REPOR T RESUMESED 018 069 EF DOI 373THE WIGHTMAN ELEMENTArY SCHOOL, NEW LIFE FOR OLD SCHOOLS.PITTSBURGH DESIGN STUDY.RESEARCH COUN OF GR. CITIES PROG. FOR SCH. IMPROV.

PUB DATE 67

ERRS PRICE NSF -$O.25 HC-$2.08 50P.

DESCRIPTORS- *ARCHITECTURE; *BUILDING DESIGN, *BUILDINGIMPROVEMENT: WWAIGN: INNOVATION: PITTSBURGH

A STUDY OF THE PROBLEMS OF REHABILITATION ANDMODERNIZATION OF AN OLD SCHOOL BUILDING IS REPORTED. THEINFLUENCES ON THE DESIGN INCLUDING THE SITE, EDUCATIONALSPECIFICATIONS, SCHOOL DISTRICT POLICY, LEGAL RESTRICTIONSAND THE EXISTING FACILITY ARE DISCUSSED. ANALYSES OF SPACEAND COSTS ARE PRESENTED. THE QUESTION OF THE INVESTMENT OFTHE SCHOOL DOLLAR IN MODERNIZATION OF AN OLD BUILDING ORREPLACEMENT WITH A NEW FACILITY IS POSED FOR THE SCHOOLDISTRICT OFFICIALS. SKETCHES AND MODELS OF PROPOSED DESIGNSOLUTIONS MADE BY ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL STUDENTS AREPRESENTED IN THIS REPORT SPONSORED BY THE RESEARCH COUNCIL.(BD)

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The

Wig

htm

an E

lem

enta

ry S

choo

l

2 DJ

)

The R

esearch Council of the

Great C

itiesP

rogram for S

chool Improvem

entis an

organization of the largecities of the U

nitedS

tates whose prim

ary purposeis to conduct

studies on problems faced by

the Great C

itiesin their efforts to m

eet the comprehensive

public school needsof their citizens. T

hisS

chool Facilities study is

under a grant fromthe E

ductional Facilities

Laboratories.

Mem

ber Cities:

Baltim

ore, Boston, B

uffalo,C

hicago,C

leveland, Detroit, Los A

ngeles,M

emphis,

Milw

aukee, New

York, P

hiladelphia,P

ittsburgh, St. Louis, S

an Diego, S

anF

rancisco and Washington, D

.C.

"PE

RM

ISS

ION

TO

RE

PR

OD

UC

E T

HIS

CO

PY

RIG

HT

ED

MA

TE

RIA

L HA

S B

EE

N G

RA

NT

ED

BY

Be.v.. E

.Gw

aoesf&

-c.Cot.ra.i.A

of &.

64tisolvanes

TO

ER

IC A

ND

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

S O

PE

RA

TIN

GU

ND

ER

AG

RE

EM

EN

TS

WIT

H T

HE

U.S

. OF

FIC

EO

F

ED

UC

AT

ION

. FU

RT

HE

R R

EP

RO

DU

CT

ION

OU

TS

IDE

TH

E E

RIC

SY

ST

EM

RE

QU

IRE

S P

ER

MIS

SIO

NO

F

TH

E C

OP

YR

IGH

T O

WN

ER

."

Copyright 1967

The R

esearch Council of

theG

reat Cities P

rogram for

School Im

provement.

The

Pro

blem

Wig

htm

an S

choo

l exi

sts,

in o

ne fo

rm o

ran

othe

r, in

eve

ry m

atur

e ci

ty a

nd c

omm

unity

in o

ur n

atio

n. T

he o

ld s

choo

l bui

ldin

gm

ello

w in

yea

rs, l

oved

by

man

y, s

tron

g of

bone

stan

ds in

thou

sand

s of

nei

ghbo

rhoo

dsan

d se

rves

lite

rally

mill

ions

of c

hild

ren.

But

the

Wig

htm

an S

choo

ls o

f our

nat

ion

pose

are

al p

robl

emT

HE

Y A

RE

BE

CO

MIN

G E

DU

-C

AT

ION

ALL

Y O

BS

OLE

TE

. Thi

nkin

g pe

ople

havi

ng to

do

with

the

prov

isio

n of

our

nat

ion'

sed

ucat

iona

l fac

ilitie

s ar

e be

com

ing

grea

tlyco

ncer

ned

abou

t the

futu

re o

f our

Wig

htm

anS

choo

ls. T

he b

asic

que

stio

ns a

re tw

osh

ould

thes

e ol

d bu

ildin

gs b

e dr

astic

ally

mod

erni

zed

to s

uit t

oday

's a

nd to

mor

row

'sed

ucat

iona

l pro

gram

s or

sho

uld

they

be

torn

dow

n an

d be

rep

lace

d w

ith n

ew fa

cilit

ies?

Diff

icul

t que

stio

ns?

Inde

ed th

ey a

re!

