordance with the conditions, if any, notified under

sub-section (5) of section 72A by the Central Government in this behalf.

Explanation 1 - For the purposes of this clause, undertaking shall include any part of anundertaking, or a unit or division of an undertaking or a business activity taken as a whole, but doesnot include individual assets or liabilities or any combination thereof not constituting a business

activity.

Explanation 2 - For the purposes of this clause, the liabilities referred to in sub-section (ii), shall


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include-

(a) the liabilities which arise out of the activities or operations of the undertaking;

(b) the specific loans or borrowings (including debentures) raised, incurred and utilisedsolely for the activities or operations of the undertaking; and

(c) in cases, other than those referred to in clause (a) or clause (b), so much of the

amounts of general or multipurpose borrowings, if any, of the demerged company asstand in the same proportion which the value of the assets transferred in a demergerbears to the total value of the assets of such demerged company immediately before the

demerger.

Explanation 3 - For determining the value of the property referred to in sub-clause ( iii),any change in the value of assets consequent to their revaluation shall be ignored.

Explanation 4 - For the purposes of this clause, the splitting up or the reconstruction of anyauthority or a body constituted or established under a Central, State or Provincial Act, or a local

authority or a public sector company, into separate authorities or bodies or local authorities or

companies, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be a demerger if such split up or reconstructionfulfils such conditions as may be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette.

Demerged company means the company whose undertaking is transferred, pursuant to a

demerger, to a resulting company.

Mode of computation of capital gains

(i) The income chargeable under the head capital gains shall be computed bydeducting the following items from the full value of the consideration received or

accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset:(1) Expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer.

(2) The indexed cost of acquisition and indexed cost of any improvement thereof.

(ii) However, no deduction shall be allowed in computing the income chargeable underthe head Capital Gains in respect of any amount paid on account of securities

transaction tax under Chapter VII of the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004.

Under section 48, the cost of acquisition will be increased by applying the cost inflation index

(CII). Once the cost inflation index is applied to the cost of acquisition, it becomes indexed cost of

acquisition. This means an amount which bears to the cost of acquisition, the same proportion asCII for the year in which the asset is transferred bears to the CII for the first year in which the assetwas held by the assessee or for the year beginning on 1st April, 1981, whichever is later. Similarly,

indexed cost of any improvement means an amount which bears to the cost of improvement, the

same proportion as CII for the year in which the asset is transferred bears to the CII for the year in

which the improvement to the asset took place. CII for any year means such index as the CentralGovernment may, having regard to 75% of the average rise in the consumer price index for urban

non-manual employees for the immediately preceding previous year to that year by notification in


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the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.

Note - The benefit of indexation will not apply to the long-term capital gains arising from thetransfer of bonds or debentures other than capital indexed bonds issued by the Government.

In case of depreciable assets (discussed later), there will be no indexation or the capital gains will

always be short-term capital gains.

(iii) Cost Inflation IndexThe cost inflation indices for the financial years so far have been notified as under:

As noted above, for the financial year 1981-82, CII is 100 and the CII for each subsequent yearwould be determined in such a way that 75% of the rise in consumer price index for urban

non-manual employees would be reflected in the rise in CII. It would be seen that the date of

transfer of an asset would be immaterial as long as it is within a particular financial year. Thatmeans, transfer of assets in any part of the year would be subject to indexation using the same CIIas applicable to an asset transferred on 1st April of the year. The effect is that all the assets

transferred during the year will be deemed to be sold on the first day of the year.

(iv) Special provision for non-residents - In order to give protection to non-residents who investforeign exchange to acquire capital assets, section 48 contains a proviso. Accordingly, in the case

of non-residents, capital gains arising from the transfer of shares or debentures of an Indian


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company is to be computed as follows:

The cost of acquisition, the expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with thetransfer and the full value of the consideration are to be converted into the same foreign currency

with which such shares were acquired. The resulting capital gains shall be

reconverted into Indian currency. The aforesaid manner of computation of capital gains shall beapplied for every purchase and sale of shares or debentures in an Indian company. Rule 115A isrelevant for this purpose.

