repec-list of bangladesh-related publications

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RePEc-List of Bangladesh-related Publications Compiled by the BDRC, this list provides publications details of 916 items related to Bangladesh as listed in the IDEAS/RePEc database http://ideas.repec.org/ (as of November 6, 2008). For further publication details, please use the search tool (http://ideas.repec.org/search.html) of the IDEAS/RePEc database. IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet, see: http://ideas.repec.org/. The format of each item listed (sorted by alphabetical order of title) is as follows:

a) Title of publication [relevance of item using “Bangladesh” as the search term]; b) Name(s) of author(s) and publication year; and c) Abstract (possibly partial) and information on download-ability of the item.

1. A Computable Stochastic Control Model for the Assessment of the Impact of Floods on Growth in Bangladesh [28.738%] | Motel, P. (1993) | No abstract is available for this item.

2. A Conceptual Review on Corporate Governance and its Effect on Firm's Performance: Bangladesh Perspective [29.971%] | Homayara Latifa Ahmed & Md. Jahangir Alam & Saeed Alamgir Jafar & Sawlat Hilmi Zaman (2008) | Downloadable! Corporate governance - a concept referring to the ideal mode of ensuring firm's accountability to its stakeholders, has ascended to its current level of importance owing to corporate level scandals in the large economies of the world; experience gained from which has brought some positive changes in the less developed economies - changes that are proactive and are aimed at enhancing corporate responsibility and performance. The objective of this study has been to review this concept as is being practised, the problems being faced, the schools of thought, its implication on firm valuation and performance and lastly, to see its relevance in the context of Bangladesh, where the listed firms are mostly owned and managed by family members. Suggestions to improve corporate governance and accountability, also in line with SEC guidelines, is to have an active board with well proportioned executive vs non-executive members, along with representatives from all groups of shareholders/stakeholders; separati

3. A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh [30.016%] | Mark Schreiner (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Reports of the success of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh have led to rapid growth in funding for microfinance. But has the Grameen Bank been cost-effective? This article compares output with subsidy for the bank in a present-value framework. For the timeframe 1983-97, subsidy per person-year of membership in Grameen was about $20, and subsidy per dollar-year borrowed was about $0.22. Although the article does not measure consumer surplus for Grameen users, the evidence in the literature suggests that surplus probably exceeds subsidy. The Grameen Bank - if not necessarily other microlenders - was probably a worthwhile social investment. Copyright Overseas Development Institute, 2003.

4. A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh [29.985%] | Mark Schreiner (2001) | Downloadable! In the next ten years, advocates of microfinance organizations (MFOs) will seek more than $20 billion to provide small loans to 100 million of the poorest families worldwide. In the United States, the newest federal budget proposes a 159-percent increase in the about $200 million spent per year on domestic microfinance. Most of the excitement for the promise of microfinance in the United States has been sparked by reports of the success of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. Was Grameen a good use of scarce funds earmarked to help the poor? For the time frame of 1983- 96, I find that the present worth of benefits of Grameen exceeded the present worth of costs ($16.4 million) as long as the average member got more than $8 worth of surplus per year of membership. This result is robust to assumptions about opportunity costs. Given the documented impacts of Grameen, my guess is that benefits did in fact exceed costs. Grameen seems to have been a good way to help the poor. Still, one good MFO does not a

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5. A Cross-Country Study of Union Membership [8.652%] | David G. Blanchflower (2006) | Downloadable! This paper examines changes in unionization that have occurred over the last decade or so using individual level micro data on twenty seven of the thirty OECD countries, with particular emphasis on Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Micro-data is also used to model union membership in a further eleven non-OECD countries. Union density is found to be negatively correlated with level of education in the private sector and positively correlated in the public sector. The probability of being a union member is found to follow an inverted U-shaped pattern in age, maximizing in Canada, the USA and the UK in the mid to late 40s. This inverted U-shaped pattern is repeated in a further thirty countries (Australia; Austria; Bangladesh; Belgium; Bulgaria; Chile; Czech Republic; Denmark; Germany; Estonia; Finland; France; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Israel; Japan; Luxembourg; Mexico; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Russia; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden and Switzerl

6. A Dynamic Econometric Model of Agricultural Wage Determination in Bangladesh [30.017%] | Boyce, James K & Ravallion, Martin (1991) | Econometric evidence on the evolution of real agricultural wages in Bangladesh over time has been used by some observers to argue that higher relative prices of food staples and higher agricultural productivity will help the rural poor. The authors re-examine this hypothesis using new data and a dynamic econometric model of wage determination. The model's specification avoids a number of shortcomings in past work, and the estimated equation gives a good yet parsimonious fit to annual data. Increases in rice prices relative to the prices of manufactured goods are found to have adverse effects on the real wages in terms of rice in both the short and long-run though there is full indexation relative to a bundle of goods in the long-run. On correcting for likely measurement errors in the official series, they find no evidence that changes in agricultural productivity have had a significant effect on real wage rates. Copyright 1991 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

7. A More Generalized Planning Model of Bangladesh: Some Preliminary Observations [28.743%] | Chowdhury, Anisuzzaman (1986) | No abstract is available for this item.

8. A Note on the Contribution of Sectoral Natural Population Growth to the Aggregate Poverty Change: Evidence from Bangladesh, Mong [28.738%] | Rim Chatti & AbdelRahmen El Lahga (2007) | Downloadable! This note extends the Ravallion and Huppi (1991) aggregate poverty change decomposition, to account for the distinct contribution of migration and differential natural population growth between sectors to the aggregate poverty change. We apply our decomposition to three LDCs. We find that accounting for sectoral difference in natural population growth has a considerable impact on national poverty change.

9. A Search for an Optimum Currency Area Partners for Pakistan [8.652%] | Farooq Rasheed & Javed A. Ansari (2004) | Downloadable! This paper empirically examines the existence of a common trend between the exchange rates of Pakistan and four regional countries (Bangladesh, India, Saudi Arabia, and Sri Lanka) with two of their major trading partners (the United States and Japan) as base countries. Results from cointegrating analysis show that the strongest evidence points to the existence of common stochastic trends between the Pakistani rupee, on the one hand, and the Bangladeshi Taka and the Sri Lankan rupee, on the other hand. There is no strong evidence for the existence of a common stochastic trend between the Pakistani rupee and the currencies of India and Saudi Arabia. Optimum Currency Area (OCA) theory seems to justify the formation of a currency union between Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The case of a currency union between Bangladesh and Pakistan is strengthened by a shared political past and a shared history of financial institutional development. The immediate impact of the formation of such union on Pak

10. A Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Irrigation in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Nguyen, D T & Alamgir, Mohiuddin (1976) | No abstract is available for this item.

11. A Study on Structure of the Economy of Udalguri Sub-Division, Assam (India) [8.652%] | Prasen Daimari & SK Mishra (2005) | Downloadable! In this study we make an attempt to visualize the structure

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of the economy of Udalguri Subdivision of Assam, India. The structure of an economy comprises the characteristic features of and the interrelationships among its constituent parts and subsystems. These characteristic features and interrelationships typify the economy and give to it a style, an appearance and individuality of its own. In our study area, we find only a weak interrelationship among various sectors of the economy. The urban sector has little impact on the productive system, mainly due to poor infrastructure. Conspicuous and ceremonial expenditure is substantial, specially in the villages inhabited by indigenous people vis-à-vis the villages inhabited by immigrant people from Bangladesh. The economy is subsistence driven and productive resources are underutilized. Marginal productivity of labour is near- zero and productivity of land provides only subsistence. Poverty keeps consumption and savings low. Capital formation in

12. A conceptual framework for the sustainability assessment procedures of the shrimp aquaculture industry in coastal Bangladesh [29.951%] | Md. Arif Chowdhury & Ganesh P. Shivakoti & Md. Salequzzaman (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Shrimp aquaculture is now establishing itself as an important aquaculture industry in coastal Bangladesh. However, the benefit of this industry is concentrated to only the interests of a specific group of people who contribute a significant amount of foreign earnings to the nation, while the present development process is posing a challenge to the coastal sustainability, as well as the industry itself. This paper analyses the contexts of sustainability in relation to the coastal shrimp aquaculture industry and identifies the relevant sustainable factors or indicators for coastal Bangladesh. In addition, this paper examines these sustainability indicators quantitatively in regard to how they can be used through a unifying index that allows the present shrimp aquaculture to be assessed considering all sustainability components, such as environmental, economic and socio-cultural factors separately and in interaction with each other. Finally, this paper presents a conceptual fram

13. A gendered 1993-94 Social Accounting Matrix for Bangladesh [30.015%] | Fontana, Marzia & Wobst, Peter (2001) | Downloadable! This working paper documents the construction of a 1993-94 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Bangladesh. The SAM distinguishes 10 agricultural sectors —including two different kinds of rice technology — and 19 manufacturing sectors, out of 43 sectors in total. It also differentiates between twelve socio-economic groups, allowing detailed analysis of household welfare and poverty. The SAM has ten factors of production: one type of capital, one type of land and eight different types of labor which are disaggregated by both level of education and gender. The innovative feature of the SAM is that it separates out female and male labor value-added for each educational level and in eachsector of the economy, providing a base for gender-sensitive analyses of policy changes. The SAM is estimated with a cross-entropy approach, which makes efficient use of all available data in a framework that incorporates prior information and constraints.

14. A model of endowment-constrained demand for food in an agricultural economy with empirical applications to Bangladesh [28.738%] | Khan, Qaiser M. (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

15. A model to evaluate intensive vs. extensive irrigation practices for irrigated rice production system in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Ghani, M. A. & Bhuiyan, S. I. & Hill, R. W. (1991) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

16. A semiparametric multilevel survival model [8.660%] | Wenyang Zhang & Fiona Steele (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! We propose a semiparametric multilevel survival model for clustered duration data in which the effect of a continuous covariate is represented by an unspecified, possibly non-linear, function. This model makes no distributional assumption about the cluster level random effects. The performance of the method is assessed via Monte Carlo simulations. The model is applied in an analysis of first-birth intervals in Bangladesh to examine period effects in the timing of first births, while allowing for clustering within communities; the analysis reveals a non-linear trend in the first-birth interval over time. Copyright 2004 Royal Statistical Society.

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17. A sluggish demand could be as potent as technological progress in creating surplus in staple production [8.641%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin (1997) | Downloadable! During the decade from 1982/83 through 1992/93, Bangladesh was able to increase production of rice, its staple food, at a rate modestly higher than the growth in population. However, the growth in per capita supply remained stagnant, because of the substitution of imports with domestic production. On the other hand, per capita income grew about 2 percent per annum. Nevertheless, the real price of rice declined about 2.7 percent annually. This decline in the rice price, on the face of a stagnant supply and increasing incomes, aroused suspicion whether income distribution has twisted against the poor who have a higher marginal propensity to consume rice compared to the rich. Three factors are identified that contributed to the decline in the rice price while per capita income increased: a) urbanization, b) diversification of diet, and c) income distribution. The analysis shows that, of a total demand depressing effect of 15.6 percent, urbanization accounts for 4 percentage points, cross-price effe

18. A study of food aid leakage in Bangladesh [30.007%] | Ahmed, Akhter U. & Rashid, Shahidur & Sharma, Manohar & Zohir, Sajjad (2004) | Downloadable! The estimated average leakage in the Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) programme due to short ration and undercoverage is 8 percent of the total wheat allotment. These losses are low by international and Bangladesh standards, and are due, in part, to monitoring and evaluation throughout the system and women's empowerment at the union level to hold programme managers accountable.

19. Access to Information, Transaction Costs and Marketing Choice of Rural Households between Middlemen and Direct Buyers in Banglad [29.986%] | Chowdhury, Shyamal K (2002) | Downloadable! This paper assesses the impact of information cost and other transaction costs on rural producers' discrete choice between selling to middlemen and direct buyers, and continuous choice of selling intensity to middlemen and direct buyers. Using transaction costs economics as an analytical framework to decompose the different origins of transaction costs, the paper empirically investigates the impact of transaction costs on farm households' marketing behaviour in the context of Bangladesh. Empirical findings of this paper suggest that access to information in the form of access to telephone and other form of transaction costs play a significant role in producers' marketing behaviour. For information cost, a unit change in distance to telephone increases the probability of choosing direct buyer over middlemen by more than 4 percent and sales to direct buyer by more than 8 percent.

20. Access to common property resource and poverty reduction: inland open-water fisheries in Bangladesh [30.019%] | Nathan, D. & Apu, N.A. (2007) | Downloadable! In Bangladesh, experiences from good practices for a Common Property Resources (CPR) identified that it is necessary to choose CPR members from the resource users with clearly defined rights to use the resource with defined physical boundary. The long-term security of tenure is a precondition for establishment of common property resources in the water bodies by the users (mainly fishers and adjoining agriculturists of the water body) themselves. The sustainability of such CPRs depends on the equity in sharing expenses and income; monitoring by the users themselves; graduated sanctions for violations of CPR rules; and development of local forums for resolving conflicts.

21. Adoption And Productivity Impact Of Modern Rice Varieties In Bangladesh [28.741%] | Mahabub HOSSAIN & Manik L. BOSE & Bazlul A. A. MUSTAFI (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

22. Adoption of high yielding rice varieties in Bangladesh : An econometric analysis [28.742%] | Bera, Anil K. & Kelley, Timothy G. (1990) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

23. Age structural transition and economic growth: Evidence from South and Southeast Asia [8.655%] | K. Navaneetham (2002) | Downloadable! Age structural transition is a process and a consequence of shiftingage structure from a young aged population to old aged population. It iswell known that economic growth in the East Asian countries wassignificantly contributed by demographic gift, that is decline in

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youngaged population and increase in working aged population. However,little is known about the role of age structure changes on economicgrowth in the context of South and Southeast Asia. In this paper anattempt has been made to study the nature and process of age structuraltransition in the countries of South (Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka)and Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore andThailand). Further, this paper also attempts to study the influence of agestructure changes on the economic growth in these countries. Timeseries analysis covering the period 1950-92 has been used for studyingthe relationship between age structure and economic growth, controllingmacroeconomic variables such as investment share

24. Agricultural development in Bangladesh : E. Boyd Wennergren, C.H. Antholt and M.D. Whitaker Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, 19 [28.744%] | Clay, Edward (1986) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

25. Agricultural diversification and integrated pest management in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Mahmoud, Chowdhury & Shively, Gerald (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

26. Agricultural price policies under complex socioeconomic and natural constraints: the case of Bangladesh [28.740%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin (1981) | No abstract is available for this item.

27. Agricultural technology adoption and poverty reduction: A propensity-score matching analysis for rural Bangladesh [28.739%] | Mendola, Mariapia (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

28. Agriculture in WTO July Package: Issues and Concerns for Bangladesh [29.998%] | Uttam Kumar Deb (2005) | Downloadable! This paper reviews the state of negotiations as regards agriculture and the developments in the context of the July Package. The paper also brings out the major points of contentions and analyses possible impacts of various negotiating proposals for Bangladesh’s agricultural sector and its economy. Moreover, the paper comes up with possible strategies for Bangladesh in view of the ongoing negotiations on agriculture in the WTO.

29. Agriculture, trade and regionalism in South Asia [8.666%] | DeRosa, Dean A. & Govindan, Kumaresan (1995) | Like many other regional groups, the member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Bangladesh , Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka have taken steps toward forming a regional free trade area. Will the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) offer the substantial economic benefits, including food security, that South Asian leaders expect? This quantitative analysis compares the economic results of SAPTA with two other trade liberalization schemes, (1) more liberal trade between SAARC and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries, and (2) more liberal trade between SAARC and the world.

30. Agriculture, trade and regionalism in South Asia: [8.666%] | DeRosa, Dean A. & Govindan, Kumaresan (1995) | Like many other regional groups, the member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka have taken steps toward forming a regional free trade area. Will the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) offer the substantial economic benefits, including food security, that South Asian leaders expect? This quantitative analysis compares the economic results of SAPTA with two other trade liberalization schemes, (1) more liberal trade between SAARC and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries, and (2) more liberal trade between SAARC and the world.

31. Aid Effectiveness in Bangladesh [29.982%] | Quibria, M.G & Ahmad, Shafi (2007) | Downloadable! This paper provides a critical review of aid effectiveness in Bangladesh . It focuses on the contributions of three major, high-profile donors: the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Government of Japan (GOJ). In assessing aid effectiveness, the paper uses a qualitative triangulation approach based on the subjective judgments of donors and recipients. This approach is dictated by the deficiencies of quantitative methods for this purpose and the lack of adequate and reliable quantitative

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data. The paper then discusses the causes of aid ineffectiveness. As this theme has a wider resonance beyond Bangladesh, the discussion next turns to the experiences of the developing world as a whole. Recommendations for making aid more effective follow, and the paper ends with some concluding remarks.

32. Aid against development -- The cases of Bangladesh and Nepal : Rene Dumont, (Editions Seuil, Paris, 1985) [28.743%] | Khan, Qaiser (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

33. Allocative Efficiency and Input Subsidy in Asian Agriculture [8.657%] | Asraul Hoque (1993) | Downloadable! In this paper, input subsidies (fertiliser subsidies to be exact) have been related to the allocative efficiency of fertiliser input. Fertiliser was singled out not to ignore other inputs but to emphasise the fact that fertiliser accounts for at least 30 percent of the total farm expenditure in most of Asia, and the rest of the expense is accounted for by labour (which is primarily family labour). The regression results are based on a sample survey data of 150 farms of Khulna Division (Bangladesh) for the year 1986-87. We have first estimated a production function based on Hoque (1991) and then calculated the efficiency indices based on the estimated parameters of the production function. In the second stage regression, different farm sizes were regressed on efficiency indices which showed an overall inverse relationship (that is, the smaller the farm size, the higher the efficiency). This tendency is observed upto the size of 10 acres in case of fertiliser input. Thus, the farms upto the size o

34. Allocative Responses to Scarcity: Self-Reported Assessments of Hunger Compared with Conventional Measures of Poverty and Malnutr [29.958%] | Patrick Webb & Jennifer Coates & Robert Houser (2002) | Downloadable! This paper presents preliminary results from research aimed at assessing the validity of alternative measures of food insecurity. It focuses on: a) links between food security status as defined through self-reporting by households themselves, versus interviewer ratings, and comparator indicators of food access, poverty and nutritional status, b) changes in status over time (for a sub-sample of 125 households surveyed first in the Winter/Spring of 2001 and again in the Spring of 2002), and c) insights gained from more in-depth interaction with the sub-sample households that have influenced the module adaptation and validation process. The research finds that a viable set of around 11 questions from the 'self-reporting' hunger module appears to work well both in characterizing the problems experienced by households in Bangladesh and in identifying households along a continuum of food stresses. Those questions correlate well not only with interviewer ratings but also with a range of comparator indi

35. Allocative Responses to Scarcity: Self-Reported Assessments of Hunger Compared with Conventional Measures of Poverty and Malnutr [29.958%] | Patrick Webb & Jennifer Coates & Robert Houser (2002) | Downloadable! This paper presents preliminary results from research aimed at assessing the validity of alternative measures of food insecurity. It focuses on: a) links between food security status as defined through self-reporting by households themselves, versus interviewer ratings, and comparator indicators of food access, poverty and nutritional status, b) changes in status over time (for a sub-sample of 125 households surveyed first in the Winter/Spring of 2001 and again in the Spring of 2002), and c) insights gained from more in-depth interaction with the sub-sample households that have influenced the module adaptation and validation process. The research finds that a viable set of around 11 questions from the 'self-reporting' hunger module appears to work well both in characterizing the problems experienced by households in Bangladesh and in identifying households along a continuum of food stresses. Those questions correlate well not only with interviewer ratings but also with a range of comparator indi

36. An Aggregate Import Demand Function for Bangladesh: A Cointegration Approach [28.743%] | D. Dutta & N. Ahmed (1997) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

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37. An Aggregate Import Demand Function of Bangladesh: A Cointegration Approach [28.743%] | Dutta, Dilip & Ahmed, Nasiruddin (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

38. An Analysis of Land Leasing in Bangladesh Agriculture [28.743%] | Taslim, M A & Ahmed, F U (1992) | No abstract is available for this item.

39. An Application and Test for a Random Coefficient Model in Bangladesh Agriculture [30.011%] | Hoque, Asraul (1991) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The paper deals with efficiency questions by estimating four production functions for four different regions in connection with Bangladesh agriculture. Hildreth and Houck's (1968) random coefficient method was found more suitable than OLS after conducting an appropriate test for this. In contrast to earlier studies, 24 piece-wise regressions have been fitted for each index of efficiency considering all four regions and six different ranges of farm size instead of a single regression so that the relationship could be studied more closely. The study clearly indicates higher efficiency for smaller farms. Copyright 1991 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

40. An Argument for Deregulating the Transfer of Agricultural Technologies to Developing Countries [8.654%] | Gisselquist, David & Grether, Jean-Marie (2000) | In the past few decades many developing countries have liberalized trade and investment, removing barriers to imports and allowing the introduction of new foreign technologies. Unfortunately, agriculture often remains outside this reform process. Regulatory obstacles continue to restrain the transfer of technologies through private trade in seeds and other inputs. Industrial countries characteristically allow the transfer of private and public technologies through multiple channels. Developing countries often force technology transfer through a single channel controlled by government agencies, with an emphasis on official performance tests. This article analyzes the institutional arrangements governing the international transfer of new agricultural technologies, examining the cases of agricultural machinery in Bangladesh and seed varieties in Turkey. The analysis shows that allowing the private transfer of technologies and refocusing input regulations on externalities could lead to significant productivity an

41. An Econometric Model of Bangladesh and Evaluation of the Five-Year Development Plan [28.743%] | Lackman, Conway L & You, Jong Keun (1979) | No abstract is available for this item.

42. An Empirical Analysis of the Linder [8.665%] | Syed Adnan Haider Ali Shah Bukhari & Mohsin Hassnain Ahmad & Shaista Alam & Syeda Sonia ... (2005) | Downloadable! This paper presents empirical evidence in support of the Linder theory of international trade for three of the South Asian countries, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This finding implies that these countries trade more intensively with countries of other regions, which may have similar per capita income levels, as predicted by Linder in his hypothesis. The contribution of this research is threefold: first, there is new information on the Linder hypothesis by focusing on South Asian countries; second, this is one of very few analyses to capture both time-series and cross-section elements of the trade relationship by employing a panel data set; third, the empirical methodology used in this analysis corrects a major shortcoming in the existing literature by using a censored dependent variable in estimation.

43. An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Price: A Study on Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) [8.658%] | Md. Mohiuddin & Md. Didarul Alam & Abdullah Ibneyy Shahid (2008) | Downloadable! Literature strongly supports vibration of the stock price as a consequence of various macroeconomic factors (Darrat, 1990; Fama & Schwert, 1977; Jaffe & Mandelker, 1976; Nelson, 1976; Pearce & Roley, 1985; Ripley, 1973). This study has investigated the explanatory power of various macro-factors such as inflation rate, exchange rate, interest rate, money supply and production index on the variability of the stock price in Bangladesh. Multiple regression analysis has been conducted to asses the relationship between the stated macro economic factors with stock price. All share price index of the Dhaka Stock Exchange has been used as a proxy for stock price, the dependent variable of the study. No significant relationship has been found between the stock price and any of the macroeconomic factors. The study bodes well for advanced empirical models with additional macroeconomic variables.

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44. An Evaluation of the Need and Cost of Selected Trade Facilitation Measures in Bangladesh: Implications for the WTO Negotiations [30.007%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Syen Saifuddin Hossain (2006) | Downloadable! With the ongoing customs reforms in Bangladesh, the possible future negotiations on trade facilitation in the WTO will have a profound impact on Bangladesh, as well as on other LDC and developing countries. These countries will benefit greatly from new trade facilitation initiatives. Simultaneously, these countries may face enormous challenges in implementing their commitments in the area of trade facilitation. It is, thus, imperative for these countries to closely monitor the Doha negotiations in this area and be prepared to formulate their negotiating strategies. They should also continue with customs administration reform and trade facilitation capacity building programs in order to develop their own capacity.

45. An Exploratory Review of Bangladesh Gas Sector: Latest Evidence and Areas of Further Research [29.994%] | Professor A K M A Quader & Professor Edmond Gomes (2002) | Downloadable! This paper reviews and explores the latest evidence from the gas sector of Bangladesh and highlights areas that would benefit from further research. The study reported actual consumption of gas by different sectors; projection of demands by various studies and plan documents; estimates of gas reserves and potential by various studies; and operation of the International Oil Companies (IOCs) in Bangladesh.

46. An Islamic Perspective on Capital Markets and "Islamic" Securities in Malaysia [8.649%] | Muhammad Anwar (1995) | Downloadable! Financial systems channel funds in an economy from the surplus economic units lacking appropriate investment opportunities to the deficit economic units with such opportunities. The surplus units seeking returns by employing their funds in productive activities and the deficit units interested in exploiting their investment opportunities contact one another through a network of financial markets and institutions in the economy. The participants make financial contracts in ways which satisfy their requirements regarding liquidity, denomination, maturities, and risk diversification [Anwar (1987), pp. 296-297]. In this way, the financial markets contribute to a higher production, efficiency, and economic welfare of everyone in the society [Mishkin (1989), p. 45]. In recent years, the appetite for investment in the markets of developing countries has increased manyfold [Hussain (1994), p. 2]. A good many of such developing markets are in Islamic countries such as Egypt, Turkey, Bangladesh, Pakistan,

47. An aggregate private expenditure function for the Bangladesh economy [28.742%] | Hossain, Akhtar (1991) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

48. An application of the DEA double bootstrap to examine sources of efficiency in Bangladesh rice farming [30.011%] | Kelvin Balcombe & Iain Fraser & Laure Latruffe & Mizanur Rahman & Laurence Smith (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! In this article we examine sources of technical efficiency for rice farming in Bangladesh. The motivation for the analysis is the need to close the rice yield gap to enable food security. We employ the DEA double bootstrap of Simar and Wilson (2007) to estimate and explain technical efficiency. This technique overcomes severe limitations inherent in using the two-stage DEA approach commonly employed in the efficiency literature. From a policy perspective our results show that potential efficiency gains to reduce the yield gap are greater than previously found. Statistically positive influences on technical efficiency are education, extension and credit, with age being a negative influence.

49. An econometric estimation of the aggregate import demand function for Bangladesh: some further results [30.013%] | Anisul M. Islam & M. Kabir Hassan (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study empirically estimates some critical parameters of the aggregate import demand function for Bangladesh for Bangladesh using quarterly time series data and by applying the Johansen-Juselius multivariate cointegration technique. Cointegration results indicate that the import demand function is dominated by income and relative prices. The income elasticity is significantly positive and exceeds unity indicating that aggregate imports are to be considered as 'luxury' goods. The effect of the relative price variable is significantly negative but its elasticity coefficient is less than unity.

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50. An empirical investigation on sustainability of balancing item in Asian countries [8.661%] | Tuck Cheong Tang & Evan Poh Hock Lau (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study explores the sustainability of the balancing item in Asian economies. The conventional unit root tests (includes panel tests) illustrate that the results are rather inconclusive. However, the results from the series-specific panel unit root test consistently illustrate that five of the countries (Singapore, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Korea and Malaysia) balancing item is on the sustainable path. For other remaining eight countries (Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand), there is evidence that her balancing item of balance of payments accounts is unsustainable.

51. An integrated economic and social analysis to assess the impact of vegetable and fishpond technologies on poverty in rural Bangl [28.737%] | Hallman, Kelly & Lewis, David & Begum, Suraiya (2003) | Downloadable!

52. An integrated economic and social analysis to assess the impact of vegetable and fishpond technologies on poverty in rural Bangl [28.737%] | Hallman, Kelly & Lewis, David & Begum, Suraiya (2003) | Downloadable!

53. An old-age social security program for Bangladesh [28.742%] | Beekman, John A. & Kabir, Md. Humayun (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

54. Analysis of Household Behavior when Households Choose Their Members: Marriage-Market Selection and Human Capital Allocations in [28.737%] | Andrew D. Foster (1995) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

55. Analyzing Bangladesh’s Debt Sustainability Using SimSIP Debt [29.984%] | Bernhard G. Gunter & A. F. M. Ataur Rahman (2008) | Downloadable! The ability to pay for a government-led investment strategy to achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs) is determined by the resources available to the government through economic growth, taxation, loans, and grants. Unsustainable public debts increase poverty directly through negative impacts on economic growth as well as indirectly through cuts in spending. Hence, the issue of fiscal debt sustainability is critical for achieving the MDGs. In this paper, we use the debt projection module of SimSIP Debt to project the evolution of Bangladesh’s public debt over a 15-year horizon (from fiscal year 2006 to fiscal year 2021) under three different macroeconomic scenarios and two different financing scenarios of an ambitious government-led investment strategy.

56. Analyzing Poverty Impact of Trade Liberalization Policies in CGE Models: Theory and Some Policy Experiments in Agricultural and [8.658%] | Khan, haider (2008) | Downloadable! The paper uses a dualistic, compact and “generic” (macroeconomic) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model specially constructed for the purpose of investigating the implications of trade liberalization for poverty reduction in South Asia. The model is a stylized representation of economies with large populations including large numbers of both urban and rural poor as in India, Pakistan or Bangladesh. The current “generic” model uses CES production functions and Harris-Todaro type migration model together with representative data to generate economy wide results. It is found that a dualistic production structure with sufficient details on the labor markets and household side can capture some of the effects of trade liberalization on poverty reduction. The model’s general equilibrium results suggest that trade liberalization can complement other specific policy interventions for poverty reduction.

57. Annex 2 and 3 of the Draft NAMA Text of July 2007: Implications for Bangladesh [30.010%] | Mustafizur Rahman (2007) | Downloadable! The analysis particularly focuses on the possible implications of Annex 2 and Annex 3 of the NAMA modalities for Bangladesh.

58. Antagonistic cooperation: A case study of nongovernmental organizations, government and donor's relationships in income-generati [28.737%] | Sanyal, Bishwapriya (1991) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

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59. Antecedentes del microcrédito. Lecciones del pasado para las experiencias actuales [8.666%] | Begoña Gutiérrez Nieto (2005) | Downloadable! It is broadly acknowledged that micro-credit origin is related to Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. However, there are early experiences in previous centuries that resemble micro-credit, both in developing and developed countries, Spain included. The paper revises those experiences, their similarities and differences with current micro-credit schemes. It also draws some lessons from the past that can be specially put into practice in the current Spanish micro-credit model.

60. Applying Tax Policy Models in Country Eocnomic Work: Bangladesh, China, and India [30.008%] | Dahl, Henrik & Mitra, Pradeep (1991) | Three examples from the World Bank's country economic work show how models can complement general principles in guiding the design of a tax reform package. The Bangladesh model highlights the sensitivity of judgments about desirable tax bases to assumptions about the labor market and substitutability in production. The China model quantifies the losses from recommending a single rate value added tax when prices are controlled.an public capital is freely provided to state enterprises. The India model shows what fiscal adjustment is consistent with tariff reductions undertaken to promote an outward-oriented development strategy. Most of the costs of constructing tax policy models are related to the need to establish a consistent data set and to calibrate the model in a way that allows its behavior to be consistent with what good economic analysis would lead one to expect. Copyright 1991 by Oxford University Press.

61. Applying tax policy models in country economic work : Bangladesh, China, and India [29.995%] | Dahl, Henrik & Mitra, Pradeep (1990) | Downloadable! General principles can guide the design of the overall contours of a tax reform package to a considerable extent. This paper reports on the use of three tax policy models to analyze issues in the course of undertaking economic work with the regional departments in the World Bank's Operational Complex. The first model, that for Bangladesh, is used to demonstrate how the relative attractiveness of different revenue-raising options depends sensitively on the workings of labor markets and substitution relationships in production. The second model, that for China, emphasizes the importance of taking a system-wide view of taxation in a decentralizing socialist economy, where the coexistence of administered and free market prices for the same commodities can make standard tax reform prescriptions most inappropriate. The third model, that for India, examines the kinds of domestic tax adjustment that would be necessary in the wake of reductions in import tariffs in order to allow the government to contin

62. Approaches to Asset Valuation in the Government Trading Enterprises of Bangladesh [29.889%] | Dr A A Rushdi (2008) | Downloadable! Methodology adopted for asset valuation is important to know how comparable the rates of profit are over time and between companies. Higher profitability calculated on the basis of book value of assets or historical cost basis may in fact conceal the erosion of the value of investment due to inflation over time. On the other hand, technical advancement may have significantly reduced the replacement cost of assets. Consequently, new comers in the industry may appear to be doing better compared to the existing firms if they do not adopt replacement cost valuation of assets. However, replacement value may differ if individual components of a facility are replaced separately from the replacement cost for the entire facility. Replacement cost is not just cost of reproducing the existing plant or plant in question. When replaced in its entirety new features are sometimes added and the facility may work better. In either case, replacement cost may in some cases be larger than the net present value of t

63. Aquaculture extension impacts in Bangladesh: a case study from Kapasia, Gazipur [30.017%] | Thompson, P.M. & Sultana, P. & Firoz Khan, A.K.M. (2005) | Downloadable! With many ponds and high demand for fish, Bangladesh has a high potential for aquaculture . Since the 1980s, there have been many aquaculture extension projects. As a result, pond aquaculture production is estimated to have trebled between approximately 1990 and 2000, and is currently estimated to be in order of 750 000 t per year. This gave an ideal opportunity to understand the impacts of aquaculture extension. This study investigated the practices and performance of farmers about six years after specific extension efforts had ended, in order to gain a better understanding of the sustained practices and benefits achieved by fish farmers from extension. It followed up an earlier project in Kapasia Upazila (subdistrict) in Gazipur

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District north of the capital Dhaka, where the WorldFish Center with funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Danish International Development Agency (Danida), had researched on farming systems and had introduced adaptive integrat

64. Aquaculture extention impacts in Bangladesh: a case study from Kapasia, Gazipur [28.743%] | Thompson, P.M. & Sultana, P. & Firoz Khan, A.K.M. (2005) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

65. Are Imports And Exports In The Oic Member Countries Cointegrated? A Reexamination [8.655%] | Tuck Cheong Tang (2006) | Applying the recently developed unit root tests with unknown level shift (Lanne, Lutkepohl and Saikkonen, 2002; Saikkonen and Lutkepohl, 2002) and the cointegration test with structural break (Gregory and Hansen, 1996), this study reinvestigates the cointegration relationship between imports and exports for the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) member countries as in Tang and Mohammad (2005). It is found that restrictions are not applicable for testing cointegration between imports and exports for OIC member countries. Interestingly, this study shows cointegration between exports and imports for 9 of the 27 selected OIC member countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, Chad, Guyana, Indonesia, Mali, Morocco, Niger and Senegal) compared to only 4 countries as demonstrated by Tang and Mohammad (2005). Consequently, relevant policy implications are also discussed in this study.

66. Arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh: spatial mitigation planning with GIS and public participation [28.744%] | Hassan, M. Manzurul (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

67. Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty using the sustainable livelihoods framework [8.634%] | Adato, Michelle & Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela (2002) | Downloadable! As the goals of international agricultural research move beyond increasing food production to the broader aims of reducing poverty, both agricultural research and studies of its impact become more complex. Yet examining the magnitude and mechanisms through which different types of agricultural research are able to help the poor is essential, not only to evaluate claims for continued funding of such research, but more importantly, to guide future research in ways that will make the greatest contribution to poverty reduction. This paper reports on the approach used in a multicountry study of the poverty impact of research programs under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The studies use an expanded understanding of poverty that goes beyond income- or consumption-based headcounts or severity measures, to consider many other factors that poor people in different contexts define as contributing to their vulnerability, poverty, and well-being. The sustainable liveli

68. Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty using the sustainable livelihoods framework [8.634%] | Adato, Michelle & Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela (2002) | Downloadable! As the goals of international agricultural research move beyond increasing food production to the broader aims of reducing poverty, both agricultural research and studies of its impact become more complex. Yet examining the magnitude and mechanisms through which different types of agricultural research are able to help the poor is essential, not only to evaluate claims for continued funding of such research, but more importantly, to guide future research in ways that will make the greatest contribution to poverty reduction. This paper reports on the approach used in a multicountry study of the poverty impact of research programs under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The studies use an expanded understanding of poverty that goes beyond income- or consumption-based headcounts or severity measures, to consider many other factors that poor people in different contexts define as contributing to their vulnerability, poverty, and well-being. The sustainable liveli

69. Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty using the sustainable livelihoods framework: [8.634%] | Adato, Michelle & Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela (2002) | Downloadable! As the goals of international agricultural research move beyond increasing food production to the broader aims of reducing poverty, both agricultural research and studies of its impact become more complex. Yet

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examining the magnitude and mechanisms through which different types of agricultural research are able to help the poor is essential, not only to evaluate claims for continued funding of such research, but more importantly, to guide future research in ways that will make the greatest contribution to poverty reduction. This paper reports on the approach used in a multicountry study of the poverty impact of research programs under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The studies use an expanded understanding of poverty that goes beyond income- or consumption-based headcounts or severity measures, to consider many other factors that poor people in different contexts define as contributing to their vulnerability, poverty, and well-being. The sustainable liveli

70. Assessing the impact of micro-credit on poverty and vulnerability in Bangladesh [30.006%] | Zaman, Hassan (1999) | Downloadable! The author examines the extent to which micro-credit reduces poverty and vulnerability through a case study of BRAC, one of the largest providers of micro-credit to the poor in Bangladesh. Household consumption data collected from 1,072 households is used to show that the largest effect on poverty arises when a moderate-poor BRAC loanee borrows more than 10,000 taka (U$S 200) in cumulative loans. Different control groups and estimation techniques are used to illustrate this point. The author discusses several ways by which membership in micro-credit programs reduces vulnerability - by smoothing consumption, building assets, providing emergency assistance during natural disasters, and contributing to female empowerment. The reduction in female vulnerability in a patriarchal society is illustrated using 16 female empowerment indicators developed from data on 1,568 women. The results suggest that micro-credit's greatest impact is on the set of indicators relating to female control over assets and k

71. Assessing the sustainability of rice production growth in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Baffes, John & Gautam, Madhur (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

72. Autobiography [8.665%] | Sen, Amartya (1999) | Downloadable! I was born in a University campus and seem to have lived all my life in one campus or another. My family is from Dhaka - now the capital of Bangladesh. My ancestral home in Wari in

73. Averting a food crisis: private imports and public targeted distribution in Bangladesh after the 1998 flood [28.740%] | del Ninno, Carlo & Dorosh, Paul A. (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

74. Bangladesh - Recent Economic Developments [28.745%] | Staff Team (2000) | No abstract is available for this item.

75. Bangladesh - Recent Economic Developments [28.745%] | Staff Team (1997) | No abstract is available for this item.

76. Bangladesh - Selected Issues [28.745%] | Staff Team (1999) | No abstract is available for this item.

77. Bangladesh - Selected Issues [28.745%] | Staff Team (1996) | No abstract is available for this item.

78. Bangladesh - Statistical Appendix [28.745%] | Staff Team (1999) | No abstract is available for this item.



81. Bangladesh 2020: An Analysis of Growth Prospect and External Sector Behaviour [29.927%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Uttam Kumar Deb (2006) | Downloadable! External factors such as export, import, remittances and foreign aid have always played important rolesto Bangladesh’s economy, though the relative importance of various external factors has changed over time. This study has analysed the trend, structure and changing features of the external sector of Bangladesh. Based on the past

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performance and changes in the global economy, the study has projected the growth prospect and likely behaviour of Bangladesh’s external sector under three scenarios: (i) optimistic scenario (8% GDP growth per annum), (ii) business as usual scenario (6% GDP growth per annum), and (iii) base case scenario (4% GDP growth per annum). Under these three scenarios, the study has projected the level of total GDP and per capita GDP of Bangladesh till FY2020. Projections are made about the required level of exports, imports, remittances, foreign aid and foreign investment to attain a consistent GDP growth at the rate of 4%, 6% and 8% up to the year 2020. The paper has also

82. Bangladesh Apparels Export to the US Market: An Examination of Her Competitiveness vis-à-vis China [29.965%] | Mustafizur Rahman & Asif Anwar (2006) | Downloadable! The paper tries to focus whether China's ascendancy will have any tangible impact on Bangladesh's export oriented RMG sector and identifies some of the apparel categories in which both the countries have common interests in the US market by analyzing the RCA index and recent performance of both the countries in view of the recent US-China MoU. The paper tries to assess the impact of China's accession to the WTO on Bangladesh's export oriented apparels sector by undertaking an indepth examination of the relative competitiveness correlates of Bangladesh and China in the US market and study their implications for Bangladesh's apparels export to the US market. Towards this, the study investigates the export performance of Bangladesh and China in the US market and price dynamics, and identifies the sources of strengths and weaknesses of Bangladesh vis-à-vis China.

83. Bangladesh Development Assistance: A dialogue among the actors [30.013%] | Navine Murshid (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Navine Murshid talks to people in different sectors to evaluate the role and significance of development assistance in Bangladesh. While foreign aid helps to fill up the savings gap, trade gap and often promotes economic growth and transference of skills, there have been questions on whether there are actual long term gains or not; whether in the name of assistance we are

�only being exploited. Development (2000) 43, 61 65. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110198

84. Bangladesh and Climate Change: Need for a Comprehensive Adaptive Strategy [30.019%] | Centre for Trade and Development CENTAD (2008) | Downloadable! Climate Change and Bangladesh â€“ A Possible Scenario Bangladesh 11,000 years later the world is now in great frustration whether would be one of the worst victim of incidence and intensity of living beings will exist due to a human induced catastrophe â€“ hydro-metrological disasters induced by climate alteration. [Climate Brief-3]

85. Bangladesh and Global Economy: Does Bangladesh Keep Pace with Economic Globalization? [29.990%] | Salahuddin Ahmed (2008) | Downloadable! The purpose of writing this paper is to discuss the economic condition of Bangladesh and the challenges Bangladesh face to keep pace in global economy. This paper explains what challenges restrain Bangladesh to accelerate its trade and business globally. Also mentioned in this paper some prospects of this countryâ€™s economy, in which investment and business can be accelerated with foreign countries. This paper also examines some basic obstacles of Bangladesh economy and it also describes some recommendations of how to solve these obstacles to build a sturdy economy for Bangladesh.

86. Bangladesh's trade and economic relations with the socialist countries [28.745%] | Khan, Azizur Rahman (1975) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

87. Bangladesh-Equitable growth? : Joseph F. Stepanek, (Pergamon Press, New York. 1979) pp. xvi x 191, $18.50 [28.745%] | Bose, Swadesh R. (1980) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

88. Bangladesh-Eu Development Relationship: Major Features And Emerging Issues [30.001%] | Mustafizur Rahman & Saifur Rahman (2000) | Downloadable! The paper looks at the current status of Bangladesh-EU relationship, identifies the salient features of the new Cooperation Agreement and looks at some of the important emerging challenges in the context of the evolving Bangladesh-EU relationship.

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The paper also focuses on the trends and structure of aid from EU to Bangladesh over the past years and Bangladesh - EU trade relations.

89. Bangladesh: 2001 Article IV Consultation--Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Staff Statement; Public Information Notice on the Exec [28.736%] | Staff Team (2002) | No abstract is available for this item.

90. Bangladesh: 2003 Article IV Consultation and Request for a Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facilit [28.729%] | Staff Team (2003) | No abstract is available for this item.

91. Bangladesh: 2005 Article IV Consultation, Third Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, and Request for Waiver o [28.745%] | Staff Team (2005) | No abstract is available for this item.

92. Bangladesh: Economic Reform Measures and the Poor [28.745%] | Padma Gotur (1991) | No abstract is available for this item.

93. Bangladesh: First Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility and Request for Waiver [28.730%] | Staff Team (2004) | No abstract is available for this item.

94. Bangladesh: Fourth Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility and Request for Waive [28.745%] | Staff Team (2006) | No abstract is available for this item.

95. Bangladesh: Gradual development or deepening misery? [28.745%] | Faaland, J. & Parkinson, J. R. (1976) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

96. Bangladesh: Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper [28.745%] | Staff Team (2003) | No abstract is available for this item.

97. Bangladesh: Joint Staff Advisory Note of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper [28.745%] | Staff Team (2006) | No abstract is available for this item.

98. Bangladesh: Joint Staff Assessment of the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper [28.745%] | Staff Team (2003) | No abstract is available for this item.

99. Bangladesh: Joint Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperStatus Report [28.745%] | Staff Team (2004) | No abstract is available for this item.

100. Bangladesh: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper [28.745%] | Staff Team (2005) | No abstract is available for this item.

101. Bangladesh: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Status Report [28.745%] | Staff Team (2004) | No abstract is available for this item.

102. Bangladesh: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes - Data Module, Response by the Authorities, and Detailed Assessments [28.745%] | Staff Team (2005) | No abstract is available for this item.

103. Bangladesh: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes - Fiscal Transparency Module - Update [28.745%] | Staff Team (2005) | No abstract is available for this item.

104. Bangladesh: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes--Fiscal Transparency Module [28.745%] | Staff Team (2003) | No abstract is available for this item.