Thi

s st

udy

was

con

duct

ed b

y th

e P

ittsb

u;gh

Pub

lic S

choo

ls a

nd th

e D

epar

tmen

t of A

rchi

-te

ctur

e at

Car

negi

e In

stitu

te o

f Tec

hnol

ogy

and

mad

e po

ssib

le b

y fu

nds

offe

red

by th

eR

esea

rch

Cou

ncil

of th

e G

reat

Citi

es P

rogr

amfo

r S

choo

l Im

prov

emen

t und

er a

gra

nt fr

omth

e E

duca

tiona

l Fac

ilitie

s La

bora

torie

s, In

c.

The

influ

ence

of t

his

stud

y w

ent f

ar b

eyon

dth

e st

ated

pur

pose

of e

xplo

ring

desi

gnso

lutio

ns fo

r on

e P

ittsb

urgh

sch

ool.

The

six

visi

ting

arch

itect

s, a

ll re

cogn

ized

exp

erts

inth

e fie

ld o

f sch

ool f

acili

ty p

lann

ing,

exp

ress

eden

thus

iasm

for

devo

ting

mor

e of

thei

r ta

lent

sto

the

prob

lem

s of

sch

ool m

oder

niza

tion.

An

inte

rest

was

dev

elop

ed b

y a

num

ber

ofst

uden

ts in

pur

suin

g a

prot

essi

onal

car

eer

insc

hool

faci

lity

plan

ning

. Pro

fess

iona

lpr

actic

ing

arch

itect

s fr

om a

ll pa

rts

of th

e

3 coun

try

wer

e br

ough

t tog

ethe

r in

con

tact

with

stud

ents

and

facu

lty o

f one

of t

he n

atio

n's

lead

ing

arch

itect

ural

sch

ools

. And

, cer

tain

of

the

visi

ting

arch

itect

s ex

pres

sed

activ

ein

tere

st in

bei

ng c

onsi

dere

d fo

r m

oder

niza

tion

proj

ects

ant

icip

ated

by

the

scho

ol s

yste

m.

At t

he v

ery

outs

et, o

ne im

port

ant

unde

rsta

ndin

g m

ust b

e re

ache

d. It

is a

mat

ter

of th

e de

finiti

on o

f tw

o w

ords

RE

HA

BIL

ITA

TIO

N a

nd M

OD

ER

NIZ

AT

ION

.R

ehab

ilita

tiona

t lea

st fo

r th

e pu

rpos

e of

this

rep

ortis

the

proc

ess

of m

aint

aini

ng a

faci

lity

in g

ood

phys

ical

con

ditio

n.M

oder

niza

tion

goes

muc

h fu

rthe

r. W

hile

mod

erni

zatio

n m

ay w

ell i

nclu

de r

ehab

ilita

tion,

it m

ust d

o a

grea

t dea

l mor

e. In

the

case

of

Wig

htm

an S

choo

l, th

e P

ittsb

urgh

Pub

licS

choo

ls h

ave

esta

blis

hed

a dy

nam

ic a

ndfo

rwar

d-lo

okin

g el

emen

tary

edu

catio

npr

ogra

m. W

ight

man

Sch

ool m

ust b

ecom

eca

pabl

e of

ser

ving

suc

h a

prog

ram

. Thi

s w

illre

quire

maj

or c

hang

es w

ithin

the

exis

ting

build

ing

and

the

cons

truc

tion

of a

n ad

ditio

nto

sub

stan

tially

incr

ease

the

floor

are

a.

The

re is

littl

e lo

gic

to s

pend

ing

good

tax

dolla

rs in

reh

abili

tatin

g an

old

sch

ool f

orm

ore

than

sho

rt te

rm u

se if

it c

an n

ot b

ecom

ea

real

ly g

ood

long

term

ED

UC

AT

ION

AL

FA

CIL

ITY

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LOO

R- P

LAN

For

m G

ener

ator

s

The

re a

re s

peci

fic in

fluen

ces

in th

e de

sign

of

any

educ

atio

nal f

acili

ty. I

n br

oad

term

s th

eyar

e th

e S

ite, t

he E

duca

tiona

l Spe

cific

atio

n, th

eS

choo

l Dis

tric

t pol

icy

and

the

lega

lre

stric

tions

und

er w

hich

the

faci

lity

mus

t be

cons

truc

ted.

In th

e ca

se o

f Wig

htm

an S

choo

lth

ere

is a

fifth

influ

ence

the

exis

ting

faci

lity.

The

se fi

ve in

fluen

ces

beco

me

the

FO

RM

GE

NE

RA

TO

RS

as

we

seek

a n

ew li

fe fo

rW

ight

man

Sch

ool.

01on

ou.

boo

tlAVI, Soo.

TH

IIL

D F

LO

OL

P L

AN

The

Site

Typ

ical

of t

he u

rban

sch

ool,

Wig

htm

anoc

cupi

es a

far

smal

ler

site

than

its

coun

try

cous

inst

he s

ubur

ban

scho

ols.

Whi

leto

day'

s re

cogn

ized

sta

ndar

ds c

all f

or a

min

imum

site

of s

ome

IC a

cres

for

a 60

0pu

pil e

lem

enta

ry s

choo

l, W

ight

man

has

onl

yth

ree

acre

s. It

is o

bvio

us th

at th

e W

ight

man

site

is to

o sm

all a

nd it

is e

qual

ly o

bvio

us th

atth

e co

st o

f site

acq

uisi

tion

wou

ld b

e co

n-si

dera

ble.