Non-residents and foreign companies to be subject to tax at a concessional rate of 10%(without indexation benefit or currency fluctuation) on long-term capital gains arisingfrom transfer of unlisted securities [Section 112]

Under section 115AD, where the total income of a Foreign Institutional Investor includeslong-term capital gains on sale of unlisted securities, the same would be taxable@10%,without the benefit of indexation or currency fluctuation. In order to bring parity in tax

rate on long-term capital gains (arising on sale of unlisted securities) applicable to non- residents and FIIs, section 112 provides that, with effect from A.Y.2013-14, in the caseof non-corporate non-residents and foreign companies, long-term capital gains arisingfrom transfer of unlisted securities would be subject to tax@10% without giving effectto indexation provision under second proviso to section 48 and currency fluctuationunder first proviso to section 48.

Ascertainment of Cost in Specified Circumstances [Section 49]

A person becomes the owner of a capital asset not only by purchase but also by several

other methods. Section 49 gives guidelines as to how to compute the cost under differentcircumstances.

(1) In the following cases, the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be cost for which

the previous owner of the property acquired it. To this cost, the cost of improvement to the assetincurred by the previous owner or the assessee must be added:

Where the capital asset became the property of the assessee:(i) on any distribution of assets on the total or partition of a HUF;

(ii) under a gift or will;

(iii) by succession, inheritance or devaluation;

(iv) on any distribution of assets on the liquidation of a company;(v) under a transfer to revocable or an irrevocable trust;

(vi) under any transfer by a holding company to its 100% subsidiary Indian company or

vice versa;(vii) under any scheme of amalgamation by the amalgamating company to the

amalgamated Indian company;

(viii) by transfer of shares held in an Indian company in a scheme of amalgamation by theamalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company;


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(ix) by transfer of capital asset by a banking company to a banking institution in a scheme

of amalgamation of the banking company with the banking institution;

(x) under any such transfer of a capital asset in a business reorganization by thepredecessor co-operative bank to the successor co-operative bank;

(xi) under any such transfer by a shareholder in a business reorganisation, of a capital

asset being a share or shares held by him in the predecessor co-operative bank if thetransfer is made in consideration of the allotment to him of any share or shares in thesuccessor co-operative bank;

(xii)on conversion of a company into an LLP;

(xiii) on succession of a firm or sole proprietorship concern by a company in abusiness carried on by it, fulfilling the conditions mentioned in section 47(xiii) and

section 47(xiv), respectively;

(xiv) by conversion by an individual of his separate property into a HUF property, by the

mode referred to in section 64

(2). The cost of acquisition of the asset is the cost for which the previous owner acquired the

asset as increased by the cost of any improvement of the assets incurred or borne by theprevious owner or the assessee, as the case may be. Accordingly, section 2(42A)

provides that in all such cases, for determining the period for which the capital asset is

held by the transferee, the period of holding of the asset by the previous owner shall also

be considered.

Note:As per the provisions of section 48, the profit and gains arising on transfer of a long-termcapital asset shall be computed by reducing the indexed cost of acquisition from the net saleconsideration. The indexed cost of acquisition means the amount which bears to the cost ofacquisition the same proportion as Cost Inflation Index (CI I) for the year in which the asset istransferred bears to the CI I for the year in which the asset was first held by the assesseetransferring it i.e., the year in which the asset was gifted to the assessee in case of transfer bythe previous owner by way of gift.

I llustration 6Neerja was carrying on the textile business under a proprietorship concern, NeerjaTextiles. On 21.07.2012 the business of Neerja Textiles was succeeded by New Look

Textile PrivateLimited and all the assets and liabilities of Neerja Textiles on that date

became the assets andliabilities of New Look Textile Private Limited and Neerja was

given 52% share in the sharecapital of the company. No other consideration was given toNeerja on account of thissuccession.

The assets and liabilities of Neerja Textiles transferred to the company included an urban land

which was acquired by Neerja on 19.7.2009 forRs. 9,80,000. The company sold the same on

30.03.2013 forRs. 15,00,000.Discuss the tax implication of the above mentioned transaction and compute the income

chargeable to tax in such case(s).


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AnswerTaxability in case of succession of Neerja Textiles by New Look Textile Private Limited As per provisions of section 47(xiv), in case a proprietorship concern is succeeded by a companyin the business carried by it and as a result of which any capital asset is transferred to the company,

then the same shall not be treated as transfer and will not be chargeable to capital gain tax in case

the following conditions are satisfied:1. all the assets and liabilities of sole proprietory concern becomes the assets and liabilities ofthe company.