105. Bangladesh: Second Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) and Requests f [28.745%] | Staff Team (2004) | No abstract is available for this item.

106. Bangladesh: Selected Issues [28.745%] | Staff Team (2005) | No abstract is available for this item.

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107. Bangladesh: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix [28.745%] | Staff Team (2002) | No abstract is available for this item.

108. Bangladesh: Statistical Appendix [28.745%] | Staff Team (2005) | No abstract is available for this item.

109. Bangladesh: Statistical Appendix [28.745%] | Staff Team (2003) | No abstract is available for this item.

110. Bangladesh: The Experience and Perceptions of Public Officials [28.745%] | Mukherjee, R. & Gokcekus, O. & Manning, N. & Landell-mills, P. (2001) | This report summarizes the responses of Bangladeshi Class I (highest level) public sector officials to a survey seeking opinions on a number of civil service issues, from personnel management practices to rewards and disciplinary actions, and from employees' sources of income to the budget environment and procurement processes.

111. Bangladesh: Vocational and technical education review : Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990. xi + 105 pp. Price: $7.95 (paper) [28.745%] | Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. (1992) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

112. Bangladesh’s Access to the Canadian Market: Implications of the New Canadian LDC Initiative and Prospects for Export Diversifi [29.999%] | Ann Weston (2003) | Downloadable! The focus of the paper is to examine the implications of the new Canadian LDC tariff initiative, approved by the Canadian cabinet in December 2002 which provides zero-tariff, zero-quota market access for a large number of exportables from Bangladesh. The possibilities of expansion of Bangladeshi exports in the Canadian market have also been critically analysed in the paper.

113. Bangladesh’s Strategies for Post Cancun Negotiations [30.020%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Ananya Raihan (2003) | Downloadable! The paper provides insights into Bangladesh’s possible strategies regarding agriculture, market access and trade facilitation for future negotiations in the context of collapse of the WTO Ministerial Meeting held in Cancun in September, 2003. It also suggests that the Doha decision should be revisited and the identified issues will need to be addressed on an urgent basis.

114. Bank credit for rural women: Report on study tour of grameen bank in Bangladesh : Bangkok: UN, ESCAP (ST/ESCAP/363) (126 pp., pa [28.739%] | Gran, Guy (1987) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

115. Banking and Insurance Services Liberalization and Development in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis [30.009%] | Dilli Raj Khanal (2007) | Downloadable! This paper draws from three country case studies of the liberalization and development of the banking and insurance service sectors in Bangladesh, Nepal and Malaysia undertaken as part of an ARTNeT regional study on trade in services led by the author.

116. Banking on the Poor? Branch Location and Nonfarm Rural Development in Bangladesh [30.009%] | Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The geographic location of banks' branches is used to test whether they are responding to unexploited gains from nonfarm rural development in Bangladesh. The branch locations of Bangladesh's Grameen Bank are compared with those of traditional banks. The potential gains from switching out of farming are measured, allowing for heterogeneity in household characteristics conducive to success in nonfarm activities. It is found that many farmers are poorly equipped for success in nonfarm enterprises. Even so, seemingly feasible but unrealized gains from switching are revealed. Grameen Bank is attracted to areas where those gains favor the poor. Other banks appear to put higher weight on gains to those other than the poor. Copyright 2000 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

117. Banking on the poor? Branch placement and nonfarm rural development in Bangladesh [30.016%] | Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin (1997) | Downloadable! The authors assess whether the placement

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of bank branches in Bangladesh responds to unexploited potential for nonfarm rural development. They compare the branch location choices of a large new private nonprofit bank, the famous Grameen Bank, with those of more traditional government banks. They allow for heterogeneity in household characteristics conducive to success in nonfarm activities when measuring the potential gains from switching out of farming. Farmers are both poor and poorly equipped for success at nonfarm enterprises. Even so, seemingly feasible, but unrealized gains from switching are evident. Grameen Bank is attracted to areas where those gains favor the poor. Other banks put more weight on potential gains to nonpoor.

118. Basic macroeconomic options for Bangladesh: A numerical analysis [28.743%] | Ball, Sheryl & Feltenstein, Andrew (1998) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

119. Between Group Inequality and Targeted Transfers [8.657%] | Wodon, Quentin T (1999) | This paper provides two extensions to the group decomposition of the Gini index by S. Yitzhaki and R. I. Lerman (1991). First, within group, stratification, and between group inequality are analyzed along several dimensions at once. This provides for a better understanding of the determinants of inequality. Second, the impact on the Gini of marginal changes in income or consumption by group is derived. This can be used to evaluate targeted redistributive policies or assess the impact of exogenous shocks by group. The analysis is applied to data from Bangladesh with a focus on the impact of land ownership, education, and occupation on inequality. Copyright 1999 by The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

120. Between group inequality and targeted transfers [8.657%] | Wodon, Quentin T. (1999) | Downloadable! The author provides two extensions to Yitzhaki and Lerman's group decomposition of the Gini index. First, he analyzes stratification (within the group) and inequality (between groups) along several dimensions at once. This makes the determinants of inequality more understandable. Second, he derives the impact on the Gini of marginal changes in income or consumption by group. This can be used to evaluate targeted redistributive policies or to assess the impact of exogenous shocks by group. He applies the analysis to data from Bangladesh, with a focus on how inequality affects land ownership, education, and occupation. Education appears to be a stronger determinant of inequality than occupation, with land ownership ranking third. Marginal targeted transfers and taxes have more effect on redistribution when applied to education (from the well-educated to the illiterate) or occupation groups (from officials and managers to tenants and agricultural workers).

121. Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh: A general equilibrium approach [30.012%] | Chandrima Sikdar & Thijs Ten Raa & Pierre Mohnen & Debesh Chakraborty (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! India and Bangladesh have pursued policies of trade liberalization since the early 1990s. However, owing to the differential speeds of opening up, Bangladesh's bilateral trade deficit with India widened substantially over the years. This aggravated the economic and the political tensions between the economies. It has been held that promotion of free trade between the two economies may enhance the trade and hence economic cooperation between them. Against this backdrop the present paper proposes a theoretical framework that provides a general equilibrium determination of the commodity pattern of trade and hence locates the comparative advantages of the economies. The empirical implementation of the model considers trade in 25 sectors comparable in the input--output tables of the economies. The study isolates the gains from free trade accruing to either economy. The paper also explores the pattern of bilateral trade when each economy produces goods by utilizing their own as wel

122. Bio-economic development of floodplains: farming versus fishing in Bangladesh [29.978%] | Islam, Mursaleena & Braden, John B. (2006) | Downloadable! This paper explores economic development in the floodplain of large rivers, where both economic and ecological factors need to be considered for effective management. Floodplain management policies in Bangladesh emphasize structural changes to enhance agricultural production. However, these structural changes reduce fisheries production, an important natural resource sector and a source of subsistence for the rural poor. We develop a model where net

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returns to agriculture and fisheries are jointly maximized, taking into account the effect of flooding depth and timing on production, and value of catch in markets and for subsistence nutrition. Results for a region in Bangladesh show that optimal production in a natural floodplain yields higher net returns compared with a floodplain modified by flood control structures. This finding implies that neglecting the bio-economic relationship between fisheries and land use may significantly affect the long-run economic role of a river floodplain, particul

123. Bivariate causality between exchange rates and stock prices in South Asia [8.657%] | R. Smyth & M. Nandha (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This article examines the relationship between exchange rates and stock prices in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka using daily data over a six-year period from 1995 to 2001. Both the Engle-Granger two-step and Johansen cointegration methods suggest that there is no long-run equilibrium relationship between these two financial variables in any of the four countries. Granger causality tests find that there is uni-directional causality running from exchange rates to stock prices in India and Sri Lanka, but in Bangladesh and Pakistan exchange rates and stock prices are independent.

124. Book Review: Peasants and Classes: A Study in Differentiation in Bangladesh [30.015%] | Kailas Sarap (1992) | Book Review of Rahman, Atiur, Peasants and Classes: A Study in Differentiation in Bangladesh, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1990

125. Book Review: Technology and Employment in the Cotton Industry of Bangladesh [30.015%] | Arati Basu (1993) | Book Review of Islam Mohammed Reazul, Technology and Employment in the Cotton Industry of Bangladesh, International Development and Research Centre, New Delhi, December 1992, pp 123

126. Book Reviews [8.640%] | J. Atkin (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Author: LONG, NORMAN; Development Sociology: Actor Perspectives; Reviewer: Jan Kees van Donge; Editors: ADGER, W. NEIL, P. MICK KELLY and NGUYEN HUU NINH; Living with Environmental Change: Social Vulnerability, Adaptation and Resilience in Vietnam; Reviewer: Michael J.G. Parnwell; Editors: MOSER, CAROLINE O.N., and FIONA C. CLARK; Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence; Reviewer: Helen Hintjens; Author: WORLD BANK POLICY RESEARCH REPORT; Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice; Reviewer: Nitasha Kaul; Authors: ALAUDDIN, MOHAMMAD, and MOSHARAFF HOSSAIN; Environment and Agriculture in a Developing Economy: Problems and Prospects for Bangladesh; Reviewer: Andrew Palfreman; Editors: HUQ, MOZAMMEL, and JIM LOVE; Strategies for Industrialization: The Case of Bangladesh; Reviewer: E. Abdul Azeez; Author: McWILLIAM, MICHAEL; The Development Business: A History of the Commonwealth Development Corporation;

127. Bright City Lights and Slums of Dhaka city: Determinants of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh [29.956%] | AKM Ahsan Ullah (2004) | Downloadable! This paper explores the factors contributing to the migration process in Bangladesh. 197 randomly selected migrants and their families were interviewed at both destination and source locations using closed and open-ended questionnaires. The resulting data provided descriptive and analytical statistics. Data analysis reveals that the flow of migration to the major cities in Bangladesh is the result of rural - urban dichotomies in income, employment opportunity and absorptive capacity. A significantly higher percentage of migrants live in slums as compared to other places (P<0.003). Regression analysis shows that migration is influenced by both “push” and “pull” factors, such as the search for work, landlessness, extreme poverty, loss of income,, easy access to informal sectors in cities, and joining families or relatives. A factor analysis showed similar determinants. Reducing disparities between rural and urban areas should receive urgent attention to stabilise the migration process

128. Bringin’ Home the Curry and Givin’ it away: Commercial Ventures of NGOs in Bangladesh [29.999%] | LY, Pierre-Emmanuel (2006) | Downloadable! From handicraft shops to cyber cafés, more and more NGOs in developing countries are moving toward investment in revenue-generating business

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ventures. This paper explores the motivations behind such investments and their impact the donor-NGO relationship. First, a case study of NGOs in Bangladesh provides evidence of NGOs’ commercial earnings in the country. Then, a simple theoretical model underlines three determinants of an NGO's decision to invest in business: the uncertainty of future donor funding; the lack of funds available; and the need to finance expenditures that donors do not value. Furthermore, facing uncertainty regarding their ability to renew future commitment, donors might prefer NGOs with business ventures. Finally, the analysis shows that having an independent income does not necessarily make NGOs better off.

129. Building Poor Countries' Trade Capacity [8.647%] | John Whalley (1999) | This is a background paper prepared for an informal expert meeting of the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD. It discusses technical assistance on trade for the least developed and poorer countries and tries to explore alternative partnership approaches for building new trade capacity. It focuses on trade policy more than on trade promotion strategies. The paper identifies four different types of technical assistance: 1. Raising the awareness of key policy makers and actors both of how trade policy operates globally, and what the options are. 2. Help with the implementation of multilaterally or regionally agreed trade arrangements. 3. Help to deal with export related implements in foreign markets. 4. Enhancement of negotiating capability, both multilaterally and regionally. It emphasizes how a ranking across these types of assistance needs to be informed by a sense of the trade situation for these countries. The pattern of poorer country trade has been changing in recent years, with sharp export gro

130. Building Technological Capability in Developing Countries: The Case for a Technology Policy [8.659%] | Mozammel Huq (2008) | Downloadable! The paper offers some reflections on technological capability building in the context of low-income developing countries. The issue is of particular concern, especially in an economic climate of liberalisation hostile to direct state intervention, at a time when the less developed countries are struggling to compete. The paper surveys the state of technology policy in three countries of the Indian sub-continent -India, Bangladesh and Nepal in order to draw some lessons. The externalities and market imperfections involved in technology development are so substantial that, if left to market forces without a technology policy, there seems little prospect of the successful building of technological capability by low-income developing countries. This does not necessarily imply direct public production of R&D; given the experience of government failures in implementing efficient resource allocation in developing countries, the specific role of the government requires careful consideration. [DSA, A

131. Bumper crops, producer incentives and persistent poverty [8.667%] | Dorosh, Paul A. & Shahabuddin, Quazi & Aziz, M. Abdul & Farid, Naser (2002) | Downloadable! Food aid has played a useful role in Government of Bangladesh efforts to increase food security in the last three decades, adding to foodgrain availability, supplying wheat for targeted distribution to poor households, and helping to finance development projects and programs. However, sustained increases in domestic production of both rice and wheat have increased the likelihood of disincentive effects arising from continued large inflows of food aid. The analysis shows that if good rice harvests continue so that real rice prices remain at their levels of 2000, and if international wheat prices return to their average 1995-99 levels, then public wheat distribution may need to be cut to levels below the current amount of food aid received (650 thousand tons in 2000/2001) to avoid reducing domestic prices below import parity. However, resources will continue to be required for programs that increase access to food by the poor, contribute to increased utilization of food and result in improved nutr

132. Bumper crops, producer incentives and persistent poverty [8.667%] | Dorosh, Paul A. & Shahabuddin, Quazi & Aziz, M. Abdul & Farid, Naser (2002) | Downloadable! Food aid has played a useful role in Government of Bangladesh efforts to increase food security in the last three decades, adding to foodgrain availability, supplying wheat for targeted distribution to poor households, and helping to finance development projects and programs. However, sustained increases in domestic production of both rice and wheat have increased the likelihood of disincentive effects arising from continued large inflows of food aid. The analysis shows that if good rice harvests continue so that real rice prices remain at their

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levels of 2000, and if international wheat prices return to their average 1995-99 levels, then public wheat distribution may need to be cut to levels below the current amount of food aid received (650 thousand tons in 2000/2001) to avoid reducing domestic prices below import parity. However, resources will continue to be required for programs that increase access to food by the poor, contribute to increased utilization of food and result in improved nutr

133. Business Competitiveness Environment In Bangladesh (2005): Domestic Perceptions And Global Comparison [28.743%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Khondaker Golam Moazzem & Kazi Mahmudur Rahman & Syed Saifuddin... (2006) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

134. Business Cycles and Seasonal Cycles in Bangladesh [29.978%] | Rahman, Pk. Md. Motiur & Yamagata, Tatsufumi (2004) | Downloadable! The empirical regularities of the Bangladesh business and seasonal cycles are documented in this study. Spectrums, seasonality, volatility, cyclicality, and persistence in the level and variance of macroeconomic variables in Bangladesh are explored using monthly and quarterly macroeconomic series. Most of the features of U.S. and East-Southeast Asian business cycles are common to Bangladeshi business cycles; however, there are some differences. As is seen in the U.S. and European economies, seasonal cycles accentuate the features of business cycles in Bangladesh. To our surprise, the seasonal cycles in Bangladesh embody the features of business cycles in the U.S. and East-Southeast Asian economies more thoroughly than they do the business cycles in Bangladesh.

135. CBFM-2 International conference on community based approaches to fisheries management [29.997%] | WorldFish Center & Bangladesh. Department of Fisheries (2007) | Downloadable! The CBFM international conference held on 6th and 7th March 2007 in Dhaka, Bangladesh brought together policy makers, scientists and development practioners from all over the world to share experiences in co-mangement of complex wetland environments. This booklet includes abstracts of papers presented at the conference.

136. Can Horticulture be a Success Story for India? [8.627%] | Surabhi Mittal (2007) | Downloadable! India is the second largest producer of the fruits and vegetables in the world after China. Since the 1980s the international trade in fruits and vegetables has expanded rapidly. The number of commodities as well as the number of varieties produced and traded have drastically increased during the past 25 years. There is an overall increase in the demand of fruits and vegetables for consumption both in fresh and the processed form. Also there is a wide diversification in production pattern globally. Income in this sector is increasing which is driving the supply. In spite of being one of the largest producers of fruits and vegetables in the world, the export competitiveness among the Indian producers remains low. But with new marketing initiatives, the post-harvest losses and wastage due to poor infrastructure facilities such as storage and transportation are reduced to a considerable extent, yet a lot needs to be done in this sector. In an effort to overcome some of the problems associated with

137. Can family-planning programs "cause" a significant fertility decline in countries characterized by very low levels of so [28.736%] | Masih, Abul M. M. & Masih, Rumi (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

138. Can information alone change behavior? Response to arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Madajewicz, Malgosia & Pfaff, Alexander & van Geen, Alexander & Graziano, Joseph & H... (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

139. Can photovoltaic technologies help attain sustainable rural development in Bangladesh? [28.741%] | Biswas, Wahidul K. & Diesendorf, Mark & Bryce, Paul (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

140. Carp genetic resources for aquaculture in Asia [8.656%] | Penman, D.J. & Gupta, M.V. & Dey, M.M. (eds) (2005) | Downloadable! There are over 1 300 species of cyprinids in Asia, which form an important part of the world’s aquatic biodiversity. Aquaculture and capture fisheries involving cyprinids

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are a vital part of the livelihoods of many millions of people in this region. The production of carps from aquaculture in Asia constitutes over half of world finfish aquaculture production. Further growth in human populations will increase the demand for carps as food, but may also threaten wild populations. This publication focuses on carp genetic resources for aquaculture in major carp producing countries of Asia viz., Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, describing the species of importance, our current knowledge of the genetics of these species and genetic improvement of these species for aquaculture.

141. Case study the shrimp export industry in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Cato, James C. & Subasinge, S. (2003) | Downloadable!

142. Catastrophic payments for health care in Asia [8.659%] | Eddy van Doorslaer & Owen O'Donnell & Ravindra P. Rannan-Eliya & Aparnaa Somanathan &#38... (2007) | Downloadable! Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are the principal means of financing health care throughout much of Asia. We estimate the magnitude and distribution of OOP payments for health care in fourteen countries and territories accounting for 81% of the Asian population. We focus on payments that are catastrophic, in the sense of severely disrupting household living standards, and approximate such payments by those absorbing a large fraction of household resources. Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal and Vietnam rely most heavily on OOP financing and have the highest incidence of catastrophic payments. Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia stand out as low to middle income countries that have constrained both the OOP share of health financing and the catastrophic impact of direct payments. In most low|middle-income countries, the better-off are more likely to spend a large fraction of total household resources on health care. This may reflect the inability of the poorest of the poor to divert resources from other ba

143. Cattle dynamics and their implications in Pabna district, Bangladesh [28.742%] | Hermans, C. & Udo, H. M. J. & Dawood, F. (1989) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

144. Causality relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Mozumder, Pallab & Marathe, Achla (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

145. Cause Related Marketing and Its Impact on the Purchasing Behavior of the Customers of Bangladesh: An Empirical Study [28.739%] | Mujahid Mohiuddin Babu & Md. Mohiuddin (2008) | Downloadable! Marketing, now, is not merely about only the market. The focal point is getting wider day by day. The companies are devising different schemes to contribute to societal development activities along with their attainment of corporate goals and objectives. Cause related marketing is one of those tactics that enables the marketers to involve the customers directly into the process. This study tries to portray whether the customers purchasing behavior or brand preference are influence by such marketing program. The demographic variables have great influence on the purchasing decision making process of customer. Whether that is also being influenced by companies cause related marketing program is also explored here. The findings have showed that a customer is influenced by the companies’ cause related marketing programs while adopting a new brand or executing its purchase intension and the customers prefer to support generally health and life saving issues.

146. Challenges for Sustainable Development: Rapid Urbanization, Poverty and Capabilities in Bangladesh [29.906%] | Khan, Haider (2008) | Downloadable! The main purpose of this paper is to examine the causes and consequences -- in particular, the policy implications -- of the ongoing urbanization in Bangladesh. Like many other Asian developing countries, a rapidly increasing share of the population of Bangladesh migrates to urban centers in search for employment opportunities outside agriculture in industrial enterprises or the services sector. For the first time in its history, the urban population is growing faster than the rural population, At the same time, the labor force in non-agriculture is growing faster than the labor force in agriculture. But the employment opportunities in either sector are not growing adequately. This paper attempts to analyze the emerging trends and patterns of urbanization

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in Bangladesh within a dynamic dual-dual framework with a strong emphasis on rural-urban migration and the informal sectors. The analysis pinpoints, among other things, the need to build up productive capacities in order to create adequate empl

147. Challenges to the Monitoring and Evaluation of Large Nutrition Programs in Developing Countries: Examples from Bangladesh [29.941%] | Rezaul Karim & Jennifer Coates & Gwenola Desplats & Iqbal Kabir & Yeakub Patwari &... (2002) | Downloadable! Most large-scale nutrition surveys carried out in developing countries have been conducted to compile or update national or regional data that are independent of project activities. At the same time, a growing number of large scale projects are developing monitoring and evaluation systems that also build on periodic baseline and evaluation surveys to assess whether project objectives are being met, and whether improvements in nutritional status observed are indeed attributable to the interventions. Donors and governments are demanding increasingly rigorous evaluations to assess whether their operational investments are cost-effective. Such information also guides the direction of future activities. One intervention, the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP), has been using baseline and evaluative surveys since 1996 to assess its performance and to inform decision making. The project is widely acknowledged to be one of the most impressive large-scale, community-based nutrition programs i

148. Challenges to the Monitoring and Evaluation of Large Nutrition Programs in Developing Countries: Examples from Bangladesh [29.941%] | Rezaul Karim & Jennifer Coates & Gwenola Desplats & Iqbal Kabir & Yeakub Patwari &... (2002) | Downloadable! Most large-scale nutrition surveys carried out in developing countries have been conducted to compile or update national or regional data that are independent of project activities. At the same time, a growing number of large scale projects are developing monitoring and evaluation systems that also build on periodic baseline and evaluation surveys to assess whether project objectives are being met, and whether improvements in nutritional status observed are indeed attributable to the interventions. Donors and governments are demanding increasingly rigorous evaluations to assess whether their operational investments are cost-effective. Such information also guides the direction of future activities. One intervention, the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP), has been using baseline and evaluative surveys since 1996 to assess its performance and to inform decision making. The project is widely acknowledged to be one of the most impressive large-scale, community-based nutrition programs i

149. Change And The Everyday Politics Of Community Based Organisations [8.660%] | Joseph Devine (2008) | Downloadable! Membership based organisations are an increasingly important institutional form, encountered both in the social theories we use and in the practices of people we study. An examination of these organisations brings to the fore the importance of the relational in the construction of well-being. Using ethnographic insights into a pro-poor organisational form active in Bangladesh, the paper argues that the success of the organisation can be traced to its ability to become the primary location and expression of agency for its members. The paper then proceeds to explore the form of agency facilitated through the organisation and demonstrates how this is imbued with traces of relations of power that are more characteristic of clientelistic practices. This creates a conundrum: can you exercise greater agency from a position that encourages the persistence of clientelistic behaviour? In exploring ways in which the conundrum might be fruitfully answered, the paper links three key themes: embeddedness, aut

150. Changing Perspective on Rural Credit between Mid-80s and Mid-90s - Experiences of two West Bengal Villages [8.640%] | Datta Samar K & Chakraborti Milindo (1997) | Credit is a pure service transaction between two points of time rather than a spot market transaction in pure goods . Because of the time gap involved between sanction and realization of credit, the players in the market confront several kinds of risks, many of which are not independent of the socio-economic environment. Against the backdrop of the institutional changes in the form of establishment and strengthening of the Panchayats in rural West Bengal over the last two decades, the present study is an attempt to capture the attendant changes in rural credit market between mid-1980s and mid-1990s from the experiences of two villages in the district of Birbhum. In doing so, it compared the profile and mode of operation of prevailing

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moneylenders and lending institutions with those documented in an earlier study carried and in the same two villages and made an endeavour to find out as to whether the changes in the functioning of both formal and rural credit have led to greater accessibility to credit of the r

151. Changing norms about gender inequality in education : evidence from Bangladesh [28.741%] | Das, Maitreyi Bordia & Blunch, Niels-Hugo (2007) | Downloadable! Using a recent household survey for two cohorts of married women, this paper examines norms about gender equality in education for children and adults. Among the main findings are that gender education gap norms have changed: younger generations of women are more positive about female vs. male education, both as pertaining to child and adult education outcomes. Perhaps the strongest result is that Bangladeshi women are more likely to espouse attitudes of gender equalit y in education for their children and less so about gender equality among spouses. It is also easier to explain norms regarding children ' s education and more difficult to explain norms about equality in marriages. The authors believe that question on relative education of boys and girls captures the value of education per se, while the question on educational equality in marriage captures the norms regarding marriage and the relative worth of husbands and wives. The effect of education in determining norms is significant though

152. Child Labour and Child Schooling in South Asia: A Cross Country Study of their Determinants [8.663%] | Ranjan Ray (2001) | Downloadable! This study uses Nepalese data to estimate the impact of individual, household and cluster/community level variables on child labour and child schooling. The principal estimates are, then, compared with those from Bangladesh and Pakistan. The exercise is designed to identify effective policy instruments that could influence child labour and child schooling in South Asia. The results show that the impact of a variable on a child’s education/employment is, often, highly sensitive to the specification in the estimation and to the country considered. There are, however some results that are fairly robust. For example, in both Nepal and Pakistan, inequality has a strong U shaped impact on both child labour participation rates and child labour hours, thus, pointing to high inequality as a significant cause of child labour. In contrast, household poverty has only a weak link with child labour, though it seems to be more important in the context of child schooling. The current school attendance by a ch

153. Child Labour in Bangladesh: Trends, Patterns and Policy Options [29.991%] | Khanam, Rasheda (2005) | Downloadable! This study examines the trends, patterns and policy options of child labour in Bangladesh particularly during the 1990s. The striking finding in the trend and incidence of child labour in Bangladesh is that while child labour is on a declining trend in other South Asian countries – India and Pakistan and in the world, it has been increasing in Bangladesh. This increasing trend in the incidence of child labour particularly focuses on the irrelevance or inadequacy of existing child labour laws in Bangladesh. This study suggests that a combination of policies would be appropriate for reducing child labour. These include employment generation schemes that lead to economic prosperity for the household, compulsory schooling for children, school enrolment subsidy, improving school infrastructure, the quality of education, flexibility in school schedules and adult literacy campaigns that increase community or social awareness, especially of the adult female.

154. Child Work and Schooling Costs in Rural Northern India [8.643%] | Gautam Hazarika & Arjun S. Bedi (2006) | Downloadable! It is widely held that work by children obstructs schooling, so that working children in impoverished families will find it difficult to escape poverty. If children’s school attendance and work were highly substitutable activities, it would be advisable to quell work in the interest of schooling and, if less child work were desirable for its own sake, to boost school attendance so as to reduce child work. Hence, this article examines the effects of schooling costs upon both children’s propensities to work and to attend school in rural northern India in a bid to assess the extent of trade-off between the activities. Analyses of data from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, two Northern Indian states, reveal a positive relation between child work and schooling costs, a negative relation between school enrollment and schooling costs, and that the decrease in the probability of child work from a decrease in schooling costs is comparable in magnitude to the corresponding increase in the probability of schoo

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155. Child Work and Schooling in Bangladesh: The Role of Birth Order [30.019%] | Khanam, Rasheda & Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur (2005) | Downloadable! Using data from Bangladesh, this paper examines how the birth order of a child influences parental decisions to place children in one of the four activities – ‘study only’, ‘study and work’, ‘neither work nor study’ and ‘work only’. The results from the multinomial logit model show that being a first-born child increases the probability of working as the prime activity or at least combining school with work rather than schooling only. The results confirm that later-born children are more likely to be in school than their earlier-born counterparts.

156. Child care practices associated with positive and negative nutritional outcomes for children in Bangladesh [29.990%] | Kumar, Shubh K. & Naved, Ruchira Tabassum & Bhattarai, Saroj (1997) | Downloadable! This study attempts to identify characteristics of the existing child and the maternal care environment that could be used as a basis for designing policies and programs to improve the nutritional status of children. For the present study, all children between 6-18 months of age were selected from a nutrition survey of a cross section of 741 households conducted by the IFPRI Bangladesh Food Policy Project in February-March 1992. Information was obtained on feeding practices of infants and mothers, indicators of psychosocial care, and health and hygiene practices. In this study, information on child care practices obtained together with information from the original nutrition survey on maternal and child nutrition, individual food consumption, and household demographic and socioeconomic status was used. Children who exhibited the best growth status, holding age and income level constant, compared to the others in the same environmental setting, are identified as positive deviants. Those with the

157. Child labour and school attendance: evidence from Bangladesh [29.931%] | Khanam, Rasheda (2006) | Downloadable! Purpose – The objective of this paper is to understand better the determinants of child labour and schooling in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses data from a survey based in rural Bangladesh and considers the children aged 5-17 years living in rural households in which the mother and father are both present. The sample size is 1,628 children. A multinomial logit model is used to estimate the determinants of schooling and working, combining schooling and work, or doing nothing for 5-17 years old children. Findings – The results show that the education of parents significantly increases the probability that a school-age child will specialise in study. The presence of very young children (aged 0-4) in the household increases the likelihood that a school-age child will combine study with work. The significant and positive gender coefficient suggests that girls are more likely than boys to combine schooling with work. The children who are sons and daughters of the househ

158. Child labour and school attendance: evidence from Bangladesh [29.930%] | Rasheda Khanam (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Purpose – The objective of this paper is to understand better the determinants of child labour and schooling in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses data from a survey based in rural Bangladesh and considers the children aged 5-17 years living in rural households in which the mother and father are both present. The sample size is 1,628 children. A multinomial logit model is used to estimate the determinants of schooling and working, combining schooling and work, or doing nothing for 5-17 years old children. Findings – The results show that the education of parents significantly increases the probability that a school-age child will specialise in study. The presence of very young children (aged 0-4) in the household increases the likelihood that a school-age child will combine study with work. The significant and positive gender coefficient suggests that girls are more likely than boys to combine schooling with work. The children who are sons and dau

159. Child mortality and injury in Asia: an overview [8.661%] | Michael (et al.) Linnan (2007) | Downloadable! Special Series on Child Injury no. 1. This paper presents an overview of the IRC Child Injury Series, a working paper series on child injury that has its first focus on injury in developing countries. The series summarizes the findings of 6 national and sub-national surveys in Asia, in Bangladesh, China, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The surveys, undertaken using a new methodology resembling a census, found that injury is the leading cause of death after infancy in children through 17 years of age in all five countries surveyed. The methodology involved creating a very large, representative sample of households in each national/sub-national survey and directly counting all

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mortality events in the previous three years and all morbidity events that required missing work, school, or being hospitalized from injury in the previous one year. The results show that current estimates of child mortality miss most injury deaths in early childhood. Current estimates do not i

160. Childbearing and Women's Survival: New Evidence from Rural Bangladesh [30.005%] | Jane Menken & Linda Duffy & Randall Kuhn (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Effects of childbearing on women's mortality and the implications of family planning programs in reducing these effects are examined in a 20-year prospective study of more than 2,000 women in Matlab, Bangladesh. Maternal mortality is defined as a death occurring in the six weeks after childbirth. But childbearing may affect women's survival beyond this brief period. Additional hypotheses considered relate to 1) cumulative exposure to childbearing, whether measured by parity or pace of childbearing, 2) age at first birth, and 3) effects beyond the reproductive ages. The results offer no support to cumulative exposure hypotheses, showing no link between parity or pace of childbearing and mortality risk. Instead, we identify an extended period of heightened mortality risk associated with each birth-the year of the birth and the two subsequent years. Family planning programs, by reducing the number of children and therefore a woman's exposure to extended maternal mortality risk,

161. China's Accession to the WTO: Consequences for Bangladesh's Export-Oriented RMG Sector [28.742%] | Mustafizur Rahman & Dr Ananya Raihan (2003) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

162. Civil society and propoor initiatives in rural Bangladesh: finding a workable strategy [28.742%] | Blair, Harry (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

163. Cointegration, structural breaks and the demand for money in Bangladesh [30.001%] | Rao, B. Bhaskara & Kumar, Saten (2007) | Downloadable! This paper allows for endogenous structural breaks in the cointegration equation and investigates if there is a stable demand for money for Bangladesh. We have used the Gregory and Hansen framework and found that there was an intercept shift and a well- determined and stable demand for money in Bangladesh exists.

164. Combined price support and fertilizer subsidy policies for food self-sufficiency : A case study of rice in Bangladesh [28.738%] | Bayes, A. M. & Parton, K. A. & Piggott, R. R. (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

165. Commercial vegetable and polyculture fish production in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Ifpri (2000) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

166. Commodity Market Integration: Case of Asian Rice Markets [8.627%] | A Amarender Reddy (2007) | Asia is becoming a global hub for agricultural commodity trade. Rice is an important staple food for most of the Asian population. Most of the international rice trade takes place within Asia. Efficient and integrated rice markets in Asia are essential for improving the volume of rice trade as less than 6% of the global production is traded internationally. The paper tests the extent of cointegration among rice markets by using Johansen test, examines causality by Granger causality test, and also captures the speed of adjustment to deviations from long run equilibrium in rice prices by using vector error correction model. The results reveal that international rice price indices (Thai and US), farm harvest prices and also government support prices are cointegrated in the long run, however the law of one price does not hold good. Thai II (100) Granger causes both Thai-A1 Super and Long Grain No. 2 (4%) US international price indices. There are five cointegrating vectors out of nine countries’ farm harvest pri

167. Community management as part of the inland capture fisheries strategy in Bangladesh [30.020%] | Andreasson, A. (2007) | Downloadable! Bangladesh has had comprehensive experience of community based management for inland capture fisheries from several projects (revenue and externally funded) over the last 10 to 15 years. The lessons were extensively used for the elaboration of a strategy and a programme, which will seek to consolidate gains in and expansion of community based management linked to institutional and legal reform and a recognition and strengthening of the roles of civil society

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and the private sector. The Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock adopted the National Fisheries Strategy in January 2006. It had been developed by the Department of Fisheries over an extended period through a consultative process involving all relevant stakeholders. The strategy sets out to guide the implementation of the National Fisheries Policy, the PRSP and the Road Map for PRSP. The strategy covers eight areas (“sub-strategies”); inland capture fisheries, marine capture fisheries, aquaculture, aquaculture extension, shrimp culture, q

168. Comparative advantage in Bangladesh crop production [28.744%] | Shahabuddin, Quazi & Dorosh, Paul A. (2002) | Downloadable!

169. Comparative advantage in Bangladesh crop production [28.744%] | Shahabuddin, Quazi & Dorosh, Paul A. (2002) | Downloadable!

170. Comparing Household Survey-Based Measures of Food Insecurity Across Countries: Case Studies in India, Uganda, and Bangladesh [29.941%] | Mark Nord & Anoop Kumar Satpathy & Nikhil Raj & Patrick Webb & Robert Houser (2002) | Downloadable! Ongoing research is exploring the validity and reliability of household food security assessment through surveys that ask respondents about behaviors and experiences known to characterize households having difficulty meeting their food needs. The Food Security Measurement Project in the United States of America has developed and tested a food security survey module for domestic use. Statistical methods based on the Rasch measurement model (a non-linear factor analytic model) are used to combine responses to questions in the module into a scale that measures the severity of food insecurity. The food security module and scale are in regular use in household surveys in the U.S. both for research and monitoring purposes. The U.S. Food Security Survey Module is also being adapted for use in low-income populations in several other countries. This paper examines data collected in three such adaptations: A study of child labor in Orissa, India; a general household survey in Kampala, Uganda; and a study

171. Comparing Household Survey-Based Measures of Food Insecurity Across Countries: Case Studies in India, Uganda, and Bangladesh [29.941%] | Mark Nord & Anoop Kumar Satpathy & Nikhil Raj & Patrick Webb & Robert Houser (2002) | Downloadable! Ongoing research is exploring the validity and reliability of household food security assessment through surveys that ask respondents about behaviors and experiences known to characterize households having difficulty meeting their food needs. The Food Security Measurement Project in the United States of America has developed and tested a food security survey module for domestic use. Statistical methods based on the Rasch measurement model (a non-linear factor analytic model) are used to combine responses to questions in the module into a scale that measures the severity of food insecurity. The food security module and scale are in regular use in household surveys in the U.S. both for research and monitoring purposes. The U.S. Food Security Survey Module is also being adapted for use in low-income populations in several other countries. This paper examines data collected in three such adaptations: A study of child labor in Orissa, India; a general household survey in Kampala, Uganda; and a study

172. Competition and structure of South Asian banking: a revenue behaviour approach [8.659%] | Shrimal Perera & Michael Skully & J. Wickramanayake (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper examines the nature of competition and structure in South Asian banking markets. It also assesses whether traditional interest-based product market segments are more competitive than those that also include fee- and commission-based products. The reduced form Panzar--Rosse specification tests show that bank revenues appear to be earned under conditions of monopolistic competition during the period 1995 to 2003. In Bangladesh and Pakistan competition is greater in the traditional interest-based product markets while Indian and Sri Lankan domestic commercial banks seem to face more competitive pressure in the fee-based product market from other financial intermediaries.

173. Competitiveness of the knitwear industry in Bangladesh : a study of industrial development amid global competition [29.983%] | Bakht, Zaid & Salimullah, Md. & Yamagata, Tatsufumi & Yunus, Mohammad (2008) | Downloadable! This paper assesses the technical efficiency and profitability of the

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knitwear industry in Bangladesh taking into account the sectorâ€™s role in poverty reduction. While stochastic frontier analysis was invoked to assess technical efficiency, three alternative measures, namely the rate of return, total factor productivity and the Solow residual, were used to gauge the extent and determinants of the profitability of the industry based on firm-level data collected in 2001. The estimation results indicate the high profitability of the knitwear firms. In Bangladesh, the dynamic development of the industry has entailed great diversity in efficiency in comparison with the garment industries of other developing countries. While there is a significant scale effect in profitability and productivity, no supporting evidence was found for the positive impact on competitiveness of industrial upgrading in terms of usage of expensive machinery and vertical integration and industrial agglomeration.

174. Conflicts Over Credit: Re-Evaluating the Empowerment Potential of Loans to Women in Rural Bangladesh [28.739%] | Kabeer, Naila (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

175. Considerations in the placement and outreach of microfinance organizations [8.661%] | Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (2000) | Downloadable! Governments, policymakers, and donors attach a great deal of importance to poverty outreach—the extent to which MFIs serve poor and disadvantaged locations—when evaluating microfinance institutions (MFIs). With the above considerations in mind, IFPRI undertook a study of the service placement of three major NGOs in Bangladesh: the Association of Social Advancement (ASA), the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendra (PROSHIKA).

176. Constructive regulation of non-government organizations [8.656%] | Abbey, Edward Mac (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Most of the world's population lives and works in the informal sector. A key role of Civil Society Organizations, such as NGOs, is to develop community capacity to link with formal sector institutions. Regulation of NGOs themselves can legitimize their role, improve their professional standards, and assure accountability to the general public. Care should be taken not to excessively regulate, which restricts innovation and outreach of NGOs. Constructive regulation should include simple registration, self-help regulatory mechanisms, and formal regulation of important services such as microfinance. Drawing on experience in Bangladesh and Dominican Republic, the author demonstrates how regulation can improve the effectiveness of development intervention of NGOs.

177. Consumption insurance and vulnerability to poverty [8.645%] | Skoufias, Emmanuel & Quisumbing, Agnes R. (2003) | Downloadable! This paper synthesizes the results of five studies using household panel data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Mexico and Russia, which examine the extent to which households are able through formal and/or informal arrangements to insure their consumption from specific economic shocks and fluctuations in their real income. Building on the recent literature of consumption smoothing and risk sharing, the degree of consumption insurance is defined by the degree to which the growth rate of household consumption covaries with the growth rate of household income. All the case studies show that food consumption is better insured than nonfood consumption from idiosyncratic shocks. Adjustments in nonfood consumption appear to act as a mechanism for partially insuring ex-post the consumption of food from the effects of income changes. Food consumption is also more likely to be covered by informal insurance arrangements at the community level than nonfood consumption. Linkages among consumption variability

178. Consumption insurance and vulnerability to poverty [8.645%] | Skoufias, Emmanuel & Quisumbing, Agnes R. (2003) | Downloadable! This paper synthesizes the results of five studies using household panel data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Mexico and Russia, which examine the extent to which households are able through formal and/or informal arrangements to insure their consumption from specific economic shocks and fluctuations in their real income. Building on the recent literature of consumption smoothing and risk sharing, the degree of consumption insurance is defined by the degree to which the growth rate of household consumption covaries with the growth rate of household income. All the case studies show that food consumption is better insured than nonfood consumption from idiosyncratic shocks. Adjustments in

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nonfood consumption appear to act as a mechanism for partially insuring ex-post the consumption of food from the effects of income changes. Food consumption is also more likely to be covered by informal insurance arrangements at the community level than nonfood consumption. Linkages among consumption variability

179. Contingent Valuation of Mortality Risk Reduction in Developing Countries: A Mission Impossible? [8.663%] | Minhaj Mahmud (2006) | Downloadable! We examine the effect of training the respondents regarding probabilities and risk reductions, in addition to using visual aids to communicate risk and risk reductions, in a contingent valuation survey of mortality risk reduction in Bangladesh. We elicit individuals’ risk perception and find that people on average overestimate the mortality risk at younger ages and underestimate it at older ages. Our results indicate a significantly higher WTP for the trained sub-sample, and WTP is sensitive to the magnitude of risk reduction both with and without the training.

180. Contribution of the RMG Sector to the Bangladesh Economy [28.742%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Ananya Raihan (2002) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

181. Convergence in Bangladesh Agriculture [30.018%] | Rahmatullah Abul Bashar Md (2008) | Downloadable! We address the issue of convergence in agricultural productivity among districts in Bangladesh. We employed cross-section convergence test, and convergence, and panel unit root convergence test. The coefficient of the initial productivity level is negative and significant in convergence test indicating convergence in agricultural productivity. The result of convergence test shows that there has been a decrease in the cross-districts dispersion of productivity in agriculture over the entire time period. The panel unit root test supports the conventional test, and therefore, we may conclude that dispersion of productivity is stationary providing strong evidence that the districts do exhibit long run convergence.

182. Convergence of Per Capita Output Levels Across Regions of Bangladesh, 1982-97 [28.741%] | Md. Akhtar Hossain (2000) | No abstract is available for this item.

183. Coping with flood: role of institutions in Bangladesh [30.007%] | Shahidur R. Khandker (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The article examines the coping strategies that rural households adopted during the 1998 flood in Bangladesh and assesses its impact on household welfare, including coping and vulnerability. Both vulnerability and poverty have in general declined in Bangladesh. Yet, 60% of rural households adopted a coping of one type or another and about half of rural households were both vulnerable as well as found to adopt any coping mechanism during the 1998 flood. Household-level panel data analysis confirms that the flood reduced both consumption and asset, and forced many households to adopt some coping mechanisms to mitigate the adverse effects of flood. Consequently, natural disaster such as flooding increases households' vulnerability to poverty. However, post-flood bumper crop production and operation of targeted programs such as microfinance helped compensate the losses of flood. Copyright 2007 International Association of Agricultural Economists.

184. Corporate Financial Reporting on Internet: Global Developments and an Appraisal of Practices in Bangladesh [29.950%] | Md. Abid Hossain Khan & Ahmed Taneem Muzaffar & Abdul Kader Nazmul (2008) | Downloadable! The use of internet technology for corporate reporting is currently a well-established practice in many countries that have developed securities market. Investors find corporate web sites as a convenient way of collecting financial information of companies. Corporations also find the internet to be the most prompt and economical means of information dissemination. The practice of corporate reporting on the internet is relatively new in Bangladesh. However, the fast development of securities market in Bangladesh has caused expansion of this practice day by day. The paper investigates the emerging issues of online corporate financial reporting in the global context. It then makes an attempt to provide an appraisal of the current practice of corporate financial reporting on the internet by Bangladeshi companies and tries to provide recommendations in the light of global developments. The research reveals that although many of the issues relating to online financial reporting have been addressed by

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185. Corporate Governance for Banks in Pakistan: Recent Developments and Regional Comparisons [8.650%] | Khalid, Ahmed M. & Hanif , Muhammad N. (2005) | Downloadable! The emerging economies in the South Asian region have embarked on a bold reform process to develop the banking sector. This development has improved the transparency and accountability of the banking sector because these countries focused on ‘best practice’ corporate governance for banks. In view of a rapidly developing market with a slow pace of information dissemination, adverse selection and moral hazard problems are likely to be on the rise and may need a mechanism to train and discipline bank management. It was, therefore timely for the central banks in the region to introduce a ‘best practice’ for the banking system as a whole. This study provides a survey of recent developments in corporate governance of the banking sector in Pakistan and a comparison of similar developments in two other regional economies, namely, India and Bangladesh. In addition to a theoretical discussion on this issue, we also provide an overview of the banking sector restructuring and highlighting important

186. Corporate Governance in Bangladesh: Link between Ownership and Financial Performance [29.951%] | Omar Al Farooque & Tony van Zijl & Keitha Dunstan & AKM Waresul Karim (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper investigates empirically the effect of board ownership on firm performance in Bangladesh. By estimating single equation and simultaneous equation models on an unbalanced pooled sample of listed firms, it offers some new insight into the ownership-performance link in Bangladesh. Building on extant literature, it examines the ownership-performance relationship in an emerging market economy considering ownership as exogenous and as endogenous. The latter approach is favoured as recent empirical evidence shows that ownership and performance are endogenously determined and there is either a reverse-way or two-way causality relationship between the two. While OLS regression analysis indicates a linear and non-linear relationship between board ownership and performance, this disappears when 2-SLS estimation of a simultaneous equation model is carried out. Instead, a reverse causality relationship emerges. Other governance and control variables appear to have effects consi

187. Corporate Responsibility Practices in Bangladesh: Results from a Benchmark Study [30.012%] | Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) (2002) | Downloadable! This paper aims to provide useful insights in understanding the overall corporate responsibility status in the corporate world of Bangladesh as well as to obtain perception of the relationship of corporations with civil society, workers and the consumers. The study, thereby, recognises the valuable views of the representatives of the civil society organisations on issues such as labour rights, community relations, workplace environment and sustainable development. A set of policy recommendations for addressing the major concerns of corporate responsibility has also been sketched out in the paper.