Thi

s is

the

freq

uent

dile

mm

a of

the

urba

n sc

hool

new

or

old.

Whi

le th

e si

te h

as it

s lim

itatio

ns (

size

, a s

tree

tw

hich

div

ides

it, e

tc.)

, it a

lso

has

som

eel

emen

ts in

its

favo

r. T

hese

incl

ude

a nu

mbe

rof

han

dsom

e tr

ees

and

a sl

ope

whi

ch, w

ithca

refu

l des

ign,

may

be

used

to a

dvan

tage

.B

eyon

d th

ese

thin

gs, t

he s

ite is

in th

e he

art

of th

e ar

ea w

hich

it s

erve

san

area

of f

ine,

olde

r ho

mes

occ

upie

d by

fam

ilies

inte

rest

edin

a q

ualit

y ed

ucat

ion

for

thei

r ch

ildre

n. T

hus,

whi

le th

e W

ight

man

site

has

sev

ere

limita

-tio

ns, i

t is

not h

opel

ess.

It p

rese

nts

ach

alle

nge

for

the

scho

ol d

esig

ner

to p

lan

insu

ch a

way

that

the

site

is u

sed

with

the

grea

test

pos

sibl

e ef

ficie

ncy.

The

Edu

catio

nal S

peci

fica

tion

"Ide

as, r

athe

r th

an m

ason

ry, m

ust b

e th

epo

int o

f beg

inni

ng if

the

desi

gn o

f a s

choo

l is

to e

ffect

ivel

y ac

com

mod

ate

the

stud

ent a

ndth

e ed

ucat

iona

l pro

gram

of t

he fu

ture

."B

ased

on

that

con

cept

, the

Pitt

sbur

gh P

ublic

Sch

ools

are

con

duct

ing

a de

taile

d ev

alua

tion

of th

eir

educ

atio

nal p

rogr

ams

for

toda

y's

andT

OM

OR

RO

W'S

chi

ld. I

t wou

ld a

ppea

r

that

the

mas

ter

educ

atio

nal s

peci

ficat

ion

for

elem

enta

ry s

choo

ls in

Pitt

sbur

gh w

ill c

all

for

a hi

gh d

egre

e of

indi

vidu

aliz

atio

n of

inst

ruct

ion

invo

lvin

g pr

ogra

mm

ed le

arni

ng,

rest

ruct

urin

g of

gro

ups

of ;e

arni

ng, t

eam

teac

hing

, and

non

-gra

ded

prog

ram

min

g.S

uch

an e

duca

tiona

l pro

gram

cal

ls fo

r a

faci

lity

of g

reat

flex

ibili

tya

faci

lity

whi

chca

n be

mou

lded

to fi

t the

edu

catio

nal

prog

ram

whi

ch it

hou

ses.

A b

uild

ing

may

be

view

ed a

sa

sort

of

"ass

embl

y of

sys

tem

s."

Am

ong

thes

esy

stem

s ar

e no

t onl

y th

e ob

viou

s on

es s

uch

as s

truc

tura

l, m

echa

nica

l and

ele

ctric

al b

utal

so s

yste

ms

of p

artit

ions

, cei

lings

, flo

orco

verin

gs, c

halk

boar

ds, t

ackb

oard

s, e

tc.

Eac

h of

the

build

ing'

s sy

stem

s m

ust r

eact

toch

ange

som

etim

es b

etw

een

clas

ses,

suc

has

ope

ning

and

clo

sing

ope

rabl

e pa

rtiti

ons,

and

som

etim

es o

ver

the

sum

mer

rec

ess,

suc

has

mak

ing

maj

or fl

oor

plan

cha

nges

thro

ugh

the

relo

catio

n of

larg

e nu

mbe

rs o

f dem

ount

-ab

le p

artit

ions

. The

pro

gram

als

o re

q:,:i

res

ava

riety

of s

pace

slar

ge, o

pen

lear

ning

are

as,

smal

l wor

k sp

aces

for

teac

hers

, etc

. A!!

ofth

ese

thin

gs w

ill b

e ca

lled

out i

n gr

eat d

etai

lin

a g

ener

al e

duca

tiona

l spe

cific

atio

n w

hich

may

be

appl

ied

to a

ll of

Pitt

sbur

gh's

ele

-m

enta

ry s

choo

ls. T

he s

peci

fic e

duca

tiona

lsp

ecifi

catio

n fo

r W

ight

man

Sch

ool c

alls

for

hous

ing

appr

oxim

atel

y 60

0 pu

pils

inpr

e-sc

hool

thro

ugh

grad

e 5.

The

num

ber,

siz

esan

d re

latio

nshi

p of

spa

ces

desi

red

in th

em

oder

nize

d fa

cilit

y ar

e sp

elle

d ou

t in

deta

il.T

he e

duca

tiona

l spe

cific

atio

n ca

lls fo

r agr

oss

build

ing

area

of o

ver

60,0

00 s

quar

efe

etw

ell i

n ex

cess

of t

he p

rese

nt a

rea

ofW

ight

man

Sch

ool.