2. the shareholding of the sole proprietor in the company is not less than 50% of the totalvoting power of the company and continues to so remain as such for a period of 5 yearsfrom the date of succession.

3. the sole proprietor does not receive any consideration or benefit in any form from thecompany other than by way of allotment of shares in the company.

In the present case, all the conditions mentioned above are satisfied therefore, the transfer ofcapital asset by Neerja Textiles to New Look Textiles Private Limited shall not attract capital gain

tax provided Neerja continues to hold 50% or more of voting power of New Look Textiles Private

Limited for a minimum period of 5 years.

Taxability in case of transfer of land by New Look Textiles Private Limited

As per the provisions of section 49(1) andExplanation 1 to section 2(42A), in case a capital asset

is transferred in the circumstances mentioned in section 47(xiv), the cost of the asset in the handsof the company shall be the cost of the asset in the hands of the sole proprietor. Consequently, for

the determining the period of holding of the asset, the period for which the asset is held by the sole

proprietor shall also be considered.Therefore, in the present case, the urban land shall be a long-term capital asset since it is

held for more than 36 months by New Look Textile Private Limited and Neerja Textiles taken

together. Cost of acquisition of land in the hands of the company shall b 9,80,000 i.e., the

purchase cost of the land in the hands of Neerja.

Computation of capital gain chargeable to tax in the hands of New Look Textile Private Ltd.

ParticularsRs.

Note:1. The year of transfer and the year in which the company first held the asset are the same in this

case, which is the reason why the numerator and the denominator for calculating the indexed cost

of acquisition would remain the same. Therefore, in effect, there is no benefit of indexation in thiscase.


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Howeverin case the cost of acquisition of the capital asset in the hands of the assessee is taken to

be cost of such asset in the hands of the previous owner, the indexation benefit would be available

from the year in which the capital asset is acquired by the previous owner. If this view isconsidered, the indexed cost of acquisition would have to be calculated by taking the CII of

F.Y.2009-10, being the year in which the capital asset was acquired by the previous owner, Neerja,

as the denominator, in which case, the capital gains chargeable to tax would undergo achange.

2. The cost inflation index of F.Y. 2012-13 is notified by CBDT to be 852 videNotificationNo.

38/2012 dated 17.09.2012.

(2) Where shares in an amalgamated company which is an Indian company become the

property of the assessee in consideration of the transfer of shares held by him in the

amalgamating company under a scheme of amalgamation, the cost of acquisition to him ofthe shares in the amalgamated company shall be taken as the cost of acquisition of the shares

in the amalgamating company [Section 49(2)].

This also applies in relation to business reorganization of a co-operative bank as referred toin section 44DB. The cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamated co-operative bank,

which became the property of the assessee by virtue of a transfer as a result of business

reorganisation shall be the cost of acquisition to him of the shares in the amalgamating

co-operative bank.

(4)It is possible that a person might have become the owner of shares or debentures in acompany during the process of conversion of bonds or debentures, debenture stock or depositcertificates. In such a case, the cost of acquisition to the person shall be deemed to be that part

of the cost of debentures, debenture stock, bond or deposit certificate in relation to which such

asset is acquired by that person [Section 49(2A)].

(5)Where the capital gain arises from the transfer of specified security or sweat equity sharesreferred to in section 17(2)(vi), the cost of acquisition of such security or shares shall be the

fair market value which has been taken into account for perquisite valuation [Section49(2AA)].

(6)If a shareholder of a company receives rights in a partnership firm as consideration fortransfer of shares on conversion of a company into a LLP, then the cost of acquisition of the

capital asset being rights of a partner referred to in section 42 of the LLP Act, 2008 shall be

deemed to be the cost of acquisition to him of the shares in the predecessor company,

immediately before its conversion [Section 49(2AAA)].

(7)Where the capital gain arises from the transfer of specified security or sweat equity shares,the cost of acquisition of such security or shares shall be the fair market value which has been

taken into account while computing the value of fringe benefits under clause (ba) ofsub-section (1) of section 115WC [Section 49(2AB)].