188. Corporate Social Responsibility and Children's Rights in South Asia [8.665%] | Girish Godbole (2008) | Downloadable! Examples of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives within the context of children's issues in India, Nepal and Bangladesh are given. The mapping highlights that children's issues often do not get sufficient consideration in the corporate agenda. Moreover, most of the CSR initiatives that do target children often follow the welfare approach. The programmes seldom involve children as social actors and partners in their own development. For Save the Children Sweden, the mapping helps explore how we can work together with the corporate sector to generate interest in this area and strengthen Child Rights Programming (CRP) approach in the CSR work targeting children in South Asia. [Save the Children].

189. Corporate Tax Holidays and Investment [8.649%] | Mintz, Jack M (1990) | Governments of developing countries commonly adopt tax holidays to encourage investment. This article evaluates the incentives provided by company income tax holidays and explains the importance of the timing of depreciation allowances in determining the effective tax rates and the cost of capital to firms considering additional investment during the holiday. If an asset is long-lived and depreciation allowances for tax purposes are accelerated, the tax holiday, by preventing depreciation deductions during periods of peak profits, may actually penalize a company for investing during the holiday. The closer the investment to

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the end of the holiday period, the more severe the penality. If, instead, depreciations allowances may be deferred until after the holiday, this program of incentives is quite generous to the firm. How these sharply contrasting results may emerge is illustrated through estimation of effective tax rates and user costs of capital under tax holiday systems in Bangladesh, Cote d'Ivoire, Malays

190. Corporate mandatory disclosure practices in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Akhtaruddin, M. (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

191. Cost Efficiency in South Asian Banking: The Impact of Bank Size, State Ownership and Stock Exchange Listings-super- [8.665%] | Shrimal Perera & Michael Skully & J. Wickramanayake (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study examines the cost efficiency performance of 111 commercial banks in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka over 1997-2004. The primary focus is to assess whether bank size, state ownership and stock exchange listing have significant effects on South Asian banks' efficiency performance. To this end, a translog-form composite-error cost efficiency model, which allows for exogenous environmental influences, is estimated. The results indicate that the overall efficiency of South Asian banks declined over 1997-2004. Larger banks and banks with widespread ownership through stock exchange listings were found to be relatively more cost efficient. In contrast, state-owned banks were less efficient. Copyright (c) International Review of Finance Ltd. 2007.

192. Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Integrated Pest Management Extension Methods: An Example from Bangladesh [30.011%] | Jacob Ricker-Gilbert & George W. Norton & Jeffrey Alwang & Monayem Miah & Gershon Fe... (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study examines the cost-effectiveness of alternative methods for diffusing integrated pest management practices in Bangladesh. Methods compared include farmer field schools, field days, and extension agent visits. Farmer field school participants were more likely to adopt integrated pest management practices than recipients of messages from field days and agent visits. However, due to lower costs per participant, field days were the most cost-effective means for stimulating adoption of simpler practices and extension agent visits were the most cost-effective for extending more complex practices. Copyright 2008 American Agricultural Economics Association

193. Creating a more efficient financial system : challenges for Bangladesh [30.021%] | Beck, Thorsten & Rahman, Md. Habibur (2006) | Downloadable! While Bangladesh has embarked on a path to reform its financial system, most prominently by privatizing its government-owned banks, the Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs), a sustainable long-term expansion of the financial system requires a more substantial change in the role of government. Using recent research and international comparisons, this paper argues that the government should move from its role as an operator and arbiter in the financial system to a facilitator role. This implies not only divestment from government-owned banks, but also de-politicization of the licensing process and a market-based bank failure resolution framework that focuses on intermediation and not on the rescue of individual institutions. Most important, the government should move away from the implicit guarantee for depositors and owners to applying the existing limited explicit deposit insurance for depositors, while simultaneously relying more on market participants to monitor and discipline banks instead of

194. Credit Programs for the Poor And the Health Status of Children in Rural Bangladesh [30.008%] | Mark M. Pitt & Shahidur R. Khandker & Omar Haider Chowdhury & Daniel L. Millimet (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The impact of participation in group-based credit programs, by gender of participant, on the health status of children by gender in rural Bangladesh is investigated. These credit programs are well suited to studies of how gender-specific resources alter intra-household allocations because they induce differential participation by gender. Women's credit is found to have a large and statistically significant impact on two of three measures of the healthiness of both boy and girl children. Credit provided to men has no statistically significant impact and the null hypothesis of equal credit effects by gender of participant is rejected. Copyright 2003 By The Economics Department Of The

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University Of Pennsylvania And Osaka University Institute Of Social And Economic Research Association

195. Credit Programs for the Poor and the Nutritional Status of Children in Rural Bangladesh [28.739%] | Mark M. Pitt & Shahidur R. Khandker & Omar Haider Chowdhury & Daniel L. Millimet (1998) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

196. Credit for alleviation of rural poverty: the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Hossain, Mahabub (1988) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

197. Credit programmes for the poor and seasonality in rural Bangladesh [30.012%] | Mark Pitt & Shahidur Khandker (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This article examines the effect of group-based credit used to finance self-employment by landless households in Bangladesh on the seasonal pattern of household consumption and male and female labour supply. This credit can help smooth seasonal consumption by financing new productive activities whose income flows and time demands do not seasonally covary with the income generated by existing agricultural activities. The results, based upon 1991/92 survey data, strongly suggest that an important motivation for credit programme participation is the need to smooth the seasonal pattern of consumption and male labour supply. It is only the extent of lean season consumption poverty that selects household into these programmes. In addition, the largest female and male effects of credit on household consumption are during the lean season.

198. Critique of the Human Rights Ordinance in Bangladesh 2008: A Human Rights Commission must have effective Powers [28.742%] | Hameeda Hossain (2008) | Downloadable! It was left to human rights defenders to inform the UN Committees on the situation of human rights by submitting shadow reports, to investigate violations, and to campaign for an end to impunity for lawless law enforcement by state agencies, by challenging laws and institutions that violate human rights standards. Often human rights defenders have been accused of â€œspoiling the image of Bangladeshâ€, of â€œconspiracyâ€ and even sedition. Their reports, however, have led the UN Special Rapporteurs to initiate enquiries with the government.

199. Current constraints and future possibilities for Bangladesh fisheries [28.743%] | Alam, Md. Ferdous & Thomson, Kenneth J. (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

200. Deceleration in the Export Sector of Bangladesh and Women Workers: Assessing Impacts and Identifying Coping Strategies [29.980%] | Dr Kaniz Siddique (2003) | Downloadable! Based on extensive sample survey, the paper provides insights into the impact of the deceleration experienced by Bangladesh’s RMG sector during 2001. The study attempts to capture the impact on the livelihood concerns of women workers particularly in terms of family-poverty, women’s employment and women’s empowerment. It further identifies coping strategies of the women in the face of the emerging hardship and makes recommendations to address the attendant challenges with a view to creating employment opportunities, particularly for working women in the context of Bangladesh.

201. Decentralization and Integration of Health and Family Planning Services in Bangladesh [30.005%] | Farida Akhter (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The health and family planning programme in Bangladesh has undergone many administrative changes. The decentralization policy along with integration of health and family planning services has been dictated, according to Farida Akhter, by donors to the Bangladesh government. She underlines how, as a result, the already neglected health sector has been used for the service delivery of clinical contraceptive service rather than primary health care or

�meeting other health rights of the community. Development (2004) 47, 140 144. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100042

202. Decentralized Provision of Primary Healthcare in Rural Bangladesh – a Study of Government Facilities [29.979%] | Ahmad, Alia & Bose, Manik & Persson, Therése Hindman (2007) | Downloadable! Bangladesh has made significant progress in health indicators in recent years in spite of her low level of income. This is mainly due to the commitment of the state supported by donors in providing preventive

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care with respect to child health and family planning. However, there are serious problems related to both access and quality of curative care that hurt the poor most. Infrastructures for service delivery exist at local level in rural areas but they function inefficiently. This paper deals with the systemic weaknesses of decentralized service provision of primary healthcare in Bangladesh and focuses on accountability links between different actors and functions of delegation, finance, performance, information and enforcement. The study is based on facility- and household-based data collected during 2005 in Khulna Division. The main findings of the study are: the health system in rural areas represents deconcentration rather than decentralization of central government functions where inter-s

203. Declaration Of The Fourteenth SAARC Summit [8.665%] | SAARC Secretariat (2008) | Downloadable! The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established when its Charter was formally adopted on December 8, 1985 by the Heads of State or Government of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan was recognized as a full member on April 3, 2007. The total member states have been raised to eight. The Fourteenth Summit meeting of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was held in New Delhi, India on April 3-4, 2007.

204. Deepening Intraregional Trade and Investment in South Asia: The Case of the Textiles and Clothing Industry [8.650%] | Meenu Tewari (2008) | Downloadable! This paper draws on recent field work within South Asia and an extensive review of secondary data to examine the dynamics of cross border trade and investment in South Asia, exploring the potential for, and obstacles to, such trade through the lens of a sector that is salient throughout South Asia: Textiles and Clothing. Despite the growing competitiveness of this sector in the SAARC region, there is very little regional inter-linkage within South Asia's textile and clothing industry. Currently less than 4 of SAARC's global T&C exports are traded within the region. There is growing evidence of widespread substitution of South Asia by East Asia as the sourcing hub of fabric and accessories by the region's major clothing exporters. Over 80 of the fabric needs of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, for example, come from outside the region even though India and Pakistan are net exporters of textiles. At one level the history of external ties matters: the long standing role of East Asian suppliers and quo

205. Deficit Financing in LDCs: Evidence From South Asia [8.657%] | Chowdhury, Khorshed (2004) | Downloadable! Fiscal policy triggers three distinct effects on the economy such as (1) interest rate effect (2) price effect and (3) exchange rate effect. A VAR system was developed to capture these effects in five South Asian countries. Empirical results suggest that budgetary action does not have any perceptible influence on the interest rate of the sampled countries. In terms of the price effect, fiscal action has opposite effects in Bangladesh and India. Fiscal action tends to increase aggregate price level in India but reduces the price level in Bangladesh, although the magnitude is very small. For Pakistan the price effect is positive but statistically insignificant while the price effect for Nepal and Sri Lanka is negative but statistically insignificant. Fiscal action is found to have no perceptible influence on the exchange rates of the sampled countries except Nepal where increased government expenditure tends to appreciate the Nepali currency. Overall, empirical findings suggest that expansionary f

206. Delivering on the PRSP in Bangladesh: An Analysis of the Implementation Challenges [28.743%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya (2005) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

207. Delphi Technique in Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study [8.647%] | MJB Moral & Farid Ahammad Sobhani & Ruslan Rainis (2008) | Downloadable! This study aims at investigating scholars thinking intended for poverty alleviation. Two-round Delphi techniques were applied to attain experts’ opinion in support of probable resolution of poverty. Government officials, Non-government executives, University academics, and social & political personalities are considered as scholars. The scholars think that limitation of job is the fundamental cause of poverty that is why the poor are bound to live in vulnerable unhygienic places where inadequate services are prevailing. They also argued that by providing home-based work and especial training that will help them to get job for income generation, the poverty

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problems could be reduced. As well community-based management similar to labor intensive low-cost housing factory and sanitation plant will also been lead to decrease poverty. To avoid hypothetical discover, the study analyzed poverty alleviation activities of UNDP/GOB project. The UNDP/GOB project entitled ‘Local Partnerships for Urba

208. Demand elasticities in international trade : are they really low? [8.639%] | Shah, Shekhar & Mishra, Deepak & Panagariya, Arvind (1996) | Downloadable! The authors analyze the U.S. demand for Bangladeshi imports for products restricted under the Multifiber Arrangement. Because Bangladesh is only a small supplier of these productsand Latin American and Asian countries can supply close substitutes, the authors expected a high elasticity of demand for Bangladeshi imports, and they found consistently high estimates based on statistically significant coefficients. Their finding accords with trade theorists'prejudice that small countries can essentially behave as price takers, but conflicts with the empirical literature view that demand elasticities are low, rarely exceeding 3 and generally between 1 and 2. The authors'analysis differs from the existing literature in three ways: they derive a set of estimation equations from an explicit, utility-maximization model and use the estimated parameters of the utility function to obtain the Marshallian own-price and cross-price elasticities as well as the income elasticity of demand; they take explicit acco

209. Demand for Money in Bangladesh: A Cointegration Analysis [28.743%] | Siddiki, Jalal U (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

210. Demand for Water and Sanitation in Bangladesh [30.005%] | Hindman Persson, Therése (2001) | Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world with water and sanitation associated diseases the major cause of mortality and morbidity.The present study analyses household choice of toilet facility and drinking water source respectively for a sample of households in Bangladesh using a mixed logit model. In the case of toilet facilities,the results reveal that there are choice specific characteristics that significantly affect household choice and the educational level of thehousehold is an important determinant of household demand. In the caseof drinking water source, the results imply that there are no choice specific characteristics that affect household demand which is contraryto what was expected. In addition, household size and education had significant effects which was in line with the a priori expectations although the effect of education was negative. When comparing the present study to earlier studies the results indicate that there might be a pattern of demand for water and sanitation rel

211. Demand for high-value secondary crops in developing countries [8.640%] | Bouis, Howarth E. & Scott, Gregory J. (1996) | Downloadable! Secondary crops are of increasing interest to policymakers and planners in developing countries because of a desire to diversify economic activities and because of their proven potential to raise farm incomes and rural employment. To assess this potential, basic information on the demand characteristics for these crops is required. But, given the large number of possible crops to be studied, policy analysts require an estimation procedure that is less data-intensive and time-intensive than standard econometric estimation procedures. In this paper, a relatively new, low-cost procedure, based on demand for food characteristics, is applied, illustrating its usefulness for analysis of demand for potatoes in Bangladesh and Pakistan. In Asia, the potato should not be regarded as a starchy staple whose consumption declines as income increases, but rather as a food with a positive income elasticity. Due to the high calorie cost of potatoes relative to wheat and rice, potatoes are often valued primarily

212. Demand projections for poultry products and poultry feeds in Bangladesh [29.977%] | Islam, Nabul (2003) | Downloadable! The poultry sub-sector is crucially important in the context of agricultural growth and improvement of diets of people in Bangladesh. The sub-sector is particularly important in that it is a significant source for the supply of protein and nutrition in a household's nutritional intake. It is an attractive economic activity as well, especially to women and poor population...[T]he major objective of this study is to carry out demand projections for poultry and poultry products, and thus address the potential of the grain (maize, in particular) economy, through carrying out demand projections for poultry feeds in Bangladesh. More specifically, the study aims to estimate the total use of feed as grain by the

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poultry sub-sector, through assessing the current levels of demand and supply of poultry and poultry products. from Author's Introduction.

213. Deregulating technology transfer in agriculture : reform's impact on turkey in the 1980s [8.645%] | Gisselquist, David & Pray, Carl (1999) | Downloadable! Turkey is one of a handful of developing countries that have liberalized regulation of agricultural inputs and welcome private firms delivering technology and inputs. The authors show that Turkish regulatory reform affecting seeds and other inputs in the 1980s: 1) Greatly increased private technology transfer into Turkey. 2) Encouraged market entry for more foreign and domestic companies involved in production and trade in Turkey. 3) Allowed private firms to increase their share of input markets. 4) Where inputs brought new technology, allowed farmers to significantly increase yields and production. The authors recommend that the World Bank and other donors involved with agriculture pay more attention to the regulation of inputs in developing countries. They also recommend that developing country governments revise regulations to leave choices about technology performance to farmers and markets - and to focus instead on externalities, removing unnecessary obstacles to provide technology transfer

214. Deregulating the Transfer of Agricultural Technology: Lessons from Bangladesh, India, Turkey, and Zimbabwe [29.991%] | David Gisselquist & John Nash & Carl Pray (2002) | Many transition and developing economies have reduced direct public involvement in the production and trade of seed and other agricultural inputs. This trend creates opportunities for farmers to realize improved access to inputs, including technology from international private research. Unfortunately, input regulations often derail these opportunities by blocking private entry and the introduction of private technology. This study looks at the experience in Bangladesh, India, Turkey, and Zimbabwe to see whether regulations make a difference in agriculture and input industries in developing economies. In all countries, companies and farmers responded to regulatory reforms by introducing and adopting more new technology and by expanding the production, trade, and use of inputs. The increased use of private technology has brought higher yields and incomes, allowing farmers and consumers to reach higher levels of welfare. These results challenge governments to open their regulatory systems to allow market entry a

215. Desalinisation of recently accreted coastal land in the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh [28.739%] | Smedema, L. K. & Jenkins, A. (1988) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

216. Detecting food emergencies : Lessons from the 1979 Bangladesh crisis [28.742%] | Cutler, Peter (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

217. Determinants of Capital Flight: an econometric case study of Bangladesh [29.977%] | Imam Alam & Rahim Quazi (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! While Bangladesh remains steeped in staggering external debt, it is also concurrently witnessing a substantial outflow of domestic capital. This situation raises serious policy concerns for its development prospects. This paper applies the Bounds testing and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag procedures to confirm the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between capital flight and its determinants, and to estimate the long-run and short-run behavior of capital flight from Bangladesh. The estimated results suggest that political instability is the single most significant cause of capital flight from Bangladesh, while increases in corporate income taxes, higher real interest rate differentials between the capital-haven countries and Bangladesh, and lower GDP growth rates also significantly contribute to capital flight.

218. Determinants of Food Consumption During Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh: Examination of Evaluative Data from the Bangladesh Integr [30.001%] | Rezaul Karim & Deepa Bhat & Lisa Troy & Sascha Lamstein & F. James Levinson (2002) | Downloadable! The common practice of reducing food consumption during pregnancy is recognized as a primary cause of poor pregnancy outcomes and, in turn, malnutrition among young children in many developing countries including Bangladesh. This paper analyzes data from the 1998 Mid-Term Evaluation of the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP) to identify the determinants of pregnancy food consumption. The analysis found that information

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available to the mother (through project-based counseling) was the primary determinant of pregnancy food consumption, had a considerable effect on consumption regardless of the womanâ€™s circumstance, and outweighed the effect of mothersâ€™ education. Socio-economic status, by contrast, was negatively associated with increased pregnancy consumption. Among women from high socio-economic households, 39.8% ate more than usual while the figure for women from low SES households was 49.3%. Fully 40% of women indicating a belief that more food during pregnancy is opt

219. Determinants of Food Consumption During Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh: Examination of Evaluative Data from the Bangladesh Integr [30.001%] | Rezaul Karim & Deepa Bhat & Lisa Troy & Sascha Lamstein & F. James Levinson (2002) | Downloadable! The common practice of reducing food consumption during pregnancy is recognized as a primary cause of poor pregnancy outcomes and, in turn, malnutrition among young children in many developing countries including Bangladesh. This paper analyzes data from the 1998 Mid-Term Evaluation of the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP) to identify the determinants of pregnancy food consumption. The analysis found that information available to the mother (through project-based counseling) was the primary determinant of pregnancy food consumption, had a considerable effect on consumption regardless of the womanâ€™s circumstance, and outweighed the effect of mothersâ€™ education. Socio-economic status, by contrast, was negatively associated with increased pregnancy consumption. Among women from high socio-economic households, 39.8% ate more than usual while the figure for women from low SES households was 49.3%. Fully 40% of women indicating a belief that more food during pregnancy is opt

220. Determinants of Outsourcing Decision in the Manufacturing Industry in Bangladesh [29.917%] | Md. Aminul Islam & Farid Ahammad Sobhani (2008) | Downloadable! The purpose of this study was to identify and understand the factors influencing outsourcing decision in the manufacturing industry in Bangladesh. Existing literature revealed that many manufacturing industry were faced with challenges in the competitive environment to be competitive in the market and produce products at the minimum cost as possible yet meeting customer specification without affecting the quality and delivery schedule. Thus, outsourcing could be an alternative to solve most of the problems faced by many manufacturing industry in Bangladesh. This stirred these researchers to identify and understand the possible factors influencing the manufacturing industry in outsourcing decision whether these factors could really influence the management to opt for outsourcing and help in solving the problems. The theoretical framework was developed to hypothesize four components namely reduce operating cost, improve company focus, access to world class capability and unavailability of internal

221. Determinants of Women's Time Allocation in Rural Bangladesh [28.742%] | Khandker, Shahidur R (1988) | No abstract is available for this item.

222. Determinants of audit fees in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Waresul Karim, A. K. M. & Moizer, Peter (1996) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

223. Determinants of divorce in a traditional Muslim community in Bangladesh [30.008%] | Nurul Alam & Sajal Saha & Jeroen K. van Ginneken (2000) | Downloadable! This study examines the effects of spouses’ prior marital status and socio-demographic characteristics on the risk of divorce of 1762 Muslim marriages recorded in 1982-83 in Teknaf, Bangladesh. Grooms' prior marital status was categorized into never married, divorced, widowed or polygynous (already cohabiting with one or more wives) and brides’ prior marital status was categorized into never married, divorced or widowed. Divorce was recorded by following the marriages prospectively for five years. Due to the fact that a longitudinal study design was used, the quality of the information presented here is considered to be high. A discrete-time hazard logistic model was used to estimate the effects of spouses’ prior marital status and a number of socio-demographic variables on risk of divorce. Polygynous marriage, remarriage and divorce were found to be common in this traditional Muslim community. The odds of divorce were 2.5 times higher for grooms’ polygynous marriages and 1.6 times highe

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224. Developing a Social Protection Index for Asia [8.657%] | Bob Baulch & Joe Wood & Axel Weber (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Social protection is increasingly seen as an important tool for poverty reduction, but to date there have been few quantitative cross-country assessments of social protection provision. This article develops a social protection index that systematically and consistently quantifies activities at the national level. Four summary indicators representing the cost, coverage, poverty targeting and impact are scaled and weighted to produce an additive index of the overall level of social protection provision. The index is calculated for six very different Asian countries: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan and Vietnam. Considerable contrasts are revealed between their levels of social protection provision. Copyright 2006 Overseas Development Institute.

225. Developing the Nonfarm Sector in Bangladesh. Lessons from Other Asian Countries [30.001%] | Yusuf, S. & Kumar, P. (1996) | In this paper we attempt to answer three questions. Using conventional indicators as a guide what are Bangladesh's prospects in sharply accelerating growth? What lessons can be derived from the experience of East Asian countries especially with repect to nonfarm development? Can these lessons be applied in Bangladesh and how.

226. Development of Non Bank Financial Institutions to Strengthen the Financial System of Bangladesh [29.987%] | Monzur Hossain & Md. Shahiduzzaman (2004) | Downloadable! Non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) represent one of the most important parts of a financial system. In Bangladesh, NBFIs are new in the financial system as compared to banking financial institutions (BFIs). Starting from the IPDC in 1981, a total of 25 NBFIs are now working in the country. As on June 30, 2001 the total amount of paid up capital and reserve of 24 NBFIs stood Tk.6901.8 million (BB, 2002). The NBFIs sector in Bangladesh consisting primarily of the development financial institutions, leasing enterprises, investment companies, merchant bankers etc. The financing modes of the NBFIs are long term in nature. Traditionally, our banking financial institutions are involved in term lending activities, which are mostly unfamiliar products for them. Inefficiency of BFIs in long-term loan management has already leaded an enormous volume of outstanding loan in our country. At this backdrop, in order to ensure flow of term loans and to meet the credit gap, NBFIs have immense importance in t

227. Developmental Impact and Coexistence of Sustainable and Charitable Microfinance Institutions: Analysing BancoSol and Grameen Ban [8.643%] | Jessica Schicks (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Based on the current discussion of the development of a commercial market segment of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), this paper evaluates the developmental impact of charitable MFIs that rely on subsidies in comparison with sustainable MFIs that operate independently from grant funding. BancoSol from Bolivia serves as a case study of a sustainable MFI. Grameen Bank from Bangladesh represents a charitable MFI. The case studies confirm both the theoretical arguments for sustainable MFIs promoted by the institutionist approach to microfinance and the arguments for charitable MFIs advocated by the welfarist approach. The paper argues that both kinds of MFIs are justified and should continue to coexist. The second part of the paper suggests institutional solutions to facilitate the coexistence of both types of MFIs. Cet article repose sur le débat actuel portant sur le développement d'un segment de marché commercial des institutions de microfinances (IMF). Il évalue les impa

228. Developmental impact of rural infrastructure in Bangladesh: [28.743%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin & Hossain, Mahabub (1990) | No abstract is available for this item.

229. Dialogues: The Monarchy And Demovracy In Nepal [8.665%] | Peter Ronald deSouza (2008) | Downloadable! THE project on the State of Democracy in South Asia (SDSA) is a 30 month study undertaken to evaluate the democratic enterprise in five South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.* The following text has been compiled from three dialogues held in Nepal: ( i ) â€˜Democracy in Nepal: Experiences of the Past and Agenda for Future', held in Dhulikel on the 22-23 November 2003, ( ii ) â€˜Majorities and Minorities: Towards Inclusive Futures in Nepal', held in Kathmandu on the 11-12 August 2004 and ( iii ) â€˜Democracy and Human Security in Nepal', held in Pokhra on the 27-28 November 2004.

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230. Dietary diversity as a food security indicator [8.645%] | Hoddinott, John & Yohannes, Yisehac (2002) | Downloadable! Household food security is an important measure of well-being. Although it may not encapsulate all dimensions of poverty, the inability of households to obtain access to enough food for an active, healthy life is surely an important component of their poverty. Accordingly, devising an appropriate measure of food security outcomes is useful in order to identify the food insecure, assess the severity of their food shortfall, characterize the nature of their insecurity (for example, seasonal versus chronic), predict who is most at risk of future hunger, monitor changes in circumstances, and assess the impact of interventions. However, obtaining detailed data on food security status—such as 24- hour recall data on caloric intakes—can be time consuming and expensive and require a high level of technical skill both in data collection and analysis. This paper examines whether an alternative indicator, dietary diversity, defined as the number of unique foods consumed over a given period of time, pro

231. Dietary diversity as a food security indicator [8.645%] | Hoddinott, John & Yohannes, Yisehac (2002) | Downloadable! Household food security is an important measure of well-being. Although it may not encapsulate all dimensions of poverty, the inability of households to obtain access to enough food for an active, healthy life is surely an important component of their poverty. Accordingly, devising an appropriate measure of food security outcomes is useful in order to identify the food insecure, assess the severity of their food shortfall, characterize the nature of their insecurity (for example, seasonal versus chronic), predict who is most at risk of future hunger, monitor changes in circumstances, and assess the impact of interventions. However, obtaining detailed data on food security status—such as 24- hour recall data on caloric intakes—can be time consuming and expensive and require a high level of technical skill both in data collection and analysis. This paper examines whether an alternative indicator, dietary diversity, defined as the number of unique foods consumed over a given period of time, pro

232. Differential Mortality in Rural Bangladesh [28.743%] | McIntosh, James & Satchell, Stephen E & Nasim, Anjum (1986) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

233. Direct and Indirect Causality Between Exports and Economic Output for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka: Horizon Matters [30.010%] | Judith A. Clarke & Mukesh Ralhan (2005) | Downloadable! The extensive body of research that examines for (Granger, 1969) causality from exports to output for developing countries, including Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, using vector autoregressions and/or vector error correction models, is limited in only examining for one-period ahead or direct causality; the exception is in bivariate systems. This (usually unrecognized) focus on one-period causality in multivariate systems has often led to conclusions that exports do not Granger-cause economic output. We show that moving to Granger-causality at longer horizons, in a commonly used multivariate system, leads to bidirectional causality between exports and output, even when there is not one-period causality; the longer horizon causality arises indirectly through one or more of the auxiliary variables.

234. Discussions Among the Poor: Exploring Poverty Dynamics With Focus Groups in Bangladesh [29.998%] | Peter Davis (2008) | Downloadable! Findings from 116 focus group discussions are presented, which took place in eleven districts in Bangladesh in mid-2006. It forms the first part of three phases of research in an integrated qualitative and quantitative study into poverty dynamics currently being undertaken by the author and partners from the CPRC, IFPRI and DATA Bangladesh. The central purpose of the focus group discussions was to inform subsequent phases of the research by exploring reasons perceived by participants for decline or improvement in peopleâ€™s well-being in their communities, and the hindrances to improvement for the chronically poor [CPRC WP No. 84].

235. Distributional outcomes of a decentralized welfare program [8.657%] | Galasso, Emanuela & Ravallion, Martin (2000) | Downloadable! It is common for central governments, to delegate authority over the targeting of welfare programs to local community organizations - which may be better informed about who is poor, though possibly less accountable for getting the money to the local poor - while the center retains control over how much goes to each local region. The authors outline a theoretical model of the interconnected behavior of the various actors in such a setting. The model's information structure

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provides scope for econometric identification. Applying data for a specific program in Bangladesh, they find that overall targeting was mildly pro-poor, mostly because of successful targeting within villages. But this varied across villages. Although some village characteristics promoted better targeting, these were generally not the same characteristics that attracted resources from the center. The authors observe that the center's desire for broad geographic coverage, appears to have severely constrained the scope for pro-poo

236. Divergency between Average and Frontier Production Technologies: An Empirical Investigation for Bangladesh [28.740%] | Alauddin, Mohammad & Squires, Dale & Tisdell, Clem (1993) | No abstract is available for this item.

237. Do crowded classrooms crowd out learning? Evidence from the food for education program in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Ahmed, Akhter U. & Arends-Kuenning, Mary (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

238. Do the Stock Markets of South Asia Follow a Random Walk? [8.653%] | Arusha Cooray (2004) | Downloadable! This paper examines stock market behaviour in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh employing unit root tests, autocorrelation tests and spectral analysis. Evidence suggests that all markets exhibit a random walk. The multivariate cointegration tests based upon the Johansen Juselius (1988, 1990) methodology indicate three long run stochastic trends. The results of the multivariate cointegration tests are corroborated by the Likelihood Ratio block causality tests which indicate a high degree of interdependence between the markets. The generalized impulse response analysis used to examine the effects of a India stock market price shock on the stock price indices of Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh show that Pakistan and Sri Lanka are more responsive to price shocks in India than Bangladesh.

239. Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy [8.660%] | Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! It is often argued that child labour comes at the expense of schooling and so perpetuates poverty for children from poor families. To test this claim we study the effects on children's labour force participation and school enrollments of the pure school-price change induced by a targeted enrollment subsidy in rural Bangladesh. Our theoretical model predicts that the subsidy increases schooling, but its effect on child labour is ambiguous. Our empirical model indicates that the subsidy increased schooling by far more than it reduced child labour. Substitution effects helped protect current incomes from the higher school attendance induced by the subsidy.

240. Does Micro-credit Program in Bangladesh Increase Household’s Ability to Deal with Economic Hardships? [29.978%] | Hoque, Serajul (2008) | Downloadable! It is often argued that micro-credit program intervention at the grassroots level increases the ability of the poor to deal with crises. This paper examines the relationship between households’ involvement in micro-credit programs and their capacities to deal with economic hardships by focussing on BRAC, one of the largest micro-credit providers in Bangladesh. Using RAND data collected in one region of rural Bangladesh, the paper addresses a key question: Do micro-credit programs increase the ability of the poor to deal with crises? The findings in this paper indicate that BRAC’s micro-credit program in Bangladesh may increase participating households’ abilities to cope with economic hardships but further research to much more systematic information needs to be conducted about micro-credit program before conclusive results can be reached.

241. Does Microcredit Meet the Needs of all Poor Women? Constraints to Participation Among Desitute Women in Bangladesh [30.017%] | Patrick Webb & Jennifer Coates & Robert Houser (2002) | Downloadable! The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), together with the World Food Programme of the United Nations (WFP), administers one of the largest microfinance initiatives in the world. Reaching around 450,000 women in each 18-month cycle, the Income Generation for Vulnerable Group Development (IGVGD) programme constitutes a targeted package of food aid, micro-credit, and functional and social awareness training. Each element of the integrated package is considered to be

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essential and mutually reinforcing, and successful â€˜graduationâ€™ has been thought of in terms of progression from one stage of the process to another. However, recent studies have noted that not all women avail themselves of every aspect of the programme, and that only a minority completes the cycle having participated in all components. The current study was designed to explore the factors that determine the extent of participation among eligible beneficiaries; that is: 1) Who does (or does not) take advantage of

242. Does Microcredit Meet the Needs of all Poor Women? Constraints to Participation Among Desitute Women in Bangladesh [30.017%] | Patrick Webb & Jennifer Coates & Robert Houser (2002) | Downloadable! The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), together with the World Food Programme of the United Nations (WFP), administers one of the largest microfinance initiatives in the world. Reaching around 450,000 women in each 18-month cycle, the Income Generation for Vulnerable Group Development (IGVGD) programme constitutes a targeted package of food aid, micro-credit, and functional and social awareness training. Each element of the integrated package is considered to be essential and mutually reinforcing, and successful â€˜graduationâ€™ has been thought of in terms of progression from one stage of the process to another. However, recent studies have noted that not all women avail themselves of every aspect of the programme, and that only a minority completes the cycle having participated in all components. The current study was designed to explore the factors that determine the extent of participation among eligible beneficiaries; that is: 1) Who does (or does not) take advantage of

243. Does Microcredit Reach the Poor and Vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangladesh [30.011%] | Sajeda Amin & Ashok S. Rai & Giorgio Topa (1999) | Downloadable! Subsidized loans have a history of being diverted to the rich. Yet recently microcredit programs, such as the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, have become popular among donors and governments as a way to channel funds to the poor. This paper uses a unique panel dataset from two Bangladeshi villages to test if the modern microcredit movement is different from its predecessors. Poverty is measured by levels of consumption. Vulnerability is measured as fluctuations in consumption associated with inefficient risk sharing. We find that subsidized credit is largely successful at reaching the poor and vulnerable. The probability that a microcredit member is below the poverty line is substantially higher than that of a randomly picked household in both villages. In the village where female headed households were found to be vulnerable, nearly half of the female headed households belonged to microcredit programs yet only a quarter of male headed households were microcredit members. While restricting loans to

244. Does Microcredit Reach the Poor and Vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangldesh [8.667%] | Amin, S. & Rai, A.S. & Topa, G. (1999) | The Grameen Bank's success in Bangladesh has made microcredit the hot new idea for reducing poverty. This paper uses panel data from two Bangladeshi villages to test if loan recipients are poorer and more vulnerable than non-recipients. Poverty is measured by levels of consumption. Vulnerablitiy is measured as fluctuations in consumption (associated with inefficient risk sharing). We find that loan recipients are poorer than non-recipients in both villages, but are more vulnerable than non-recipients only in the richer and more diversified village. Though microcredit programs target the landless, there is substantial leakage to the landed. Landlessness is not significangly associated with either poverty or vulnerablitiy, but female headship is. Female headed households may be a more appropriate target group for anti-poverty credit programs.

245. Does Microcredit Reach the Poor and Vulnerable? Evidence from Nothern Bangladesh [30.011%] | Amin, S. & Rai, A.S. & Topa, G. (2000) | Subsidized loans have a history of being diverted to the rich. Yet recently microcredit programs, such as the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, have become popular among donors and governments as a way to channel funds to the poor. This paper uses a unique panel dataset from two Bangladeshi villages to test if the modern microcredit movement is different from its predecessors. Poverty is measured by levels of consumption. Vulnerability is measured as fluctuations in consumption associated with inefficient risk sharing. We find that subsidized credit is largely successful at reaching the poor and vulnerable. The probability that a microcredit member is below the poverty line

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is substantially higher than that of a randomly picked household in both villages. In the village where female headed households were found to be vulnerable, nearly half of the female headed households belonged to microcredit programs yet only a quarter of male headed households were microcredit members. While restricting loans to the landless i

246. Does Microfinance Really Help the Poor? New Evidence from Flagship Programs in Bangladesh [30.005%] | Jonathan Morduch (1998) | Downloadable! The microfinance movement has built on innovations in financial intermediation that reduce the costs and risks of lending to poor households. Replications of the movement’s flagship, the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, have now spread around the world. While programs aim to bring social and economic benefits to clients, few attempts have been made to quantify benefits rigorously. This paper draws on a new cross-sectional survey of nearly 1800 households, some of which are served by the Grameen Bank and two similar programs, and some of which have no access to programs. Households that are eligible to borrow and have access to the programs do not have notably higher consumption levels than control households, and, for the most part, their children are no more likely to be in school. Men also tend to work harder, and women less. More favorably, relative to controls, households eligible for programs have substantially (and significantly) lower variation in consumption and labor supply across seasons.

247. Does Timely Introduction of Complementary Foods Lead to Improved Nutritional Status? Analysis of Data from Maharashtra, India [8.665%] | Nidu Philips & Deepti Chirmulay & Patrice Engle & Robert F. Houser & I.P. Bhagwat &... (2003) | Downloadable! Two independent cross-sectional studies on early infant feeding behaviors and practices conducted in Bangladesh (1996) and India (1997-98) were unable to find a statistically significant relationship between the time of introduction of complementary foods and the nutritional status of the children. The results of the India data, presented here, indicate that a primary intervening determinant of the infant's nutritional status is mother's time spent with the child. The weight for age and height for age Z scores increased significantly as mothers' time spent with the child increased. Importantly, increased maternal contact also was associated with later introduction of complementary foods and with longer duration of breastfeeding. Analysis of dietary data also showed some relationship between quality of the food and weight for height z score of the children. The study concludes that while the timing of complementary feeding in and of itself may not lead to improved nutritional status, timely intro

248. Does Timely Introduction of Complementary Foods Lead to Improved Nutritional Status? Analysis of Data from Maharashtra, India [8.665%] | Nidu Philips & Deepti Chirmulay & Patrice Engle & Robert F. Houser & I.P. Bhagwat &... (2003) | Downloadable! Two independent cross-sectional studies on early infant feeding behaviors and practices conducted in Bangladesh (1996) and India (1997-98) were unable to find a statistically significant relationship between the time of introduction of complementary foods and the nutritional status of the children. The results of the India data, presented here, indicate that a primary intervening determinant of the infant's nutritional status is mother's time spent with the child. The weight for age and height for age Z scores increased significantly as mothers' time spent with the child increased. Importantly, increased maternal contact also was associated with later introduction of complementary foods and with longer duration of breastfeeding. Analysis of dietary data also showed some relationship between quality of the food and weight for height z score of the children. The study concludes that while the timing of complementary feeding in and of itself may not lead to improved nutritional status, timely intro

249. Does Women.s Status Matter for Food Security? Evidence from Bangladesh Creation Date: rp2007-79 [28.741%] | Razzaque, Mohammad A. & Toufique, Mohammad Mokammel Karim (2008) | Downloadable! Using data from a survey of Bangladeshi households, this paper investigates the link between female status and food security. Employing three different indicators of female status . husband.s and wife.s assets brought at marriage, female share of household income and a composite index of women empowerment, the paper finds evidence of women.s status influencing food security. By raising the level of food security for some disadvantaged women.s groups female status is also found to be instrumental in

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mitigating the extent of gender-based within-household discrimination. The findings reveal that inferences drawn about food security by observing the changes in various non-food budget shares could be misleading or overemphasized.

250. Does a Food for Education Program Affect School Outcomes? The Bangladesh Case [30.016%] | Xin Meng & Jim Ryan (2007) | Downloadable! The Food for Education (FFE) program was introduced to Bangladesh in 1993. This paper evaluates the effect of this program on school participation and duration of schooling using a household survey data collected in 2000, after 7 years of operation of the program. Using propensity score matching combined with difference-in-differences methodologies we estimate the average effect of FFE eligibility on the schooling outcomes. We found that the program is successful in that the eligible children on average have 15 to 27 per cent higher school participation rates, relative to their counterfactuals who were not but would have been eligible for the program. Conditional on school participation, participants also stay at school 0.7 to 1.05 years longer than their counterfactuals.

251. Does child labor displace schooling? - evidence on behavioral responses to an enrollment subsidy [8.629%] | Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin (1999) | Downloadable! The authors try to determine whether children sent to work in rural Bangladesh are caught in a poverty trap, with the extra income to poor families from child labor coming at the expense of the children's longer-term prospects of escaping poverty through education. The poverty trap argument depends on children's work being substitutable for schooling. Casual observations and the descriptive statistics available from surveys seem to offer little support for the argument. To explore the question more deeply, the authors use a targeted school stipend to identify how much child labor substitutes for schooling. They find that Bangladesh's Food-for-Education program is a strong incentive for school attendance. A stipend with a value considerable less than the mean child wage was enough to ensure nearly full school attendance among participants. The enrollment also reduced the incidence of child labor, an effect accounted for only a small proportion of the increase in school enrollment. The reduction i

252. Does micro-credit empower women : evidence from Bangladesh [30.000%] | Pitt, Mark M. & Khandker, Shahidur R. & Cartwright, Jennifer (2003) | Downloadable! This paper examines the effects of men's and women's participation in group-based micro-credit programs on a large set of qualitative responses to questions that characterize women's autonomy and gender relations within the household. The data come from a special survey carried out in rural Bangladesh in 1998-99. The results are consistent with the view that women's participation in micro-credit programs helps to increase women's empowerment. Credit program participation leads to women taking a greater role in household decisionmaking, having greater access to financial and economic resources, having greater social networks, having greater bargaining power compared with their husbands, and having greater freedom of mobility. Female credit also tended to increase spousal communication in general about family planning and parenting concerns. The effects of male credit on women's empowerment were, at best, neutral, and at worse, decidedly negative. Male credit had a negative effect on several arena

253. Does microcredit reach the poor and vulnerable? Evidence from northern Bangladesh [28.741%] | Amin, Sajeda & Rai, Ashok S. & Topa, Giorgio (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

254. Does openness reduce wage inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis [8.666%] | Munshi, Farzana (2006) | Downloadable! This paper provides panel data evidence on trade liberalization and wage inequality in Bangladesh. Using several standard econometric models, wage equations for skilled and unskilled workers in the formal manufacturing sector are estimated for the 1975-2002 period. The results, particularly the estimates from a dynamic fixed effects model, provide some weak evidence that openness contributes to a reduction in wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. The results also indicate that real wages of both unskilled and skilled workers increased during the period. 

255. Does stake size matter in trust games? [8.667%] | Johansson-Stenman, Olof & Mahmud, Minhaj & Martinsson, Peter (2004) | Downloadable! In a trust game conducted in rural Bangladesh, the proportion

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of money sent decreased significantly with the stake size. Still, even with very large stakes few followed the conventional economic prediction and sent nothing. 

256. Dollars, dialogue and development: an evaluation of Swedish program aid [8.665%] | Howard White (2005) | Downloadable! How does aid affect recipient country economic performance? This study looks at programme aid (import support, budget support and debt relief) in nine countries (Bangladesh, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam and Zambia), showing how aid has had an impact on both policy outcomes and macroeconomic aggregates such as investment and imports. The study is one of the few to look at how bilateral donors engage in policy conditionality, and the channels through which bilaterals seek to influence the policy of recipients. It also shows a way to analyse macroeconomic impact without resorting to flawed cross- country growth regressions.