Policy

While S

chool District policy covers m

anyfacets of the design of a schoolenrollm

entlim

itations and characteristics, transportation,com

munity use of buildings and grounds,

maintenance, etc.,perhaps the m

ost pivotalof all in this case is the policy regarding

costof facility m

odernization.

For the purposes of this study, the P

ittsburghP

ublic Schools have said that "if the cost of

adequate modernization of space w

ithin anexisting facility m

ust exceed 50% of the cost

of replacing the existing building with a new

facility, the facility shall not be modernized."

This statem

ent would seem

to recognize thatthe ultim

ate life expectancy of a modernized

older facility is likely to be somew

hat shorterthan a new

school. it probably also implies

that there are other ways the m

odernizedfacility fails som

ewhat short of the facility

such as efficiency of space use andperhaps

visual quality.

Another policy w

hich will do m

uch to shapethe -Jltim

ate design form of W

ightman is the

fact that the school must rem

ain in usethroughout its m

odernization. Additions m

aybe built during the norm

al school year with

proper protection and coordinationbut

modernization of the existing building m

ustbe phased to occur during sum

mer recess.

Legal Restrictions

Zoning ordinances and building codes often

present really serious problems to the

modernization of older schools. A

fter allthesafety of the occupants of a school cannot becom

promised. O

ld buildings with their open

stairways and frequent lack of adequate

fireratings m

ust be carefully studied prior toconsidering m

odernization. Often this is

thepoint w

here it is decided that an old buildingis sim

ply not well suited to m

odernization.O

ften the cost of meeting legal

restrictions isnot justified by the result.

The E

xisting Facility

Wightm

an School w

as built early in thiscentury. It is hard to im

agine that a more

typical school of its vintage could have beenselected for this study. It has a basem

entw

hich is partially above grade plus threeadditional floors. V

ertical circulation isaccom

modated by a great, open stairw

ayadefinite fire hazardand tw

o outside fireescapes. T

he outside walls, and m

any of theinterior ones, are load bearing andifrem

ovedmust be replaced by expensive

beams and colum

ns. The entire building

including heating, plumbing and electrical

systems are in good repair. In the last several

years considerable amounts

of money have

been spent to bring Wightm

an into its presentgood condition. In spite of all of this,W

ightman is still an old building and, in its

present state, hardly able to cope with new

concepts of educational techniques.C

lassrooms are rigidly self contained, special

use facilities are less adequatethan those

offered in newer schools. W

ightman is

simply

not ready for the new directions of education.

Tow

ard A Solution

In seeking a solution to the Wightm

anproblem

, three architects who are know

n asspecialists in the plan of educational facilitiesw

ere selected to act as advisorsto a group of

twenty-six fifth-year architecture students at

Carnegie Institute of T

echnology. The actual

designs were developed entirely by

thestudents w

ith counsel from their faculty,

thethree architects w

ho each made five visits

toP

ittsburgh and the staff of the Pittsburgh

Public S

chools. The students conducted

their own research program

s, visitingelem

entary schools actually offering forward

looking programs and interview

ingchildren,

teachers, and educational specialistsin m

anyspecial interest fields.

The solutions contained in this report have

been selected as the most representative

ofthe tw

enty-six designs done by thestudents.

Perhaps use of the w

ord "solution" is abit

premature. Indeed, one m

ay suspect thatsom

e of these designs may

meet the

multitude of requirem

ents for a real"solution" but, in order to be sure, detailedanalyses w

ould be requiredfar beyondthe

scope of this exercise.

A4

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A B

rief A

naly

sis

The

spa

ce a

naly

sis

is b

ased

on

the

deta

iled

Edu

catio

nal S

peci

ficat

ion

for

Wig

htm

an. I

tca

lled

or a

n es

timat

ed g

ross

spa

ce n

eed

of62

,500

squ

are

feet

for

the

entir

e fa

cilit

y.W

hile

the

exis

ting

faci

lity

has

a gr

oss

area

of

40,7

00 s

quar

e fe

et, i

t is

doub

tful t

hat t

his

exis

ting

spac

e w

ill le

nd it

self

to fu

llut

iliza

tion.

Arb

itrar

ily, l

ets

redu

ce th

eex

istin

g ar

ea b

y 20

% a

nd s

ay th

e re

alis

ticus

able

exi

stin

g ar

ea is

app

roxi

mat

ely

36,5

00.

Thu

s ne

eded

spa

ce (

62,5

00 s

quar

e fe

et)

less

exis

ting

spac

e (3

2,50

0 sq

uare

feet

) w

ill c

all

for

an a

dditi

on o

f som

e 30

,000

squ

are

feet

.A

s w

ill b

e no

ted,

the

c1^-

ign

solu

tions

incl

ude

an in

door

sw

imm

ing

pool

as

part

of t

heph

ysic

al e

duca

tion

faci

litie

s. T

his

was

incl

uded

in th

e pr

ogra

m fo

r pu

rpos

es o

f the

stud

y, b

ut th

e in

clus

ion

is n

ot e

ssen

tial t

o th

esu

cces

s of

the

sugg

este

d so

lutio

ns.