The value of fringe benefits would be the fair market value of the specified security or

sweat equity shares on the date on which the option vests with employee as reduced by theamount actually paid by, or recovered from the employee in respect of such security or


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shares. Fair market value means the value determined in accordance with the method

prescribed by the CBDT. This fair market value would be taken as the cost of acquisition of

the specified security or sweat equity shares. It may be noted that the amount recoveredfrom the employee is not to be deducted for determining the cost of acquisition.

NoteIt may be noted that fringe benefit tax is not applicable from A.Y.2010-11 andtherefore, the fair market value of the specified securities and sweat equity shares would betaxedas a perquisite in the hands of the employees w.e.f. A.Y.2010-11. Therefore, ifspecified securities

or sweat equity shares have been subject to FBT in the hands of theemployer upto A.Y.2009-10,

the provisions of section 49(2AB) would apply for determinationof the cost of acquisition at thetime of transfer. However, if the specified securities or sweatequity shares have been taxed as a

perquisite in the hands of the employees w.e.f. A.Y.2010-11, the provisions of section 49(2AA)

would apply for determination of the cost of acquisitionat the time of transfer of such

securities/shares by the employee.

(7) In the case of a demerger, the cost of acquisition of the shares in the resulting company shall be

the amount which bears to the cost of acquisition of shares held by the assessee in the demergedcompany the same proportion as the net book value of the assets transferred in a demerger bears to

the net worth of the demerged company immediately before such

demerger [Section 49(2C)].

This also applies in relation to business reorganization of a co-operative bank as referred to insection 44DB. The cost of acquisition of the shares in the resulting co-operative bank shall be the

amount which bears to the cost of acquisition of shares held by the assessee in the demerged

co-operative bank, the same proportion as the net book value of the assetstransferred in a demerger bears to the net worth of the demerged co-operative bank

immediately before demerger i.e.,B

Cost of acquisition of shares in the resulting co-operative bank =ACA = Cost of acquisition of shares held in the demerged co-operative bank

B = Net book value of the assets transferred in a demerger

C = Net worth of the demerged co-operative bank i.e. the aggregate of the paid up sharecapital and general reserves as appearing in the books of account of the demerged company

immediately before the demerger.

(8) Further, the cost of acquisition of the original shares held by the shareholder in the demergedcompany shall be deemed to have been reduced by the amount as so arrived under the sub-section

(2C) [Section 49(2D)].

This also applies in relation to business reorganization of a co-operative bank as referred to in

section 44DB. The cost of acquisition of the original shares held by the shareholder in thedemerged co-operative bank shall be deemed to have been reduced by the amount so arrived at in

(6) above.

For the above purpose, net worth means the aggregate of the paid up share capital and generalreserves as appearing in the books of account of the demerged company immediately before the

demerger.

Normally speaking, capital gains must be computed after deducting from the sale price the cost ofacquisition to the assessee. The various provisions mentioned above form an exception to this


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general principle.

(9) Where the capital gain arises from the transfer of such property which has been subject to taxunder section 56(2)(vii) or section 56(2)(viia), the cost of acquisition of the property shall be

deemed to be the value taken into account for the purposes of section 56(2)(vii)/(viia) . [For

illustration, see Chapter 8 Income from Other Sources under section 56(2)(vii)]

Cost of improvement [Section 55](1) Goodwill of a business, etc.: In relation to a capital asset being goodwill of a

business or a right to manufacture, produce or process any article or thing, or right tocarry on any business, the cost of improvement shall be taken to be nil.

(2) Any other capital asset: (i) Where the capital asset became the property of the

previous owner or the assessee before 1-4-1981, cost of improvement means all

expenditure of a capital nature incurred in making any addition or alteration to thecapital asset on or after the said date by the previous owner or the assessee.

(ii) In any other case, cost of improvement means all expenditure of a capital nature

incurred in making any additions or alterations to the capital assets by the assesseeafter it became his property. However, there are cases where the capital asset might

become the property of the assesse by any of the modes specified in section 49(1). In

that case, cost of improvement means capital expenditure in making any addition or

alterations to the capital assets incurred by the previous owner.

However, cost of improvement does not include any expenditure which is deductible in

computing the income chargeable under the head Income from house property, Profits andgains of business or profession or Income from other sources.