257. Drivers of Escape and Descent: Changing Household Fortunes in Rural Bangladesh [28.741%] | Sen, Binayak (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

258. Dynamic bargaining in households (with application to Bangladesh) [29.964%] | Ethan Ligon (2002) | Downloadable! Much recent empirical work on intra-household allocation uses the axiomatic Nash Bargaining model to make predictions about how the distribution of consumption within the household will respond to individuals' income shocks. However, one of the basic axioms underlying this approach is that allocations will be Pareto optimal, so forward-looking, risk adverse household members ought to be expected to smooth away any such response to income shocks-Pareto optimality seems to be too strong in a dynamic setting. In this paper we use explicitly dynamic framework and replace the axiom of Pareto optimality with a weaker notion of efficiency. We give a simple algorithm for computing allocations, and construct an extended example, meant to model the effects of Grameen Bank lending on intra-household allocation in Bangladesh. The model resolves a puzzle in the literature, namely, it predicts that women borrowers will often voluntarily surrender control (

259. Dynamics of agricultural wage and rice price in Bangladesh [29.936%] | Rashid, Shahidur (2002) | Downloadable! Like many other Asian countries, the causal relationship between agricultural productivity and the incidence of rural poverty has been a widely debated subject in Bangladesh. A number of studies argued that the real agricultural wage rate was declining during the period when the country had experienced overall agricultural growth. This paper contributes to this debate in two ways: i) it re-examines the methodological aspects of past studies and presents alternative estimates; and ii) analyzes dynamics of agricultural wage and rice price using the most recent data. Multivariate co-integration techniques are used to examine the long and short-run relationships among agricultural wage rate, rice price, urban wage rate, and other prices. The results show that agricultural wage and rice price maintained strong co-integrating relationships during the periods 1949/50 -1979/80; and the elasticities of agricultural wage rate with respect to rice price are substantially higher than what past studies had r

260. Dynamics of agricultural wage and rice price in Bangladesh [29.936%] | Rashid, Shahidur (2002) | Downloadable! Like many other Asian countries, the causal relationship between agricultural productivity and the incidence of rural poverty has been a widely debated subject in Bangladesh. A number of studies argued that the real agricultural wage rate was declining during the period when the country had experienced overall agricultural growth. This paper contributes to this debate in two ways: i) it re-examines the methodological aspects of past studies and presents alternative estimates; and ii) analyzes dynamics of agricultural wage and rice price using the most recent data. Multivariate co-integration techniques are used to examine the long and short-run relationships among agricultural wage rate, rice price, urban wage rate, and other prices. The results show that agricultural wage and rice price maintained strong co-integrating relationships during the periods 1949/50 -1979/80; and the elasticities of agricultural wage rate with respect to rice price are substantially higher than what past studies had r

261. EXPLORING PARTNERSHIP ENTERPRISE FOR THE RURAL POOR THROUGH AN EXPERIMENTAL POULTRY PROGRAM IN BANGLADESH Exploring Partnership [30.011%] | Rie Makita (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Self-employment promotion for poverty reduction has

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been administered through microcredit programs in Bangladesh. While microcredit has opened up new opportunities for the poor to start enterprises, some of them have not benefited from microcredit schemes. To enable the poor left behind to participate in the rural economy as entrepreneurs, this paper proposes the creation of a partnership enterprise between a sponsor and poor producers. In this partnership, the sponsor as a master trader supports partner-producers financially, technically and managerially through a subcontracting arrangement. The paper develops this conceptual relationship in a real rural setting through the observation of an income-generating program implemented by a Bangladeshi NGO in the field of poultry-rearing. This empirical form of partnership enterprise suggests an opportunity for the poor to enter into a previously inaccessible market and gain a regular income source, which builds the foundation of t

262. Early Childbirth, Health Inputs and Child Mortality: Recent Evidence from Bangladesh [30.015%] | Pushkar Maitra & Sarmistha Pal (2007) | Downloadable! This paper examines the relationship between early childbearing and child mortality in Bangladesh, a country where adolescent childbearing is of particular concern. We argue that effective use of specific health inputs could however significantly lower child mortality rates even among adolescent women. This offers an attractive policy option particularly when compared to the costly alternative of delaying age at marriage. In particular, we find that women having early childbirth tend to use health inputs differently from all other women. After correcting for this possible selectivity bias, the adverse effects of early childbirth on child mortality are reversed. The favourable effects of use of health inputs however continue remain statistically significant.

263. Early Childbirth, Health Inputs and Child Mortality: Recent Evidence from Bangladesh [30.015%] | Pushkar Maitra & Sarmistha Pal (2007) | Downloadable! This paper examines the relationship between early childbearing and child mortality in Bangladesh, a country where adolescent childbearing is of particular concern. We argue that effective use of specific health inputs could however significantly lower child mortality rates even among adolescent women. This offers an attractive policy option particularly when compared to the costly alternative of delaying age at marriage. In particular, we find that women having early childbirth tend to use health inputs differently from all other women. After correcting for this possible selectivity bias, the adverse effects of early childbirth on child mortality are reversed. The favourable effects of use of health inputs however continue remain statistically significant.

264. Early Childbirth, Health Inputs and Child Mortality: Recent Evidence from Bangladesh [30.013%] | Pushkar Maitra & Sarmistha Pal (2004) | Downloadable! This paper examines the relationship between early childbearing, parental use of health inputs and child mortality in Bangladesh. In order to account for the potential endogeneity of the age at birth and use of health inputs, (hospital delivery and child vaccination) in the child mortality regression, we jointly estimate mother’s age at childbirth, hospital delivery, child vaccination and child mortality taking into account of unobserved mother level heterogeneity. There is evidence of significant self-selection in the use of health inputs especially among young mothers and that the failure to account for self- selection results in biased estimates. These estimates suggest that women having early childbirth tend to use health inputs differently from all other women. After correcting for this possible selectivity bias, the adverse effects of early childbirth turns out to be less pronounced while the favourable effects of use of health inputs on child survival still remains significant in our sa

265. Easing Barriers to Movement of Plant Varieties for Agricultural Development [8.657%] | Gisseluist, D. & Srivastava, J. (1997) | Many developing countries enforce seed regulations and other policies that obstruct private companies from operating and delivering new technology. This volume presents recommendations and selected papers from an international workshop organized by the World Bank in 1995 to review seed policies and to develop recommendations on ways of easing entry barriers for certain varieties of seeds in developing countries. The papers and discussions identified reforms to speed the flow of private seed technology to these countries, with a particular focus on reforms and their impacts in Bangladesh, India, Peru, and Turkey.

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266. Economic Liberalization and Productivity Growth: Further Evidence From Bangladesh [30.005%] | Ruhul Amin Salim (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The impact of economic liberalization reforms on the productive performances of manufacturing firms remains a contentious issue in the literature. This paper attempts to contribute to the debate by empirically estimating productivity growth of Bangladesh food manufacturing using firm level data before and after reform. Empirical results show that the share of output growth was accounted for by input growth in most sectors of this industry. In some sectors, the estimated rate of total factor productivity (TFP) growth is negligible or even negative. Decomposition of the TFP growth shows that technological progress plays a significant role in TFP growth across firms within the sub-sectors of this industry. Empirical results also show that the relative contribution of capacity realization to TFP growth is not substantial in inhibiting the industry's high and sustained growth. These dismal performances indicate that the industries responded a little to the implementation of econom

267. Economic Reform and Labor Unions: A General-Equilibrium Analysis Applied to Bangladesh and Indonesia [28.740%] | Devarajan, Shantayanan & Ghanem, Hafez & Thierfelder, Karen (1997) | No abstract is available for this item.

268. Economic Reforms and Productive Capacity Realisation in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis [30.017%] | Kalirajan, K P & Salim, R A (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Using firm-level data from the Bangladesh food manufacturing sector, this paper examines the impact of economic reform on productive capacity realization in the 1980s. The results suggest that, although improvement occurred in the realization of productive capacities after the implementation of economic reforms, there is, however, room for significant further improvement in increasing output by realizing the unrealized capacity. Copyright 1997 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

269. Economic and cultural forces in the child labour debate: evidence from urban Bangladesh [28.740%] | Emily Delap (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The relative influence of economic and cultural forces is a key area of debate amongst those exploring the causes of child work, and in wider discourse on household labour deployment. Data from Dhaka slums suggest that household poverty and income stability are important economic determinants of children's work. However, economic forces alone cannot explain child-work deployment. Evidence on the availability of adult household members to replace child contributions, and on gender and age differentials in household labour deployment, point towards the importance of cultural factors. Key cultural determinants of children's work include gender norms, age subordination and the cultural importance of avoiding idleness.

270. Economic returns to social power: Merchants' finance and interlinkage in the grain markets of Bangladesh [28.739%] | Crow, Ben & Murshid, K. A. S. (1994) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

271. Economic weeding method for irrigated rice production in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Islam, M. J. & Molla, H. R. (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

272. Economics of wheat production in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Morris, Michael & Chowdhury, Nuimuddin & Meisner, Craig (1996) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

273. Education Achievements and School Efficiency in Rural Bangladesh [30.000%] | Khandker, S.R. (1996) | Bangladesh spends only 2 percent of its GNP on education, compared to 3.2 percent in an average low-income country. Low investment in education results in low literacy (only 35 percent), which in turn results in low productivity, low incomes, poor health and, above all, high population growth. To counter these trends, Bangladesh has invested substantially in the education sector in recent years, with the help of the World Bank and other donor agencies. This paper assesses whether these interventions can improve the literacy, school participation and educational attainment.

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274. Educational Disparity in East and West Pakistan, 1947–71: Was East Pakistan Discriminated Against? [8.665%] | Mohammad Niaz Asadullah (2006) | Downloadable! This paper documents the regional divide in educational facilities between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan between 1947 and 1971. During this period, the total number of primary schools in East Pakistan declined, leading to overcrowding of existing schools and classrooms. On the other hand, despite being endowed with fewer schools, West Pakistan surpassed East Pakistan in the total number of primary schools, and in teacher–student ratios. This evident educational disparity, we argue, cannot be attributed to regional differences in school age population, school types, the quality and unit cost of schooling. Rather, this problem is examined in terms of the hypothesis of ‘discrimination’ as an alternate explanation.

275. Effect of Flood on Agricultural Wages in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis [28.742%] | Banerjee, Lopamudra (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

276. Effective costs of rural loans in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Ahmed, Zia U. (1989) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

277. Effects of diet in improving iron status of women [8.667%] | Ifpri (2000) | Downloadable! This brief describes research in Bangladesh. The brief argues that poor diet quality and low bioavailability of dietary iron are important factors contributing to iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Nevertheless, can food-based interventions be successful in reducing IDA? Will such interventions be cost-effective as compared with alternative interventions such as supplementation? Unfortunately in attempting to answer these questions, little is known, under actual living conditions in rural areas, about the magnitude of the effects of various components of the diet in reducing IDA...Plant breeding holds great potential for providing a low-cost intervention that could help to improve iron status broadly for populations with a high prevalence of iron deficiency....Although cost-effective, plant breeding is only one of several interventions that are all required in tandem to reduce micronutrient malnutrition.

278. Efficiency of Bangladesh stock market: evidence from monthly index and individual firm data [29.998%] | M. K. Hassan & S. S. H. Chowdhury (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Using monthly data for market index and 46 actively traded individual firms from January 1991 through May 2003, we examine the efficiency of stock market of an emerging market. We employ a battery of tests including variance ratio tests to examine the efficiency issue of Bangladesh stock market. Portfolio results suggest that the DSE is weak-form efficient, but the individual firm returns suggest that DSE is weak-form inefficient. We suggest that individual firm returns are influenced by nonsynchronous trading and firm-specific and market micro-structure effects.

279. Empirical measurements of households' access to credit and credit constraints in developing countries [8.659%] | Diagne, Aliou & Zeller, Manfred & Sharma, Manohar (2000) | Downloadable! This paper presents a new methodological framework for measuring the level of household access to credit. It provides an analytical framework for examining the determinants of household credit limits and derives implications on information needed to examine the extent to which households are credit constrained. Empirical application of this method involves directly eliciting credit limit information in household surveys. Illustrations are provided using data from Bangladesh and Malawi.

280. Empirical measurements of households' access to credit and credit constraints in developing countries [8.659%] | Diagne, Aliou & Zeller, Manfred & Sharma, Manohar (2000) | Downloadable! This paper presents a new methodological framework for measuring the level of household access to credit. It provides an analytical framework for examining the determinants of household credit limits and derives implications on information needed to examine the extent to which households are credit constrained. Empirical application of this method involves directly eliciting credit limit information in household surveys. Illustrations are provided using data from Bangladesh and Malawi.

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281. Empowering Women with Micro Finance: Evidence from Bangladesh [30.007%] | Pitt, Mark M & Khandker, Shahidur R & Cartwright, Jennifer (2006) | This article examines the effects of men's and women's participation in micro credit programs on various indicators of women's empowerment using data from a special survey carried out in rural Bangladesh. These credit programs are well suited to studying how gender-specific resources alter intrahousehold allocations because they induce differential participation by gender through the requirement that only one adult member per household can participate in any micro credit program. Empowerment is formalized as an unobserved latent variable reflecting common components of qualitative responses to a large set of questions pertaining to women's autonomy and decision-making power. The empirical methods are attentive to various sources of endogeneity, and the results are consistent with the view that women's participation in micro credit programs helps to increase women's empowerment. The effects of male credit on women's empowerment were generally negative.

282. Empowering women via microfinance in fragile states [8.601%] | Beatriz Armendariz & Nigel Roome (2008) | Downloadable! Ever since microfinance was popularized in the mid-1970s in Bangladesh one of its salient features has been the overwhelming representation of women, mostly in fragile states. Institutional structures and social norms in such states are very rigid. Nevertheless, the trend has increased steadily, particularly during the 1980s. According to 2006 Microcredit Summit Campaign Report, seven out of ten microfinance clients are women. Millions of these women are married or live with a partner, and many have children. Relative to initial lending practices by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, the bias in favor of loans to women in microfinance has been accompanied by an increasing trend to exclude men from microfinance services, particularly in the context of loans to those with very low income levels. The practice of exclusion might however prove to be counterproductive for it can generate frictions within households, as men feel increasingly threatened in their role as primary breadwinners within the hous

283. Empowerment of women through fisheries and aquaculture [8.667%] | Gomes, A. (2007) | Downloadable! Banchte Shekha is an NGO based in Jessore, south-west Bangladesh that has supported the development and empowerment of poor people, particularly women. In the CBFM-2 project they found it was possible to involve women in fisheries activities, despite initial opposition from conservative groups. Banchte Shekha was responsible for organizing 7 CBOs in CBFM-2 following their successful experiences with a single CBO in the first phase of the project.

284. Energy Trade Issues: Canadian Experiences and Implications for Bangladesh [29.966%] | Wenguo Cai & Sarah Geddes (2003) | Downloadable! This paper identifies areas of common interest for Bangladesh in terms of energy use and energy trade through an examination of Canada’s experience in developing its energy sector. The paper outlines the general principles and provisions applicable to energy trade under the World Trade Organization (WTO), and examines how issues of energy security and regional cooperation are dealt with in NAFTA. The paper also provides an overview of Canada’s transition from a highly regulated energy regime to the implementation of deregulation and liberalization of trade and investment and its impact on the natural gas industry and it also focuses on the role of institutions in the regulation of Canada’s energy sector. The study attempts to examine what lessons may be drawn for Bangladesh from the Canadian experience of the development and regulation of the energy sector.

285. Energy planning for developing countries: A study of Bangladesh : By Russell J. deLucia et al. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ [28.742%] | Perasso, Giancarlo (1983) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

286. Energy–Gdp Relationship: A Causal Analysis For The Five Countries Of South Asia [8.654%] | ASGHAR, Zahid (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! We investigate the causal relationship between GDP and different types of energy consumption for the five South Asian Countries; Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal by using Error Correction Model and Toda and Yamamoto(1995)

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approach. For Pakistan evidence shows that there is unidirectional Granger causality running from coal to GDP, and unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to electricity consumption and total energy consumption. For India no causality in either direction between GDP and different energy consumption is detected. For Sri Lanka there is unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to electricity consumption and total energy consumption. For Bangladesh unidirectional Granger causality is detected from GDP to electricity consumption and from gas consumption to GDP. For Nepal causal direction is from petroleum to GDP.

287. Enhancing Rural Livelihoods [8.662%] | Paul Matthews (2008) | Downloadable! The Overseas Development Institute in the UK recently carried out a study on ICT for rural livelihoods, commissioned by InfoDev. The study included a literature and donor review in collaboration with the Institute of Development Studies, and country studies carried out with partners in Argentina, Uruguay, Tanzania, South Africa, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. ICT was defined broadly to include broadcast media as well as internet and wireless technologies. [id 21 Insights, Issue 68].

288. Enterprise, Growth and Inequality in the Rural Economy of Assam : A Study of Seven Villages in Udalguri Subdivision [8.658%] | Prasen Daimari & SK Mishra (2005) | Downloadable! Based on the primary data collected from 182 rural households from seven villages (five of which are inhabited by indigenous population and the rest two are inhabited by immigrants Muslim population from Bangladesh) this study aims at knowing if cultural variables make a difference to economic performance of these households. We find that the households of two groups of villages (Group-1 consisting indigenous population and Group-2 consisting the immigrants from Bangladesh) can be discriminated among themselves on the criteria of farming efforts (the inputs they apply to agriculture and the output they raise on the land) as well as the sources of income harnessed by them. The inhabitants of Group-2 villages, once they have enough land to cultivate, practise commercial agriculture for the market to earn higher income, but the inhabitants of the Group-1 villages still continue with the traditional agriculture, chiefly with an objective to sustenance, in spite of having enough land to cultivate. Th

289. Entrepreneuriat social et développement durable : Quelles perspectives [8.645%] | Sophie Boutillier (2008) | Downloadable! La crise économique des années 1970 a provoqué dans les pays industrialisés et en développement des bouleversements économiques, sociaux, technologiques et politiques très importants. Le modèle économique de l’après guerre est face à ses limites. La reconstruction est achevée. Les besoins solvables que l’entreprise fordiste pouvait offrir sont saturés. La solution proposée combine quatre éléments interdépendants : l’entrepreneuriat, le micro crédit, le développement durable et le recul de l’Etat en tant qu’entrepreneur et de soutien social. L’élément fédérateur est le marché. Le rôle de l’Etat doit se limiter désormais à créer un cadre institutionnel propice à l’entrepreneuriat. Le micro crédit offre en la matière les moyens de financement dont les plus pauvres peuvent avoir besoin. Le développement durable offre un cadre institutionnel qui rend possible l’émergence de nouvelles opportunités d’investissement. Dans les pays en développement,

290. Entrepreneurship, Default, and the Problem of Development Finance [8.666%] | M. A. Taslim (1995) | A section of the borrowers of funds from public investment finance enterprises in some developing countries like Bangladesh are found not to use the funds for the stated business purposes and deliberately to default on the loans, creating severe stress for development finance. The argument in this paper is that when the expected pay-off from simply usurping the loan money is greater than that from investing in the stated business, the borrowers have a strong incentive deliberately to default. The default syndrome arises from, and is sustained by a lack of sufficient entrepreneurial skills in these borrowers and the inadequacies of the institutional infrastructure in enforcing contractual obligations. The former implies that the profit to be earned from business is low, while the latter ensures a light, if any, penalty for default.

291. Environmental Accounting and Reporting in Fossil Fuel Sector : A Study on Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation (Petrobang [29.985%] | Bose, Sudipta (2006) | Downloadable! Petrobangla is the

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sole responsible organization to maintain the fossil fuel sector in Bangladesh. It is accountable to next generations for oil, gas and other natural resources. It is necessary to ensure optimum use of these resources. Development activities cannot be sustained if these resources are depleted through wasteful use. This study indicates that Petrobangla takes many initiatives to provide environment-friendly energy in the economy. Environmental Accounting and reporting is the emerging concept in Bangladesh, although many countries in the world, either developed or developing, are practising environmental accounting and reporting in their fossil fuel sector. Since the need for fossil fuel is likely to increase, especially in developing countries [where the supply of these resources insufficient], the accounting and reporting of these resources have become inevitable.

292. Environmental Consequences Of Structural Adjustment: Towards Sustainable Shrimp Culture In Bangladesh [29.996%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Fahmida Khatun (1999) | Downloadable! The objective of the study was to (i) study the nexus between Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and the growth of export-oriented shrimp culture in Bangladesh; (ii) analyse the environmental implications of shrimp culture; (iii) quantify and evaluate the environmental impacts; and (iv) put forward an actionable policy agenda to stimulate and promote an environmentally sustainable shrimp culture in Bangladesh.

293. Environmental Debates in the WTO: Defining Bangladesh’s Interests [29.975%] | Fahmida Khatun (2004) | Downloadable! Prepared under CPD's Capacity Building in Trade-Environment Issues in Bangladesh: Addressing the WTO Work Programme, the paper makes an attempt to analyse environmental issues in the context of multilateral trading systems and the developments taking place in the WTO, particularly in the context of their relevance to Bangladesh. While Part A focuses on various multilateral agreements in the WTO on environmental issues, Part B deals with liberalisation of environmental goods and services. Part C critically analyses the effects of environmental measures on market access. The paper highlights a range of environmental issues and debates emerging in the WTO, keeping in view Bangladesh's interests and puts forward a number of recommendations as regards Bangladesh's policy stance with respect to some of the key issues in the upcoming negotiations.

294. Environmental and Natural Resource Degradation in Intensive Agriculture in Bangladesh [29.891%] | Stefano Pagiola (2004) | Downloadable! Bangladeshi agriculture has undergone a substantial intensification. Continued and accelerated agricultural growth will require intensification to continue. There has been rising concern, however, that intensive agriculture may not be sustainable and that it may be damaging to the environment or to other productive sectors. Rising average yields and rising production in Bangladesh have tended to mask evidence of declining productivity. Although data are weak, numerous sources of evidence point to declining productivity. Analysis of official data on yield trends at the district level shows that, despite rising input levels, yields have been declining or stagnant on about two-thirds of the area planted to modern varieties in the boro season in the last decade, and stagnant throughout the country in the aman season. Yield declines are strongly associated with the length of time that intensive production practices have been employed in each district. The results of long-term trials by the Bangladesh

295. Environmental disclosure – a Bangladesh perspective [28.744%] | Shil, Nikhil Chandra & Iqbal, Masum (2005) | Downloadable! Today, the environment is changing rapidly and we are obviously heading towards a disaster. The responsibility for such changes comes on the shoulder of business community to a large extent. And it is customary that businesses are disturbing the smooth flow of environmental structure through their thoughtless operations. So, business community should have and practice its moral commitment towards the society by spending for tackling environment. Environmental accounting emerges as a tool to prove this commitment where costs from business communities’ point of view and effects from society’s point of view are balanced. In this paper, we have tried to define environmental accounting with its scope and we have also had a thorough review of the practices followed by our companies from the general-purpose financial statements to the extent of disclosure.

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296. Environmental impacts of technological change in Bangladesh agriculture: farmers' perceptions, determinants, and effects on reso [30.000%] | Sanzidur Rahman (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This article measures the impact of modern technology adoption in raising farmers' environmental awareness and the impact of farmers' environmental awareness on resource use by utilizing survey data from 21 villages in three agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh. The econometric analysis is based on the application of the Tobit model explaining farmers' environmental awareness in the first stage and a profit function examining environmental awareness and resource use relationships in the second stage. Results reveal that the

297. Equilibrating the Marriage Market in a Rapidly Growing Population: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh [28.740%] | Nizam Khan & Andrew D. Foster (1994) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

298. Erratum [Identification of Key Sectors in the Bangladesh Economy: A Linkage Analysis Approach] [28.742%] | Alauddin, Mohammad (1986) | No abstract is available for this item.

299. Erratum to "Can information alone change behavior? Response to arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh" [Jour [28.739%] | Madajewicz, Malgosia & Pfaff, Alexander & van Geen, Alexander & Graziano, Joseph & H... (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

300. Estimating Revenue Losses Evolve from Tax Evasions in Bangladesh: [29.969%] | AKM Matiur Rahman & Sabera Yasmin (2008) | Downloadable! This empirical study estimates the revenue losses derived from different categories of taxpayers who used Self-assessment System (SAS) under direct taxation in Bangladesh. Even though a small portion of populations live in urban areas (over 80 percent live in rural areas) that used the SAS in filing tax-returns, they significantly contributed to the problem. Revenue loss due to these taxpayers’ noncompliance with laws of income is a growing problem where the past five year (2000-2004) data statistics suggested that the Private Ltd Companies and Public Ltd Companies contributed significantly to accelerating the problem. With governmental ongoing various measures including the provision of SAS that was designed to encourage taxpayers for compliance, the tax-evasion issue in Bangladesh is critical and it deserves attention without delay.

301. Estimating the effects of corruption - implications for Bangladesh [30.011%] | Rahman, Aminur & Kisunko, Gregory & Kapoor, Kapil (2000) | Downloadable! Building on the pioneering work of Barro (1991) and Mauro (1995) to include the most recent years for which data are available (for Bangladesh in the 1990s), the authors investigate the relationships between corruption, and growth, and, between corruption and investment, both domestic and foreign, to see whether they have changed from earlier decades. Then they move away from Mauro's implicit assumption that the corruption index value for a relatively short period of time, can be used as a proxy for the long run, and further augment Mauro's model by including significant regional dummy variables, in an attempt to take account of various region-specific effects. The authors also analyze the sensitivity of corruption in the presence, and absence of various policy, geographic, and demographic variables that are widely used in empirical growth, and investment literature. The findings suggest that countries serious about improving governance, and reducing corruption, should redefine the role of gover

302. Estimation of saturation flow at signalised intersections of developing cities: a micro-simulation modelling approach [8.657%] | Hossain, M. (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Traffic characteristics and operations at the signalised intersections of developing cities are significantly different from those at the similar intersections of cities in developed countries. Considering this, a new microscopic simulation technique, where a co-ordinate approach to modelling vehicle location is adopted, has been used for modelling the traffic operations at signalised intersections of developing cities. The model has been calibrated and validated on the basis of data collected from Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. It has been found that the concept of passenger car unit (PCU), which is widely used as a signal design parameter, is not applicable in case of mixed traffic comprising of both motorised and non-

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motorised vehicles. Therefore, using the developed simulation model the saturation flows at signalised intersections are investigated in an aggregate form of vehicles per hour. It has also been found that saturation flows in terms of aggregate vehicles are

303. Evaluating a targeted social program when placement is decentralized [8.642%] | Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin (1998) | Downloadable! An assessment of the welfare gains from a targeted social program can be seriously biased unless it takes proper account of the endogeneity of program participation. Bias comes from two sources of placementendogeneity: the purposive targeting of the geographic areas to receive the program, and the targeting of individual recipients within selected areas. Decentralization of program placement decisions is common, because of the administrative cost of centralized placement decisions and the fact that local groups and governments are likely to be better informed about who most needs help. But full decentralization is uncommon; the center typically retains control of broad geographic targeting. The authors argue that partial decentralization of program placement decisions creates control and instrumental variables useful for identifying program benefits. The central allocation to a local level of government is presumably based on observable indicators. The central allocation will also influence the

304. Evaluating capacity development for participatory forest management in Bangladesh's Sal forests based on `4Rs' stakeholder analy [28.742%] | Salam, Md. Abdus & Noguchi, Toshikuni (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

305. Evaluating the Food for Education Program in Bangladesh [29.973%] | Xin Meng & Jim Ryan (2003) | Downloadable! The Food for Education (FFE) program was introduced to Bangladesh in 1993 and has been operating for more than 8 years. This paper evaluates the effect of this program on school participation and duration of schooling using household sample survey data collected in 2000. Various evaluation methodologies are employed. We found that the program is successful in that the participating children on average have 20 to 30 per cent higher school participation rates, relative to their counterfactuals who did not participate in the program. Conditional on school participation, participants also stay at school 0.5 of a year to 2 years longer than their counterfactuals. Using estimated earnings functions from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure survey, these combined education effects of the FFE program would represent an increase in lifetime earnings of between 7 and 16 per cent if the participant is going to work in the rural sector, and 13 to 25 per cent if in the urban sector. These increase

306. Evaluation of some deep and shallow tubewell irrigated schemes in Bangladesh using performance indicators [28.741%] | Mondal, M. Shahjahan & Saleh, Abul Fazal M. (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

307. Exchange Rate Policy of Bangladesh: Not Floating Does Not Mean Sinking [30.016%] | Dr Mirza Azizul Islam (2003) | Downloadable! The paper analyses the current exchange rate policy of Bangladesh under various criteria and then assesses the feasibility of a floating rate regime under these various criteria. It looks at factors such as the involvement with international capital markets, share of trade with the country/countries with which the currency is pegged, and nature of shocks facing the economy, the willingness and feasibility of giving up control of its monetary policy and the level of international foreign currency reserves.

308. Exchange Rate Responses to Inflation in Bangladesh [30.018%] | Md. Akhtar Hossain (2002) | Downloadable! This paper investigates the exchange rate responses to inflation in Bangladesh during the period from 1972-73 to 1999. Both annual and monthly data are used in the investigation. The results suggest that past consumer price inflation generally led to currency devaluation, measured as a decline in the value of the currency in terms of the trade-weighted nominal effective exchange rate. The effect of inflation on devaluation, however, became weaker following the financial reforms undertaken in the early 1980s. The effect of devaluation on inflation was not significant, and this result remained robust throughout the sample period.

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309. Exchange Rate Volatility and Aggregate Export Growth in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Hassan, M Kabir & Tufte, David R (1998) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

310. Experience With Implementation Of Wto-Atc And Implications For Bangladesh [30.009%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman (2000) | Downloadable! This paper reviews the implementation of the Agreement on Textiles & Clothing (ATC), its implications for the future of Bangladesh's apparel sector and some of the possible strategic response which Bangladesh could design in order to address the emerging challenges in the global apparel market.

311. Export Response to Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh: A Cointegration Analysis [28.743%] | Ahmed, Nasiruddin (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

312. Export Response to the Reduction of Anti-Export Bias: Empirics from Bangladesh [30.016%] | Mr Mohammad Hossain & Prof Neil D. Karunaratne (2002) | Downloadable! The paper assesses the relationship between export growth of Bangladesh and trade liberalisation, the latter being proxied by the reduction of anti-export bias. In the empirical analysis, separate supply equations for total exports, (total) manufacturing exports, and textiles and readymade garment exports have been undertaken using quarterly time series data. The empirical results, based on vector error correction modelling (VECM), show that trade liberalisation has both long run and contemporaneous effects on total exports, manufacturing exports, and textiles and readymade garment exports supply. Besides, domestic price, export price, anti-export bias reduction, the degree of openness and production capacity all have either unidirectional or bi-directional causality between them.

313. Export-led Growth in South Asia: A Panel Cointegration Analysis [8.664%] | Purna Chandra Parida & Pravakar Sahoo (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! In this paper, we attempt to examine the export-led and manufacturing export-led growth hypothesis for four South Asian Countries; namely, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, using Pedroni's panel cointegration technique for the period 1980-2002. In this context we estimate growth accounting equations to investigate the impact of exports, manufacturing exports and other important physical and human capital variables on both total GDP and non-export GDP. The study finds long-run equilibrium relationship between GDP (and non-export GDP) and exports along with other variables supporting export-led growth hypothesis. The results also substantiate the existence of manufacturing export-led growth hypothesis. Further, we find that export, fixed capital formation, public expenditure on health and education have statistically significant coefficients re-emphasizing the importance of these variables for higher economic growth.

314. Exports, Imports, and Economic Growth in South Asia: Evidence Using a Multivariate Time-series Framework [8.652%] | Musleh-Ud Din (2004) | Downloadable! This paper examines the export-led growth hypothesis for the five largest economies of the South Asian region using a multivariate time-series framework. The South Asian countries present an interesting case study in view of their increasing outward orientation and adoption of export promotion policies as part of their growth strategies. A key feature of the study is the explicit incorporation of imports in the analysis to make allowance for their role in the export-economic growth relationship. While controlling for imports, the results indicate bi-directional causality between exports and output growth in Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in the short-run. The study finds long-run equilibrium relationships among exports, imports, and output for Bangladesh and Pakistan. However, for India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, no evidence of a long-run relationship among the relevant variables is found. These results are in contrast to some earlier work that found the export-led growth hypothesis to be a long-r

315. External Market Conditions, Competitiveness, Diversification, and Pakistan’s Export Performance [8.655%] | Mohammad Akbar & Zareen F. Naqvi (2001) | Downloadable! Pakistan’s exports evolve broadly in line with total world imports. Accordingly, Pakistan’s share in world imports was remarkably stable during the last 20 years, ranging between a minimum of 0.12 percent in 1980 and a maximum of 0.18 percent in 1992. In 1999-2000, the share was 0.15 percent. This would suggest that Pakistan’s export performance was not worse than that of the world on average. Compared to regional competitors,

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however, the performance was unimpressive, especially when compared to China and Thailand throughout the 1980s and 1990s or compared to Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka during the 1990s. All these countries succeeded in achieving sustainable market share increases in total world imports. In light of the growing awareness about the importance of exports in the overall economy of Pakistan and in view of the unimpressive export performance of Pakistan vis-à-vis other countries in the region it would be interesting to study the export performance of Pakistan and analyse

316. Factors Affecting Childhood Immunisation in Bangladesh [30.012%] | Soma Chowdhury Biswas & MD. Abu Darda & MD. Fasiul Alam (2001) | Downloadable! This study has examined the coverage of childhood immunisation and tried to identify the factors affecting the acceptance of immunisation practice among children in Bangladesh using the data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 93-94. Results from multinomial logistic regression analysis indicate that education, occupation, household economic condition, mother’s age at birth, sex of child, mother’s TT immunisation acceptance, mother’s health facility visit, health worker’s visit to mothers, and contraceptive use are the independent variables that have statistically significant association with immunisation acceptance. The most important variable identified is the health worker’s visit to mothers.

317. Factors affecting repayment rates in group-based lending [8.652%] | Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (2000) | Downloadable! Lending is a risky enterprise because repayment of loans can seldom be fully guaranteed. The failure of a large number of state-sponsored agricultural development banks in many developing countries was due, among other things, to their inability to ensure good repayment rates among their borrowers. In the context of providing credit to the rural asset-poor, what is being increasingly called for is institutional innovation that combines prudent banking principles with effective screening and monitoring strategies that are not based on physical collateral (such as land). One important innovation has been the formation of borrower groups and the use of group responsibility and peer monitoring as the core principles guiding financial transactions. The authors cite successful endeavors including Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, SANSA in Sri Lanka and Credit Solidaire in Burkina Faso and, in Thailand, the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives, and examine the factors affecting repayment rates.

318. Family Planning as an Investment in Development: Evaluation of a Program's Consequences in Matlab, Bangladesh [30.015%] | Shareen Joshi & T. Paul Schultz (2007) | Downloadable! The paper analyzes 141 villages in Matlab, Bangladesh from 1974 to 1996, in which half the villages received from 1977 to 1996 a door-to-door outreach family planning and maternal-child health program. Village and individual data confirm a decline in fertility of about 15 percent in the program villages compared with the control villages by 1982, as others have noted, which persists until 1996. The consequences of the program on a series of long run family welfare outcomes are then estimated in addition to fertility: women’s health, earnings and household assets, use of preventive health inputs, and finally the inter-generational effects on the health and schooling of the woman’s children. Within two decades many of these indicators of the welfare of women and their children improve significantly in conjunction with the program-induced decline in fertility and child mortality. This suggests social returns to this reproductive health program in rural South Asia have many facets beyond fertili

319. Family Planning as an Investment in Development: Evaluation of a Program’s Consequences in Matlab, Bangladesh [30.015%] | Shareen Joshi & T. Paul Schultz (2007) | Downloadable! The paper analyzes 141 villages in Matlab, Bangladesh from 1974 to 1996, in which half the villages received from 1977 to 1996 a door-to-door outreach family planning and maternalchild health program. Village and individual data confirm a decline in fertility of about 15 percent in the program villages compared with the control villages by 1982, as others have noted, which persists until 1996. The consequences of the program on a series of long run family welfare outcomes are then estimated in addition to fertility: women’s health, earnings and household assets, use of preventive health inputs, and finally the inter-generational effects on the health and schooling of the woman’s children. Within two decades many of these indicators of the welfare of women and their children improve significantly in conjunction with the

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program-induced decline in fertility and child mortality. This suggests social returns to this reproductive health program in rural South Asia have many facets beyond fertilit

320. Family planning availability and contraceptive use in rural Bangladesh: An examination of the distance decay effect [28.742%] | Paul, Bimal Kanti (1991) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

321. Family planning success stories in Bangladesh and India [30.020%] | Nag, Moni (1992) | Downloadable! The Matlab Project in Bangladesh and the Kundam Project in India have demonstrated that a significant rise in contraceptive prevalence can occur in socioeconomic environments that are generally conducive to high fertility and mortality. The author describes the inputs and outputs of these two projects and tries to identify the factors underlying their success. Both projects are experimental in the sense that in each an intervention area is provided with special inputs that are not provided to a contiguous control area. The special inputs were different for the two projects. In the intervention area in Matlab, the project took responsibility for providing family planning and some rudimentary maternal and child health services that were considerably different from those provided in the national program. In Kundam, the project did not take responsibility for providing services in the interventionarea, but rather tried to mobilize the community through various clubs and committees to take the most a

322. Farm Household Efficiency in Bangladesh: A Comparison of Stochastic Frontier and DEA Methods [30.005%] | Wadud, Abdul & White, Ben (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study compares estimates of technical efficiency obtained from the stochastic frontier approach and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach using farm-level survey data for rice farmers in Bangladesh. Technical inefficiency effects are modelled as a function of farm-specific socioeconomic factors, environmental factors and irrigation infrastructure. The results from both the approaches indicate that efficiency is significantly influenced by the factors measuring environmental degradation and irrigation infrastructure. Copyright 2000 by Taylor and Francis Group

323. Farm Size and Economic-Allocative Efficiency in Bangladesh Agricultur e [28.742%] | Hoque, Asraul (1988) | No abstract is available for this item.

324. Farmers' Responses to the Flood Action Plan (FAP) of Bangladesh: An empirical study [28.741%] | Paul, Bimal Kanti (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

325. Female Household-Headship in Rural Bangladesh: Incidence, Determinants and Impact on Children's Schooling Shareen Joshi [30.016%] | Shareen Joshi (2004) | Downloadable! This paper uses data from Matlab, Bangladesh to examine the characteristics of female-headed households and estimate the impact of female-headship on children's schooling. Female householdheads in Matlab fall into two broad groups: widows and married women, most of whom are wives of migrants. These women differ from each other not only in their current socio-economic circumstances, but also in their backgrounds and circumstances prior to getting married. To identify the effects of female-headship on children's outcomes, I use a two-stage least squares strategy that controls for the possible endogeneity of both types of female-headship. Results indicate that children residing in households headed by married women have stronger schooling attainments than children in other households, while children of widows are more likely to work outside the home. The hypothesis of exogeneity of female-headship is rejected in most cases.

326. Fertility, Child Work and Schooling Consequences of Family Planning Programs: Evidence from an Experiment in Rural Bangladesh [30.002%] | Nistha Sinha (2004) | Downloadable! Despite the attractiveness of experiments from the perspective of program evaluation, there have been very few program experiments in the area of family planning. This paper evaluates an ongoing family planning program experiment in rural Bangladesh. The paper estimates the effect of mothers' program exposure on fertility and children's time allocation. The results show that while the program was effective in reducing fertility, it had no significant impact on children's school enrollment. However, the program appears to have significantly raised boys' participation in the labor force.

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327. Fertility, Child Work and Schooling Consequences of Family Planning Programs: Evidence from an Experiment in Rural Bangladesh [30.002%] | Nistha Sinha (2003) | Downloadable! Despite the attractiveness of experiments from the perspective of program evaluation, there have been very few program experiments in the area of family planning. This paper evaluates an ongoing family planning program experiment in rural Bangladesh. The paper estimates the effect of mothers' program exposure on fertility and children's time allocation. The results show that while the program was effective in reducing fertility, it had no significant impact on children's school enrollment. However, the program appears to have significantly raised boys' participation in the labor force.

328. Fertility, Child Work, and Schooling Consequences of Family Planning Programs: Evidence from an Experiment in Rural Bangladesh [30.002%] | Sinha, Nistha (2005) | Despite the attractiveness of experiments from the perspective of program evaluation, there have been very few program experiments in the area of family planning. This article evaluates an ongoing family planning program experiment in rural Bangladesh. The article estimates the effect of mothers' program exposure on fertility and children's time allocation. The results show that while the program was effective in reducing fertility, it had no significant impact on children's school enrollment. However, the program appears to have significantly raised boys' participation in the labor force.

329. Fertilizer Consumption in Bangladesh: Tobit Analysis of Farm Level Data [30.005%] | Ashok Parikh (1990) | The objectives of this paper are to test four hypotheses in the context of Bangladesh fertilizer demand using tobit estimation on farm survey data of 457 farms. The hypotheses tested are: (a) Are fertilizers and labour complements or substitutes in Bangladesh? (b) Does the size of holding have any significant impact on consumption per acre? (c) Are fertilizers and manures substitutes or complements? and (d) Do prices play a dominant role? The study concludes that fertilizers and family labour are complements with non-price definition while fertilizers and hired labour are substitutes with price definition. The price elasticity of fertilizer demand ranges from -0.66 to -0.97 using various models.

330. Fertilizer price and subsidy policies in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Renfro, Raymond Z. H. (1992) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

331. Financial Market Linkages in South Asia: Evidence Using a Multivariate GARCH Model [8.651%] | Ahmed M. Khalid & Gulasekaran Rajaguru (2004) | Downloadable! Regional integration of the financial markets is the building-block for globalisation and internationalisation. Many regions around the world have recently been engaged in such regional economic and financial market integration to form the basis of a more complex international financial system. The recent developments in South Asia and the revived activities under the SAARC forum have raised some hopes for a more sustained economic development in the regional economies. It is timely, therefore, to investigate the prospects of regional financial market integration in the South Asian region. In this perspective, this paper analyses the currency market integration within four South Asian countries and with their major trading partners. For empirical estimation, we use data from a sample of four South Asian countries, namely, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The paper examines the nature of the causal relationship between exchange rates in the sample countries and their major trading part

332. Financial Reforms, Stability of the Money Demand Function and Monetary Policy in Bangladesh: An Econometric Investigation [29.979%] | Akhtar Hossain (1993) | This paper estimates a quarterly short run money demand model for Bangladesh for the 1976q4-89q1 period and tests for its stability. Real income, interest rate and the expected rate of inflation are found to be the major determinants of money demand in Bangladesh. Both the Chow and CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests of stability suggest that although the broad money demand function remained largely stable during most of the 1980s, the narrow money demand function exhibited instability during the 1982-87 period. The instability in the money demand function might have been caused by financial reforms in Bangladesh since the early 1980s.

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333. Financial Sector Reforms in Bangladesh: The Next Round [29.971%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Toufic A Chowdhury (2003) | Downloadable! During the run-up to the last national elections, CPD launched a Task Force on Financial Sector Reform which prepared a set of recommendations for consideration by the newly elected government. The new incumbent government, after assuming the responsibility, has undertaken a number of measures for improving the performance of the financial sector. In this context, the present paper attempts to take stock of the earlier initiatives of financial sector reform, analyse the thrust of the present policy approach and indicate some immediate measures with a view to meet the increasing demand for financial sector reform. The present paper is not a comprehensive review of the state of banking sector in Bangladesh. Rather, it seeks to highlight some of the ongoing policy debates to seek guidance for the future.

334. Financial and economic suitability of agroforestry as an alternative to shifting cultivation: The case of the Chittagong Hill Tr [28.737%] | Rasul, Golam & Thapa, Gopal B. (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

335. Financial development and economic growth: a symbiotic relationship [8.658%] | Jagdish Handa & Shubha Rahman Khan (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This article evaluates the plausibility of financial development as a tool to boost economic growth, using time series data on a cross-section of thirteen countries at different stages of development. Using annual data from 1960 to 2002, it conducts stationarity tests on the variables, followed by cointegration analysis among the banking and non-banking financial variables and GDP. It also tests for the direction of Granger-causality. Our results show that for Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand and Turkey, this causality runs from economic growth to financial development. Granger-causality is bi-directional for India, Argentina, Germany, Japan, the UK and the USA. There does not exist one-way Granger-causality from financial development to economic development for any of the countries examined

336. Financial viability of small farm forestry based on no-cost sharing arrangement in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest of Bangladesh [29.995%] | Safa, Mohammad Samaun & Siddiqui, Minur Rahman & Asanoy, Adnan & Abdu, Arifin (2004) | Downloadable! The Sal (Shorea robusta) forests provide a substantial part of the forest cover of the country and contribute to the economy by providing timber, firewood, fodder, non wood forest products and by protecting the environment. Due to over exploitation the forest is being degraded. The Forest Department of Bangladesh had initiated a program through the participation of the present encroachers to stop this overexploitation. The centerpiece of this attempt was a no-cost sharing arrangement. A number of 63 settlers who were landless and encroachers before joining the program were settled in the forest. The settlers were provided 1.21 ha/299.51 acres degraded forestland with full input support. The current study examined the financial viability of the farms, including homesteads, based on this arrangement. The BCA approach was employed to determine the net incremental benefit. It was found that a no-cost sharing arrangement option was financially feasible. Sensitivity analysis showed that the NPV is sen

337. Financing basic education in Bangladesh [29.987%] | Al-Samarrai, Samer (2007) | Downloadable! This paper presents education finance trends for Bangladesh since 2000. It shows that while government spending on education as a proportion of national income has stagnated, it has increased in real terms. Real increases in education spending have resulted in substantial increases in per student spending in basic education. At primary, enrolment declines have reinforced these trends and in 2005 per student spending in government primary schools was 30% higher, in real terms than in 2001. Despite these increases, per student spending on education in Bangladesh remains low compared to other countries in the region and countries at similar levels of development. Levels of government funding also vary enormously across different providers of basic education although these differences do not appear to have a significant impact on education outcomes at the primary level. At secondary, there appears to be a closer correlation between levels of public funding and outcomes although the socio-economic st

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338. Firm Level Heterogeneous Productivity and Demand Shocks: Evidence from Bangladesh [28.741%] | Hiau Looi Kee & Kala Krishna (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper looks at the predictions of a standard heterogeneous firm model regarding the exports of firms across markets in response to a particular trade policy

339. Firm Productivity in Bangladesh Manufacturing Industries [30.016%] | Fernandes, Ana M. (2006) | Downloadable! The author studies the determinants of total factor productivity (TFP) for manufacturing firms in Bangladesh using data from a recent survey. She obtains TFP measures by making use of firm-specific deflators for output and inputs. Controlling for industry, location, and year fixed effects, she finds that: (1) firm size and TFP are negatively correlated; (2) firm age and TFP exhibit an inverse-U shaped relationship; (3) TFP improves with the quality of the firm ' s human capital; (4) global integration improves TFP; (5) firms with research and development activities and quality certifications have higher TFP, while more advanced technologies improve TFP only in the presence of significant absorptive capacity; (6) power supply problems cost firms heavily in terms of TFP losses; and (7) the presence of crime dampens TFP.