Ifin

crea

sed

com

mun

ity u

se o

f the

sch

ool

faci

litie

s is

indi

cate

d, th

e ad

ditio

n of

asw

imm

ing

pool

has

furt

her

just

ifica

tion.

But

the

idea

l spa

ce r

equi

rem

ents

for

all a

reas

does

exc

eed

the

spac

e av

aila

ble

whi

chdi

ctat

ed th

e ap

proa

ch to

add

ition

s re

flect

edin

all

of th

e st

uden

t des

ign

solu

tions

pres

ente

d on

the

follo

win

g pa

ges.

Per

haps

effic

ient

pla

nnin

gmix

ed w

ith a

bit

of lu

ckco

uld

redu

ce th

e ar

ea r

equi

red

in th

ead

ditio

n. T

hese

figu

res

are

a po

int o

fbe

ginn

ings

ort o

f rul

es o

f thu

mb.

Des

ign

Com

men

ts/A

ll S

chem

es

Afte

r a

serie

s of

rev

iew

s of

the

stud

ent

desi

gns

by th

e th

ree

arch

itect

s, s

ome

gene

ral

com

men

ts m

ust e

mer

ge.

Bas

ical

ly, t

here

are

so

man

y lim

itatio

nspl

aced

upo

n th

e de

sign

er o

f a m

oder

niza

tion

proj

ect s

uch

as th

is, i

t is

doub

tful t

hat t

here

sults

will

ofte

n eq

ual t

hose

obt

aine

d fr

omre

plac

emen

t of t

he e

xist

ing

faci

lity

in it

sen

tiret

y. T

hus

it w

ould

see

m th

at th

e m

ajor

adva

ntag

e w

hich

may

be

achi

eved

from

mod

erni

zatio

n, r

athe

r th

an r

epla

cem

ent,

mus

tbe

cos

t. C

erta

inly

red

uctio

n of

exp

endi

ture

of ta

x m

onie

s fo

r ed

ucat

iona

l fac

ilitie

s is

an

adm

irabl

e ai

m.

Cos

t Ana

lysi

s

The

cos

t ana

lysi

s w

hich

follo

ws

MU

ST

be

take

n fo

r w

hat i

t isa

ver

y pr

elim

inar

yal

mos

t arL

. tra

ry, a

naly

sis.

show

that

the

tota

l con

stru

ctio

n co

st o

f an

elem

enta

ry s

choo

l may

be

divi

ded

appr

oxim

atel

y as

follo

ws:

Gen

eral

Wor

k70

%P

lum

bing

Wor

k8%

Hea

ting

and

Ven

tilat

ing

12%

Ele

ctric

al W

ork

10%

TO

TA

L C

OS

T10

0%

Now

, if t

he e

xist

ing

Wig

htm

an S

choo

l is

exam

ined

, we

wou

ld p

roba

bly

find

the

foN

owin

g (b

ased

upo

n ve

ry p

relim

inar

yan

alys

es c

ondu

cted

by

Sc:

hool

Dis

tric

tO

ffici

als)

:

Util

ity s

ervi

ces

to th

e ex

istin

g bu

ildin

g ar

ead

equa

te a

nd in

gen

eral

ly g

ood

cond

ition

.

The

plu

mbi

ng s

yste

m is

in g

ood

repa

ir an

dsh

ould

hav

e lo

ng li

fe e

xpec

tanc

y. If

toile

tro

oms

are

not r

equi

red

to b

e re

loca

ted

bym

oder

niza

tion,

plu

mbi

ng c

osts

sho

uld

not b

eex

tens

ive.

For

pur

pose

s of

con

veni

ence

, let

us

assu

me

Alth

ough

the

boile

r is

nea

rly n

ew, t

heth

at c

onst

ruct

ion

of a

new

ele

men

tary

sch

ool

rem

aind

er o

f the

maj

or e

lem

ents

of t

heon

the

Wig

htm

an s

ite w

ould

cos

t $20

.00

per

heat

ing

and

vent

ilatin

g sy

stem

is m

uch

like

itgr

oss

squa

re fo

ot. T

hen,

pol

icy

esta

blis

hed

was

orig

inal

ly. H

eatin

g an

d ve

ntila

ting

for

this

res

earc

h pr

ojec

t (st

ated

ear

lier)

tells

syst

ems

will

req

uire

maj

or r

epla

cerr

.-D

rit if

us th

at th

e co

st o

f mod

erni

zing

the

exis

ting

cons

ider

able

floo

r pl

an c

hang

es a

re m

ade

infa

cilit

y m

ay n

ot e

xcee

d $1

0.00

per

gro

ssth

e m

oder

niza

tion

prog

ram

.sq

uare

foot

. The

se tw

o am

ount

s w

illbe

com

e ou

r "r

ules

-of-

thum

b" fo

r th

isan

alys

is.