Illustration 7

Mr. X & sons, HUF, purchased a land forRs. 40,000 in 1991-92. In 1995-96, a partitiontakesplace when Mr. A, a coparcener, is allotted this plot valued atRs. 80,000. In 1996-97, he

hadincurred expenses ofRs. 1,85,000 towards fencing of the plot. Mr. A sells this plot of land

for15,00,000 in 2012-13 after incurring expenses to the extent ofRs. 20,000. You are required tocompute the capital gain for the A.Y. 2013-14.

Financial year Cost Inflation Index1991-92 199

1995-96 281

1996-97 305

2012-13 852

Solution

Computation of taxable capital gains for the A.Y. 2013-14

ParticularsSale consideration 15,00,000


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Less: Expenses incurred for transfer 20,000

14,80,000

Less: (i) Indexed cost of acquisition (Rs. 40,000 852/281)1,21,281

(ii) Indexed cost of improvement (Rs. 1,85,000 852/305)

5,16,787 6,38,068

Long term capital gains :8,41,932

Illustration 8Mr. B purchased convertible debentures forRs. 5,00,000 during August 1998. The

debentureswere converted into shares in September 2002. These shares were sold forRs.

15,00,000 inAugust, 2012. The brokerage expenses is Rs. 50,000. You are required to compute

the capitalgains in case of Mr. B for the assessment year 2013-14.

Financial Year Cost Inflation Index1998-99 351

2002-03 4472005-06 497

2012-13 852

Solution

Computation of Capital Gains of Mr. B for the A.Y.2013-14

Particulars

Rs.

Sale consideration15,00,000

Less: Expenses on transfer i.e. Brokerage paid

50,000

Net consideration14,50,000

Less: Indexed cost of acquisition (Rs. 5,00,000 852/447)

9,53,020

Long term capital gain :4,96,980

Note : For the purpose of computing capital gains, the holding period is considered from

the date of allotment of these shares i.e. September 2002August 2012.

Illustration 9

Mr. C purchases a house property forRs. 1,06,000 on May 15, 1963. The following

expensesare incurred by him for making addition/alternation to the house property:

Particularsa. Cost of construction of first floor in 1972-73 : 1,35,000

b. Cost of construction of the second floor in 1983-84: 3,10,000c. Reconstruction of the property in 1992-93 : 2,50,000

Fair market value of the property on April 1, 1981 is Rs. 4,50,000. The house property is sold byMr. C on August 10, 2012 forRs. 80,00,000 (expenses incurred on transfer: Rs. 50,000).


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Compute the capital gain for the assessment year 2013-14

.


1983-84 1161992-93 2232012-13 852

Solution

Computation of capital gain of Mr.C for the A.Y.2013-14

Particulars

Rs.Rs.Gross sale consideration

80,00,000

Less: Expenses on transfer

50,000Net sale consideration

79,50,000Indexed cost of acquisition (Note 1)

38,34,000

Indexed cost of improvement (Note 2)32,32,054

70,66,054

Long-term capital gain

8,83,946

Notes:Indexed cost of acquisition is computed as fol ows:

Rs. 4,50,000 852/100 = Rs. 38,34,000

Fair market value on April 1, 1981 (actual cost of acquisition is ignored as it is lower than

market value on April 1, 1981.)

Indexed cost of improvement is determined as under:Rs.Construction of first floor in 1972-73

Nil(expenses incurred prior to April 1, 1981 are not considered)

Construction of second floor in 1983-84 (i.e., Rs. 3,10,000 852 / 116)

22,76,897Alternation/reconstruction in 1992-93 (i.e., Rs. 2,50,000 852 / 223)


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9,55,157

Indexed cost of improvement

32,32,054

7.14 Cost of Acquisition [Section 55]

(i) Goodwill of a business or a trademark or brand name associated with a business

or a right to manufacture, produce or process any article or thing, or right to carryonany business, tenancy rights, stage carriage permits and loom hours - In the case of theabove capital assets, if the assessee has purchased them from a previous owner, the cost of

acquisition means the amount of the purchase price. For example, if A purchases a stagecarriage permit from B for Rs. 2 lacs, that will be the cost of acquisition for A.