340. Firm-Level Heterogeneous Productivity and Demand Shocks: Evidence from Bangladesh [28.741%] | Hiau Looi Kee & Kala Krishna (2008) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

341. Fiscal adjustment and the real exchange rate : the case of Bangladesh [29.958%] | Matin, Kazi M. (1992) | Downloadable! The author examines the effect of fiscal adjustment on the real exchange rate. The argument is made that the direction and extent of that effect depends on the way fiscal adjustment is carried out. If a fiscal deficit is reduced mainly by reducing total government spending, the effect on the real exchange rate depends on whether the adjustment is achieved through proportionate cuts in both capital and current spending or through disproportionatelygreater cuts in capital spending. A disproportionately high cut in capital spending affects the composition of government spending between tradables and nontradables. Econometric estimates of the model for Bangladesh show that the propensity to spend on nontradables is greater for government spending than for private, and greater for the government's current spending than for its capital spending. The author emphasizes two important implications of fiscal adjustment for developing countries like Bangladesh : a) when fiscal adjustment involves unsustaina

342. Five-year plan of Bangladesh: Perspectives and problems [28.743%] | Islam, Nurul (1974) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

343. Flood Control In Bangladesh: A Plan For Action [28.744%] | Asia Region Technical Department (1990) | No abstract is available for this item.

344. Food Aid, Food Policy And The Uruguay Round: Implications For Bangladesh [29.985%] | Peter G. Warr & Helal Ahammad (1996) | Downloadable! The relationship between the effects of food aid and those of the completion of the Uruguay Round of the GATT are studied in this paper, focussing upon the food aid recipient countries, taking Bangladesh as an illustrative example. The magnitudes of these effects depend crucially on the policy environment within the food aid recipient country itself, particularly the government's policy with respect to commercial food imports, as well as the way food aid donors respond to the Round. When the quantity of Bangladesh's commercial food imports is controlled by the government, the benefits derived from food aid are smaller, and the negative effects of the Uruguay Round will be larger, than when these imports are liberalised.

345. Food Aid, Food Policy and the Uruguay Round: Implications for Bangladesh [28.741%] | Peter G. Warr & Helal Ahammad (1996) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

346. Food Deprivation and Undernutrition in Rural Bangladesh [28.743%] | Osmani, R.S. (1990) | No abstract is available for this item.

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347. Food Preferences and Nutrition in Rural Bangladesh [28.743%] | Pitt, Mark M (1983) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

348. Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh: Progress and Determinants [30.021%] | Mahabub Hossain & Firdousi Naher & Quazi Shahabuddin (2005) | Downloadable! For Bangladesh food security was synonymous with achieving self-sufficiency in rice production and stabilization in rice prices. The country has made good progress in increasing rice production through technological progress, facilitated by private sector investment in small scale irrigation. But, it is difficult to sustain the progress made in view of the growing pressure of population on scarce land resources. Domestic food grain production remains susceptible to floods and droughts thereby perpetuating the threat of major production shortfalls, inadequate food availability, and vulnerability from fluctuation in prices. The availability of other foods has not increased, and the progress in nutritional outcome has remained slow. Forty percent of the population lives below the poverty line, and income inequality has been worsening. This paper assesses the trends in factors that affect food production, availability of food and their impact on nutrition outcomes. It also probes into the trends in

349. Food aid and food policy in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Clay, Edward J. (1979) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

350. Food aid distribution in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Ahmed, Akhter U. & Rashid, Shahidur & Sharma, Manohar & Zohir, Sajjad (2004) | No abstract is available for this item.

351. Food aid, food policy and the Uruguay round: implications for Bangladesh [28.741%] | Warr, Peter G. & Ahammad, Helal (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

352. Food for education [8.662%] | Ifpri (2001) | Downloadable! For seven years IFPRI has been working with the government of Bangladesh to design, implement, monitor, and evaluate the world's first Food for Schooling program. Using quantitative and qualitative research techniques and extensive household surveys, IFPRI has evaluated the Food for Schooling pilot program to determine how much it has improved the livelihoods of poor households in Bangladesh. This brief describes the program, its goals, and the differences between Food for Schooling and School Feeding programs.

353. Food policy and market reform in Viet Nam and Bangladesh [29.971%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin & Goletti, Francesco (1998) | Over the past several years, IFPRI has applied its expertise in food policy research and analysis to critical issues of agricultural market reform in many developing countries, including Viet Nam and Bangladesh. These two countries present contrasting situations: while Viet Nam is trying to make the transition from a command to a market economy, Bangladesh already has a large-scale private system of production but considerable government intervention in foodgrain markets. IFPRI's research has made substantial contributions to market reforms in both of these countries, and these efforts offer important lessons about how to bring about policy change in developing countries. In this essay, the authors discuss rice market reforms in Viet Nam and food policy reform in Bangladesh. From this, they present

354. Food policy and market reform in Viet Nam and Bangladesh [29.971%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin & Goletti, Francesco (1998) | Over the past several years, IFPRI has applied its expertise in food policy research and analysis to critical issues of agricultural market reform in many developing countries, including Viet Nam and Bangladesh. These two countries present contrasting situations: while Viet Nam is trying to make the transition from a command to a market economy, Bangladesh already has a large-scale private system of production but considerable government intervention in foodgrain markets. IFPRI's research has made substantial contributions to market reforms in both of these countries, and these efforts offer important lessons about how to bring about policy change in developing countries. In this essay, the authors discuss rice market reforms in Viet Nam and food policy reform in Bangladesh. From this, they present

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355. Food policy and market reform in Viet Nam and Bangladesh: essay in Annual Report [28.741%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin & Goletti, Francesco (1998) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

356. Food policy and market reform in Viet Nam and Bangladesh: essay in Annual Report [28.741%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin & Goletti, Francesco (1998) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

357. Food policy conflicts in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Tarrant, J. R. (1982) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

358. Food policy liberalization in Bangladesh: how the government and the markets delivered [28.743%] | Chowdhury, Nuimuddin & Farid, Nasir & Roy, Devesh (2006) | Downloadable!

359. Food safety in food security and food trade: [8.655%] | Unnevehr, Laurian J., ed. (2003) | Downloadable! CONTENTS: Overview / Laurian J. Unnevehr; Food Safety as a Public Health Issue for Developing Countries / Fritz K. Käferstein; Mycotoxin Food Safety Risk in Developing Countries / Ramesh V. Bhat and Siruguri Vasanthi; Trends in Food Safety Standards and Regulation: Implications for Developing Countries / Julie A. Caswell; Food Safety Issues in International Trade / Spencer Henson; Balancing Risk Reduction and Benefits from Trade in Setting Standards / John Wilson and Tsunehiro Otsuki; Case Study: Guatemalan Raspberries and Cyclospora / Linda Calvin, Luis Flores, and William Foster; Case Study: Kenyan Fish Exports / Richard O. Abila; Case Study:The Shrimp Export Industry in Bangladesh / James C. Cato and S. Subasinge; Case Study: Reducing Pesticide Residues on Horticultural Crops / George W. Norton, Guillermo E. Sanchez, Dionne Clarke-Harris, and Halimatou Koné Traoré; Case Study: India Responds to International Food Safety Requirements / Shashi Sareen; Case Study: Supermarkets and Quality and

360. Foodgrain production and population in Asia: China, India and Bangladesh [28.741%] | Etienne, Gilbert (1977) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

361. Foodgrain supply, distribution, and consumption policies within a dual pricing mechanism: a case study of Bangladesh [28.739%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin (1979) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

362. Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: An Econometric Study of Bangladesh [28.741%] | Islam, Anisul (1992) | No abstract is available for this item.

363. Foreign Trade, Employment And Income Distribution: The Case Of Bangladesh [30.008%] | Kwan S. Kim & Shamsdin M. Tareq (1991) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study, based on a social accounting framework, investigates quantitative effects of the choice of foreign trade regime on domestic employment and the distribution of income for Bangladesh. Among the three broad categories of trade regime -- export promotion, import substitution, or non-tradable sector expansion -- agricultural and agroindustry-based exports are shown to have the largest income and employment effects through interindustry linkages. Import substitution in manufacturing industries, particularly in those with heavy import requirements, provides limited potentials for employment and income generation. The strategy choice does not discernibly change the distribution of income, although it differently affects the incomes of the poor. [F17]

364. Foreign exchange regimes and industrial growth in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Stern, Joseph J. & Mallon, Richard D. & Hutcheson, Thomas L. (1988) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

365. From Slash-and-Burn to Sustainability â€“ A Study from the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh [28.739%] | M. A. Monayem Miah (2008) | Downloadable! because their traditional â€˜slash and burnâ€™ agriculture is becoming increasingly unsustainable. Farmers in these communities have to farm more intensively and this is causing a whole host of environmental and social problems. This challenge is not limited to this region, but is being experienced by traditional farmers across the developing world. To help find a solution to this crucial problem, a new SANDEE study looks at the economic and social

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feasibility of replacing shifting cultivation in the hill district of Khagrachari with settled agriculture and new soil conservation techniques based around orchard growing.

366. From pond to plate: Towards a twin-driven commodity chain in Bangladesh shrimp aquaculture [29.987%] | Islam, Md. Saidul (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Globalization of the agro-food system has led developing nations to orient their production to meet global markets. Consequently, local agricultural systems are increasingly linked to global commodity networks, and generate complex intersections and sometimes tensions. Cultured shrimp in Bangladesh is such a global commodity that connects the local producers with the global consumers starting from pond to plate via a network of diverse actors in a complex manner. Field research in Bangladesh shows that shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh is moving towards a twin-driven commodity chain in which lead firms govern supply network, while the Shrimp Seal of Quality Organization (SSOQ), a recently emerged third-party certifier, as well as other environmental NGOs define regulatory aspects of the industry. While governance in twin-driven commodity chain offers opportunities for a sustainable aquaculture, it also poses many questions which have significant policy implications for differe

367. Fuel markets in urban Bangladesh [28.743%] | Prior, M. J. (1986) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

368. Gender Differences in Child Health-care Practices: Evidence from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 1990-91 [8.648%] | Naushin Mahmood & Mir Annice Mahmood (1995) | Downloadable! Among other factors, health care utilisation is important in determining the health status and survival chances of children. The patterns of childhood mortality, in general, indicate that deaths of male children have consistently exceeded those of females, with a much greater difference in the first month of birth (NNR). This has largely been attributed to differences in the genetic and biological factors between the sexes [Lopez and Ruzika (1983)]. The mortality level, thereafter, is influenced more by the socio-economic, environmental, and health care factors, indicating a mortality disadvantage for females in some populations. It has therefore been postulated that gender-based differences in health care practices partly explain the sex differentials in child mortality in some countries of South Asia, where healthseeking behaviour of parents discriminates against female children [Chen, et al. (1981); Das Gupta (1987); Sathar (1987); Ahmed (1990)]. Using data from Bangladesh, Chen, Haq, and D

369. Gender Differences in Marriage and Motality for Older Adults in Rural Bangladesh: Is Widowhood More Dangerous for Women Than Men [28.740%] | Rahman, M.O. (1993) | No abstract is available for this item.

370. Gender Diversity in the Boardroom and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks: Evidence from Bangladesh [29.993%] | Dutta, Probal & Bose, Sudipta (2007) | Downloadable! In today’s corporate world, board diversity is a much talked-about topic and gender diversity is an important aspect of board diversity. Gender diversity refers to the presence of women on corporate boards of directors. In this paper, an effort has been made to examine whether an association exists between the financial performance of commercial banks in Bangladesh and presence of women on the boards of directors of these banks and in order to examine the existence of this association, a non-parametric test, namely Kruskal-Wallis H test has been conducted. But the test has yielded conflicting results at different significance levels.

371. Gender Preference and Birthspacing in Matlab, Bangladesh [28.743%] | DaVanzo, J. & Rahman, M. (1993) | No abstract is available for this item.

372. Gender and local floodplain management institutions: a case study from Bangladesh [28.741%] | Sultana, Parvin & Thompson, Paul (2006) | Downloadable!

373. Gender and poverty [8.648%] | Quisumbing, Agnes R. & Haddad, Lawrence James & Peña, Christine (1995) | Downloadable! This paper presents new evidence on the association between gender and poverty based on an empirical analysis of 11 data sets from 10 developing countries. The paper computes income- and expenditure-based poverty measures and investigates their sensitivity to the use of

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per capita and per adult equivalent units. It also tests for differences in poverty incidence between individuals in male- and female-headed households using stochastic dominance analysis. Stochastic dominance analysis reveals that differences between male- and female-headed households among the very poor are not sufficiently large that one can conclude that one is unambiguously worse- or better-off, except for a few exceptions. When we use the method of endogenous bounds, persons in female-headed households in rural Ghana and Bangladesh are consistently worse-off, using two stochastic dominance criteria. These results suggest that, among the very poor, persons in male- and female-headed households may not differ significantly. T

374. Gender, Class, and Access to Water:Three Cases in a Poor and Crowded Delta [8.653%] | Ben Crow & Farhana Sultana (2002) | Downloadable! Water plays a pivotal role in economic activity and in human well-being. Because of the prominence of water in production (primarily for irrigation) and in domestic use (drinking, washing, cooking), conflict over water and the effects of gender-influenced decisions about water may have far-reaching consequences on human well-being, economic growth, and social change. At the same time, social conflicts and social change are shaped and mediated, often in unexpected ways, by the natural conditions in which water occurs. The social relations of water are poorly understood. This article introduces a framework for disaggregating conditions of access to water and uses it to examine three pressing questions in Bangladesh. First, extraction of groundwater for irrigation has made many drinking-water hand pumps run dry. Second, increasing use of groundwater for drinking has been associated with the poisoning of at least 20 million people through naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater. Third, the articl

375. Genetically modified food and international trade: The case of India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines [28.741%] | Gruere, Guillaume & Bouet, Antoine & Mevel, Simon (2007) | Downloadable!

376. Geographical Concentration of Rural Poverty in Bangladesh [30.002%] | Suan Pheng Kam & Manik Lal Bose & Tahmina Latif & M A H Chowdhury & S Ghulam Hussain... (2004) | Downloadable! This paper was presented at the dialogue on Mapping Poverty for Rural Bangladesh: Implications for Pro-poor Development. The dialogue was organised as part of CPD's ongoing agricultural policy research and advocacy activities with IRRI under the PETRRA project. The study reported geographical concentration of rural poverty in Bangladesh for 425 upazilas in 2000-01. The study measured and mapped incidence of poverty (using Headcount Index), intensity of poverty (using Poverty Gap Index) and severity of poverty (using Squared Poverty Gap Index). It has analyzed factors contributing to the spatial concentration of poverty. It is hoped that the findings of the study would be helpful in identifying target areas and priorities for agricultural R&D interventions and poverty reduction programmes.

377. Ghost Doctors: Absenteeism in Rural Bangladeshi Health Facilities [8.667%] | Nazmul Chaudhury & Jeffrey S. Hammer (2004) | Unannounced visits were made to health clinics in Bangladesh to determine what proportion of medical professionals were at their assigned post. Averaged over all job categories and types of facility, the absentee rate was 35 percent. The absentee rate for physicians was 40 percent at the larger clinics and 74 percent at the smaller subcenters with a single physician. Whether the medical provider lives near the health facility, the opportunity cost of the provider's time, road access, and rural electrification are highly correlated with the rate and pattern of absenteeism. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.

378. Ghost doctors - absenteeism in Bangladeshi health facilities [8.666%] | Chaudhury, Nazmul & Hammer, Jeffrey S. (2003) | Downloadable! The authors report on a study in which unannounced visits were made to health clinics in Bangladesh with the intention of discovering what fraction of medical professionals were present at their assigned post. This survey represents the first attempt to quantify the extent of the problem on a nationally representative scale. Nationwide the average number of vacancies over all types of providers in rural health centers is 26 percent. Regionally, vacancy rates (unfilled posts) are generally higher in the poorer parts of the country. Absentee rates at over 40 percent are particularly high for doctors. When separated into level of facility, the absentee rate for doctors at the larger clinics is

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40 percent, but at the smaller sub-centers with a single doctor, the rate is 74 percent. Even though the primary purpose of this survey is to document the extent of the problem among medical staff, the authors also explore the determinants of staff absenteeism. Whether the medical provider lives near the heal

379. Gini coefficient as a life table function [8.645%] | Vladimir Shkolnikov & Evgueni Andreev & Alexander Z. Begun (2003) | Downloadable! This paper presents a toolkit for measuring and analyzing inter-individual inequality in length of life by Gini coefficient. Gini coefficient and four other inequality measures are defined on the length-of-life distribution. Properties of these measures and their empirical testing on mortality data suggest a possibility for different judgements about the direction of changes in the degree of inequality by using different measures. A new computational procedure for the estimation of Gini coefficient from life tables is developed and tested on about four hundred real life tables. The estimates of Gini coefficient are precise enough even for abridged life tables with the final age group of 85+. New formulae have been developed for the decomposition of differences between Gini coefficients by age and cause of death. A new method for decomposition of age-components into effects of mortality and composition of population by group is developed. Temporal changes in the effects of elimination of causes o

380. Globalization, Class and Gender Relations: The shrimp industry in southwestern Bangladesh [30.016%] | Meghna Guhathakurta (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Meghna Guhathakurta looks at the shrimp industry in southwestern Bangladesh as a case that illustrates how global capitalism is linking with the local economy. She examines the impact of the shrimp industry on gender relations taking into account the overall socioeconomic and structural transformation that is taking place within the

�region. Development (2008) 51, 212 219. doi:10.1057/dev.2008.15

381. Globalization, Financial Liberalization and the Behavior of the Long Run Money Demand in the Bangladesh Economy [29.935%] | MD. Akhtaruzzaman (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The paper estimates the long run demand for money function in the Bangladesh economy using cointegration and the Vector Error Correction Modeling (VECM) technique. The cointegration results suggest that although the process of globalization has shown no significant impact on money demand by the fact that the foreign interest rate is seen as statistically not significant, the financial liberalization has an important impact, reflected in the statistically significant role of domestic interest rate, in influencing both M1 and M2 money demand. An estimate of VECMs also reveals the fact that the short run speed of adjustment is moderately influenced by the financial reform measures to establish the long run relation between money balances, income and domestic interest rates. The phenomenon of credit constraint in the context of a developing country has shown no significant role in influencing money demand, which may imply that the stage of financial development is getting higher

382. Grain marketing parastatals in Asia [8.631%] | Rashid, Shahidur & Cummings, Ralph Jr. & Gulati, Ashok (2005) | Downloadable! Using case studies from six Asian countries, this paper (a) assesses the relevance of underlying rationales for public intervention in foodgrain markets, (b) documents the existing policies and regulations that support operation of grain parastatals, (c) provides estimates of benefits and costs of parastatals, and (d) compares experiences of countries that liberalized (or reduced intervention) with the ones that continue to have significant presence of parastatals. Our results suggest that conditions in the region have improved significantly over the past thirty years; and none of the four commonly agreed rationales—that is, poorly integrated domestic markets, thin and volatile world market, promoting modern technology and the scarcity of foreign exchange reserves—for public intervention in foodgrain markets are now persuasive. Domestic foodgrain markets are integrated, international markets for both wheat and rice are significantly more robust than they were thirty years ago, High-Yielding

383. Greves et cycle politico-budgetaire dans un pays en developpement theorie et application au Bangladesh [29.962%] | Claire SALMON (1997) | La litterature sur le cycle politique s'est rarement interessee aux comportements clientelistes des gouvernements de pays en developpement. Il semble, toutefois, que tout regime, aussi peu democratique soit-il, a cependant interet a satisfaire la population ou

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les groupes de pression dangereux pour la perennite de son pouvoir. Il peut s'agir des militaires, de certains groupes ethniques ou religieux, de groupes industriels, de syndicats... Le modele de theorie des jeux, developpe dans cet article, comporte trois types d'agents : les syndicats du secteur public, l'armee et le gouvernement. Il cherche a expliquer simultanement l'existence d'un cycle politico-budgetaire et d'un cycle des greves dans un pays en developpement. Il est suivi d'une analyse econometrique appliquee au cas du Bangladesh. Les resultats econometriques tendent a montrer que les salaires du secteur public et du secteur prive syndicalise ne sont pas determines independamment du calendrier politique, elections et coups d'etat. Il en est de me

384. Group Lending and Its Implications in Credit Markets for Poor People [8.664%] | Woerz, Julia (1999) | Downloadable! Group lending has proved to be a successful form of lending in credit markets for poor people. In this paper, the policy of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh is modeled. It is shown that under certain conditions making borrowers jointly liable for their loans can induce repayment even in the absence of formal credit enforcement mechanisms. A distinction is made between ability and willingness to repay. Both aspects crucially depend on the social setting and on the loan size. If social ties are too loose, the social pressure generated by joint liability is not sufficient to induce borrowers to repay. This constraint is more binding in the case of micro-credits.

385. Group-based financial institutions for the rural poor in Bangladesh: an institutional- and household-level analysis [29.993%] | Zeller, Manfred & Sharma, Manohar & Ahmed, Akhter U. & Rashid, Shahidur (2001) | Downloadable! Table of Contents: Tables, Figures, Foreword, Acknowledgments, and Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Determinants of the Placement and Outreach of Group-Based Financial Institutions:A County-Level Analysis; 3. Group-Based Financial Institutions:Structure, Conduct, and Performance; 4. Household Participation in Financial Markets; 5. Analysis of the Household-Level Impact of Group-Based Credit Institutions in Bangladesh; 6. Conclusions and Implications for Policy; Appendix A: Survey Modules, Sampling Frame, and Location of Survey Sites; Appendix B: Adult Equivalent Consumption Units Differentiated by Age and Gender; References

386. Growth, poverty, and inequality : a regional panel for Bangladesh [30.003%] | Wodon, Quentin T. (1999) | Downloadable! Most empirical work on how growth affects poverty and inequality has been based on international panel data sets. Panels can also be used within a country, if the analysis is carried out at the regional level. The author does this for Bangladesh, where regional panel estimates indicate that growth reduces poverty in both urban and rural areas. Growth is associated with rising inequality only in urban areas. Simulations based on these estimates indicate how much poverty reduction could increase in the next 10 years if growth were promoted in rural areas rather than urban areas.

387. Gulf migration study: Employment, wages and working conditions of Kerala emigrants in the United Arab Emirates [8.634%] | K.C. Zachariah & B.A. Prakash & S. Irudaya Rajan (2002) | Downloadable! This is the fourth in a series of Working Papers published by the CDS on Kerala migration. Unlike the other three, this one is financed by the Kerala Government and the data were collected in UAE. The objectives of this Working Paper are to: document changes in the labour demand for different categories of emigrant workers, enumerate the emigration policies, examine employment and working conditions, wage levels and related problems of the Kerala emigrants, understand the education and training requirements of future emigrants to UAE. This paper is noteworthy in a number of ways for its contributions to our understanding of Kerala migration to the Gulf countries. It gives the most authentic estimate of the annual remittances to Kerala from the Gulf countries and from other parts of the world. The average annual estimate of the total remittances from all countries of the world is Rs 13,815 crores for the period 1998-2000. Remittances from the Gulf countries alone would be about Rs 12,640 crores.

388. Has Low Productivity Constrained Competitiveness of African Firms? : Comparison of the Firm Performances with Asian Firms [8.660%] | Fukunishi, Takahiro (2007) | Downloadable! It has been argued that the slow growth of productivity is one of critical sources of stagnation of the African manufacturing sector but empirical supports are limited. Using the inter-regional firm data of the garment

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industries, productive efficiency and its contribution to unit costs are compared between Kenya and Bangladesh which is the one of the largest exporters in the world. Our estimates have indicated that there is no clear gap in the average technical efficiency of the two industries despite conservative estimation, while allocative efficiency is significantly lower in the Kenyan industry. Unit costs greatly differ between the two industries, where impact of inefficiency on unit costs is small and labour cost appears to have the largest impact. Productivity accounts little for the stagnation in the garment industry.

389. Health Domain of the Ultra Poor: An Exploration [8.665%] | Shahaduz Zaman (2008) | Downloadable! Relatively small proportion of literature has focused upon health behaviours and types of health services used by the poor in rural Bangladesh, particularly ultra poor households.This study aimed to explore the health domain of the ultra poor, including perceptions of ill health, knowledge and treatment-seeking behaviours in conjunction with the rationale behind these decisions. Data were collected through qualitative methods from the TUP members and their husbands or eldest sons in three villages within Nilphamari district [CFPR-TUP Working Paper Series No. 5].

390. Health Interventions and Health Equity: The Example of Measles Vaccination in Bangladesh [30.000%] | Michael A. Koenig & David Bishai & Mehrab Ali Khan (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Although the existence of socioeconomic differentials in infant and childhood mortality in developing countries is well established. little consensus exists as to the most effective approaches to reducing such differentials. This article utilizes longitudinal data from the Matlab study area in rural Bangladesh to investigate the impact of an efficacious child survival intervention-measles vaccination-on reductions in gender and socioeconomic differentials in childhood mortality. The article analyzes data from 16,270 vaccinated children and randomly matched controls, and evaluates their subsequent mortality risks. Proportional hazards analysis demonstrates that unvaccinated children from very poor families face more than a threefold higher risk of subsequent early child mortality, compared to vaccinated children from families of high economic status. While measles vaccination has little impact on mortality risks among children of higher economic status, the improvement in surv

391. Health effects and pesticide perception as determinants of pesticide use : evidence from Bangladesh [30.011%] | Dasgupta, Susmita & Meisner, Craig & Huq, Mainul (2005) | Downloadable! In a recent survey of 820 Boro (winter rice), potato, bean, eggplant, cabbage, sugarcane, and mango farmers in Bangladesh, over 47 percent of farmers were found to be overusing pesticides. With only 4 percent of farmers formally trained in pesticide use or handling, and over 87 percent openly admitting to using little or no protective measures while applying pesticides, overuse is potentially a threatening problem to farmer health as well as the environment. To model pesticide overuse, the authors used a 3-equation, trivariate probit framework, with health effects and misperception of pesticide risk as endogenous dummy variables. Health effects (the first equation) were found to be strictly a function of the amount of pesticides used in production, while misperception of pesticide risk (the second equation) was determined by health impairments from pesticides and the toxicity of chemicals used. Pesticide overuse (the third equation) was significantly determined by variation in income, farm owner

392. Household Rates of Return to Education in Rural Bangladesh: Accounting for Direct Costs, Child Labour, and Option Value [28.742%] | M. Najeeb Shafiq (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study estimates the returns to boys' education for rural Bangladeshi households by accounting for some conventionally neglected items: direct costs of education, foregone child labour earnings, and option value. The estimated returns are 13.5% for primary education, 7.8% for junior-secondary education, 12.9% for higher-secondary education, and 9.7% for higher education; the resulting option value from primary education is 5.3%. These results suggest that there is economic rationale for non-poor rural households to invest in boys' education, especially at the primary level.

393. Household and Intrahousehold Impact of the Grameen Bank and Similar Targeted Credit Programs in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Pitt, M.M. & Khandker, S.R. (1996) | Group-based lending programs for the

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poor have become a focus of attention in the development community over the last several years. To date, there has been no comprehensive investigation of their impact on household behavior that has been sufficiently attentive to issues of endogeneity and self-selection. Perhaps one reason for this is the absence of any data generated from social experiments associated with these credit programs, and from the difficulty in finding valid instrumental variables (exclusion restricted) to deal with the endogeneity bias in non-experimental data. This paper surmounts these issues by treating the choice of participating in credit programs in a sample of Bangladeshi households and villages as corresponding to a

394. Household schooling and child labor decisions in rural Bangladesh [28.742%] | Shafiq, M. Najeeb (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

395. How Bad Governance Impedes Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh [29.925%] | Rehman Sobhan (1998) | Downloadable! In 1995/96, 47.5 per cent of the population of Bangladesh were still living below the poverty line. While this represents a decline compared to 62.6 per cent in 1983/84, the absolute number of poor people has in fact increased over the same period. This paper argues that the persistence of poverty in Bangladesh originates less in the lack of resources for its alleviation than in the failures of governance.These failures consist of a lack of a developmental vision, absence of a commitment that goes beyond rhetoric and that could translate the vision into policies and programmes, and weak capacities at the administrative, technical and political levels to implement such programmes. As a corollary of these failures, successive governments have surrendered ownership over national policy agendas in the field of poverty alleviation to international donors and NGOs. Furthermore, different areas of policy–making have been appropriated by special interest groups pursui

396. How Do Women Decide to Work in Pakistan? [8.657%] | Zareen F. Naqvi & Lubna Shahnaz (2002) | Downloadable! The incidence of women labour force participation is very low in Pakistan. According to the Labour Force Survey, 1999-2000 female participation rate was merely 14 percent of the total labour force. Even though average annual growth rate of female labour force participation has been increasing slightly in Pakistan; it was 4 percent in 1980-99 and has gone up to 5.1 percent during 1995-98,1 however, this rate is still very low as compared to the other South Asian countries—42 percent in Bangladesh, 41 percent in Nepal, 32 percent in India and Bhutan, 37 percent in Sri Lanka [World Bank (2002)]. This paper is an attempt to identify household related factors that lead to women participation in the economic activities. This issue has been taken up in a number of other studies.2 The innovative aspect of this paper is that it relates women’s decision to participate in economic activities with their empowerment—who makes the decision to participate in the labour force—whether it is the women the

397. How Vulnerable are Bangladesh’s Indigenous People to Climate Change? [30.012%] | Bernhard G. Gunter & Atiq Rahman & A. F. M. Ataur Rahman (2008) | Downloadable! This paper compares the vulnerabilities to climate change and climate variability of the indigenous people with the Bengali population of Bangladesh. It distinguishes between (a) individual vulnerabilities that are related to an individual’s capability to adapt to climate change and; (b) spatial vulnerabilities, that is, vulnerabilities that are related to the location of a person (like the exposure to climate change-induced disasters). While an individual’s capability to adapt to climate change is determined by many factors, some relatively simple approximation is to look at poverty, landlessness, and illiteracy. Spatial vulnerabilities are reviewed by looking at drought hazard maps, flood hazard maps, landslide hazard maps, and cyclone hazard maps. Hence, the paper compares levels of poverty, landlessness, illiteracy, and the more direct though also more subjective exposures to increased droughts, floods, landslides, and cyclones across the two population groups. The paper concludes with s

398. How do the poor cope with hardships when mutual assistance is unavailable? [8.665%] | Masahiro Shoji (2008) | Downloadable! This paper investigates how risk coping strategies differ between idiosyncratic and covariate income shocks using evidence from a nation-wide flood in Bangladesh. It is found that availability of coping strategies significantly depends on the covariate-idiosyncratic characteristic of shocks. The main strategies for idiosyncratic and moderate covariate shocks are interest-

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free informal credit and additional labor supply for fishing, but they are not utilized to cope with the severe covariate shocks. Instead, people must resort to borrowing with high interest as a last resort.

399. Human responses to riverine hazards in Bangladesh: A proposal for sustainable floodplain development [28.743%] | Emdad Haque, C. & Zaman, M. Q. (1993) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

400. IEEMA Pre-Budget Memorandum [8.665%] | Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers` IEEMA (2008) | Downloadable! EEMA is however deeply concerned with regard to a few issues, particularly about the recent FTAâ€™s with neighboring countries like Thailand, Singapore, Bangladesh and other countries. EEMA fears that, announcements for free power distribution by some states, will further burden and increase sickness in the already ailing State Electricity Boards. Labour reform too needs to be taken up vigorously for the industry to remain viable and survive in an increasingly globally competitive scenario.

401. IMPLEMENTATION OF FERTILIZER POLICY IN BANGLADESH UNDER ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS: Implementation of Fertilizer Policy in Bangladesh [30.004%] | Moss Anjuman Ara Begum & Basil Manos & Ioannis Manikas (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The analysis of the effects of fertilizer pricing on fertilizer-intensive agriculture and farms behavior ought to be an important topic of research for agricultural and environmental economists in Bangladesh. Several possibilities for fertilizer policy have been debated, in particular for the pricing of fertilizer. Following this observation, this study contributes to that discussion by simulating the impact that various policies based upon the price of fertilizer could have on agricultural production. Specifically, the study analyzes the economic, social and environmental implications of alternative fertilizer policies using a multicriteria model of farmers' behavior under different scenarios. The future agricultural and fertilizer scenarios are described in terms of the combination of policy instruments, policy style and configuration of actors. For the purpose of scenario analysis, narratives and quantitative indicator values have been compiled for each scenario. The quant

402. Ideas, economics and 'the sociology of supply': explanations for fertility decline in Bangladesh [29.961%] | Naila Kabeer (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The persistence of high rates of fertility in Bangladesh, despite the poverty of its population, has been given alternative, and apparently competing, explanations, including the absence of effective forms of family planning, the resilience of pro-natalist values and norms and the existence of material constraints which led to the reliance on children as economic assets. The recent and dramatic declines in fertility rates, in the absence of any apparent major economic changes in the decades prior to the onset of fertility decline, appears to contradict materialist explanations for fertility behaviour and to support explanations which stressed ideas about the acceptability of birth control and the availability of the means for doing so. This article argues that such an interpretation is based on an a historical analysis of events in Bangladesh. It offers an alternative explanation which stresses socio-economic change as the primary motor for change in family size preferences,

403. Identification of Key Sectors in the Bangladesh Economy: A Linkage Analysis Approach [28.743%] | Alauddin, Mohammad (1986) | No abstract is available for this item.

404. Identifying Sex Bias in the Allocation of Household Resources: Evidence from Linked Household Surveys from Bangladesh [28.739%] | Ahmad, A. & Morduch, J. (1993) | No abstract is available for this item.

405. Identifying the effect of public health program on child immunisation in rural Bangladesh [30.016%] | M Zia Sadique & M Niaz Asadullah (2006) | Downloadable! Using unit-level data from Matlab villages in rural Bangladesh, this paper examines the impact of an exogenously assigned health care intervention– Maternal and Child Health (MCH) program– on children’s immunisation status. In particular, we investigate how the program effect interacts with two key determinants of household immunisation

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choice, namely maternal education and risk perception of households. Results show that the MCH program has significantly enhanced immunisation status of children. In addition to directly improving immunisation demand, the MCH program also acts as a substitute for maternal education and compensates households for low access to public health information. Yet the MCH intervention does not have any influence on the household’s risk awareness and perception towards child health. On the contrary, prenatal-care visits and tetanus toxoid immunisation by pregnant mothers, services which are provided by government health facilities, have independent effects on the

406. Impact of Child Labour on School Attendance and School Attainment: Evidence from Bangladesh [Child Work and Other Determinants o [29.955%] | Khanam, Rasheda & Ross, Russell (2005) | Downloadable! The paper examines the linkages between child work and both school attendance and school attainment of children aged 5–17 years using data from a survey based in rural Bangladesh. This paper first looks at school attendance as an indicator of a child’s time input in schooling; then it measures the “schooling-for-age” as a learning achievement or schooling outcome. The results from the logistic regressions show that school attendance and grade attainment are lower for children who are working. The gender-disaggregated estimates show that probability of grade attainment is lower for girls than that of boys. Household permanent income, parental education and supply side correlates of schooling (presence of a primary (grade 1-6) school and secondary (grade 6-10) school in the village) are appeared to be significant determinants of schooling in rural Bangladesh. The results of this study further show that the effect of household permanent income, parental education and presence of secondary s

407. Impact of IFPRI's policy research on resource allocation and food security in Bangladesh [29.973%] | Babu, Suresh Chandra. (2000) | Downloadable! The Bangladesh Food Policy Project (BFPP), implemented during 1988-94 by IFPRI in collaboration with the Bangladesh Ministry of Food, was effective in providing research-based information to enable several policy changes in the Bangladeshi food sector. This paper is an attempt to assess the impact of IFPRI's research in Bangladesh through the BFPP. It identifies major food policy reforms designed and implemented by the Government of Bangladesh, examines their linkages to the information generated by the food policy research, and estimates the benefits of the research to the Government of Bangladesh. Based on information gathered through interviews of more than 60 senior policymakers, donor representatives, collaborators, researchers, and training recipients, the paper draws lessons for future food policy research programs in Bangladesh and other developing countries. Among the more than 70 research outputs from IFPRI, two policy contributions stand out: the abolition of the Rural Rationing progr

408. Impact of Iraq War on Bangladesh Economy [30.013%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Ananya Raihan (2003) | Downloadable! The paper is aimed at providing an early assessment of the anticipated consequences of Iraq war and its possible impacts on Bangladesh economy. Critical insights and fact-based information on possible changes in several areas including oil price, flow of remittance, volume of export and import, migration of labour force etc., and how these will reshape the country’s economic settings in the post-war era, have been presented in the paper.

409. Impact of Working Time on Children’s Health [8.664%] | L.Guarcello & S.Lyon & F.Rosati (2004) | Downloadable! This paper looks in detail at the relationship between the intensity of children's work (i.e., children's weekly working hours) and children's health outcomes, making use of household survey data from Bangladesh, Brazil, and Cambodia. The paper focuses only on the subset of children at work in economic activity. It relies on two sets of measures: self-reported health problems and injuries.The analysis points to a causal relationship between working hours and children's health outcomes.

410. Impact of community based management approaches on fishery resource diversity of seven flowing rivers in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Mustafa, M.G. (2007) | Downloadable! Research showed that fish production, abundance and biodiversity were significantly higher in CBFM project sites compared to control water bodies. Performance indicators also suggested that fisher-managed approach yielded the greatest benefits, followed by community-managed and women-managed approaches.

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411. Impact of new agricultural technology on the instability of foodgrain production and yield : Data analysis for Bangladesh and it [28.738%] | Alauddin, Mohammad & Tisdell, Clem (1988) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

412. Impact of on-farm water management research on the performance of a gravity irrigation system in Bangladesh [28.738%] | Mondal, M. K. & Islam, M. N. & Mowla, G. & Islam, M. T. & Ghani, M. A. (1993) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

413. Impact of risk on HYV adoption in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Parikh, Ashok & Bernard, Andrew (1988) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

414. Impact of the Community-Based Fisheries Management on sustainable use of inland fisheries in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Mustafa, M.G. & Halls, A.S. (2007) | Downloadable! Research showed that fish production, abundance and biodiversity were significantly higher in CBFM project sites compared to control water bodies. Performance indicators also suggested that fisher-managed approach yielded the greatest benefits, followed by community-managed and women-managed approaches.

415. Impacts of in-kind transfers on household food consumption: Evidence from targeted food programmes in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Carlo Del Ninno & Paul Dorosh (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This article examines the impact of wheat transfers and cash incomes on wheat consumption and wheat markets. Using propensity score matching techniques, the MPC for wheat is on average 0.33, ranging form essentially zero for Food For Work (a programme with large transfers) to 0.51 for Food For Education. Econometric estimates indicate that the total marginal propensity to consume (MPC) wheat out of small wheat transfers to poor households is approximately 0.25, while MPCs for wheat out of cash income are near zero. This increase in demand for wheat reduces the potential price effect of the three major targeted programmes by about one-third.