It m

ust b

e un

ders

tood

thes

e fig

ures

wou

ld b

e ad

just

ed to

con

form

to c

urre

nt c

ost

estim

ates

.

Fur

ther

, gen

eral

pra

ctic

e in

Pitt

sbur

gh w

ill

The

ele

ctric

al s

yste

m in

Wig

htm

an is

nea

rlyne

w. P

rese

nt li

ghtin

g le

vels

are

ade

quat

ely

high

and

ade

quat

e ci

rcuf

t are

ava

ilabl

e fo

rco

nven

ienc

e ou

tlets

. Ext

ensi

ve fl

oor

plan

chan

ge in

mod

erni

zatio

n w

ould

req

uire

onl

ym

odifi

catio

n ba

ck to

the

sub-

pane

ls.

P4i.

'4A

tr.'f

tthiiM

tJ,&

i,%

a.ii-

--A

*.i4

a1,.0

4A*6

,44

7iiI

iiil

Thus, based upon the assum

ption thatifW

ightman is to serve the requirem

ents of theeducational specificationm

ajor floor planchanges w

ill be required as a part of them

odernization process and the furtherassum

ption that toilet rooms w

ill rot bem

oved, the approximate m

aterial in thefollow

ing table could be applicable:

Division

General W

orkP

lumbing W

orkH

eating & V

entilatingE

lectrical Work

Total

General W

orkP

lumbing W

orkH

eating & 'V

entilatingE

lectrical Work

Total

New

Construction

70%$14.00/S

q. Ft.

8%1.60/S

q. Ft.

12%2.40/S

q. Ft.

10%2.00/S

q. Ft.

100%$20.00/S

q. Ft.

Modernization

30%$ 6.00/S

q. Ft.

4%.80/S

q. Ft.

10%2.00/S

q. Ft.

6%1.20/S

q. Ft.

50%$10.00/S

q. Ft.

The am

ount of money available for so-called

"general work" in the table w

as determined

by first estimating the cost of plum

bing,heating, ventilating and electrical w

ork. After

deducting these cost items from

the availablefunds ($10.00 per square foot) the rem

ainderm

ay be assigned to general work item

s suchas dem

olition, structural changes,fireproofing, new

systems such as ceilings,

partitions, floor coverings, chalkboards,tackboards and such elem

ents as fixedcabinets, etc.

The purpose of this exercise is to prove, if

proof is needed, that the methods of

modernizing the existing facility m

ust beapproached w

ith great care or the budgetw

ill be exceeded.

Assum

ing that, through careful designthecost of m

odernization of the existing buildingis $10.00 per square foot and the cost of theaddition is $20.00 per gross square foot, letus estim

ate the construction cost of thecom

plete modernization of W

ightman S

chool.

In earlier sections of this report, we estim

atedthat the m

inimum

total gross space requiredby the educational program

is 62,500 squarefeet. W

e also estimated that an addition of

30,000 square feet would be a logical

minim

um and that the existing building could

house the remainder cf the required total

space. Using the factors w

e have developedin this study, the estim

ated cost of thekW

ghtman m

odernization would be as

follows:

Existing B

uilding40,700 S

q. Ft.

x$10.00

Addition

30,000 Sq. F

t.x

$20.00

70,700 Sq. F

t.

Cost per pupil

$;,007,000.00/600 pupils

In comparison, the replacem

ent cost toprovide a com

pletely new facility (assum

ingno purchase of additional site w

ould berequired) m

ight be as follows:

62,500 Sq. F

t.x $20.00 =

$1;250,000.00

Cost per pupil

$1,250,000.00/600 pupils

Total

=$ 407,000.00

600,000.00

$1,007,000.00

=$1,678.33

=$2,083.33

The

Poi

nt o

f Dec

isio

n

Now

the

poin

t of

deci

sion

has

bee

n re

ache

d.T

he q

uest

ion

is c

lear

"Is

the

amou

nt o

f th

edo

liar

savi

ngs

enou

gh to

just

ify

acce

ptin

g th

eco

mpr

omis

es w

hich

mus

t be

invo

lved

in th

em

oder

niza

tion

of a

n ol

d bu

ildin

g? I

s th

is a

valid

inve

stm

ent o

f th

e ta

x do

llar?

"

The

dec

isio

n m

ust b

e m

ade

by S

choo

lD

istr

ict o

ffic

ials

. It s

houl

d no

t be

mad

e ba

sed

upon

this

ver

y pr

elim

inar

y st

udy,

but

rath

eron

ly a

fter

thor

ough

ana

lysi

s of

the

exis

ting

scho

ol a

nd th

e ed

ucat

iona

l pro

gram

whi

chm

ust b

e se

rved

.

It is

a p

robl

em w

orth

y of

ser

ious

stu

dy. T

here

sult

coul

d w

ell p

oint

the

way

for

Pitt

sbur

ghan

d hu

ndre

ds o

f ot

hers

tow

ard

the

answ

er to

the

ques

tion

of N

EW

LIF

E F

OR

OL

DSC

HO

OL

S.