(ii) Self-generated assets - There are circumstances where it is not possible to visualise cost of

acquisition. For example, suppose a doctor starts his profession. With the passage of time, thedoctor acquires lot of reputation. He opens a clinic and runs it for 5 years. After 5

years he sells the clinic to another doctor for Rs. 10 lacs which includes Rs. 2 lacs for his reputation

or goodwill. Now a question arises as to how to find out the profit in respect of goodwill. It isobvious that the goodwill is self-generated and hence it is difficult to calculate the cost of its

acquisition.

Accordingly, in case of self-generated assets namely, goodwill of a business or a trademark orbrand name associated with a business or a right to manufacture, produce or process any article or

thing, or right to carry on any business, tenancy rights, stage carriage permits, or loom hours, the

cost of acquisition will be taken to be nil.

(iii) Other assets - In the following cases, cost of acquisition shall not be nil, but will bedeemed to be the cost for which the previous owner of the property acquired it:

Where the capital asset became the property of the assessee(1)On any distribution of assets on the total or partial partition of a Hindu undivided

family.

(2) Under a gift or will.

(3) By succession, inheritance or devolution.(4) On any distribution of assets on the liquidation of a company.

(5) Under a transfer to a revocable or an irrevocable trust.

(6) Under any such transfer referred to in sections 47(iv), (v), (vi), (via) or (viaa).

(7) Where the assessee is a Hindu undivided family, by the mode referred to in section

64(2).

(iv) Financial assets - Many times persons who own shares or other securities becomeentitled to subscribe to any additional shares or securities. Further, they are also allotted

additional shares or securities without any payment. Such shares or securities are referred

to as financial assets in Income-tax Act. Section 55 provides the basis for ascertainingthe cost of acquisition of such financial assets.


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(1) In relation to the original financial asset on the basis of which the assessee becomes entitled to

any additional financial assets, cost of acquisition means the amount actually paid for acquiring the

original financial assets.

(2) In relation to any right to renounce the said entitlement to subscribe to the financial asset, when

such a right is renounced by the assessee in favour of any person, cost ofacquisition shall be taken to be nil in the case of such assessee.

(3) In relation to the financial asset, to which the assessee has subscribed on the basis of the said

entitlement, cost of acquisition means the amount actually paid by him for acquiring such asset.

(4) In relation to the financial asset allotted to the assessee without any payment and on the basis of

holding of any other financial assets, cost of acquisition shall be taken to be nil in the case of

such assessee. In other words, where bonus shares are allotted without any payment on the basis ofholding of original shares, the cost of such bonus shares will be nil in the hands of the original

shareholder. However, in respect of bonus shares allotted before 1.4.81, although the cost of

acquisition of the shares is nil, the assessee may opt for the fair market value as on 1.4.81 as thecost of acquisition of such bonus shares.

(5) In the case of any financial asset purchased by the person in whose favour the right to subscribe

to such assets has been renounced, cost of acquisition means the aggregate of the amount of thepurchase price paid by him to the person renouncing such right and the amount paid by him to the

company or institution for acquiring such financial asset.

(6) In relation to equity shares allotted to a shareholder of a recognised stock exchange in India

under a scheme for demutualisation or corporatisation approved by SEBI, the cost of acquisition

shall be the cost of acquiring his original membership of the exchange.

(7) The cost of a capital asset, being trading or clearing rights of a recognised stock exchange

acquired by a shareholder (who has been allotted equity share or shares under

such scheme of demutualisation or corporatisation), shall be deemed to be nil.

(v) Any other capital asset - (1) Where the capital asset become the property of the assessee

before 1-4-1981 cost of acquisition means the cost of acquisition of the asset to the assessee or thefair market value of the asset on 1-4-1981 at the option of the assessee.

(2) Where the capital asset became the property of the assessee by any of the modes

specified in section 49(1), it is clear that the cost of acquisition to the assessee will be the cost ofacquisition to the previous owner. Even in such cases, where the capital asset became the property

of the previous owner before 1-4-1981, the assessee has got a right to opt for the fair market value

as on 1-4-1981.

(3) Where the capital asset became the property of the assessee on the distribution of the capital

assets of a company on its liquidation and the assessee has been assessed to capital gains in respect

of that asset under section 46, the cost of acquisition means the fair market value of the asset on thedate of distribution.