416. Impacts on rural poverty of land-based targeting: Further results for Bangladesh [28.740%] | Ravallion, Martin & Sen, Binayak (1994) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

417. Implications of WTO Agreements and Domestic Trade Policy Reforms for Poverty in Bangladesh: Short vs. Long Run [29.958%] | Nabil Annabi & H. Khondker Bazlul & Selim Raihan & John Cockburn & Bernard Decaluwe (2005) | Downloadable! We examine the impacts of WTO agreements and domestic trade policy reforms on production, welfare and poverty in Bangladesh. A sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which takes into account accumulation effects, is used allowing for long run analysis. The study is based on 2000 SAM of Bangladesh including fifteen production sectors, four factors of production (skilled and unskilled labour, agricultural and non-agricultural capital) and mine household groups (five in rural areas and four in urban areas) based on the year 2000 household survey. To examine the link between the macro effects and micro effects in terms of poverty we use the representative household approach with actual intra-group income distributions. The study presents five simulations for which the major findings are: (1) the Doha scenario has negative implications for the overall macro economy, household welfare and poverty in Bangladesh. Terms of trade deteriorate and consumer prices, particularly food p

418. Implications of WTO agreements and unilateral trade policy reforms for poverty in Bangladesh : short versus long-run impacts [29.958%] | Annabi, Nabil & Khondker, Bazlul & Raihan, Selim & Cockburn, John & Decaluwe, Bernar... (2006) | Downloadable! The authors examine the effects of WTO agreements and domestic trade policy reforms on production, welfare, and poverty in Bangladesh. They use a sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which takes into account accumulation effects, allowing for long-run analysis. The study is based on the 2000 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Bangladesh including 15 production sectors, four factors of production (skilled and unskilled labor, agricultural and nonagricultural capital), and nine household groups (five in rural areas and four in urban areas). To examine the link between the macroeconomic effects and microeconomic

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effects in terms of poverty, the authors use the representative household approach with actual intra-group income distributions. The study presents five simulations for which the major findings are: (1) The Doha scenario has negative implications for the overall macroeconomy, household welfare, and poverty in Bangladesh. Terms of trade deteriorate and consumer price

419. Implications of quality deterioration for public foodgrain stock management and consumers in Bangladesh [29.974%] | Dorosh, Paul A. & Farid, Naser (2003) | Downloadable! In the late 1990s, government policy in Bangladesh shifted in favor of increased public foodgrain stocks, setting official minimum stock targets of 1.0 to 1.2 million tons, as compared to operational targets of about 700 to 800 thousand metric tons in the early 1990s. Because no mechanism for stock rotation involving simultaneous buying and selling grain at a wholesale level exists, higher stock levels with no increase in distribution led to an increase in average age of stocks and problems of stock quality deterioration. This paper extends earlier analyses of stock policy by focusing on a key aspect of stock management in Bangladesh: the economic costs of stock quality deterioration in storage, including the implicit costs to recipients of Public Food Distribution System (PFDS) foodgrain. Using market prices to value procurement and distribution of rice and wheat, consumer and producer subsidies accounted for 57.4 and 20.9 percent, respectively, of net outlay in 2000/01. Implicit losses to rice

420. Import Liberalization In A Developing Country With Import Intensive Industry: The Case Of Bangladesh [30.014%] | Farida C. Khan (1994) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper examines the effect of import liberalization in Bangladesh using a modestly disaggregated numerical general equilibrium model. Because intermediate goods account for a major share of imports, the removal of import restrictions has an overwhelming effect on the supply side of the economy. The domestic manufacturing sector is found to expand, particularly the manufacture of exportables. Sensitivity of the results obtained is tested by perturbing certain key parameters. Additional related results are discussed. [F 1, O 5]

421. Import-Reducing Effect of Trade Barriers: A Cross-Country Investigation [8.653%] | Qing Wang (2002) | Downloadable! A comprehensive empirical investigation is carried out to ascertain the import-reducing effect of trade protection barriers. We first present a statistical summary of the status of global trade protection. Then, based on a monopolistic competition trade model and 1994 cross-country data on trade barriers, trade flows, and production, we estimate the import-reducing effect of trade barriers including both tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs). We use the disaggregated cross-country, cross-industry data on manufactured goods and, unlike previous studies, our sample covers a broad range of countries-more than 70 in total-including countries from the most developed ones like those in the Group of Seven to the least developed one, Bangladesh. We specify an empirical model that captures the stylized facts well and helps generate sensible estimates. Our econometric framework is designed to control for the simultaneous determination of trade flows, trade barriers, and production. We find that both tari

422. Improving indoor air quality for poor families : a controlled experiment in Bangladesh [29.978%] | Wheeler, David & Khaliquzzaman, M. & Huq, Mainul & Dasgupta, Susmita (2007) | Downloadable! The World Health Organization ' s 2004 Global and Regional Burden of Disease Report estimates that acute respiratory infections from indoor air pollution (pollution from burning wood, animal dung, and other bio-fuels) kill a million children annually in developing countries, inflicting a particularly heavy toll on poor families in South Asia and Africa. This paper reports on an experiment that studied the use of construction materials, space configurations, cooking locations, and household ventilation practices (use of doors and windows) as potentially-important determinants of indoor air pollution. Results from controlled experiments in Bangladesh are analyzed to test whether changes in these determinants can have significant effects on indoor air pollution. Analysis of the data shows, for example, that pollution from the cooking area diffuses into living spaces rapidly and completely. Furthermore, it is important to factor in the interaction between outdoor and indoor air pollution. Among fuel

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423. Improving water resource management in Bangladesh [29.961%] | Faruqee, Rashid & Choudhry, Yusuf A. (1996) | Downloadable! As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh. Water can no longer be considered a totally free resource and plans must be developed for its efficient use through better management and rules that preserve everybody's access to it and interest in its development. Because it is a common resource, its development and management should involve all beneficiaries. The government's role in this process is to establish the ground rules for water use and conservation through a policy and legal framework and a monitoring system that ensure its continued safety of supply to--and responsible water use by--every sector and user in the economy. National water policy must set the ground rules for allocation to different users, water rights, pricing, and environmental safety. Bangladesh's water strategy should start with a national water policy that spells out key objectives such as priority of use by critical econom

424. In credit we trust: Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Dowla, Asif (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

425. Inappropriate industries and inefficient resource-use in bangladesh: Some evidence from input-output analysis [28.742%] | Alauddin, Mohammad & Tisdell, C. A. (1986) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

426. Income dynamics and pathways out of rural poverty in Bangladesh, 1988-2004 [30.010%] | Nigar Nargis & Mahabub Hossain (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Bangladesh has made considerable progress in alleviating poverty in the recent past. Using data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of rural households in Bangladesh conducted in three waves in 1988, 2000, and 2004, this article relates the dynamics of rural poverty reduction to the structural shift in income generation mechanism from farm to nonfarm activities, changing household factor endowments, and the adoption of improved agricultural technologies over time.-super-1 The findings show that the occupational shift from the farm to the nonfarm sector, such as trade, business, and services, as well as the expansion of cultivated areas through tenancy, enhance income growth. Geographic mobility, overseas migration in particular, makes a significant contribution to income growth as well. The reduction in poverty appears to be vitally dependent on the enhancement of the endowment of human and physical capital that augments the poor households' capability to bet

427. Increasing the Market Access for Agricultural Products from Bangladesh to the EU [29.962%] | Jorge Nufiez Ferrer (2006) | Downloadable! This paper analyses the present developments and future prospects for increased agricultural trade for Bangladesh with the EU. The trade relationship with the European Union (EU) is seeing important changes in recent years. The EU has unilaterally eliminated in 2001 tariff barriers for products originating in Less Developed Countries through the Everything But Arms (EBA) agreement, which includes the highly protected agricultural products. This creates important export opportunities for Bangladesh. The paper analyses in detail the export trends for major agricultural products from Bangladesh and other countries in the region to look for any evidence of an impact from the EBA. Despite the short period analysed, there are indications of some positive impacts. However, these are often rather weak and at times there are none where expected. Analysing the trends of regional competitors, the paper implies that even with EBA Bangladesh lacks price competitiveness in some products, and most importantly

428. India's Informal Trade with Bangladesh: A Qualitative Assessment [28.743%] | Sanjib Pohit & Nisha Taneja (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

429. India's Trade with South and South East Asia: Scope for Further Cooperation [8.659%] | Wadhva Charan D (1985) | This paper briefly examines the current status of India’s trade relations with two developing sub-regions of Asia, namely, South Asia and Southeast Asia. South Asia covers seven countries who have recently loosely grouped themselves under “South Asian Regional Cooperation” (SARC) and are likely to formally launch “South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation” (SAARC)

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in December 1985. These countries are : Bangladesh, Bhutan , India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia covers five countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. This paper explores the progress and prospects for “South-South” cooperation in trade and trade-related areas. For analysing trade relations, we have employed two analytical measures, namely, (I) Kojima indices of trade intensity; and (ii) Wadhva index of trade reciprocity. This paper indicates that good scope for further cooperation in trade and trade rela

430. India-Bangladsh Trade Relations: Problem of Bilateral Deficit [8.652%] | Suparna Basu & Debabrata Datta (2007) | The paper analyzes the reasons behind persistent bilateral trade deficit of Bangladesh with India. It finds that the Bangladesh has export similarity with India and hence faces high export competitiveness. The lack of match between Bangladesh export and Indian import also generates a constraint of complementarity. The paper uses different trade-related indices like RCA and Cosine measures to examine the extent of trade similarity and complementarity in inter-industry bilateral trade. The possibility of intra-industry trade between the two countries is also studied with the help of G-L indices. Finally, an econometric time series analysis is done to identify the determinants of Bangladesh bilateral export and trade deficit. Export has been found to be of random nature and trade deficit has a perverse relation with exchange rate, driven by flow of remittances. The paper suggests that Bangladesh should pursue an appropriate exchange rate policy and aim at increased diversification in her export structure in orde

431. Indicators for Gender Equity: Taking measure of women's lives in rural Bangladesh [30.008%] | Tarek Muhmud Hussain (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Tarek Mahmud Hussain examines the change in women's status with greater access to education and credit resources through NGOs, using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 1993 by Mitra and Associates (Mitra et al., 1994) with 7564 rural Bangladeshi women. The study highlights the very important link between women's access to education and reproductive choice as well as the dialogue they have with their

�husbands and their authority over household expenditure. Development (1999) 42, 97 99. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110045

432. Indoor air quality for poor families: new evidence from Bangladesh [29.986%] | Dasgupta, Susmita & Huq, Mainul & Khaliquzzaman, M. & Pandey, Kiran & Wheeler, David (2004) | Downloadable! Indoor air pollution (IAP) from cooking and heating is estimated to kill a million children annually in developing countries. To promote a better understanding of IAP, the authors investigate the determinants of IAP in Bangladesh using the latest air monitoring technology and a national household survey. The study concludes that IAP is dangerously high for many poorfamilies in Bangladesh. Concentrations of respirable airborne particulates(PM10) 300 ug/m3 or greater are common in the sample, implying widespread exposure to a serious health hazard. Poor households in Bangladesh depend heavily on wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. The econometric results indicate that fuel choice significantly affects indoor pollution levels: Natural gas and kerosene are significantly cleaner than biomass fuels. However, household-specific factors apparently matter more than fuel choice in determining PM10 concentrations. In some biomass-burning households, concentrations are scarcely higher than in households th

433. Industrial Productivity in 51 Countries, Rich and Poor [8.657%] | Causa, Orsetta & Cohen, Daniel (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This Discussion Paper analyses 23 industrial sector in a sample of 51 developed and developing countries. It distinguishes the contribution of five factors: private capital, infrastructure, education, trade integration, and net efficiency. Several relatively small handicaps, combined multiplicatively, can make a country poor or very poor. In average, the average productivity of the industrial sector is indeed the product of about five times 70%. But 0.70 to the power of five is 17%. The least productive country in the sample, Bangladesh, has a productivity level worth about 2% of that of the richest nations. From this perspective, industry is not much different from aggregate GDP such as analysed in Cohen and Soto (2004) where a similar picture emerged The paper then sheds light on the

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effect of TFP differential between industry and GDP at large on the relative price of manufactured goods. We show that productivity differentials explain about half of the relative price discre

434. Industrialization in Egypt: Historical Development and Implications for Economic Policy [8.651%] | Ronia Hawash (2007) | Downloadable! Although Egypt has begun industrialization long ago (1920's), it is still lagging far behind other countries that have begun the industrialization process much later than Egypt. The arising problem is that the Egyptian manufactures' sector is facing a deteriorating position in terms of trade, as the Egyptian economy faces competitive pressures from three fronts: First, countries within the MENA region which opened up their economies early and took positive measures to increase their competitiveness such as Tunisia and Morocco. Second, East Asian economies and European transition economies which are characterized by having more efficient productive structures using skilled labor and capital intensive activities and hence produce higher value added and better quality goods. Third, the large unskilled, labor abundant, low wage economies such as China, India and Bangladesh that have been integrating rapidly in the global economy, exerting growing competitiveness pressures on countries exporting low-

435. Inequality in the Access to Education and Poverty in Bangladesh [29.970%] | Ahmad, Alia (2003) | Downloadable! Studies on the returns to education in developing countries generally indicate a higher social benefits at primary level compared to secondary and tertiary levels. This paper analyzes private benefits and costs of primary versus secondary education in rural Bangladesh on the basis of household-level data. It indicates that while social benefits for primary education are high in Bangladesh, private benefits are higher for secondary-level education than primary level. On the other hand, private costs are lower for primary education than for secondary education. Poor households in Bangladesh cannot afford to keep their children until they complete the secondary level because of high costs – both direct costs and opportunity costs. Inequality in the access to secondary education is the main cause of persistent poverty in Bangladesh. The recent improvement of female participation rates in both primary and secondary levels confirms the favourable impact of targeted approach. Policies should be direc

436. Inequality in the Access to Secondary Education and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Household and School Level Data [30.006%] | Ahmad, Alia & Hossain, Mahabub & Bose , Manik Lal (2005) | Downloadable! This paper explores the relationship between different levels of education and poverty through an analysis of household-level data from 60 villages in Bangladesh. First of all, it depicts the overall trend in school enrollment at primary and secondary level between 1988-2000, and confirms the inequality that exists in the access to education at post-primary level. This is followed by a presentation of income and occupation data that show a strong positive correlation with the level of education. In the second part, an income function analysis has been done to assess the impact of education along with other determinants. Marginal returns to upper secondary and primary level of education have been found to be higher than lower secondary education. The third part analyzes the effects of education on child/woman ratio, and on the secondary school participation rate of male and female children. Both poverty and low education have positive but weak effect on child/woman ratio. On the other hand, schoo

437. Infant mortality and child nutrition in Bangladesh [29.988%] | Diane Dancer & Anu Rammohan & Murray D. Smith (2008) | Downloadable! The excess female infant mortality observed in South Asia has typically been attributed to gender discrimination in the intra-household allocation of food and medical care. However, studies on child nutrition find no evidence of gender differences. A natural explanation could be that in environments of high infant mortality of females, the surviving children are healthier, so that child nutrition cannot be studied independently of mortality. In this paper, we use data from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey to investigate if there are any gender differences in survival probabilities and whether this leads to differences in child nutrition. We argue the importance of establishing whether or not there exists a dependence relationship between the two random variables - infant mortality and child nutrition - and in order to detect this we employ a copula approach to model specification. The results suggest, for example, that while male children have a significantly lower likelihood of sur

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438. Infrastructure and rural development: insights from a Grameen Bank village phone initiative in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Bayes, Abdul (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

439. Initial Destination Choices of Skilled-worker Immigrants from South Asia to Canada: Assessment of the Relative Importance of Exp [8.663%] | Lei Xu & Kao-Lee Liaw (2007) | Downloadable! Using a multinomial logit model, this paper explains the initial destination choices of skilled-worker immigrants from four South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka) who landed in Canada in 1992-2001, based on the micro data of Citizenship and Immigration Canada. We found that their choice pattern, which is characterized by extremely strong concentration in Ontario, was strongly affected by the attractions of (1) co-ethnic communities and (2) long-term income opportunities represented by earned income per capita. The temporal pattern of their choices was subject to the lagged effects of the fluctuations in the spatial pattern of employment opportunities in an economically sensible but relatively mild way. The enhancement of Quebec’s attraction by the Canada/Quebec agreement on immigration dissipated within only a few years.

440. Initial Destination Choices of Skilled-worker Immigrants from South Asia to Canada: Assessment of the Relative Importance of Exp [8.663%] | Lei Xu & Kao-Lee Liaw (2007) | Downloadable! Using a multinomial logit model, this paper explains the initial destination choices of skilled-worker immigrants from four South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka) who landed in Canada in 1992-2001, based on the micro data of Citizenship and Immigration Canada. We found that their choice pattern, which is characterized by extremely strong concentration in Ontario, was strongly affected by the attractions of (1) co-ethnic communities and (2) long-term income opportunities represented by earned income per capita. The temporal pattern of their choices was subject to the lagged effects of the fluctuations in the spatial pattern of employment opportunities in an economically sensible but relatively mild way. The enhancement of Quebec’s attraction by the Canada/Quebec agreement on immigration dissipated within only a few years.

441. Innovation and Competitive Capacity in Bangladeshs Pharmaceutical Sector [8.620%] | Gehl Sampath, Padmashree (2007) | Downloadable! The global pharmaceutical sector is highly patent intensive, and firms rely on product, process and formulation patents to protect their innovations. Intellectual property rights on pharmaceutical products, as contained in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereafter, the TRIPS Agreement) have been defended on grounds of extensive R&D investments required to discover and develop new drugs. But at the same time, grant of uniform pharmaceutical patents in all developing and least developed countries that are members of the World Trade Organization in accordance with the TRIPS Agreement, raises a range of issues for access to medicines. These issues can be framed under three broad areas: the restriction of reverse engineering possibilities for firms in developing countries and its implications for catch-up in this sector, higher prices of drugs and access to medicines as well as access to technologies due to patents on upstream technologies. The transitional

442. Integration of Financial Markets in SAARC Countries: Evidence Based on Uncovered Interest rate Parity Hypothesis [8.643%] | Khan, Muhammad Arshad & Sajid, Muhammad Zubair (2007) | Downloadable! This paper examines interest rate linkages among four SAARC countries vis-a-vis United State using monthly data over the period 1990M1 to 2006M3. The emperical findings suggest the existance of single cointegrating vector between SAARC countries interest rates and US interest rate. The result further suggest that except India, the coefficient restriction for Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are met segnificantly. However, in the case of India, the coefficient associated with foreign interest rate is far from the predicted value of UIP.The adjustment coefficient indicate no two ways causility. We also impemented the cointegration test within the SAARC countries. The test results suggest the existance of the one cointegrating vector.the existance of one cointegrating vector indicates the low degree of money markets integration in the region. Moreover, in the long run except Indian interest rate, other interest rates exerted positive impact on Pak-interest rate. Short Run Error Correction model i

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443. Integration of an Essential Services Package (ESP) in Child and Reproductive Health and Family Planning with a Micro-credit Prog [28.732%] | Amin, Ruhul & St. Pierre, Maurice & Ahmed, Ashraf & Haq, Runa (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

444. Integrative Report on the Informal Credit Markets in the Philippines [8.667%] | Agabin, Meliza H. & Lamberte, Mario B. & Mangahas, Mahar & Abrera-Mangahas, Maria Alcest... (1989) | Downloadable! Utilizing data from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, this study conducts a comparative study of informal markets (ICM). It hopes to cover the major structure of ICMs, the size and its trends and the policy/legal environment. It also discusses the role of ICMs in savings generation, credit consumption, allocation efficiency and equity. How the interest rate is formed in ICM, together with the competition between the formal and informal sectors, the possible role of ICMs and the interlinkage of credit with other markets are analyzed. An optimal legal and policy environment towards the informal sector is offered.

445. Inter-industry Analysis of Employment Linkages in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Habib, Ahsanul & Stahl, Charles & Alauddin, Mohammad (1985) | No abstract is available for this item.

446. Interdependence and dynamic linkages between the emerging stock markets of South Asia [8.655%] | Paresh Narayan & Russell Smyth & Mohan Nandha (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The present article examines the dynamic linkages between the stock markets of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka using a temporal Granger causality approach by binding the relationship among the stock price indices within a multivariate cointegration framework. We also examine the impulse response functions. Our main finding is that in the long run, stock prices in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka Granger-cause stock prices in Pakistan. In the short run there is unidirectional Granger causality running from stock prices in Pakistan to India, stock prices in Sri Lanka to India and from stock prices in Pakistan to Sri Lanka. Bangladesh is the most exogenous of the four markets, reflecting its small size and modest market capitalization. Copyright (c) 2004 Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand.

447. International Environmental Issue Between India and Bangladesh: Environmental and Socio-economic Effects on the Teesta River Are [28.743%] | Fakrul, Islam Md & Higano, Yoshiro (1999) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

448. International Islamic Banking [Global Advent, Scope, Ideology, Structure, & Application especially in Pakistan WITH COMPARIS [28.737%] | saleem, shahid (2007) | Downloadable! The purpose of this exploratory and to some extent descriptive analysis is to highlight the Islamic banking & finance theory, and to explain the practical disparity all over the Muslim Umma along with commonalities of Islamic banking in them. Islamic banking has been now become a value proposition which transcends cultures and will do speedily in next decades despite of cutting throat competition expected in global banking scenario. The size of Islamic Financial Industry has now reached size of US$ 250 Billion and its growing annually @ 15% per annum. Institutions like Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and Islamic Finance Services Board (IFSB) have been formed. Due to these collective efforts, Islamic banking is now recognized by IMF,World Bank and Basel Committee. While, 27 Muslim countries including Bahrain, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Brunei and Pakistan 15 non-Muslim countries including USA, UK, Canada, Switzerland, South Africa and Austral

449. International Support for NGOs in Bangladesh: Some Unintended Consequences [28.743%] | Stiles, Kendall (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

450. International Trade and Manufacturing Employment in the South: Four Country Case Studies [8.659%] | Rhys Jenkins & Kunal Sen (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper investigates the impact of international trade on manufacturing employment in developing countries, by undertaking a comparative study of four countries—Bangladesh, Kenya, South Africa and Vietnam. It does so by employing a variety of methodological approaches: factor content; growth accounting; and econometric

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modelling. The main empirical finding is that international trade seems to be associated with the net creation of jobs in Bangladesh and Vietnam, with female workers being the key beneficiaries. In contrast, international trade has been associated with adverse employment outcomes in Kenya, and possibly in South Africa. This suggests that there may be crucial differences between Asia and Africa in terms of the impact of globalization on employment opportunities in manufacturing. Some alternative explanations for such differences are offered in the paper.

451. Interpreting Cancun: Experience and Lessons for Bangladesh [29.989%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Ananya Raihan (2003) | Downloadable! The paper is based on the Fifth WTO Ministerial Meeting held in Cancun, Mexico. It aims to reveal the importance of putting the process, outcome and future implications of the Cancun Ministerial under critical and careful scrutiny to draw the necessary insights and lessons related to major issues debated and discussed. The study critically shows how the state of play in the WTO is going to evolve in the post-Cancun era, and how Bangladesh should do her homework in this context.

452. Introduction to the special issue on the role of nonfarm income in poverty reduction: evidence from Asia and East Africa [8.659%] | Keijiro Otsuka & Takashi Yamano (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! In this special issue, we present seven studies that collectively attempt to investigate the role of non-farm income in long-term and short-term poverty reduction in Asia and Africa. The first four studies out of the seven use long-term panel data over two decades in the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, and India. These studies show drastic increases in non-farm income shares and corresponding declines in poverty levels over time, especially in the Philippines and Thailand. Education levels of household members and returns to education also increased significantly in these countries. The remaining three studies use cross-sectional and short-term panel data from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. These African studies show high proportions of poor households and low shares of non-farm income that are somewhat comparable to the situation in the 1980s described in the Asian studies. Without the Green Revolution that provided stable farm income and potential financial resources to in

453. Investment Climate and Firm Performance in Developing Economies [8.655%] | Dollar, David & Hallward-Driemeier, Mary & Mengistae, Taye (2005) | Drawing on recently completed firm-level surveys in Bangladesh, China, India, and Pakistan, this article investigates the relationship between the investment climate and firm performance. These standardized surveys of large, random samples of firms in common sectors reveal that objective measures of the investment climate vary significantly across countries and across locations within these countries. We focus primarily on measures of the time or monetary cost of different bottlenecks (e.g., days to clear goods through customs, days to get a telephone line, and sales lost to power outages). For many of these costs, the obstacles are lower in China than in Bangladesh or India, which in turn are higher than in Pakistan. There is also systematic variation across cities within countries. We estimate a production function for garment firms and show that total factor productivity is systematically related to the investment climate indicators. Factor returns (wages for a given quality of human capital and rate of pr

454. Investment climate and international integration [8.667%] | Dollar, David & Hallward-Driemeier, Mary & Mengistae, Taye (2004) | Downloadable! Drawing on recently completed firm-level surveys in Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Honduras, India, Nicaragua, Pakistan, and Peru, this paper investigates the relationship between investment climate and international integration. These standardized surveys of large, random samples of firms in common sectors reveal how firms experience bottlenecks and delays in hard infrastructure such as power and telecom as well as in soft infrastructure such as customs administration. The authors focus primarily on measures of the time or monetary cost of different bottlenecks (e.g., days to clear goods through customs, days to get a telephone line, sales lost to power outages). For many of these costs, the obstacles are lower in China than in the South Asian or Latin American countries. There is also systematic variation across cities within countries. The authors estimate a probit function for the probability that a randomly chosen firm is foreign-invested and a separate probit for the probability that a randoml

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455. Irrigation requirement of transplanted monsoon rice in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Jensen, J. R. & Mannan, S. M. A. & Uddin, S. M. N. (1993) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

456. Is Environmentally Friendly Agriculture Less Profitable for Farmers? Evidence on Integrated Pest Management in Bangladesh [29.954%] | Susmita Dasgupta & Craig Meisner & David Wheeler (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Concerns about the sustainability of conventional agriculture have prompted widespread introduction of integrated pest management (IPM), an ecologically based approach to control harmful insects and weeds. IPM is intended to reduce ecological and health damage from chemical pesticides by using natural parasites and predators to control pest populations. Since chemical pesticides are expensive for poor farmers, IPM offers the prospect of lower production costs and higher profitability. However, adoption of IPM may reduce profitability if it also lowers overall productivity or induces more intensive use of other production factors. On the other hand, IPM may actually promote more productive farming by encouraging more skillful use of available resources. Data scarcity has hindered a full accounting of IPM's impact on profitability, health, and local ecosystems. Using new survey data, this paper attempts such an accounting for rice farmers in Bangladesh. We compare outcomes for

457. Is Extended Family in Low-Income Countries Altruistically Linked? [8.667%] | Cheolsung Park (2001) | Downloadable! Using a micro data from Bangladesh, this paper tests whether an extended family in low-income countries is altruistically linked. Based on theoretical implications of altruism model, the paper tests whether interhousehold transfer is negatively related to the recipient's income and whether consumption of each of related households is uncorrelated with its own income, controlling for pooled income of the family. Test results do not support altruism as the basis for familial economic ties in low-income countries. We fail to reject that transfer from father, child, or sibling is uncorrelated to the recipient's income or wealth in most cases; and households' non-food consumption is estimated to be strongly correlated with their own income and wealth, even after related households' pooled income is controlled for.

458. Is There Dowry Inflation in South Asia? [8.658%] | Raj Arunachalam & Trevon Logan (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper is the first systematic attempt to measure the existence and degree of dowry inflation in South Asia. The popular press and scholarly literature have assumed dowry inflation in South Asia for some time, and there are now a number of theoretical papers that have attempted to explain the rise of dowries in South Asia. Despite these advances, there has been no systematic study of dowry inflation. Using large-sample retrospective survey data from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal, we assess the empirical evidence for dowry infllation. We find no evidence that real dowry amounts have systematically increased over time in South Asia.

459. Is environmentally-friendly agriculture less profitable for farmers ? evidence on integrated pest management in Bangladesh [29.955%] | Dasgupta, Susmita & Meisner, Craig & Wheeler, David (2004) | Downloadable! Concerns about the sustainability of conventional agriculture have prompted widespread introduction of integrated pest management (IPM), an ecologically-based approach to control of harmful insects and weeds. IPM is intended to reduce ecological and health damage from chemical pesticides by using natural parasites and predators to control pest populations. Since chemical pesticides are expensive for poor farmers, IPM offers the prospect of lower production costs and higher profitability. However, adoption of IPM may reduce profitability if it also lowers overall productivity, or induces more intensive use of other production factors. On the other hand, IPM may actually promote more productive farming by encouraging more skillful use of available resources. Data scarcity has hindered a full accounting of IPM's impact on profitability, health, and local ecosystems. Using new survey data, the authors attempt such an accounting for rice farmers in Bangladesh. They compare outcomes for farming with I

460. Is growth in Bangladesh's rice production sustainable? [30.017%] | Baffes, John & Gautam, Madhur (1996) | Downloadable! The recent growth of food grain (primarily rice) production in Bangladesh has

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outpaced population growth largely due to the spread of green revolution technology. The transition from a

461. Is knowledge shared within households? [8.660%] | Basu, Kaushik & Narayan, Ambar & Ravallion, Martin (1999) | Downloadable! According to theory, a member of a collective-action household may or may not share knowledge with others in that household. Shared income gains from shared knowledge may well be offset by a shift in the balance of power within the family. But do literate members of the household share the benefits of literacy with other members of the household in practice? Using household survey data for Bangladesh, the authors find that education has strong external effects on individual earnings. When a range of personal attributes is held constant, an illiterate adult earns significantly more in the non-farm economy when living in a household with at least one literate member. That is, a literate person is likely to share some of the benefits of his or her literacy with other members of the household. It is better to be an illiterate in a household where someone is literate than in a household of illiterates only. It is widely noted that a literate mother confers greater benefits on her children than a lite

462. Is literacy shared within households? Theory and evidence for Bangladesh [28.741%] | Basu, Kaushik & Narayan, Ambar & Ravallion, Martin (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

463. Isolated and Proximate Illiteracy And Why these Concepts Matter in Measuring Literacy and Designing Education Programmes [8.657%] | Kaushik Basu & James E.Foster & S. Subramanian (2000) | Downloadable! Traditionally, a society's literacy has been measured by the 'literacy rate' or the percent of the adult population that is literate. The present paper maintains that the distribution on literates across households also matters, due to the external effects of literacy - the benefits that illiterate members of a household derive from having a literate person in the family. The authors review this argument, draw out its policy implications and present some suggestive data from Bangladesh to lend substance to the hypothesis that an illiterate belonging to a household with no literates in more deprived than an illiterate belonging to a household with at least one literate member.

464. Job Satisfaction of the Employees in the Mobile Phone Corporates in Bangladesh: A Case Study [29.995%] | Mohammad A. Ashraf & Mohammad M. H. R. Joarder & R. Al-Masum (2008) | Downloadable! Optimizing employee satisfaction is a key to the success of any business that relies on a variety of organizational and psycho-economic factors. This study was conducted to identify that sort of key factors, which are responsible to influence on the overall job satisfaction in the growing mobile phone corporate in Bangladesh. The phone corporates, which are included here in the study, are Grameen Phone (GP), Bangla Link and Aktel. The factors included in the investigation as independent variables are Compensation Package, Supervision, Career Growth, Training and Development, Working atmosphere, Company Loyalty and Performance Appraisal. The result indicates that training and performance appraisal, work atmosphere, compensation package, supervision, and company loyalty are the key factors that impact on employees’ job satisfaction in these corporations. The study also finds that the employees of these three corporations possessed above of the moderate level and positive attitude towards job sat

465. Key Success Factors for Implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs)-Case Study Conducted on Selected Pharmaceut [30.008%] | Bikash Barua & M.M. Obaidul Islam (2008) | Downloadable! This paper analyzes the key factors that affect implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) in some selected pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. In this regard, we go through literature review to identify success factors for implementation and based on the literature review a framework is established to examine the key success factors. We conduct a questionnaire survey to collect necessary primary information. The information is then analyzed using statistical methods namely one way analysis of variance and multiple pairwise comparisons. From the result of the analysis we draw a conclusion and provided some suggestions in context. From the research, it is found that employee motivation, degree of availability of training program, employee relation and

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cooperation, existence of an employee education & training program prior to implementation, safety of performing job, need for team members to be familiar with the new technology, degree of management commitment and support

466. Knowledge and practice of unqualified and semi-qualified allopathic providers in rural Bangladesh: Implications for the HRH prob [28.740%] | Ahmed, Syed Masud & Hossain, Md. Awlad (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

467. Knowledge-based productivity in low-tech industries: evidence from firms in developing countries [8.666%] | Goedhuys, Micheline & Janz, Norbert & Mohnen, Pierre (2008) | Downloadable! Using firm level data from five countries - Brazil, Ecuador, South Africa, Tanzania and Bangladesh - this paper examines the knowledge-based determinants of productivity of firms active in food processing, textiles, and garments and leather products. In particular, it seeks to investigate the importance of various sources of knowledge in explaining productivity in the different industries. The knowledge sources driving productivity performance are very different across sectors. In food processing, firm productivity is most strongly affected by quality of management and foreign ownership linkages. In textiles, firms raise productivity levels by importing new machinery and through research and development. In garments and leather products, R&D and design activities, high quality management and licensing technology from foreign firms are significant productivity determinants. Firms' productivity levels are further depressed by regulatory and financial constraints.

468. Labor Market Participation of Married Women in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Khandker, Shahidur R (1987) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

469. Labor absorption and agricultural development: Bangladesh's experience and predicament [28.743%] | Alauddin, Mohammad & Tisdell, Clem (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

470. Labour Productivity and Rice Production in Bangladesh [29.981%] | Selim, Sheikh (2007) | Downloadable! We examine the significance of labour productivity and use of inputs in explaining technical efficiency of rice production in Bangladesh. We find negative output elasticity of labour, which is consistent with the evidence of a predominantly informal agricultural labour market in Bangladesh. We find that higher labour productivity can stimulate high efficiency gains, but increased use of inputs (except land) induces negative marginal effect on technical efficiency. While more use of land, improved seeds and fertilizers contributes to the rate of labour-productivity induced marginal efficiency gain, any additional labour depresses this rate. Given the agricultural policy reform history in Bangladesh, our findings imply that rather than providing input subsidy or output price support, future reforms should put more emphasis on providing incentives to enhance labour productivity and encourage formalization of the agricultural labour market.

471. Land And Food Supply Problems In Bangladesh [29.988%] | Aziz, Fahima (2008) | Downloadable! This paper will study the problems of food supply and analyze the reasons for the slow growth in the production of foodgrains [in Bangladesh]. The foodgrain distribution system will also be addressed and its role in the food shortage problem of Bangladesh. Past evidence shows that landlordism has obstructed the incentives of the peasants and has depressed the maximum productivity of owner-operated farms. This paper will briefly discuss the history of land reform and the measures undertaken to bring about tenancy reforms in Bangladesh.

472. Land And Food Supply Problems In Bangladesh [29.988%] | Fahima AZIZ (1996) | Downloadable! This paper will study the problems of food supply and analyze the reasons for the slow growth in the production of foodgrains [in Bangladesh]. The foodgrain distribution system will also be addressed and its role in the food shortage problem of Bangladesh. Past evidence shows that landlordism has obstructed the incentives of the peasants and has depressed the maximum productivity of owner- operated farms.

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This paper will briefly discuss the history of land reform and the measures undertaken to bring about tenancy reforms in Bangladesh.

473. Landlessness in India and Bangladesh: A Critical Review of National Data [28.743%] | Cain, Mead (1983) | No abstract is available for this item.

474. Leasing to support small businesses and microenterprises [8.628%] | Gallardo, Joselito (1997) | Downloadable! In most developing countries, capital markets are relatively undeveloped and banks are often unable or unwilling to undertake termlending. And banks prefer to lend to larger, established business with well-developed balance sheets and credit histories. Operations in microenterprises and small businesses are cash-flow-oriented but rarely have organized historical financial records or the assets needed for collateral for conventional bank financing. The author explores the potential of leasing as an option to expand small businesses'access to medium-term financing for capital equipment and new technology. In a lease-financing contract, the lessor-financier retains ownership of the asset, lease payments can be tailored to fit the cash-flow generation patterns of the lessee-borrower's business, and the security deposit is smaller than the equity stake required in conventional bank financing. Different types of small businesses require different financial services. It would be worthwhile to encourage

475. Les déterminants du statut nutritionnel au Matlab : une analyse empirique [8.666%] | Hayfa Grira (2007) | Downloadable! Ce papier analyse les déterminants de la santé des enfants au Bangladesh en utilisant l'enquête



478. Les déterminants du statut nutritionnel au Matlab : une analyse empirique [8.663%] | Hayfa Grira (2007) | Downloadable! This paper analyses the factors that influence child health in Bangadesh using the demographic and Health Survey data (2000). The study questions the exact role of the mother's schooling as it does not appear that in Bangladesh the impact of the mother's education works through the acquisition of information. It is found to be of value only through her learning how to read and write. Our results reveal a small but a significant impact of wealth on stunting. However, we do not find any evidence that a long breastfeeding period has a payoff in terms of better health and nutrition. In contrast, it has a detrimental impact related to a poor maternal nutritional knowledge. Family background characteristics are highly correlated with the child's anthropometric outcome suggesting the existence of a vicious circle of poor health and nutrition perpetuating itself across generations. The implications for policy makers of high levels of child malnutrition and the effect that these have on children are disc

479. Liberalising Trade In Services: Negotiating Strategy For Bangladesh [28.742%] | Ananya Raihan (2005) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

480. Liberalization of agricultural input markets in Bangladesh: process, impact, and lessons [28.743%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

481. Life saving or money wasting?: Perceptions of caesarean sections among users of services in rural Bangladesh [28.739%] | Parkhurst, Justin Oliver & Rahman, Syed Azizur (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

482. Lifecycle analysis of different urban transport options for Bangladesh [28.742%] | Hossain, Ijaz & Gulen, Gurcan (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

483. Linking East And West Bangladesh: The Jamuna Bridge Project [29.996%] | Glenn Jenkins & GANGADHAR SHUKLA (1997) | Downloadable! The Jamuna Bridge project is a case that illustrates an

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integrated approach to project appraisal. An integrated approach allows analysts to examine financial, economic, distributive, and risk analysis in conjunction with each other such that no single aspect is left to be examined in isolation. The economic analysis, which looks at the project’s impact on Bangladesh’s overall economy, presents a method of computing the real benefits of the bridge, including savings gained by passenger and freight traffic. The financial analysis of such an infrastructure project checks on the sustainability of the service agency (the Bridge Authority) over time. Sensitivity and risk analyses are central to the evaluation of this project because they identify the most critical variables and allow a probability distribution of values to be used in the model, rather than a single deterministic value. The distributive analysis identifies who would gain or lose if the bridge project was undertaken, which, in turn,

484. Literacy Sharing, Assortative Mating, or What? Labour Market Advantages and Proximate Illiteracy Revisited [8.644%] | Vegard Iversen & Richard Palmer-Jones (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper explores the relationship between household literacy and the labour market outcomes of illiterate household members which Basu, Narayan and Ravallion (2002) report using Household Income and Expenditure data from Bangladesh. BNR attribute a considerable wage premium for proximate-illiterate women in off-farm employment to labour productivity gains from intra-household literacy sharing. This wage premium also suggests that women may be more efficient recipients of literacy externalities than men. We propose that any such relationship might not be due to higher labour productivity but may have other explanations such as systematically different and unobserved attributes of illiterate females married into literate households. We also pay attention to the negative selection of illiterate females into non-farm wage employment, which contrary to received wisdom suggests that household literacy may not be unambiguously progressive for females. We propose that the widely r

485. Local government in Bangladesh: Past experiences and yet another try [28.744%] | Westergaard, Kirsten & Alam, Muhammad Mustafa (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

486. Location decisions and nongovernmental organization motivation : evidence from rural Bangladesh [29.991%] | Anna Fruttero & Varun Gauri (2003) | Downloadable! Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play an increasingly important role in development assistance, but little systematic evidence is available about their objectives and choices in developing countries. The authors develop two stylized accounts of NGO motivation: one in which donor contracts determine location decisions, and another in which altruistic motivations are the principal determinants. The authors then use data from the 1995 and 2000 rounds of the Bangladesh Households and Income and Expenditure Survey to analyze location decisions of NGO programs established between those two sample years. The data show that net change in a community's NGO program was unrelated to the community's need and that NGOs were ready to establish new programs in new areas without being concerned of duplicating the efforts of other NGOs. The findings suggest that contracts with donors, implicit or explicit, probably play a crucial role in determining the incentives that affect NGO program location choices.

487. Macro policies and the food sector in Bangladesh [30.019%] | Fontana, Marzia & Wobst, Peter & Dorosh, Paul A. (2001) | Downloadable! Trade liberalization in the early 1990s in Bangladesh has enabled the private sector to respond with market-stabilizing inflows of rice and wheat following major production shortfalls. At the same time, easing of restrictions on foreign investment, combined with substantial depreciation of the Taka, have enabled exports of the labor-intensive ready-made garment industry to expand significantly. Moreover, recently discovered natural gas resources might be exploited, creating new revenues for the country. A proper assessment of the impact of such policies and economic developments on the poor requires a comprehensive framework to analyze interactions between different sectors, and linkages between macro and micro levels. In this paper we develop a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) with special treatment of the rice and wheat sectors, and we use it to simulate the impact of (i) a decline in rice production due to floods, (ii) a cut in food aid of wheat, and (iii) increased revenues from th

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488. Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Policies: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh, China, Indonesia and the Philippines [30.014%] | Geoffrey Ducanes & Marie Anne Cagas & Duo Qin & Pilipinas Quising & Mohammad Abdur R... (2006) | Downloadable! This paper studies macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies in four Asian countries - Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, and the Philippines - by means of structural macroeconometric model simulations. It is found that short-term fiscal multipliers from an untargeted increase in government expenditure are positive but much less than those from an increased expenditure targeted to capital spending. The multiplier effects from fiscal expansion via a tax rate reduction are found to be typically much less than through higher spending. The effectiveness of automatic stabilizers in general, and more specifically whether expenditure or tax-side stabilizer is more effective, differs across countries.

489. Madrasas and NGOs : complements or substitutes ? non-state providers and growth in female education in Bangladesh [29.935%] | Chaudhury, Nazmul & Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz (2008) | Downloadable! There has been a proliferation of non-state providers of education services in the developing world. In Bangladesh, for instance, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee runs more than 40,000 non-formal schools that cater to school-drop outs from poor families or operate in villages where there ' s little provision for formal schools. This paper presents a rationale for supporting these schools on the basis of their spillover effects on fema le enrollment in secondary (registered) madrasa schools (Islamic faith schools). Most madrasa high schools in Bangladesh are financed by the sate and include a modern curriculum alongside traditional religious subjects. Using an establishment-level dataset on student enrollment in secondary schools and madrasas, the authors demonstrate that the presence of madrasas is positively associated with secondary female enrollment growth. Such feminization of madrasas is therefore unique and merits careful analysis. The authors test the effects of the Bangladesh Rural

490. Maintaining Momentum to 2015? An impact evaluation of interventions to improve maternal and child health and nutrition in Bangla [29.987%] | Howard White & Edoardo Masset & Nina Blondal & Hugh Waddington (2005) | Downloadable! Bangladesh has experienced rapid fertility decline and reductions in under-five mortality over the last three decades. This impact study unravels the various factors behind these changes. Economic growth has been important, but so have major public sector interventions, notably reproductive health and immunization, supported by external assistance from the World Bank and other agencies. By contrast, nutrition began to improve only in the 1990s and remains high. The Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Program (BINP) has played a small role, if any, in this progress, which is mainly attributable to higher agricultural productivity.

491. Making Better Use Of Bangladeh’S Productive Capacities [8.665%] | Nazrul Islam & A.F. Mujtahid (1999) | Downloadable! The objective of the paper is to promote public awareness as well as a debate on what is happening to some of Bangladesh's major productive assets. This process is designed to encourage action by the GOB to more effectively discharge its responsibilities in making better use of resources under its disposal and to promote greater self-reliance of the country by drawing upon its indigenous resources before it so freely seek external assistance.

492. Making The Special And Differential Provisions Of Wto Agreements Effective For The Least Developed Countries: Perspectives From [29.990%] | Mohammad Shah Alam (2001) | Downloadable! The paper examines the various aspects of the Special and Differential (S&D) Measures of the WTO and argues that the LDCs can be integrated effectively into the world trading system on a fair and equitable basis through strengthening S&D measures in favour of them. As an active member of the LDCs, Bangladesh is interested in the S&DT and its impact on Bangladesh economy.

493. Managing the Arsenic Disaster in Water Supply:Risk Measurement, Costs of Illness and PolicyChoices for Bangladesh [29.959%] | M. Zakir Hossain Khan Khan (2008) | Downloadable! Arsenic poisoning is a major public health concern in Bangladesh. This study uses primary data to examine health impacts and costs associated with arsenic contamination of groundwater. The study estimates that some 7

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to 12 million person-days per year are lost as a result of arsenic exposure. In addition, individuals who are sick spend between 207 (US$ 3.5) million to 369(US$ 6.25) million taka per year for medical help. The total cost of illness as a result of exposure to arsenic is Tk 557 (US$ 9) to Tk 994 (US$ 17) million per annum or on average nearly 0.6 percent of the annual income of affected individuals. If it is possible to provide arsenic-free (within safe limit) alternative technologies to reverse the impact of arsenic, the social gains to Bangladesh are considerable. The study also finds that the threat of Melanosis--the black spot diseaseâ€”and Keratosisâ€”roughness in palms and solesâ€” is high when there is cumulative exposure and that this threat is not the same fo

494. Market Access Issues in the Context of the Doha Development Round: Bangladesh’s Interests and Concerns [29.950%] | Mustafizur Rahman (2003) | Downloadable! The paper highlighted how gradual reduction in the tariff barriers aimed to facilitating market access for goods that was at the heart of the GATT process. These reductions were negotiated line by line and attempt was also made to deal with non-tariff barriers (NTBs), elimination of tariffs on certain information technology and pharmaceutical products. The paper is regarding the market access for products of interest to LDC member countries in the WTO such as Bangladesh and a number of outstanding issues could not be adequately addressed during the GATT Uruguay Round. It also provide an overview of some of the more pressing concerns with respect to market access emphasising full implementation of UR commitment, lack of enthusiasm on the part of the developed countries to include in the ongoing negotiations issues relating to market access in services of interest to the developing countries and LDCs, and these concerns were becoming more pronounced for Bangladesh.

495. Market Efficiency, Time-Varying Volatility and Equity Returns in Bangladesh Stock Market [30.013%] | M. Kabir Hassan & Anisul M. Islam & Syed Basher (2003) | Downloadable! This paper empirically examines the issue of market efficiency and time- varying risk return relationship for Bangladesh, an emerging equity market in South Asia. The study utilizes a unique data set of daily stock prices and returns compiled by the authors which was not utilized in any previous study. The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) equity returns show positive skewness, excess kurtosis and deviation from normality. The returns display significant serial correlation, implying stock market inefficiency. The results also show a significant relationship between conditional volatility and the stock returns, but the risk- return parameter is negative and statistically significant. While this result is not consistent with the portfolio theory, it is possible theoretically in emerging markets as investors may not demand higher risk premia if they are better able to bear risk at times of particular volatility (Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle, 1993). While circuit breaker overall did not have any impact

496. Market Efficiency, Time-Varying Volatility and Equity Returns in Bangladesh Stock Market [30.013%] | M. Kabir Hassan & Anisul M. Islam & Syed Abul Basher (2000) | Downloadable! This paper empirically examines the issue of market efficiency and time-varying risk return relationship for Bangladesh, an emerging equity market in South Asia. The study utilizes a unique data set of daily stock prices and returns compiled by the authors which was not utilized in any previous study. The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) equity returns show positive skewness, excess kurtosis and deviation from normality. The returns display significant serial correlation, implying stock market inefficiency. The results also show a significant relationship between conditional volatility and the stock returns, but the risk-return parameter is negative and statistically significant. While this result is not consistent with the portfolio theory, it is possible theoretically in emerging markets as investors may not demand higher risk premia if they are better able to bear risk at times of particular volatility (Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle, 1993). While circuit breaker overall did not have any impact on

497. Market analysis, technical change and income distribution in semi-subsistence agriculture: the case of Bangladesh [28.739%] | Alauddin, Mohammad & Tisdell, Clem (1986) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

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498. Market deregulation, trade liberalization and productive efficiency in Bangladesh agriculture: an empirical analysis [29.997%] | Ruhul Salim & Amzad Hossain (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The impact of trade liberalization and of market deregulation in general, on the performance of agriculture remains contentious and empirical issue in the literature. Following the random coefficient frontier modelling framework, this paper attempts to contribute to this debate by computing the farm-specific productive efficiency indices in Bangladesh agriculture before and after reform. It also examines the impact of some farm-specific and policy variables on productive efficiency. The empirical results show that there are wide variations in productive efficiency across farms and regions and the average efficiency of all regions increased modestly by 8 percentage points from the pre-reform to post-reform period. The efficiency differentials are largely explained by farm size, infrastructure, households' off-farm income and the reduction of government anti-agricultural bias in relation to trade and domestic policies. The implication of these results suggests the need for furt

499. Market structure, conduct and performance: Evidence from the Bangladesh banking industry [29.992%] | Samad, Abdus (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! With regard to the market structure and performance in Bangladesh banking industry, there are two competing hypotheses--the traditional structure-conduct-performance (SCP) hypothesis and the efficiency hypothesis (EH). Using pooled and annual data for the period 1999-2002, this study tests the validity of these two hypotheses. In general, the results of this study support the EH hypothesis as an explanation for market performances in Bangladesh, but for definitive policy purposes, the impact of the banking structure needs to be explored further.