The

sel

ecte

d de

sign

sol

utio

ns w

hich

fol

low

are

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

wor

k of

twen

ty-s

ixfi

fth-

year

stu

dent

s pa

rtic

ipat

ing

in th

eex

erci

se.

F. L

amar

Kel

sey,

F.A

.I.A

.V

isiti

ng A

rchi

tect

The V

isiting Architects:

F. Lam

ar Kelsey, F

.A.I.A

.Lam

ar Kelsey &

Associates

Colorado S

prings, Colorado

Spencer C

one, A.I.A

.C

one and Dornbusch, A

rchitectsC

hicago, Illinois

Jack D. T

rain,M

etz. Train A

ssociatesC

hicago, Illinois

For the D

epartment of

Architecture

Carnegie Institute of T

echnology:P

aul Schw

eikher,P

rofessor and Head

Departm

ent of Architecture

College of F

ine Arts

Robert H

. Burdett

Associate P

rofessor andA

ssistant Head

Departm

ent of Architecture

Troy E

. West

Assistant P

rofessor of Architecture

For the P

ittsburgh Public

Schools:

Sidney P

. Mariand, Jr.

Superintendent of S

chools

Donald D

. Dauw

alderA

ssociate Superintendent of

Business and

Assistant S

ecretary

Merw

in L. Him

mler

Associate S

uperintendentfor

Elem

entary Schools

John H. T

hompson

Director, F

acilities Division

Allan E

. Albig

Assistant D

irector, Facilities

Division

J. Robert B

rooksA

ssistant Director, F

acilities Division

Educational S

pecificationC

onsultants:M

ac Connell and A

ssociates, Inc.D

onald Davis , A

ssociateD

irector

Donn W

adleyP

lanning Consultant

For the R

esearch.Council:

Ben E

., Graves

School F

acilities Project

Director

Sel

ecte

d S

tude

nt S

olut

ions

to th

e W

ight

rnan

Sch

ool D

esig

n P

robl

em

r v14

Claude M

enders

The solution to the W

ightman

School design

problem w

as influenced by two

practicalconsiderations: econom

ic efficiencyand

scheduling of the construction work

with a

minim

um of interference to the regular

classschedules.

This led to a problem

aticsolution w

ith theseconsiderations:

1C

onstruction of a classroom addition.

Rem

odeling of the existing school tohouse

specialized functions including administration,

guidance, health, cafeteria, fine artsand

kindergarten.

Architecturally this solution calls for three

levels of teaching spaces surrounding theR

esource Materials C

enter and an exteriorroof court. T

he physical education facilitiesare on the low

er level with direct access

tothe outside play area. T

he circulation,m

echanical and toilet facilities occur at*

corners.ggr

For purposes of this study, these area

rcom

putations were used:

.

PLA

N1

Existing

Addition

2 l ,800 sq. ft. (80'9(:) of three levels,basem

ent economi-

cally unusable)36,200 sq. ft.

58,000 sq. ft.

tINV

IW

Y

.--.L

ai

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4

18R

obert Cooper

Adm

inistrative, medical and cafeteria

functions occupy the first floor (the presentbasem

ent of Wightm

an School) leaving the

upper floors entirely free for teachingfunctions. P

hysical education facilities areprovided for in a separate, but connected,structure w

ith direct access to the playingfields.

Thus the facilities of W

ightman S

chool arereadily adapted to the expanded teamteaching function w

ith a minim

um of

structural and mechanical alteration to the

existing structure.

Expansion of the existing school facility is

achieved by building additions to the northand south of the present school. Interiorw

alls are retained as room dividers, but no

attempt is m

ade to totally enclose theteaching areas. E

ach teaching area flows

into the next to provide for flexibility. The

resource materials center occupies the

central location on all teaching floors toallow

easy access from and to all teaching

stations. Preparation areas are also

centralized.

is61L

_.,_ ,

AW

..44.,....L6!-

;

A\N iTL;irith

Wili

am S

mith

21

The

bas

ic c

once

pt b

ehin

d th

is s

olut

ion

was

to fi

nd a

sug

gest

ed a

nsw

er n

ot o

nly

for

Wig

htm

an S

choo

l, bu

t oth

ers

of it

s ty

pe.

The

sol

utio

n u

form

ulat

ed b

y ex

amin

ing

the

stru

ctur

e on

the

exis

ting

scho

ol a

ndde

term

inin

g w

hich

bea

ring

wal

ls w

ere

requ

ired

to p

ick

up th

e st

ruct

ural

ste

el o

f the

floor

abo

ve. O

utsi

de w

alls

can

be

rem

oved

.T

his,

as

show

n in

the

diag

ram

, ope

ns u

p th

eou

tsid

e w

alls

of t

he s

truc

ture

for

expa

nsio

n.N

ew a

dditi

ons

wer

e de

sign

ed a

s se

para

teun

its w

hich

, whe

n pl

ugge

d in

to th

e ex

istin

gbu

ildin

g, w

ould

wor

k un

der

the

team

teac

hing

prog

ram

.