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(4) A share or a stock of a company may become the property of an assessee under the

following circumstances :(a) the consolidation and division of all or any of the share capital of the company into

shares of larger amount than its existing shares.

(b) the conversion of any shares of the company into stock,(c) the re-conversion of any stock of the company into shares,(d) the sub-division of any of the shares of the company into shares of smaller amount, or

(e) the conversion of one kind of shares of the company into another kind.

In the above circumstances the cost of acquisition to the assessee will mean the cost of acquisitionof the asset calculated with reference to the cost of acquisition of the shares or stock from which

such asset is derived.

(vi) Where the cost for which the previous owner acquired the property cannot be ascertained, thecost of acquisition to the previous owner means the fair market value on the date on which the

capital asset became the property of the previous owner.

Illustration 10ABC Ltd., converts its capital asset acquired for an amount ofRs. 50,000 in June, 1991

intostock-in-trade in the month of November, 2008. The fair market value of the asset on the date

of conversion is Rs. 2,00,000. The stock-in-trade was sold for an amount ofRs. 3,50,000 in themonth of December, 2012. What will be the tax treatment?

Financial year Cost Inflation Index1991-92 1992008-09 582

2012-13 852

Solution

The capital gains on the sale of the capital asset converted to stock-in-trade is taxable in thegiven case as the conversion was done after April 1, 1985. It arises in the year of conversion (i.e.

P.Y. 2008-09) but will be taxable only in the year in which the stock-in-trade is sold (i.e.

P.Y. 2012-13). Profits from business will also be taxable in the year of sale of thestock-in-trade (i.e. P.Y. 2012-13).

Gross Total Income for the A.Y.2013-14 is calculated as under:

ParticularsRs.Rs.

Profits and Gains from Business or Profession

Sale proceeds of the stock-in-trade

3,50,000

Less : Cost of the stock-in-trade (FMV on the date of conversion)

2,00,000 1,50,000


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Long Term Capital Gains

Full value of the consideration (FMV on the date of the conversion)

2,00,000

Less : Indexed cost of acquisition (Rs. 50,000 x 582/199)

1,46,231 53,769

Gross Total Income

2,03,769

Note: For the purpose of indexation, the cost inflation index of the year in which the asset

is converted into stock-in-trade should be considered.

Illustration11Ms.Usha purchases 1,000 equity shares in X Ltd. at a cost ofRs. 15 per share

(brokerage 1%)in January 1978. She gets 100 bonus shares in August 1980. She again gets 1100

bonusshares by virtue of her holding on February 1985. Fair market value of the shares of X Ltd.onApril 1, 1981 is Rs. 25. In January 2013, she transfers all her shares @ Rs. 120 per share

(brokerage 2%).

Compute the capital gains taxable in the hands of Ms. Usha for the A.Y. 2013-14assuming:(a) X Ltd is an unlisted company and securities transaction tax was not applicable at

the timeof sale.

(b) X ltd is a listed company and the shares are sold in a recognised stock exchange and

securities transaction tax was paid at the time of sale.

Financial year Cost Inflation Index1981-82 1001984-85 125

2012-13 852

Solution

(a)

Computation of capital gains for the A.Y. 2013-14

ParticularsRs.

1000 Original shares

Sale proceeds (1000 Rs. 120) 1,20,000Less : Brokerage paid (2% of Rs. 1,20,000) 2,400

Net sale consideration


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1,17,600

Less : Indexed cost of acquisition [Rs. 25 1000 852/100]

2,13,000Long term capital loss (A)

95,400

100 Bonus shares

Sale proceeds (100 Rs. 120) 12,000

Less : Brokerage paid (2% of Rs. 12,000) 240Net sale consideration

11,760

Less : Indexed cost of acquisition [Rs. 25 100 852/100] [note]

21,300Long term capital loss (B)

9,540

1100 Bonus shares

Sale proceeds (1100 Rs. 120) 1,32,000

Less: Brokerage paid (2% of Rs. 1,32,000) 2,640Net sale consideration

1,29,360

Less: Cost of acquisitionNIL

Long term capital gain (C)

1,29,360

Long term capital gain (A+B+C)

24,420

Note: Cost of acquisition of bonus shares acquired before 1.4.1981 is the FMV as on 1.4.1981

(being the higher of the cost or the FMV as on 1.4.1981).