500. Market work and household work as deterrents to schooling in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Amin, Shahina & Quayes, Shakil & Rives, Janet M. (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

501. Marketing externalities and market development [8.668%] | Emran, M. Shahe & Shilpi. Forhad (2002) | Downloadable! The authors use survey data from Bangladesh to present empirical evidence on externalities at household level sales decisions resulting from increasing returns to marketing. The increasing returns that arise from thick market effects and fixed costs imply that a trader is able to offer higher prices to producers if the marketed surplus is higher in villages. The semi-parametric estimates identify highly nonlinear own and cross commodity externality effects in the sale of farm households. The vegetable markets in villages with low marketable surplus seem to be trapped in segmented local market equilibrium. The analysis points to the coordination failure in farm sale decisions as a plausible explanation for the lack of development of rural markets even after market liberalization policies are implemented.

502. Maximizing the potentials of Bangladesh’s export to the EU market [28.743%] | Rubayat Jesmin (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

503. Measles vaccination improves the equity of health outcomes: evidence from Bangladesh [29.996%] | David Bishaia & Michael Koenig & Mehrab Ali Khan (2003) | Downloadable! Objectives: This paper asks whether measles vaccination can reduce socioeconomic differentials in under five mortality rates (U5MR) in a setting characterized by extreme poverty and high levels of childhood mortality. Design: Longitudinal cohort study based on quasi experimental design. Setting: Data come from the phased introduction of a measles vaccine intervention in Matlab, Bangladesh in 1982. Subjects: There were 16 270 Bangladeshi children aged 9-60 months. Intervention: The intervention cohort received measles vaccine. Main outcome measures: Socioeconomic differentials in U5MR between the lowest and highest socioeconomic status (SES) quintiles in a cohort of 8135 vaccinated children and a cohort of unvaccinated age matched controls. Mantel-Haenszel rate ratios for the lowest to highest SES quintile were computed. SES was measured by factor analysis of maternal schooling, land holdings, dwelling size, and number of rooms. Results: The U5MR ratio of lowest SES to highest was 2.27 (95% CI=1.

504. Measuring Education Levels of Farmers: Evidence from Innovation Adoption in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Masakazu Hojo (2004) | Downloadable! Education levels of farmers have been measured in a

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variety of ways in preceding studies. In order to examine whether or not different measures of education have different effects on the behavior of farmers, I first summarize the measures of education and then perform an empirical analysis. Although education measures examined in this paper have been used in many studies, their effects are shown to differ significantly in my empirical analysis: some variables have positive impacts on farmerfs behavior while others do not. This result suggests we have to pay more attention to selecting measures of education in empirical investigations.

505. Medicinal Plants, Rescuing Global Heritage [8.663%] | Lambert, J. & Srivastava, J. & Vietmeyer, N. (1997) | Medicinal plants are viewed as a possible bridge between sustainable development, affordable health care, and conservation of vital biodiversity. This paper outlines the importance and usage of such plants in national health care and conservation activities in selected countries--China, Thailand, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka--and in World Bank development projects. The final section focuses on the strategy needs of developing countries for implementing policies on medicinal plant conservation, cultivation, processing, and marketing.

506. Methods of consensus building for community based fisheries management in Bangladesh and the Mekong Delta: [29.939%] | Sultana, Parvi & Thompson, Pau (2003) | Downloadable! A method of consensus building for management of wetlands and fisheries using a systematic approach to participatory planning and initially developed in Bangladesh is now being applied in both Bangladesh and the Mekong delta. The method recognizes diversity in livelihoods and works through a structured learning and planning process that focuses on common interests. It works with each category of stakeholder separately to prioritize the natural resource problems that their livelihoods are largely dependent on, they then share and agree common priorities in plenary. Then the stakeholder groups separately analyze possible solutions and their impacts, before meeting in plenary to share their analysis and form a consensus on win-win solutions. The process identifies the collective actions that are needed to arrive at preferred solutions, and determines potential impacts on different stakeholders and responsibilities for implementation, monitoring and evaluation. We outline the process in the context

507. Methods of consensus building for community-based fisheries management in Bangladesh and the Mekong Delta [28.741%] | Sultana, Parvin & Thompson, Paul (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

508. Micro Enterprise and Macro Policy [8.666%] | Townsend, R. (1996) | This paper is about how to evaluate credit and insurance programs like the Gramee Bank in Bangladesh; Accio, Prodem/Banco Sol in Bolivia, and the Badan Kredit Kacamatan (BKK), Indonesia, and how to formulate policy regarding financial sector reform.

509. Micro-Credit and Emotional Well-Being: Experience of Poor Rural Women from Matlab, Bangladesh [28.739%] | Masud Ahmed, Syed & Chowdhury, Mushtaque & Bhuiya, Abbas (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

510. Micro-credit, risk coping and incidence of rural-to-urban migration [8.626%] | Quamrul Ahsan (2005) | Downloadable! The focus of this paper is on the rural poor of south Asia and their struggle to cope with the seasonal risk of unemployment and the ensuing income risks. In the absence of formal credit or insurance markets the rural poor typically resort to, among other options, the following informal strategies to cope with seasonal income risks: (i) seasonal rural-to-urban migration, and (ii) mutual (ex-post) transfers between families of friends and relatives. Access to credit through a microfinance institution could also provide a competing source of insurance. The question raised in this paper is how the access to credit may affect the more traditional/time honoured means of risk coping, such as seasonal migration. Given that credit, i.e., a credit-financed activity, is potentially a substitute for seasonal migration, it is reasonable to argue that easy access to credit (or high return on credit) will lower the incidence of migration. However, there also exists a potential complementarity between the two

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511. Micro-credit, risk coping and the incidence of rural-to-urban migration [8.626%] | Ahsan, Quamrul (2005) | Downloadable! The focus of this paper is on the rural poor of south Asia and their struggle to cope with the seasonal risk of unemployment and the ensuing income risks. In the absence of formal credit or insurance markets the rural poor typically resort to, among other options, the following informal strategies to cope with seasonal income risks: (i) seasonal rural-to-urban migration, and (ii) mutual (ex-post) transfers between families of friends and relatives. Access to credit through a microfinance institution could also provide a competing source of insurance. The question raised in this paper is how the access to credit may affect the more traditional/time honoured means of risk coping, such as seasonal migration. Given that credit, i.e., a creditfinanced activity, is potentially a substitute for seasonal migration, it is reasonable to argue that easy access to credit (or high return on credit) will lower the incidence of migration. However, there also exists a potential complementarity between the two a

512. Micro-lending for small farmers in Bangladesh [29.987%] | Rashid, Shahidur & Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (2002) | Downloadable! It has been long hypothesized that lack of access to credit is the main reason why, despite higher profitability of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), farmers in developing countries continue to allocate a portion of their land to traditional crop varieties. The empirical testing of this hypothesis has generated a large body of literature with differing conclusions. This paper re-examines the issue in the context of a specially designed group-based lending program for small farmers in Bangladesh, who neither have access to formal sources of credit nor do they qualify to become members of other micro-credit organizations. Two measures of access to credit, credit limit and amount borrowed at a given point in time, are used to analyze the determinants of farm households' land allocation decision. Under a variety of model specifications, formulated within Heckman's two-step method, the results show that credit limits from the lending programs and informal sources are significant determinants of small f

513. Micro-lending for small farmers in Bangladesh [29.987%] | Rashid, Shahidur & Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (2002) | Downloadable! It has been long hypothesized that lack of access to credit is the main reason why, despite higher profitability of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), farmers in developing countries continue to allocate a portion of their land to traditional crop varieties. The empirical testing of this hypothesis has generated a large body of literature with differing conclusions. This paper re-examines the issue in the context of a specially designed group-based lending program for small farmers in Bangladesh, who neither have access to formal sources of credit nor do they qualify to become members of other micro-credit organizations. Two measures of access to credit, credit limit and amount borrowed at a given point in time, are used to analyze the determinants of farm households' land allocation decision. Under a variety of model specifications, formulated within Heckman's two-step method, the results show that credit limits from the lending programs and informal sources are significant determinants of small f

514. Microcrédito En Colombia [8.625%] | Bernardo Barona (2003) | Downloadable! El artículo tiene como propósitos: proporcionar una visión general de la forma en que el financiamiento de los microempresarios y los estratos más vulnerables de la población ha sido abocada en Colombia; resumir los grandes retos que enfrenta en la actualidad el programa de microfinanzas en el mundo, presentar el programa de investigación que están adelantando las Universidades Icesi y del Valle en Colombia en asocio con la Universidad de Laval en Canadá y con algunos centros de Investigación de Filipinas, Marruecos y Benin y algunos resultados parciales de este esfuerzo investigativo; y, presentar algunas recomendaciones tendientes a fortalecer a las organizaciones microfinancieras en el país. Una revisión de la historia y el estado actual del microcrédito en Colombia indica que los esfuerzos hasta ahora realizados parecen haberse quedado muy cortos frente a las necesidades de financiación de los microempresarios: la cobertura de microemepresarios alcanzada por instituciones gubern

515. Microdeterminants of Consumption, Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Wodon, Quentin T (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

516. Microdeterminants of consumption, poverty, growth, and inequality in Bangladesh [30.011%] | Wodon, QuentinT. (1999) | Downloadable! Using household data from five successive national surveys,

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the author analyzes the microdeterminants of (and changes in) consumption, poverty, growth, and inequality in Bangladesh from 1983 to 1996. Education, demographics, land ownership, occupation, and geographic location all affect consumption and poverty. The gains in per capita consumption associated with many of these household characteristics tend to be stable over time. Returns to demographics (variables in household size) have the greatest impact on growth, perhaps because of improving employment opportunities for women. Education (in urban areas) and land (in rural areas) contribute most to measures of between-group inequality. Location takes second place, in both urban and rural areas. The author introduces the concept of conditional between-group inequality. Existing group decompositions of the Gini index along one variable do not control for other characteristics correlated with that variable. Conditional between-group Ginis avoid

517. Microfinance [8.663%] | Sharma, Manohar (2000) | Downloadable! These 14 policy briefs summarize lessons learned from IFPRI´s multicountry program on rural finance and household food security with regard to the poors' demand for financial services. The lessons are derived from detailed household surveys conducted in nine countries of Asia and Africa: Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, and Pakistan. The 14 summaries cover the results of research undertaken between 1994—2000.

518. Microfinance Repayment Performance in Bangladesh: How to Improve the Allocation of Loans by MFIs [28.743%] | Godquin, Marie (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

519. Microfinance and Investment: a Comparison with Bank and Informal Lending [8.666%] | Lucia Dalla Pellegrina (2007) | Downloadable! Using data from a World Bank survey carried out in Bangladesh during the period 1991-1992, we compare the impact of microfinance programs and other types of credit on agricultural investment. After controlling for several measurable determinants of credit agreements, such as interest rates and collateral, estimates still show that microfinance programs are more likely to increase variable input expenditure than informal and bank credit are able to do. This provides evidence that microfinance incentive devices (joint responsibility, peer monitoring, social sanctions, future credit denial in case of default, etc.), perhaps together with other services associated with programs, are effective in order to promote a productive use of funds.

520. Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence Using Panel Data from Bangladesh [29.986%] | Shahidur R. Khandker (2005) | Microfinance supports mainly informal activities that often have a low return and low market demand. It may therefore be hypothesized that the aggregate poverty impact of microfinance is modest or even nonexistent. If true, the poverty impact of microfinance observed at the participant level represents either income redistribution or short-run income generation from the microfinance intervention. This article examines the effects of microfinance on poverty reduction at both the participant and the aggregate levels using panel data from Bangladesh. The results suggest that access to microfinance contributes to poverty reduction, especially for female participants, and to overall poverty reduction at the village level. Microfinance thus helps not only poor participants but also the local economy. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.

521. Microfinance and poverty - evidence using panel data from Bangladesh [29.992%] | Khandker, Shahidur R. (2003) | Downloadable! Micro-finance supports mainly informal activities that often have low market demand. It may be thus hypothesized that the aggregate poverty impact of micro-finance in an economy with low economic growth is modest or nonexistent. The observed borrower-level poverty impact is then a result of income redistribution or short-run income generation. The author addresses these questions using household level panel data from Bangladesh. The findings confirm that micro-finance benefits the poorest and has sustained impact in reducing poverty among program participants. It also has positive spillover impact, reducing poverty at the village level. But the effect is more pronounced in reducing extreme rather than moderate poverty.

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522. Microfinance in the Asia Pacific [8.655%] | Kieran Donaghue (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The use of financial services as a development tool has taken a variety of forms over the past 25 years-rural credit schemes offering heavily subsidised loans to poor farmers, microfinance organisations providing working capital loans to predominately female micro-entrepreneurs, and a variety of organisations offering a range of financial services (credit, savings and insurance) to help poor households increase incomes and reduce their vulnerability to income fluctuations. Microfinance providers in Asia and Latin America have been world leaders, and the demonstration effect of their successes has helped to build substantial microfinance industries in countries such as Indonesia, Bangladesh and Bolivia. Africa has fewer well-known programs but some notable performers and growing microfinance sectors nonetheless; while regions such as the South Pacific have few if any microfinance successes. This paper highlights some key themes in the development of microfinance, with particul

523. Migration and technological change in rural households: complements or substitutes? [8.659%] | Mariapia MENDOLA (2005) | Downloadable! In this paper we study the interrelationship between determinants of migration, conceived as a family strategy, and the potential impact of having a migrant household member on people left behind. Labour migration is often related to poverty but given its lumpy-investment nature, poverty may constitute a motivation to migrate as well as a constraint to do it. We use cross-sectional household data from two rural regions of Bangladesh to test whether migration is a form of income diversification strategy that significantly influences the risk-taking behaviour of source farm households in agricultural activities. We account for heterogeneity of migration constraints differentiating between domestic (temporary and permanent) and international moving destinations. We find that richer and large-holder households are more likely to participate in costly high-return migration (i.e. international migration) and employ modern technologies, thereby achieving higher productivity. Poorer households, on the o

524. Migration decision from Bangladesh: permanent versus temporary [28.744%] | Mohammad Joarder & Syed Hasanuzzaman (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

525. Migration, sorting and regional inequality : evidence from Bangladesh [29.966%] | Shilpi, Forhad (2008) | Downloadable! Using household level data from Bangladesh, this paper examines the differences in the rates of return to household attributes over the entire welfare distribution. The empirical evidence uncovers substantial differences in returns between an integrated region contiguous to the country's main growth centers, and a less integrated region cut-off from those centers by major rivers. The evidence suggests that households with better observed and unobserved attributes (such as education and ability) are concentrated in the integrated region where returns are higher. Within each region, mobility of workers seems to equalize returns at the lower half of the distribution. The natural border created by the rivers appears to hinder migration, causing returns differences between the regions to persist. To reduce regional inequality in welfare in Bangladesh, the results highlight the need for improving connectivity between the regions, and for investing in portable assets of the poor (such as human capital)

526. Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries [8.665%] | Nazmul Chaudhury & Jeffrey Hammer & Michael Kremer & Karthik Muralidharan & F. Halse... (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! In this paper, we report results from surveys in which enumerators made unannounced visits to primary schools and health clinics in Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Peru and Uganda and recorded whether they found teachers and health workers in the facilities. Averaging across the countries, about 19 percent of teachers and 35 percent of health workers were absent. The survey focused on whether providers were present in their facilities, but since many providers who were at their facilities were not working, even these figures may present too favorable a picture. For example, in India, one-quarter of government primary school teachers were absent from school, but only about one-half of the teachers were actually teaching when enumerators arrived at the schools. We will provide background on education and health care systems in developing; analyze the high absence rates across sectors and countries; investigate the correlates, efficiency, and political economy of teacher

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527. Missing the Bus [8.665%] | T.N. Ninan (2008) | Downloadable! Government has done a lot for the development of textile industry. But India is not at all doing well in the international markets compared to countries like China and Bangladesh. Government has not done reforms for the labourers. It has to be remembered that by simply opening up the markets is not enough. There are things like getting orders, opening factory etc.

528. Modeling the effects of trade on women at work and at home [8.665%] | Fontana, Marzia (2003) | Downloadable! This working paper documents the construction of a 1993-94 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Bangladesh. The SAM distinguishes 10 agricultural sectors —including two different kinds of rice technology — and 19 manufacturing sectors, out of 43 sectors in total. It also differentiates between twelve socio-economic groups, allowing detailed analysis of household welfare and poverty. The SAM has ten factors of production: one type of capital, one type of land and eight different types of labor which are disaggregated by both level of education and gender. The innovative feature of the SAM is that it separates out female and male labor value-added for each educational level and in eachsector of the economy, providing a base for gender-sensitive analyses of policy changes. The SAM is estimated with a cross-entropy approach, which makes efficient use of all available data in a framework that incorporates prior information and constraints.

529. Modelling the Effects of Trade on Women, at Work and at Home: Comparative Perspectives [8.662%] | Marzia Fontana (2004) | Downloadable! The effects of trade on women vary by socio-economic characteristics, sector and country. This paper assesses how well such effects can be captured by a gendered social accounting matrix (SAM) and computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The model is applied comparatively to Bangladesh and Zambia to highlight how differences in resource endowments, labour market characteristics and socio-cultural norms shape the way in which trade expansion affects gender inequalities. The paper also compares simulation results to other approaches in the gender-and-economics literature, discusses strengths and limitations of the CGE methodology, and provides suggestions for further research.

530. Modelling the impacts of reducing non-motorised traffic in urban corridors of developing cities [8.651%] | Hossain, Moazzem & Mcdonald, M. (1998) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! In many cities in developing countries, both motorised and non-motorised vehicles share the same carriageway. Drivers of motorised vehicles can experience high levels of conflict with non-motorised vehicles because of the lack of lane discipline in such mixed traffic situations. As a result, the motorised vehicles have low operating speeds, particularly adjacent to intersections. This paper assesses the potential impact of reducing the proportion of non-motorised vehicles and of banning them. Available traffic models and empirical relationships were not found to be suitable for studying the mixed traffic operation and were mostly based on lane-based motorised traffic. Therefore, a micro-simulation model was developed for this study. The model was calibrated and validated using extensive traffic data from Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was applied to see the effect of varying the proportion of non-motorised vehicles on the performance of a corridor of Dhaka city. The study revealed tha

531. Monetary Policy and Stabilization Problems in Bangladesh: Some Current Issues [29.980%] | Wahid, A.N.M. (1993) | Downloadable! Bangladesh has been subject to balance of payments difficulties since its inception. The government first tried to improve this situation with traditional monetary measures but experienced disappointing results. Among other reasons, this failure can be attributed to the fact that the balance of payments problems in Bangladesh are, in general, the consequence of rigidities of demand and supply in various factor and product markets. In line with this assessment, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund persuaded Bangladesh to embark upon a medium-term, comprehensive Structural Adjustment Facility plan in the mid-1980s. This paper is a critical evaluation of this plan and Bangladesh’s recent macroeconomic experiences.

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532. Monetary Policy, Output and Inflation in Bangladesh: A Dynamic Analysis [28.743%] | Chowdhury, Abdur R & Dao, Minh Q & Wahid, Abu N M (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

533. Mother-father resource control, marriage payments, and girl-boy health in rural Bangladesh [28.740%] | Hallman, Kelly (2000) | Downloadable! The approach of this study is to examine the effects of household asset ownership patterns on the morbidity status of male and female preschoolers, measured as the number of illness days in the two weeks preceding the household survey.Section 2 of this study outlines the theoretical model. Section 3 describes the data and variables. Section 4 lays out the empirical specification. Sections 5 and 6 present the results and concluding remarks.

534. Mother-father resource control, marriage payments, and girl-boy health in rural Bangladesh [28.740%] | Hallman, Kelly (2000) | Downloadable! The approach of this study is to examine the effects of household asset ownership patterns on the morbidity status of male and female preschoolers, measured as the number of illness days in the two weeks preceding the household survey.Section 2 of this study outlines the theoretical model. Section 3 describes the data and variables. Section 4 lays out the empirical specification. Sections 5 and 6 present the results and concluding remarks.

535. Mother-father resources and girl-boy health in rural Bangladesh [28.741%] | Ifpri (2000) | Downloadable! The brief discusses the growing body of literature [that] suggests that men and women allocate resources under their control in systematically different ways. Studies have examined the effect of women's income on household expenditure patterns and found that women typically spend a higher proportion of their income on food and health care for children, as well as other goods for general household consumption than do men. Other evidence from developing countries indicates that female income more often has a greater impact than male income on infant and child survival probabilities, preschooler nutrition, and child education. An issue related to intrahousehold allocation is that of gender bias. The brief concludes by stating that several policy implications of this study. First, increasing maternal control over household resources should improve the health of girl children. Second, a higher degree of female command over household wealth may encourage parents in subsequent generations to invest mor

536. NAMA Negotiations in the WTO and Preference Erosion: Concerns of Bangladesh and Other Regional LDCs [29.890%] | Mustafizur Rahman & Wasel Bin Shadat (2005) | Downloadable! The ongoing negotiations on non-agricultural market access (NAMA) in the WTO are expected to lead to substantive reductions in the tariff rates on industrial goods in both the developed and the developing countries. Although an agreement on the formula and coefficient(s) is yet to be reached, it is becoming increasingly clear that countries are moving towards a differentiated swiss-type formula with deeper cuts for higher tariffs. The July (2004) Framework Agreement stipulated that LDCs will not be required to undertake any tariff reduction commitments under the NAMA. However, LDCs are likely to suffer substantive tariff preference erosion as a consequence of NAMA negotiations since any tariff reduction by the developed countries will result in a fall in the preferential margins currently enjoyed by the LDCs under the various GSP schemes operated by the developed countries. Consequently, the competitive edge currently enjoyed by the LDCs by taking advantage of the preferential treatment under th

537. NGOs in Bangladesh: Activities, resources, and governance [28.744%] | Gauri, Varun & Galef, Julia (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

538. NGOs’ role in improving social forestry practice:does it help to increase livelihood, sustainability and optimum land use in B [30.006%] | Safa, Mohammad Samaun (2005) | Downloadable! At present, encroachment rate is too high and increasing alarmingly that causes environmental degradation as well as low forest cover and productivity in Bangladesh. Rural poverty accelerates the encroachment in meeting the demand of dwelling place and forest products. The natural encroached and degraded forest is under public management regime while a substantial amount of marginal land belongs to other semi-public agencies such as Roads and Highways, Water Development board and so on. Due to lack of initiatives

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and proper management these lands have been left unused and under utilized. In contrast, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are with appropriate management structure and technologies to utilize these lands in reducing poverty and enhance rural livelihood. In order to rehabilitate these encroached forests non-governmental organizations have been found to be very active and successful. They have added a new dimension in the forest management, which has ensured participation of the comm

539. Natural Resources and Development: Comparison of Bangladesh and South Korea [28.743%] | Richard M. Auty (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

540. Natural resource sustainability and poverty reduction [8.667%] | Heady, Christopher (2000) | Downloadable! This paper uses a model of an inland fishery in Bangladesh to investigate the relationship between poverty and resource sustainability in a specific case. It makes use of detailed fieldwork to build a numerical model of fishery decision making, which incorporates extensions to standard fisheries models. In particular, it includes fish migration between lease units and models the choice of fishing gear, as well as fishing effort, over the year. The modelling of fishing gear choice allows an analysis of the effect of management policies on employment in the fishery, a major factor that influences poverty in the locality. The numerical results show that while some simple policies to improve sustainability are likely to increase poverty, it is possible to design policies which affect gear choice and lead to reduced poverty without harming the sustainability of the resource.

541. Nature and Impact of Women’s Participation in Economic Activities in Rural Bangladesh: Insights from Household Surveys [28.740%] | Mahabub Hossain & Manik Lal Bose (2004) | Downloadable! This paper has been prepared as part of CPD's ongoing agricultural policy research. The paper was presented at the dialogue on Women's Contribution to Rural Economic Activities: Making the Invisible Visible. It presents some empirical evidences of recent changes in gender roles in economic activities, and impact of women's participation on their empowerment and the socioeconomic conditions of the household. The information presented in this paper comes mostly from analysis of gender-specific (male and female) survey data at two points of time, i.e., 1987 and 2000. The surveys covered samples from 62 villages from 57 districts.

542. Nature and impact of the Green Revolution in Bangladesh: [28.742%] | Hossain, Mahabub (1988) | No abstract is available for this item.

543. Nature and impact of women's participation in economic activities in rural Bangladesh: insights from household surveys [29.988%] | Hossain, Mahabub & Bose, Manik Lal & Ahmad, Alia (2004) | Downloadable! Based on household-level data collected in 1987 and 2000 this paper first depicts the patterns and trends in women´s work and secondly, analyses the factors that work behind gender division of labour in rural Bangladesh. An empowerment index is developed from the data on household decision-making in different spheres, and its relationship with women´s work is then explored. The persistent gender division of labour in rural Bangladesh has been found to be associated with both economic factors - wage rates, access to production factors like land, micro credit, infrastructure) and socio-cultural factors - norms and customs regarding women´s mobility and gender role in production and reproduction. Economic activities within the household have been found to have weak impact on empowerment. Two policy implications emerge from the study: 1. Promotion of female education to enable women to take part in market activities in the non-agricultural sector where gender disparity in earnings is less. 2. Inv

544. Needs and resources in the investigation of well-being in developing countries: illustrative evidence from Bangladesh and Peru [29.964%] | J. Allister McGregor & Andrew McKay & Jackeline Velazco (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The paper offers an analysis of how to operationalize the development goal of promoting well-being, and provides an exemplar. It focuses on one element of a comprehensive methodology to operationalize empirical research into the social and cultural construction of well-being in developing countries. This research uses a definition of well-being that combines objective and subjective dimensions and locates these in the social and cultural relationships of particular

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societies. We focus here on the Resources and Needs Questionnaire (RANQ), a research instrument specifically developed for this work. This explores the relationships between the resources that households command and the levels of needs satisfaction which household members experience. Preliminary analysis of data for Bangladesh and Peru identifies a number of significant relationships between the distribution of resources that households command and the levels of needs satisfaction they achieve. These outcome result

545. Net Entry and Exit Patterns of Bangladesh Manufacturing Industries [30.005%] | Akram, Tanweer (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper provides an empirical analysis of net entry and net exit patterns of manufacturing industries in Bangladesh. The analysis is based on a panel data set consisting of five census years' three-digit level data from the Bangladesh Census of Manufacturing Industries. Copyright 2002 by Taylor and Francis Group

546. Network Economics and the Digital Divide in Rural South Asia [8.655%] | Jake Kendall & Nirvikar Singh & Kristin Williams & Yan Zhou & P.D. Kaushik (2007) | Downloadable! The concept of a ‘global digital divide’ is now common, and many cross-country studies of determinants of differences in computer and Internet penetration have been performed. The main conclusions and policy implications from these studies are relatively blunt - get richer, have more telephones, and regulate telecommunications better. In this paper, we examine an alternative approach to bridging the digital divide, through organizational innovations that provide low cost Internet access in developing countries, within the existing conditions of income levels, telecommunications infrastructure and regulatory environment. We use survey data from 500 individuals in three South Asian countries, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, to examine factors influencing patterns of computer and Internet use. These individuals were in situations where computer and Internet access has been provided by a developmental agency (government or non-government). We estimate logit and multinomial logit models, using e

547. Never Far From Home: Parental Assets and Migrant Transfers in Matlab, Bangladesh [30.018%] | Randall Kuhn (2001) | Downloadable! Over the past generation, Bangladesh has experienced rapid transitions in mobility and fertility. In contrast to those of other Asian nations, these transitions have occurred largely in the absence of rapid economic development. As transition persists, there is concern that migrant financial transfers, a major source of parental support in many areas, will not persist. Of particular concern are 1) the possibility that transfer relationships, typically tied to broader forms of economic cooperation between migrants and origin households, will weaken as rural resources weaken relative to urban ones; and 2) that declining family size and declining family diversity will make it difficult for sons, and increasingly daughters, to spread the obligations of parental support between children and over the life course. The analysis uses descriptive results to demonstrate the importance of financial transfers in Matlab, a rural area of particularly high migration intensity. Statistical models then predict th

548. New Public Management, Service Provision and Non-Governmental Organizations in Bangladesh [29.951%] | Abu Sarker (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! New public management (NPM) is now a universal phenomenon dominating the reform agenda of all countries. Bangladesh is no exception. Following the dismal performance of the state-led development the old paradigm of public sector has come under scrutiny. There is now a call for a minimal government. The scale of operations and the role of the government have to be drastically reduced to focus on core functions. In doing so, this will pave the way for the private sector and the civil society organizations to undertake developmental responsibilities in their areas of expertise. This article is an attempt to analyze the significant role played by Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in rural development service provisions. It argues that the government has to share the developmental responsibilities with NGOs, which have proved their potential in reaching the target population and that an effective partnership is a sine qua non for the meaningful rural development in Bangladesh. C

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549. Nutrition-Related Caring Practices and Women's Time Constraints: A Study in Rural Bangladesh [30.007%] | Mira Levinson & Orit Halpern & Zeba Mahmud & Sadia A. Chowdhury & F. James Levinson (2002) | Downloadable! Recognizing the increasing reliance being placed on caring practices in large scale nutrition programs, a study was undertaken in the context of one such program, the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project, to examine the effects of womenâ€™s time constraints on the successful implementation of such programs. Women who are most seriously time-constrained are neither those at the top nor those at the bottom of the economic spectrum, but those close to the bottom who do have some limited access to resources and employment. During harvest months these women face particular difficulty in meeting even minimal childcare needs. The care-related activities which are most problematic for time-constrained women are those involving cooking, with implications for counseling messages urging increases in the daily number of child feedings. The study found that women view childcare as a duty but are much less likely to consider self-care in such terms. Accordingly, during periods of time stress, women ar

550. Nutrition-Related Caring Practices and Women's Time Constraints: A Study in Rural Bangladesh [30.007%] | Mira Levinson & Orit Halpern & Zeba Mahmud & Sadia A. Chowdhury & F. James Levinson (2002) | Downloadable! Recognizing the increasing reliance being placed on caring practices in large scale nutrition programs, a study was undertaken in the context of one such program, the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project, to examine the effects of womenâ€™s time constraints on the successful implementation of such programs. Women who are most seriously time-constrained are neither those at the top nor those at the bottom of the economic spectrum, but those close to the bottom who do have some limited access to resources and employment. During harvest months these women face particular difficulty in meeting even minimal childcare needs. The care-related activities which are most problematic for time-constrained women are those involving cooking, with implications for counseling messages urging increases in the daily number of child feedings. The study found that women view childcare as a duty but are much less likely to consider self-care in such terms. Accordingly, during periods of time stress, women ar

551. Of texts and practices: Empowerment and organisational cultures in world bank-funded rural development programmes [8.647%] | Anthony Bebbington & David Lewis & Simon Batterbury & Elizabeth Olson & M. Shameem S... (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The World Bank's recent concern for 'empowerment' grows out of longer standing discussions of participation, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society. While commitments to empowerment enter World Bank texts with relative ease, their practice within Bank-funded projects is far more contingent, and the meanings they assume become much more diverse. This paper considers the relationship between such texts and the development practices which emerge, using an analysis of the 'organisational cultures' of the Bank and the many organisations on which it depends in the implementation of its rural development programmes. The paper presents a framework for analysing these organisational cultures in terms of (a) the broader contexts in which organisations and their staff are embedded; (b) the everyday practices within organisations; (c) the power relations within and among organisations; and (d) the meanings that come to dominate organisational practice. A case study of a

552. On Corruption and Countervailing Actions in Three South Asian Nations [8.660%] | Naved Ahmad & Oscar Brookins (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! We argue that readily available data and information in newspaper stories enable one to discern the nature and patterns of corruption and to understand actions taken to combat corruption. We analyze and compare numerous newspaper reports of corruption in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Using analysis derived from existing theory of corruption, we demonstrate how information in news accounts improves our understanding of corruption. Bangladesh had more coercive corruption, with countervailing actions dominated by direct actions of victims. In India and Sri Lanka, corruption was generally collusive, with countervailing actions on behalf of victims frequently leading to legal actions and investigative reports.

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553. On Export-Led Growth: Is Manufacturing Exports a New Engine of Growth for Bangladesh? [29.964%] | M.A.Hossain (2001) | Downloadable! The study attempts to empirically verify the export-led growth hypothesis for Bangladesh. In this context, we examine whether manufacturing exports has become a new engine of export-led growth replacing total exports, as claimed by the so-called de novo hypothesis. The empirical analysis, based on the vector error correction modelling (VECM), suggests that both total exports and manufacturing exports have both long run and contemporaneous effects on the growth of GDP as well as manufacturing output. According to the non-nested tests, total exports emerges as the engine of export-led growth (i.e., GDP). For manufacturing output, however, both total exports and manufacturing exports emerge as engines of growth. Therefore, manufacturing exports is not the sole determinant of the export-led growth for Bangladesh.

554. On the Heterogeneity of Dowry Motives [8.653%] | Raj Arunachalam & Trevon D. Logan (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Dowries have been modeled as pre-mortem bequests to daughters or as groom-prices paid to in-laws. These two classes of models yield mutually exclusive predictions, but empirical tests of these predictions have been mixed. We argue that the heterogeneity of findings can be explained by a heterogeneous world--some households use dowries as a bequest and others use dowries as a price. We estimate a model with heterogeneous dowry motives and use the predictions from the competing theories in an exogenous switching regression to place households in the price or bequest regime. Our empirical strategy generates multiple, independent checks on the validity of regime assignment. Using retrospective marriage data from rural Bangladesh, we find robust evidence of heterogeneity in dowry motives in the population; that bequest dowries have declined in prevalence and amount over time; and that bequest households are better off compared to price households on a variety of welfare measures.

555. Ongoing Negotiations on the GATS FSA: Bangladesh’s Concerns and Position [29.983%] | Dr. Ananya Raihan (2003) | Downloadable! The paper is based on the Financial Services Agreement under the GATS which was made as a result of global negotiations on financial services, including areas such as insurance, merchant and consumer banking. The study is aimed to understand Bangladesh’s position (in terms of financial liberalisation and internationalisation measures) for fulfilling the GATS and FSA requirements. The paper also gives an overview of current level of commitments by countires under the FSA, Doha agenda and ongoing negotiations, GATS commitment on financial services and policy concerns, Bangladesh’s commitment for financial services under GATS.

556. Ongoing WTO Negotiations and Bangladesh’s Interests: Insights from CPD’s October 2002 Tracking Mission to Geneva [29.994%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Fahmida Khatun & Ananya Raihan & Manjur... (2003) | Downloadable! The paper is based on the participation of CPD delegation in Geneva and gives an insight into the particular issue of priority interest to Bangladesh in the context of the ongoing negotiations including GATS, AoA, TRIPS and Market Access.The paper provides an understanding about the important implications of the ongoing Doha Development Round negotiations for Bangladesh and other least developed countries (LDCs) both in terms of accessing the opportunities emanating from the evolving global trading system, and also from the perspective of addressing the attendant challenges.

557. Operating capital and productivity patterns in jute weaving in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Kibria, M. G. & Tisdell, C. A. (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

558. Options for Enforcing Labor Standards: Lessons from Bangladesh and Cambodia [29.992%] | Günseli Berik & Yana van der Meulen Rodgers (2008) | Downloadable! This study examines labor standards enforcement and compliance in two Asian economies (Bangladesh and Cambodia) that have amongst the lowest labor costs in the world but are experiencing strong pressures to improve the price competitiveness of their textile and garment exports. Analysis of survey, focus group, and inspection data indicate differing trajectories in compliance with basic labor standards. While extremely low wages and poor working conditions have persisted in Bangladesh, compliance has begun to improve in Cambodia

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following a trade agreement with the United States that linked positive trade incentives with labor standards enforcement. These contrasting experiences suggest that in less developed countries governments consider trade-linked schemes to achieve improvements in working conditions without hindering export growth or job growth.

559. Out of the Shadow of Famine: Evolving Food Markets and Food Policy in Bangladesh: R. Ahmed, S. Haggblade and T. Chowdhury (Eds.) [28.739%] | Mellor, J. W. (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

560. Out of the shadow of famine [8.668%] | Ifpri (2000) | Downloadable! Over the past two decades, Bangladesh has transformed its food markets and food policies to free the country from the constant threat of famine. The authors, in this report, describe this remarkable transformation.

561. Out of the shadow of famine: evolving food markets and food policy in Bangladesh: Raisuddin Ahmed, Steven Haggblade and Tawfiq-e [28.739%] | Svedberg, Peter (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

562. Partial Privatization and Yardstick Competition: Evidence from Employment Dynamics in Bangladesh [28.741%] | V. Bhaskar & Bishnupriya Gupta & Mushtaq Khan (2002) | Downloadable! We analyze the dynamics public and private sector employment, using the natural experiment provided by the partial privatization of the Bangladeshi jute industry. Although the public sector had substantial excess employment of workers initially, this excess was substantially eroded by the end of the period we study. The extent of such erosion differs between white-collar and manual worker categories, with excess employment persisting only in the former. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the central authorities used yardstick competition to reduce public sector managerial rents. We argue that partial privatization increases the efficacy of yardstick competition in the regulation of public firms, since heterogeneous ownership undermines collusion between public sector managers.

563. Partial privatization and yardstick competition [8.667%] | V. Bhaskar & Bishnupriya Gupta & Mushtaq Khan (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! We analyse the dynamics of public and private sector employment in Bangladesh, using the natural experiment provided by the partial privatization of the jute industry. The public sector had substantial excess employment of workers initially, but this excess was substantially eroded by the end of the period we studied. The extent of erosion differs between white-collar and manual worker categories, with excess employment persisting only in the former. Our findings suggest that partial privatization increases the efficacy of yardstick competition in the regulation of public firms, because heterogeneous ownership undermines collusion between public sector managers, and also makes excess employment more transparent to the general public. Copyright (c) 2006 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2006 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development..

564. Participation, public policy, political economy and development in rural Bangladesh, 1958-85 [28.741%] | Blair, Harry W. (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

565. Patterns and determinants of adoption of farm practices: Some evidence from Bangladesh [28.740%] | Alamgir Hossain, Shah M. & Crouch, Bruce R. (1992) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

566. Patterns and determinants of agricultural systems in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh [28.740%] | Thapa, Gopal B. & Rasul, Golam (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

567. Pay differences between teachers and other occupations: Some empirical evidence from Bangladesh [28.740%] | Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

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568. Peasant Behaviour towards Risk and Socio-Economic and Structural Characteristics of Farm Households in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Shahabuddin, Quazi & Mestelman, Stuart & Feeny, David (1986) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

569. Peer Monitoring and Credit Markets [8.659%] | Stiglitz, Joseph E (1990) | A major problem for institutional lenders is ensuring that borrowers exercise prudence in the use of the funds so that the likelihood of repayments is enhanced. One partial solution is peer monitoring: having neighbors who are in a good position to monitor the borrower be required to pay a penalty if the borrower goes bankrupt. Peer monitoring is largely responsible for the successful financial performance of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh and of similar group lending programs elsewhere. But peer monitoring has a cost. It transfers risk from the bank, which is in a better position to bear risk, to the cosigner. In a simple model of peer monitoring in a competitive credit market, this article demonstrates that the transfer of risk to an improvement in borrowers' welfare. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press.

570. Performance of export processing zones: a comparative analysis of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh [28.739%] | Aradhna Aggarwal (2005) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

571. Pesticide traders'perception of health risks : evidence from Bangladesh [28.742%] | Dasgupta, Susmita & Meisner, Craig & Mamingi, Nlandu (2005) | Downloadable! As pesticide traders are important sources of information about the health impacts of pesticides, a crucial understanding of their perception is necessary to guide further pesticide information dissemination efforts through this channel. To this end, a 2003 survey of 110 Bangladeshi pesticide traders was conducted with questions on the pesticides in stock, knowledge and training in pesticide use and handling, sources of information, protective measures, and health effects. A two-equation bivariate probit model was initially estimated for health impairment and trader perception with health effects as an endogenous regressor in the perception equation. Results indicate that pesticide toxicity, exposure in terms of number of years spent in the pesticide business, trader's age (experience), and the interaction between the most harmful pesticides and training received in pesticide use and handling were the significant determinants of health impairment status. Risk perception was determined by actual

572. Placement and Outreach of Group-Based Credit Organizations: The Cases of ASA, BRAC, and PROSHIKA in Bangladesh [28.738%] | Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

573. Placement and outreach of group-based credit organizations [8.658%] | Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (1999) | Downloadable! Bangladesh has witnessed major strides in providing financial services to the rural poor. These services are provided largely through innovative group-based credit programs of several nongovernmental organizations. The implicit but widespread assumption has been that they are indeed placed in special poverty-stricken areas. Is this assumption valid? If not, what factors actually affect programs' placement across communities? This paper uses an unique thana-level data set to analyze the placement of three group-based credit programs in Bangladesh. Analysis of branch placement indicates that, unlike commercial banks, nongovernmental institutions do respond to general conditions of poverty. However, it appears that NGO services are located more in poor pockets of relatively well-developed areas than in remoter, less-developed regions. Client density of the established branches, however, did not exhibit such a feature and actually tended to be better in less advantageous locations.

574. Poisoning the mind : arsenic contamination and cognitive achievement of children [8.657%] | Chaudhury, Nazmul & Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz (2008) | Downloadable! Bangladesh has experienced the largest mass poisoning of a population in history owing to contamination of groundwater with naturally occurring inorganic arsenic. Continuous drinking of such metal-contaminated water is highly cancerous; prolonged drinking of such water risks developing diseases in a span of just 5-10 years. Arsenicosis-intake of arsenic-contaminated drinking water-has implications for children ' s cognitive and psychological development. This study examines the effect of arsenicosis at school and at home on cognitive achievement of children in rural Bangladesh using recent nationally representative school

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survey data on students. Information on arsenic poisoning of the primary source of drinking water-tube wells-is used to ascertain arsenic exposure. The findings show an unambiguously negative and statistically significant correlation between mathematics score and arsenicosis at home, net of exposure at school. Split-sample analysis reveals that the effect is only specific to bo

575. Policy Implementation in Urban Bangladesh: Role of Intra-organizational Coordination [28.743%] | Pranab Panday (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

576. Policy Implementation in Urban Bangladesh: Role of Intra-organizational Coordination [28.743%] | Pranab Panday (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

577. Policy Issues for Long Term Growth of Fertilizer Use in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Desai G M (1985) | This paper discusses policy issues relevant to sustained rapid growth in Bangaladesh’s fertilizer consumption. Section II is an overview of fertilizer consumption as it has evolved over the years. It also provides comparative perspective on the performance of Bangaladesh among developing countries. Section III discusses policy requireemnets of long-term rapid growth in fertilizer use, keeping in mind various features of, and major forces behind, the past growth. The paper concludes that, notwithstanding the policy of phasing out fertilizer subsidies adopted by the government, there is a substantial scope for growth in fertilizer use. Utilization of this scope, however, requires a new policy orientation. The emphasis on prices needs to be replaced by concentration on the productivity and efficiency of fertilizer use as key target variables in policies to raise farmers’ returns on fertilizers. Different factors affecting growth in fertilizer use need to be viewed not in isolation from each other, but as a s

578. Policy Reforms and Incentives in Rice Production in Bangladesh [30.012%] | Selim, Sheikh & Parvin, Naima (2007) | Downloadable! We estimate an institutional production function to capture incentive induced growth in total factor productivity (TFP) of rice production in Bangladesh. The incentive component of TFP assists in explaining farmers' response to incentives due to major policy reforms during 1980s and 1990s.

579. Political Altruism of Transboundary Water Sharing [8.640%] | Anik Bhaduri & Edward Barbier (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! In the paper, using a political altruism model, we make an attempt to explain why an upstream country might agree to a treaty that recognizes and enforces the water claims of a downstream country. In a natural extension of the standard economic model, it is possible to explain the above phenomena, by allowing for altruism between countries. The altruistic concerns of the countries are dependent on other country's willingness to have a good political relationship. If both the countries maintain favorable political relations with one another, then the upstream country will care about the impacts of its water diversion on the downstream country's welfare. The paper also illustrates the case of water sharing of the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh. The Ganges River, like many other rivers in the world, ignores political boundaries. In Bangladesh, the final downstream country along the Ganges, freshwater availability depends on the share of water diverted by the upstream

580. Politics-Bureaucracy Relationship in Bangladesh: Consequences for the Public Service Commission [28.743%] | Ferdous Jahan & Asif Shahan (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

581. Poor Women's Participation in Credit-based Self-employment: The Impact on their Empowerment, Fertility, Contraceptive Use, and F [29.964%] | Ruhul Amin & Robert B. Hill & Yiping Li (1995) | Downloadable! By analysing a 1992 national level household sample survey data collected from the female recipients of collateral-free loans of three relatively large rural development agencies in Bangladesh—GB, BRAC, and BRDB—the present study shows that the participation in income-generating projects by poor rural women had been associated with their increased level of contraceptive use, decreased level of fertility, elevated level of desire for no more children, and enhanced level of empowerment. Some of these effects were much higher than those of the corresponding levels for Bangladesh as a whole, indicating the possible additional effect of income-generating projects as well as

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the effects of their population-education components. The implications of these findings for an integrated development strategy in Bangladesh are discussed.