The

spa

ces

in th

e "p

lug-

in"

units

are

desi

gned

to fl

ow fr

eely

into

the

spac

es o

f the

exis

ting

build

ing.

It is

bel

ieve

d th

is ty

pe o

f aso

lutio

n is

app

licab

le n

ot o

nly

to th

eW

ight

man

Sch

ool,

but t

o ot

her

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24Louis F

. Cilberti

Then w

ere two prim

ary objectivesinfluencing this solution to the W

igntman

School design exercise. F

irst, a maxim

umusage of the existing building, and secondly,adequate planning to perm

it the facility toadapt to house any future educationalprogram

.

To satisfy the first objective, the entire

building was reapportiored to m

ake the most

of the given space. This w

as achieved bym

aking a major structural adustm

ent within

the old building eliminating tw

o bearing walls

and replacing them w

ith a post and beamsystem

which is econom

ically justified by thespace gained.

The second criteria for design w

as thefurction of the team

teaching space and itsfuture role in the educational program

. The

present design gives this program the

flexibility it requires. How

ever, the space was

designed so that the addition of a fewpartitions could convert the school back to aconventional classroom

arrangement, or by

other arrangements, satisfy a variety of

teaching approaches. These partitions can

be erected between the office cubicles and

the exterior walls. T

he total addition of thebuilding w

as placed to eliminate, as m

uch aspossible, the existing facade w

hich was no

longer valid after the rearrangement of the

interior spaces. It is also possible tocom

pletely eliminate the cum

bersome

elevations by totally enveloping the existingbuilding.

How

ever, this would be determ

ined by eachschool, its program

, and the amount of site

available. This is a proposed answ

er for thisparticular school, and it is felt the thoughtprocess is valid for updating any old school.

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term

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tern

al e

nviro

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circ

ulat

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refle

ct th

e m

obile

atm

osph

ere

to tw

entie

th c

entu

ry e

duca

tion

asca

lled

for

in th

e ed

ucat

iona

l pro

gram

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exi

stin

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ildin

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d ad

ditio

ns a

reco

nnec

ted

by w

alkw

ays

to p

erm

itco

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n of

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addi

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with

out

inte

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ence

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regu

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scho

ol s

essi

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thus

allo

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ctio

ns o

f the

wal

kway

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acco

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e fr

ont o

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g bu

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g be

caus

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ailin

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te c

ondi

tions

. Thi

slim

itatio

n ju

stifi

ed th

e cl

osin

g of

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way

Str

eet w

hich

was

a p

edes

tria

n ba

rrie

rbe

twee

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e sc

hool

and

the

play

grou

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This solution calls for tw

o additionsaresource m

aterials tower w

ith space usableas classroom

s, and a physical educationcafeteria w

ing. The latter requires the

acquisition of an alley west of the school

which is the only additional land necessary to

the design. The property w

ithin the presentboundaries is intensively developed in playareas, on-site parking and fair-w

eatherclassroom

to form a com

pact urban unit.

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converted to teaching areas and walls

between the classroom

s are removed for

great...9r flexibility in team teaching. S

tairwells

are in the links between the old and new

. The

additions connect to the existing structure atonly tw

o points to minim

ize disturbance anddislocation should construction during theschool term

be necessary. The cafeteria and

physical education sectionsm

ay be usedseparately from

each other and from the m

ainblock of spaces for activity outside norm

alschool hours.

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toO

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choo

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ajor

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fth

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ache

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ns, t

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hase 1

Tw

elve month program

Prim

ary addition-12 months

Alterations to existing facility-3

months

Phas

e 2

5 ye

ar p

rogr

amA

dditi

on o

f ac

adem

ic f

acili

ties

4.4...4

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CV

E)C

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LC

PhotographyT

homas W

arnockB

arbara Runnette

Stephen B

yers

Book designC

. Jones

48Publications

Reports issued as part of the "N

ew Life

forO

ld Schools" study are

available from T

heR

esearch Council and

include:

"New

Life for Old

Schools"

Originally published in

June, 1965, and nowin its second printing, this is a 100-pagereport on a w

orkshopfor representatives

ofthe G

reat Cities in

relation to the Spring,

1965

Conference of the R

esearchC

ouncil of theG

reat Cities P

rogramfor S

chool Improvem

ent.

New

sletterA

limited num

ber ofback issues of the

New

sletter are available.F

uture issues will

be mailed to interested

parties on request.

"Pittsburgh D

esignS

tudyThe Liberty

Elem

entary School"

A report of a cooperative

study with the

Pittsburgh B

oard of Education

and theD

epartment of A

rchitecture,C

arnegieInstitute of T

echnology.

"New

Life for Old S

choolsanin !erim

report"A

20-minute, sound, color, m

otion pictureshow

ing examples of good

schoolm

odernization currently completed or

underconstruction.

Single copies of the

above reports, andadditional copies of the

Wightm

anE

lementary S

chool Design

Study and

information on how

toschedule the ,--otion

picture are availablefrom

The R

esearchC

ouncil of the Great

Cities P

rogram for

School Im

provement,

5400 Not th S

t. LouisA

venue, Chicago,

lllincis 60625.

!