(b) The long-term capital gains on transfer of equity shares through a recognized stock exchange

on which securities transaction tax is paid is exempt from tax under section

10(38). Hence, the taxable capital gain is Nil.

Illustration 12

On January 31, 2013, Mr. A has transferred self-generated goodwill of his profession for

asale consideration ofRs. 70,000 and incurred expenses ofRs. 5,000 for such transfer. You arerequired to compute the capital gains chargeable to tax in the hands of Mr. A for theassessment

year 2013-14.

SolutionThe transfer of self-generated goodwill of profession is not chargeable to tax. Hence, there is no

taxable capital gains.


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Illustration 13

Mr. R holds 1000 shares in Star Minus Ltd., an unlimited company, acquired in the year

1981-82 at a cost ofRs. 25,000. He has been offered right shares by the company in the month of

August, 2012 atRs. 40 per share, in the ratio of 2 for every 5 held. He retains 50% of the rights

and renounces the balance right shares in favour of Mr. Q forRs. 10 per share in September2012. All the shares are sold by Mr. R forRs. 220 per share in January 2013 and Mr. Q sells hisshares in December 2012 atRs. 130 per share.

What are the capital gains taxable in the hands of Mr.R and Mr.Q?


2012-13 852

Solution

Computation of capital gains in the hands of Mr. R for the A.Y.2013-14

ParticularsRs.

1000 Original shares

Sale proceeds (1000 Rs. 220) 2,20,000

Less : Indexed cost of acquisition [Rs. 25,000 852/100]

2,13,000

Long term capital gain (A)

7,000

200 Right shares

Sale proceeds (200 Rs. 220) 44,000

Less : Cost of acquisition [Rs. 40 200] [note 1]8,000

Short term capital gain (B)

36,000

200 Right shares renounced in favour of Mr. Q

Sale proceeds (200 Rs. 10) 2,000Less : Cost of acquisition [note 2]

NIL

Short term capital gain (C)

2,000

Capital Gains (A+B+C)

45,000

Note 1: Since the holding period of these shares is less than 1 year, they are short term

capital assets and hence cost of acquisition will not be indexed.

Note 2: The cost of the rights renounced in favour of another person for a consideration istaken to be nil. The consideration so received is taxed as short-term capital gains in full. The period


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of holding is taken from the date of the rights offer to the date of the renouncement.

Computation of capital gains in the hands of Mr. Q for the A.Y.2013-14

ParticularsRs.

200 shares :

Sale proceeds (200 Rs. 130)26,000

Less : Cost of acquisition [200 shares (Rs. 10 + Rs. 40)] [Note]

10,000Short term capital gain

16,000

Note: The cost of the rights is the amount paid to Mr. R as well as the amount paid to the

company. Since the holding period of these shares is less than 1 year, they are short term capitalassets and hence, cost of acquisition should not be indexed.

Computation of capital gains in case of

depreciable asset [Section 50]

(i)Section 50 provides for the computation of capital gains in case of depreciable assets. It may benoted that where the capital asset is a depreciable asset forming part of a block of assets, section 50

will have overriding effect in spite of anything contained in section 2(42A) which defines a

short-term capital asset.

Accordingly, where the capital asset is an asset forming part of a block of assets in respect ofwhich depreciation has been allowed, the provisions of sections 48 and 49 shall be subject to the

following modification:Where the full value of consideration received or accruing for the transfer of the asset plus the

full value of such consideration for the transfer of any other capital asset falling with the block of

assets during previous year exceeds the aggregate of the following amounts namely:

(1) expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer;

(2) WDV of the block of assets at the beginning of the previous year;

(3) the actual cost of any asset falling within the block of assets acquired during the

previous year such excess shall be deemed to be the capital gains arising from the

transfer of short-term capital assets.

Where all assets in a block are transferred during the previous year, the block itself will cease toexist. In such a situation, the difference between the sale value of the assets and the WDV

of the block of assets at the beginning of the previous year together with the actual cost of any asset

falling within that block of assets acquired by the assessee during the previous year will be deemedto be the capital gains arising from the transfer of short- te

report capital gains tax implications

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