582. Poor areas, or only poor people? [8.663%] | Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin (1997) | Downloadable! Instead of targeting poor areas, should poverty programs target households with personal attributes that foster poverty, no matter where they live? Possibly not. There may be hidden constraints on mobility, or location may reveal otherwise hidden household attributes. Using survey data for Bangladesh, the authors find significant and sizable geographic effects on living standards, after controlling for a wide range of nongeographic characteristics of households, as would typically be observable to policymakers. The geographic effects are reasonably stable over time, robust to testable sources of bias, and consistent with observed migration patterns. Poor areas are not poor just because households with readily observable attributes that foster poverty are geographically concentrated. There appear to be sizable spatial differences in the returns to given household characteristics. Their results reinforce the case for anti-poverty programs targeted to poor areas even in an economy with few obvious

583. Poor women's participation in income-generating projects and their fertility regulation in rural Bangladesh: Evidence from a rec [28.739%] | Amin, Ruhul & Ahmed, A. U. & Chowdhury, J. & Ahmed, M. (1994) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

584. Popular Perceptions of Emerging Influences on Mortality and Longevity in Bangladesh and West Bengal [30.005%] | Sajida Amin (2008) | Downloadable! Although new environmental and pathological threats to human survival and longevity have been documented, relatively little is known about how these threats are perceived in the popular imagination. During fieldwork in rural Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, researching the changing costs of and motivations for reproduction, the authors included survey questions on respondentsâ€™ perceptions of changing mortality. Child-mortality levels were perceived to have fallen drastically in recent times, but for the middle-aged and the elderly, the past was seen as a better time in terms of health and survival. The decline in adult health is attributed to environmental deterioration and lifestyle changes associated with odernization. This paper explores the objective validity of and subjective reasons for this unexpected worldview. [Policy Research Division Working Paper 186]

585. Population Growth and Development: The Case of Bangladesh [28.742%] | Nakibullah, Ashraf (1998) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

586. Potential production of Boro rice in the Haor region of Bangladesh: Part 1. The simulation model, validation and sensitivity ana [28.741%] | Salam, M. U. & Street, P. R. & Jones, J. G. W. (1994) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

587. Potential production of Boro rice in the Haor region of Bangladesh: Part 2. Simulation experiments on the effects of management [28.741%] | Salam, M. U. & Street, P. R. & Jones, J. G. W. (1994) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

588. Potential production of Boro rice in the Haor region of Bangladesh: Part 3. Normative analysis using a simulation model [28.741%] | Salam, M. U. & Street, P. R. & Jones, J. G. W. (1994) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

589. Poverty Alleviation Through Agriculture and Rural Development in Bangladesh [29.996%] | Mahabub Hossain (2004) | Downloadable! This paper was prepared as part of CPD's ongoing agricultural policy research and advocacy activities with IRRI under the PETRRA project. It provides an overview of the progress made so far in agricultural, rural development and poverty reduction. It discusses the role of agriculture in poverty reduction in Bangladesh. It documents major challenges in further reduction of poverty in Bangladesh and opportunities for addressing the challenges.

590. Poverty Reduction In Bangladesh: Absence Of A National Framework, An Abundance Of Donors’ Strategies [30.002%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Rashed A.M. Titumir (2000) | Downloadable! The paper highlights the problem that Bangladesh has never had a homegrown holistic dynamic strategic

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framework to combat poverty nor has a clearly articulated operational approach been developed to address the issue. Rather, agendas for poverty alleviation had remained largely donor driven and Bangladesh has been exposed to a plethora of advice and assistance from its development partners for the purpose of alleviating poverty.

591. Poverty Trends and Growth Performance: Some Issues in Bangladesh [29.959%] | Mustafa K. Mujeri (2000) | Downloadable! With a low level of per capita income, nearly one of every two persons in Bangladesh is poor, and one of three lives below the income poverty line of $ 1 a day.1 If those who are deprived of adequate clothing or shelter or other basic needs are counted, the number will be considerably higher. Similarly, if the people who live ‘above’ the poverty line but are vulnerable to risks, crisis and socioecononomic shocks and are in constant danger of income erosion below the poverty threshold are considered, the number will be still larger. The poor in Bangladesh differ in economic, social, physical and other characteristics which reflect various deprivations. Such multidimensionality of the poor’s interlocking deprivations suggests that a strategy of increasing income alone may not be adequate for reducing poverty.2 With multi-dimensional characteristics, poverty requires a multi-strategy solution in Bangladesh. The implications of attacking poverty within a broad framework highlight the interacti

592. Poverty and Reforms in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Abu Abdullah (1998) | Downloadable! In a memorable speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Nikita Krushehev predicted that communism would bury capitalism. In less emotive and more economistic terms, he was saying in effect that centrally planned economies would outperform market economies in terms of both output growth and social justice. History has not been kind to Krushehev. Not only central planning but even milder forms of state interventionism now stand discredited, and developing countries round the world are desperately trying to install functioning market economics. This sea-change in development philosophy generally owes something to donor conditionalities associated with structural adjustment credits, to the extent that “reforms” and “structural adjustment” have become virtually synonymous. Shortterm internal or external balance crises, and longer-term stagnation, also signalled to policy-makers the bankruptcy of over-interventionist policies—a lesson driven home by the phenomenal growth performance of

593. Poverty impacts of a WTO agreement : synthesis and overview [8.654%] | Hertel, Thomas W. & Winters, L. Alan (2005) | Downloadable! This paper reports on the findings from a major international research project investigating the poverty impacts of a potential Doha Development Agenda (DDA). It combines in a novel way the results from several strands of research. Intensive analysis of the DDA Framework Agreement pays particularly close attention to potential reforms in agriculture. The scenarios are built up using newly available tariff line data and their implications for world markets are established using a global modeling framework. These world trade impacts, in turn, form the basis for 12 country case studies of the national poverty impacts of these DDA scenarios. The focus countries include Bangladesh, Brazil (two studies), Cameroon, China (two studies), Indonesia, Mexico, Mozambique, the Philippines, Russia, and Zambia. The diversity of approaches taken in these studies allows the paper to reflect local conditions and priorities and illustrates many important facets of the trade and poverty link. It does, however, limit

594. Poverty-environment interaction through participatory forest management in Bangladesh: an evidence of poverty reduction [29.952%] | Safa, Mohammad Samaun (2005) | Downloadable! Poverty is an obstacle in the process of socio-economic development of Bangladesh. Majority people of the country live in the rural area where subsistence income generating activities are mainly related to exploring natural resources. A high population and its basic needs, thus, cause overexploitation of resources. Forest resources are one of the most overexploited resources in the country. Presently the forest cover is 13.36% of the total land that is alarming for the environmental sustainability. In order to protect forest resources from such overexploitation, participatory forest management approach was followed by the Forest Department involving rural poor. They were provided 1ha of degraded land for plantation and in a few cases 0.5 ha for homestead area. The objective of such initiative was to develop a strong interaction

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between the over-exploiters and their involvement in protecting forest. The study was conducted in the sal (Shorea robusta) forest of Bangladesh with a sample size of 120

595. Power sector reform, private investment and regional co-operation [8.651%] | Newbery, D. (2006) | Downloadable! Modern infrastructure, particularly electricity, is critical to economic development. South Asia, with inefficient and bankrupt state-owned vertically integrated electricity supply industries, encouraged private generation investment to address shortages selling power to largely unreformed state electricity boards, exacerbating financial distress. Reforming the SEBs is an essential first step, followed by privatisation to sustain reform. Reducing losses and increasing plant load factors yield far higher returns than generation investment, where India and Pakistan under-price and exceed predicted levels of electric intensity. Private investors will require assurances that the contracts needed for IPPs are honoured, that legal disputes are efficiently and fairly resolved, subject to fall-back international arbitration, and that their purchasers are credit-worthy. This is easier with cheap gas, which is available to Bangladesh, but scarce in India. Regional energy trade would therefore do much to i

596. Preference Erosion: The case of Bangladesh - A SUR-EC-AR Gravity Model of Trade [29.985%] | Erika Vianna Grossrieder (2006) | Downloadable! This paper analyses the impact of preference erosion on Bangladesh’s clothing industry coming from both the ATC quotas phasing-out and the reduction on MFN tariffs under NAMA negotiations. First, it undertakes a numerical exercise to estimate the effects of tariffs reduction in the US and the EU on Bangladesh’s economic performance. Then it uses a SUR-EC-AR gravity model of trade to measure the effects of ATC quotas phasing out and NAMA negotiations on trade pattern. The results suggest that Bangladesh gains from importing countries’ tariffs reduction, independently of ATC implementation. Despite the fact that these results may underestimate the effects of quotas phasing out on T&C trade pattern, the model’s structure presents the advantage of eliminating the aggregation bias problem. It would be interesting to expand the econometric model to include other trade partners and new variables.

597. Preferential Market Access in the Canadian Market: Maximising Benefits for Bangladesh [28.741%] | May Yeung (2005) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

598. Preferential trading in South Asia [8.665%] | Baysan, Tercan & Panagariya, Arvind & Pitigala, Nihal (2006) | Downloadable! The authors examine the economic case for the South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA) Agreement signed on January 6, 2004 by India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives. They start with a detailed analysis of the preferential trading arrangements in South Asia to look at the region's experience to date and to draw lessons. Specifically, they examine the most effective free trade area in existence-the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Area-and evaluate the developments under the South Asian Preferential Trade Area (SAPTA). The authors conclude that, considered in isolation, the economic case for SAFTA is weak. When compared with the rest of the world, the region is tiny both in terms of economic size as measured by GDP (and per capita incomes) and the share in world trade. It is argued that these facts make it unlikely that trade diversion would be dominant as a result of SAFTA. This point is reinforced by the presence of high levels of protection in the region andthe tendency of

599. Present situation of vector-control management in Bangladesh: A wake up call [29.929%] | Mondal, Dinesh & Alam, Mohammad Shafiul & Karim, Zehadul & Haque, Rashidul & Boelaer... (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Objectives Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis is one of the major vector-borne diseases in Bangladesh. The disease is transmitted by sandfly. The incidence of the disease, which has been increasing since the early eighties, must be reduced by taking adequate vector-control measures. The objective of the present study was to identify the favorable factors and the constraints of present vector-control management in Bangladesh.Methods Purposively selected senior entomologist and retired senior entomologist at central level, civil surgeons, entotechnicians, health inspectors and spray men from kala-azar-endemic districts, community leaders, and NGO representatives were key informants of the study. A household survey to learn about knowledge and perceptions of the people about kala-azar

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vector was carried out, using a structured questionnaire, in 202 randomly selected households.Results Practically, there was no vector-control activity in the nine most kala-azar-endemic districts

600. Price discrimination in obstetric services - a case study in Bangladesh [30.014%] | Mohammad Amin & Kara Hanson & Anne Mills (2004) | Downloadable! This article examines the existence of price discrimination for obstetric services in two private hospitals in Bangladesh, and considers the welfare consequences of such discrimination, i.e. whether or not price discrimination benefited the poorer users. Data on 1212 normal and caesarean section patients discharged from the two hospitals were obtained. Obstetric services were chosen because they are relatively standardised and the patient population is relatively homogeneous, so minimising the scope and scale of product differentiation due to procedure and case-mix differences. The differences between the hospital list price for delivery and actual prices paid by patients were calculated to determine the average rate of discount. The welfare consequences of price discrimination were assessed by testing the differences in mean prices paid by patients from three income groups: low, middle and high. The results suggest that two different forms of price discrimination for obstetric services occurred

601. Price dynamics in the Bangladesh rice market: implications for public intervention [28.743%] | Brennan, Donna (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

602. Price stabilization for raw jute in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Takamasa Akiyama & Varangis, Panos (1991) | Downloadable! Fluctuating prices for raw jute have been viewed as contributing to economic problems in the jute subsector. Price fluctuations were thought to reduce the jute farmers'welfare and there has been concern about the costs of parastatals'stocking operations in attempts to stabilize jute prices and incomes. The authors examine these fluctuations and analyze policies that might reduce them. They find that price fluctuations for raw jute reduce farmers'welfare only slightly because farmers'activities are typically diversified and jute's share in total income is small. Although stocking operations by the parastatals contribute to stability in prices and real income, they have been extremely costly and have crowded out private stocking. The authors contend that if the parastatals had refrained from ad hoc stocking and if the private sector had stocked efficiently, jute prices and incomes would have been just as stable - and at no cost. They argue that the Bangladeshi jute market should be free of governm

603. Prices, Credit Markets and Child Growth in Low-Income Rural Areas [8.665%] | Foster, Andrew D (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! In this paper, it is argued that fluctuations in child growth in rural areas of Bangladesh during and after severe floods in 1988 can provide insight into the structure of credit markets. A model of intertemporal resource allocation is developed and Euler equations relating growth patterns of children to the cost of borrowing by household are then derived from the model. The evidence indicates that, although some of the variation in growth patterns over the relevant period may be attributed to variation in illness and the price of rice, growth patterns for children in landless households were influenced by credit market imperfections. Copyright 1995 by Royal Economic Society.

604. Private demand for cholera vaccines in rural Matlab, Bangladesh [28.742%] | Islam, Ziaul & Maskery, Brian & Nyamete, Andrew & Horowitz, Mark S. & Yunus, Mohamma... (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

605. Private provision of a public good - social capital and solid waste management in Dhaka, Bangladesh [30.007%] | Pargal, Sheoli & Gilligan, Daniel & Huq, Mainul (2000) | Downloadable! The authors try to identify the determinants of private, community-based provision of a public good - in this case, trash collection. Using survey data for Dhaka, Bangladesh, where some neighborhoods have successfully organized an alternative to the municipal trash collection service, they examine why some communities or neighborhoods display such initiative, while others do not. Their results show that social capital - trust, reciprocity, and sharing - is an important determinant of whether alternative systems arise in Dhaka. More generally, public-private partnerships, or self-help schemes appear more likely to succeed in neighborhoods high in social capital. Other measures of homogeneity of interests are also important. So,

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interestingly, is the nature of associational activity. Finally, education levels are strongly, and robustly associated with the existence of collective action for trash disposal. How can policymakers encourage such activity? The process through which community residents s

606. Privatisation in Bangladesh: An Agenda in Search of a Policy [30.003%] | Professor Rehman Sobhan (2002) | Downloadable! The paper documents experiences of the actual privatization of Bangladesh over the last 20 years. It also looks at the expanding compass of privatization, its underlying problems and reviews the evidence. The paper also discusses implications of the present approach to privatization in Bangladesh on the development process of the country.

607. Privatization and Employment: A Study of the Jute Industry in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Bhaskar, V & Khan, Mushtaq (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

608. Privatization in Bangladesh [28.744%] | Chowdhury, J.A. (1990) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

609. Privatization, Yardstick Competition and Employment Dynamics: Evidence from Bangladesh [28.742%] | Bhaskar, V. & Bishnupriya Gupta & Mushtaq Khan (2002) | Downloadable! We analyze the dynamics of public and private sector employment, using the natural experiment provided by the partial privatization of the Bangladeshi jute industry. A differences-in-differences approach allows us to infer ownership effects. Although the public sector had substantial excess employment of workers initially, this excess was substantially eroded by the end of the period we study. This finding is consistent with the idea that the central authorities, which were increasingly financially constrained, used yardstick competition to reduce public sector managerial rents. The extent of such erosion differs between white-collar and manual worker categories, with excess employment persisting only in the former.

610. Privatizing Public Enterprises in Bangladesh: A Simulation Analysis of Macroeconomic Impacts [28.743%] | Sattar, Zaidi (1989) | No abstract is available for this item.

611. Problems and prospects of Bangladesh tea [28.743%] | Ali, Mohammed (1973) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

612. Production Technology, Elasticity of Substitution and Technical Efficiency of the Handloom Textile Industry of Bangladesh [28.739%] | Jaforullah, Mohammad (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

613. Productivity Progress Parameters for Manufacturing in an LDC: The Startup or Learning Phase in Bangladesh Jute Mills [29.987%] | Kibria, Muhammad G & Tisdell, Clement A (1985) | Uses power functions and linear ratio functions to measure productivity progress attributable to learning as a time-dependent phenomenon in the startup phase of spinning and weaving processes in individual Bangladeshi jute mills. In so doing, it provides evidence on the importance of learning-by-doing in manufacturing in an LDC, namely in the production of heavy and light yarn and in the manufacture of sacking and hessian in Bangladesh. Copyright 1985 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia

614. Productivity and Virtue: Elite Categories of the Poor in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Hossain, Naomi (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

615. Productivity and soil fertility relationships in rice production systems, Bangladesh [28.741%] | Rahman, Sanzidur & Parkinson, R.J. (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

616. Productivity, Health, and Inequality in the Intrahousehold Distribution of Food in Low-Income Countries [8.662%] | Pitt, Mark M & Rosenzweig, Mark R & Hassan, Md Nazmul (1990) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! A model is formulated incorporating linkages among nutrition, labor-market productivity, health heterogeneity, and the intrahousehold distribution of food and work activities in a subsistence economy. Empirical results, based on a sample of households from Bangladesh, indicate that,

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despite considerable intrahousehold disparities in calorie consumption, households are averse to inequality. Furthermore, consistent with the model, the results also indicate that both the higher level and greater variance in the calories consumed by men relative to women reflect in part the greater participation by men in activities in which productivity is sensitive to health status. Copyright 1990 by American Economic Association.

617. Productivity, progress and learning: The case of jute spinning in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Kibria, M. G. & Tisdell, C. A. (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

618. Programs for the Poorest: Learning from the IGVGD Program in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Matin, Imran & Hulme, David (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

619. Promoting Institutional Innovations in Microfinance: Replicating Theories is Not Enough [8.656%] | Tazul Islam (2008) | Downloadable! The wisdom in rural finance has long been that lending to and saving by the poor is doomed to failure: costs are too high, they are not creditworthy and they are not able to save. A number of success stories in microfinance industry (MFI) have changed this pessimistic assessment during the past twenty years or so. Recounting the failure of traditional financial liberalization theory in ensuring the access of the rural poor to the institutional sources of finance, this paper, taking the Grameen Bank (GB) of Bangladesh- the cradle of microfinance movement, as a case study, argues for a continuation of the support towards institutional innovation in MFIs that will help achieve the goal of ensuring the access of the rural poor to the institutional sources of finance.

620. Promotion of Trade and Investments between China and India: The Case of Southwest China and East and Northeast India [8.651%] | Biswanath Bhattacharyay & Prabir De (2005) | Downloadable! Open regionalism and integration between the world’s two largest developing countries - the People’s Republic of China (China) and India - in trade, investments and infrastructure development can foster outward-oriented development and economic and social benefits that could result in poverty reduction. In view of the increasing trend toward regional integration, particularly the expanded European Union and North American integration, the opportunity costs of not moving toward greater economic integration between China and India involving common neighbouring countries could be increasing. This paper discusses the above subject in the context of possible areas of China - India economic cooperation and integration in the Eastern and Northeastern region of India and Southwestern provinces of China, including neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Nepal.

621. Prospects for Development of the Garment Industry in Developing Countries: What Has Happened Since the MFA Phase-Out? [8.644%] | Yamagata, Tatsufumi (2007) | Downloadable! On January 1, 2005, the controlled trade regime on textiles and clothing which was based on the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) made in 1974 was abolished. This institutional change wrought great impacts on the world market for textiles and clothing.This paper reviews the impacts of the changes on the main markets and examines the prospects for the markets and the source countries. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) after the renewal of quantitative restrictions on Chinese garment exports were agreed with the US and the EU, the post-MFA surge in Chinese garment exports was significantly attenuated; (2) instead, the growth in garment exports from other Asian low-income countries to the two markets was revived in 2006; (3) the Japanese market has been kept almost intact from the impact of the regime shift; (4) some developing countries, such as Bangladesh and Cambodia, not only survived the liberalization but also have steadily expanded their garment exports throughout the transition; and (5)

622. Prospects for nuclear energy in South Asia in the 21st century [8.653%] | R.B. Grover (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The South Asian region is characterised by low per capita energy consumption. There are large differences in the region with regard to energy resource endowments. In the entire region one notices an excessive use of non-commercial energy. The region has significant hydro-potential, which needs to be fully exploited. There are possibilities for trade in energy in the region. India is the largest country in the region and coal is the mainstay of electricity generation in the country. Considering the fast economic growth in India in recent years and its fuel resource position, large-scale

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growth of nuclear installed capacity in India is inevitable. As a long-term option, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka could also consider setting up nuclear power plants.

623. Prospects of Regional Cooperation in Trade, Investment and Finance in Asia: An Empirical Analysis on BIMSTEC Countries and Japan [8.665%] | Swapan K. Bhattacharya & Biswanath Bhattacharyay (2006) | Downloadable! The seven-nation Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), comprising Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand is emerging as one of the major subregional groups in Asia. Japan is the second largest trading partner for BIMSTEC countries. The paper discusses prospects for strengthening BIMSTEC countries and Japan’s cooperation and integration in trade, investment, and finance. It analyzes the trends and patterns of bilateral and subregional economic cooperation in Asia as well as BIMSTEC-Japan trade. It examines empirically whether BIMSTEC-Japan economic cooperation will increase intraregional trade using a gravity model. Japan-BIMSTEC cooperation will increase intraregional trade but not uniformly for all countries. The potential losses on trade for some countries will be compensated by gains in other areas, such as, stepped up resource transfer, foreign direct investment flows, technology transfer, and market access to se

624. Provision of Primary Health Care in Bangladesh: An Institutional Analysis [29.972%] | Ahmad, Alia (2003) | Downloadable! New institutional economics and organizational theories suggest that the choice of institutional arrangements in service provision should be based on the goods characteristics of the services to be provided. The success of any system whether decentralized public sector or private and community-based organizations, depends on the regulatory and coordinator role of the government. Taking the example of Bangladesh the paper argues that the financier role of the government is justified because of the consumption characteristics of the primary health care services and market failures. But the provider role of the government has to be considered carefully keeping in mind the goods characteristics on the production side. The public health facilities in Bangladesh function poorly due to lack of proper decentralization with the result that a majority of the clients seek medical services in the private sector - both for-profit and not-for-profit. The quality and access to these services are far from satis

625. Provision of Primary Healthcare Services in Urban areas of Bangladesh – the Case of Urban Primary Health Care Project [29.983%] | Ahmad, Alia (2007) | Downloadable! Primary healthcare in Bangladesh is supposed to be a public responsibility, and until recently the government has tried to provide basic services directly through its own bureaucracy. However, the public sector faces acute problems in meeting the growing needs of urban population, especially the poor. In recent years, new institutions such as partnerships with not-for-profit private organizations are sought to improve the access and quality of primary care. This paper focuses on one urban partnership project, UPHCP in Bangladesh. It analyzes the accountability relationships among different stakeholders involved in the project and cost effectiveness of contracting out. The paper finds that the accountability relationships in UPHCP are not transparent, and the programme is costly in terms of human resources because of multiple principals and agents involved compared to direct government provision. The beneficial impact of UPHCP on urban primary care is well-documented, but such institutional arran

626. Public Policy, Markets and Household Coping Strategies in Bangladesh: Avoiding a Food Security Crisis Following the 1998 Floods [28.742%] | Del Ninno, Carlo & Dorosh, Paul A. & Smith, Lisa C. (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

627. Public health and governance: the experience of Bangladesh and Ukraine [28.742%] | Rashid, Salim & Savchenko, Yevgeniya & Hossain, Najmul (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

628. Public policy, food markets, and household coping strategies in Bangladesh [28.741%] | del Ninno, Carlo & Dorosh, Paul A. & Smith, Lisa C. (2003) | Downloadable!

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629. Public policy, food markets, and household coping strategies in Bangladesh [28.741%] | del Ninno, Carlo & Dorosh, Paul A. & Smith, Lisa C. (2003) | Downloadable!

630. Publicly Subsidized Privatization: A Simple Model of Dysfunctional Privatization [8.659%] | Akram, Tanweer (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper points out the limitations of the privatization programme in Bangladesh, with particular reference to the debt-default status of privatized firms. First, detailed analysis of the debt-default status of privatized firms is presented using data obtained from the central bank. Secondly, a simple model of dysfunctional privatization is constructed to show that perverse outcomes of privatization are possible. The experience of developing economies, such as Bangladesh, lends credence to the results of this model. Finally, various types of privatization are classified following Bhagwati's (1982) typology of directly unproductive profit-seeking activities. Copyright 2000 by Taylor and Francis Group

631. Purchasing Power Parity and the Real Exchange Rate in Bangladesh: A Nonlinear Analysis [29.999%] | Ibrahim Chowdhury (2004) | Downloadable! The long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis is examined using data for Bangladesh and its major trading partners - the US, Euro area, Japan and India - during the period 1994 to 2002. We apply recently developed nonlinear econometric techniques and provide strong evidence for highly nonlinear meanreversion of real bilateral Bangladesh taka exchange rates toward a stable long-run equilibrium. Our findings imply strong support for the validity of long-run PPP as well as for the theoretical models which predict nonlinear adjustment in real exchange rates.

632. Quality of life among pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency in rural Bangladesh [28.740%] | Shaheen, Rubina & Lindholm, Lars (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

633. Quantifying Transport, Regulatory and Other Costs of India-Bangladesh Trade [30.018%] | Samantak Das (2008) | Downloadable! Informal barriers/para-tariff in India-Bangladesh trade are already high and further trade liberalisation without improving the infrastructure and reducing corruption would be counter productive [NCAER WP no. 98].

634. Quantifying Transport, Regulatory and Other Costs of Indian Overland Exports to Bangladesh [28.740%] | Samantak Das & Sanjib Pohit (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

635. Rapid assessments in urban areas [8.666%] | Garrett, James L. & Downen, Jeanne (2001) | Downloadable! The diversity of urban areas presents substantial challenges to the validity of information from rapid assessments, yet CARE's experiences in Bangladesh and Tanzania suggest a number of ways that rapid assessment procedures can be strengthened to address these concerns.

636. Rapid assessments in urban areas [8.666%] | Garrett, James L. & Downen, Jeanne (2001) | Downloadable! The diversity of urban areas presents substantial challenges to the validity of information from rapid assessments, yet CARE's experiences in Bangladesh and Tanzania suggest a number of ways that rapid assessment procedures can be strengthened to address these concerns.

637. Rapid urbanization, employment crisis and poverty in African LDCs:A new development strategy and aid policy [8.635%] | Herrmann, Michael & Khan, Haider (2008) | Downloadable! Rapid urbanization is a fact of live even in the least developed countries (LDCs) where the lion’s share of the population presently lives in rural areas and will continue to do so for decades to come. At the turn of the millennium 75% of the LDCs’ population still lived in rural areas and 71% of the LDCs’ labor force was involved in agriculture. But even though the largest share of their population lives in rural areas and directly or indirectly derives their livelihoods from agriculture, a rapidly increasing share of the population migrates to urban centers in search for employment opportunities outside agriculture in industrial enterprises or the services sector. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the causes and consequences -- in particular, the policy implications -- of the ongoing urbanization in the African LDCs. It is found that the

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employment opportunities in either rural or the urban sector are not growing adequately. This paper attempts to analyze the emerging trends a

638. Reactions of Developing-Country Elites to International Population Policy [8.643%] | Nancy Luke & Susan Cotts Watkins (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The authors examine the global diffusion of international population policy, which they consider a cultural item. The process of cultural diffusion is often seen as spontaneous: items of Western culture are in demand because they are universally attractive. Yet cultural flows may also be directed, they may be unattractive to their intended recipients, and their acceptance may depend on persuasion and material incentives. The authors consider the range of responses of national elites to the new population policy adopted by the United Nations at Cairo in 1994. Strongly influenced by feminists, the Cairo Program of Action promotes gender equity and reproductive health and demotes previous concerns with population growth. The data are interviews with representatives of governmental and nongovernmental organizations involved in population and health in five developing countries. To interpret the interviews, the authors draw on two theoretical frameworks. The first emphasizes the a

639. Real Balances and Industrial Output in Bangladesh: Is There a Production Relationship Between Them? [30.013%] | Akhand Akhtar Hossain (2007) | This paper examines the relationship between real balances (narrow or broad) and industrial output in Bangladesh with seasonally-adjusted monthly data for the period 1973:01-2003:06. The results of the ADF and the KPSS tests suggest that although real narrow money balances have a unit root, real broad money balances and industrial output do not seem to have a unit root. Therefore, the paper applies the bounds testing approach of Pesaran et al. (2001) to investigate the long-run relationship between real balances and industrial output, given that this approach remains valid ‘irrespective of whether the underlying regressors are purely I(0), purely I(1) or mutually cointegrated’. The empirical results suggest a long-run relationship between real balances and industrial output, while neither of them can be treated as a ‘long-run forcing variable’ for explaining the other. In the associated short-run model, the coefficient of the error-correction term bears the expected negative sign and is significant, w

640. Real Exchange Rates and International Competitiveness of SAAR Countries: An Analysis of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri-Lank [29.965%] | . Chowdhury, Mamta B. (2005) | Downloadable! In an attempt to measure the intra and international trade competitiveness, we construct the indices of real exchange rate (RER), the conventional measure of competitiveness, for four major South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) nations using annual data for the period of 1960-2000. The objective of the study is to examine the performances of the sampled countries especially after the economic reforms through trade liberalisation that have been taken place under South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) and comparing the evolution in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Our empirical results reveal that in terms of intra regional trade the smaller countries, namely Bangladesh and Sri Lanka reap the higher gains from openness in their trade regime. However, Bangladesh and India gained international competitiveness not until mid 1990s. Movements of Real exchange rates for Pakistan and Sri Lanka indicate that trade liberalisation efforts did not seem to have much p

641. Real Wage Determination in Bangladesh Agriculture: An Econometric Investigation [28.743%] | Hossain, Akhtar (1990) | No abstract is available for this item.

642. Recent Developments in the Bangladesh Economy [28.743%] | Mohammad Alauddin (2004) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

643. Recent Experience in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Nutrition-Related Projects in Developing Countries: Nine Lessons Learned [8.646%] | F. James Levinson & Isabel Madzorera (2005) | Downloadable! During the past fifteen years, there has been a significant increase in efforts to monitor and evaluate large scale nutrition projects. This, in turn, stems from an increased appreciation of the importance of M&E in such projects, and from more stringent demands being made by donors. This paper

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seeks to draw some lessons from this experience drawing on a large number of projects for which M&E documentation is available. These include the Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Project in South India, the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project, the Iringa Project in Tanzania, the Posyandu projects in Indonesia, the Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) program in India, the UNICEF-assisted

�Dular project in Bihar state in India, the HKI Nutrition Focused Child Survival Project in Mali, the CARE-assisted Child Survival Project in Nicaragua, the Enhanced Outreach Strategy of the Ethiopian Child Survival Project, Save the Children (US) positive deviance-based projects in Vietnam and its Jibon

644. Recent Experience in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Nutrition-Related Projects in Developing Countries: Nine Lessons Learned [8.646%] | F. James Levinson & Isabel Madzorera (2005) | Downloadable! During the past fifteen years, there has been a significant increase in efforts to monitor and evaluate large scale nutrition projects. This, in turn, stems from an increased appreciation of the importance of M&E in such projects, and from more stringent demands being made by donors. This paper seeks to draw some lessons from this experience drawing on a large number of projects for which M&E documentation is available. These include the Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Project in South India, the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project, the Iringa Project in Tanzania, the Posyandu projects in Indonesia, the Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) program in India, the UNICEF-assisted

�Dular project in Bihar state in India, the HKI Nutrition Focused Child Survival Project in Mali, the CARE-assisted Child Survival Project in Nicaragua, the Enhanced Outreach Strategy of the Ethiopian Child Survival Project, Save the Children (US) positive deviance-based projects in Vietnam and its Jibon

645. Recent policy of trade liberalization in Bangladesh and issues of regional cooperation in South Asia [28.743%] | Rahman, Mustafizur (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

646. Reconsidering the Relationship between the State, Donors, and NGOs in Bangladesh [29.984%] | Charles H. Kennedy (1999) | Downloadable! The growth in size and significance of NGOs and particularly of Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) in Bangladesh challenges the idealtypical relationship between the state, donors and NGOs. Such an ideal envisions a clear demarcation of roles in which NGOs compete with other NGOs for resources from the state and/or donors and one in which NGO activities and programmes are regulated or held accountable by their respective funding sources. The emergence of large multitasking NGOs in a relatively small and weak state such as Bangladesh belies this ideal. Grameen and BRAC compete with government ministries for donor funding; statal institutions designed to regulate the activities of such NGOs are functionally ineffective; and international donors face insuperable hurdles in assessing accountability.

647. Regional Cumulation Facility Under Ec-Gsp:Strategic Response From Short And Medium Term Perspectives [8.666%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman (2000) | Downloadable! In the recent past, the issue of whether Bangladesh should take advantage of the EU-GSP under the regional cumulation (RC) facilities has emerged as a highly contentious one. The interests of the influential export-oriented RMG sector and the emerging textile industries appear to be in direct and immediate conflict over this particular policy choice. Since the matter is related to the strategic interest of the country’s apparel exports in the medium and long-term, it calls for a close scrutiny. The paper candidly has done this scrutiny.

648. Regulatory Changes and Productivity of the Banking Sector in the Indian Sub-Continent [8.651%] | Shabbar Jaffry & Yaseen Ghulam & Sean Pascoe & Joe Cox (2005) | Downloadable! This study seeks to measure changes in technical efficiency levels within the banking sectors of the Indian sub-continent: specifically India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, over the period 1993–2002. This study is done in the context of a number of sweeping deregulations across the sub-continent in the early 1990s, and the possible effect these may have had upon efficiency levels. A Malmquist Index of TFP change over the time-period in question is employed, along with a Tobit regression, in order to determine whether these significant measures of deregulation and financial modernisation have had the desired effect upon the Indian sub-

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continent in terms of technical efficiency levels. It is found that technical efficiency both increases and converges across the Indian sub-continent in response to deregulation. India and Bangladesh experienced immediate and sustained growth in technical efficiency, whereas Pakistan endured a reduction in efficiency during the middle years of the study, before reboun

649. Relationship between education and GDP growth: a mutivariate causality analysis for Bangladesh [29.986%] | Tariq Saiful Islam & Md Abdul Wadud & Qamarullah Bin Tariq Islam (2007) | Downloadable! This paper uses the multivariate causality analysis to examine relationship between education and growth in Bangladesh using annual time series data from 1976 to 2003. Recent research works have preferred multivariate to the bivariate approach as the former is thought to be more general than the latter. Besides growth and education whose relationship we examined, two other variables included in our analysis are capital and labour. The empirical results show evidence of bidirectional causality between education and growth in Bangladesh.

650. Religious Schools, Social Values and Economic Attitudes: Evidence from Bangladesh [29.996%] | Mohammad Niaz Asadullah (Reading University) and Nazmul Chaudhury (World Bank) (2008) | Downloadable! This paper examines the social impact of a madrasa (Islamic religious school) reform program in Bangladesh. The key features of the reform are change of the curriculum and introduction of female teachers. We assess whether the reform is making any contribution in improving social cohesion in rural areas. We use new data on teachers and female graduates from rural Bangladesh and explore how attitudes toward desired fertility, working mothers, higher education for girls vis-à-vis boys, and various political regimes vary across secondary schools and modernised madrasas. We find some evidence of attitudinal gaps by school type. Modernised religious education is associated with attitudes that are conducive to democracy. On the other hand, when compared to their secular schooled peers, madrasa graduates have perverse attitude on matters such as working mothers, desired fertility and higher education for girls. We also find that young people's attitudes are interlinked with that of their teachers. Exp

651. Renewed prosperity for the country boats of Bangladesh [28.742%] | Palmer, Colin (1992) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

652. Repayment performance in group-based credit programs in Bangladesh [30.012%] | Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (1996) | Downloadable! This paper analyzes the repayment rates of credit groups belonging to three group-based credit programs in Bangladesh: the Association for Social Advancement (ASA), the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and the Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS). Hypotheses are drawn from economic theory relating group responsibility, and the resulting monitoring by peers, to a more effective enforcement of contractual obligations as well as to improved ability of the group as a whole to repay loans. Specific tests are performed on the following hypothesized determinants: group size, size of loans, degree of loan rationing, enterprise mix within groups, demographic characteristics, social ties and status, and occurrence of idiosyncratic shocks. Analysis is conducted using TOBIT maximum likelihood procedures. Implications for policy and institutional design are discussed.

653. Repayment performance in group-based credit programs in Bangladesh: An empirical analysis [28.742%] | Sharma, Manohar & Zeller, Manfred (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

654. Report of the expert committee for drugs - Bangladesh [28.742%] | Patel, Surendra J. (1983) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

655. Resource allocation and empowerment of women in rural Bangladesh [29.963%] | Ifpri (2000) | Downloadable! The brief states that the bargaining power of men and women crucially shapes the resource allocation decisions households make. Husbands and wives often use their bargaining power to express different priorities about how assets should be allocated. Understanding these differences and

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their effects is critical if policymakers are to improve livelihoods. Increasing the bargaining power of one gender group rather than another can mean the difference between policy failure and policy success. According to the study, a household survey covered 47 villages in three sites in Bangladesh, improving a woman's bargaining power and access to resources will increase household expenditure on children's education, but improving the same for a man generally will not. Increasing maternal control over household resources should improve the health of girl children. Given that women in Bangladesh face disadvantages with respect to both asset ownership and education, it is possible that the greatest impact of inter

656. Resources at Marriage and Intrahousehold Allocation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and South Africa [29.990%] | Agnes R. Quisumbing & John A. Maluccio (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! We test the unitary versus collective model of the household using specially designed data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and South Africa. Human capital and individual assets at the time of marriage are used as proxy measures for bargaining power. In all four countries, we reject the unitary model as a description of household behaviour, but fail to reject the hypothesis that households are Pareto-efficient. In Bangladesh and South Africa, women's assets increase expenditure shares on education, while in Ethiopia it is men's assets that have this effect. These increases have different implications for boys and girls across countries, however. Copyright 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

657. Retard de scolarisation au Banglash : une analyse économétrique [8.659%] | Hayfa Grira (2007) | Downloadable! Dans ce papier, nous nous sommes posés la question de savoir pourquoi au Bangladesh, les enfants commencent leur scolarisation primaire tardivement malgré les prédictions de la théorie du capital humain, c'est-à-dire lorsque le coût d'opportunité de ces enfants devient de plus en plus élevé. Nous explorons différentes explications et nous nous concentrons particulièrement sur l'impact net des déficiences nutritionnelles. A partir de l'enquête ménage MHSS (1996), conduite au Bangladesh (Matlab) et en perfectionnant les procédures d'estimations usuelles pour contrôler pour l'endogénéité de la détermination de la santé, la nature discréte et ordonnée de la variable de scolarisation et surtout la censure des données, nous parvenons à démontrer qu'un état de santé défavorable a tendance, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, à aggraver la durée du retard à l'entrée dans l'enseignement primaire et à réduire la durée maximale de scolarisation. Selon nos estimations, un

658. Retard de scolarisation au Banglash : une analyse économétrique [8.659%] | Hayfa Grira (2007) | Downloadable! Dans ce papier, nous nous sommes posés la question de savoir pourquoi au Bangladesh, les enfants commencent leur scolarisation primaire tardivement malgré les prédictions de la théorie du capital humain, c'est-à-dire lorsque le coût d'opportunité de ces enfants devient de plus en plus élevé. Nous explorons différentes explications et nous nous concentrons particulièrement sur l'impact net des déficiences nutritionnelles. A partir de l'enquête ménage MHSS (1996), conduite au Bangladesh (Matlab) et en perfectionnant les procédures d'estimations usuelles pour contrôler pour l'endogénéité de la détermination de la santé, la nature discréte et ordonnée de la variable de scolarisation et surtout la censure des données, nous parvenons à démontrer qu'un état de santé défavorable a tendance, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, à aggraver la durée du retard à l'entrée dans l'enseignement primaire et à réduire la durée maximale de scolarisation. Selon nos estimations, un

659. Retard de scolarisation au Banglash : une analyse économétrique [8.659%] | Hayfa Grira (2007) | Downloadable! Dans ce papier, nous nous sommes posés la question de savoir pourquoi au Bangladesh, les enfants commencent leur scolarisation primaire tardivement malgré les prédictions de la théorie du capital humain, c'est-à-dire lorsque le coût d'opportunité de ces enfants devient de plus en plus élevé. Nous explorons différentes explications et nous nous concentrons particulièrement sur l'impact net des déficiences nutritionnelles. A partir de l'enquête ménage MHSS (1996), conduite au Bangladesh (Matlab) et en perfectionnant les procédures d'estimations usuelles pour contrôler pour l'endogénéité de la détermination de la santé, la nature discréte et ordonnée de la variable de scolarisation et surtout la censure des données, nous parvenons à démontrer qu'un état de santé défavorable a tendance, toutes

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choses égales par ailleurs, à aggraver la durée du retard à l'entrée dans l'enseignement primaire et à réduire la durée maximale de scolarisation. Selon nos estimations, un

660. Retard de scolarisation au Banglash : une analyse économétrique [8.655%] | Hayfa Grira (2007) | Downloadable! This paper attempts to understand why children often delay school enrolment despite the prediction of human capital theory that schooling should begin at the earliest possible age. We explore different explanations of delayed enrolment but focus particularly on the effect of child health on the timing of human capital investment and on ultimate attainment. We improve on past studies in a number of ways mainly by incorporating into our analysis the endogenous nature of child health, the discrete nature of dependent variable and mainly by correcting for the problem of censoring variables. Using the Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey conducted in Bangladesh (1996), our results strongly suggest that early childhood malnutrition is the cause of delayed enrolment. Our estimation results suggest that the cost of three years average delayed enrolment is about 23 % of individual life-time wealth.

661. Rethinking aquaculture for resource-poor farmers: perspectives from Bangladesh [28.742%] | Lewis, David (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

662. Returns to Education in Bangladesh [30.019%] | Mohammad Niaz Asadullah (SKOPE, Department of Economics) (2008) | Downloadable! This paper reports labour market returns to education in Bangladesh using national level household survey data. Returns are estimated separately for rural and urban samples, males, females and private sector employees. Substantial heterogeneity in returns is observed; e.g. estimates are higher for urban (than rural sample) and female samples (compared to their male counterparts). Our ordinary least square estimates of returns to education are robust to control for types of schools attended by individuals and selection into wage work.

663. Returns to Education in Bangladesh [30.018%] | Mohammad Niaz Asadullah (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper reports labour market returns to education in Bangladesh using data from recent nationwide household survey. Returns are estimated separately for rural and urban samples, males, females and private-sector employees. Substantial heterogeneity in returns is observed; for example, estimates are higher for urban (than rural sample) and female samples (compared with their male counterparts). Our ordinary least square estimates of returns to education are robust to control for types of schools attended by individuals and selection into waged work.

664. Returns to Private and Public Education in Bangladesh and Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis [30.009%] | Mohammad Niaz Asadullah (2008) | Downloadable! This paper documents wage differentials between private and public school graduates in Bangladesh and Pakistan. While evidence in support of a wage advantage of private school graduates in Bangladesh is lacking, Pakistani private school graduates are found to earn more than their public school counterparts. This finding has important implications for the current debate over the effectiveness of private schools in South Asia. To the extent the wage premium arises owing to education in private schools, our result suggests relative superiority of private schools in Pakistan and are consistent with extant studies that have assessed private school quality using test-scores of students. The difference in the performance of private schools in the two countries, however, remains a puzzle. This difference, we conjecture, may be partly explained by the between-country differences in public policy towards private schools and, therefore, the regulatory regime facing these schools.

665. Returns to education in Bangladesh [30.019%] | M Niaz Asadullah (2005) | Downloadable! This paper reports labour market returns to education in Bangladesh using data from recent nationwide household survey. Returns are estimated separately for rural and urban samples, males, females and private sector employees. Substantial heterogeneity in returns is observed; e.g. estimates are higher for urban (than rural sample) and female samples (compared to their male counterparts). Our ordinary least square estimates of returns to education are robust to control for types of schools attended by individuals and selection into wage work.

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666. Revisiting the Impact of a Reproductive Health Intervention on Children’s Height-for-Age with Evidence from Rural Bangladesh [30.006%] | Anoshua Chaudhuri (2008) | Downloadable! This article evaluates the impact of a reproductive health program on the nutritional status of children under the age of 10 in rural Bangladesh. The program was administered in a treatment area while retaining an equally impoverished area as control through a doorstep delivery, allowing us to estimate treatment effects without problems of endogenous program placement and self-selected participation. A reduced-form demand approach has been applied using Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey of 1996 data to estimate program effects, returns to mother’s education, the joint effect of the program and household characteristics, as well as gender differences in nutritional outcomes. Results indicate that the program significantly improves the health of boys and girls in the treatment area. Mother’s education has a positive impact on child's health, more so for girls than boys. The program is a substitute for maternal education in improving boys’ health, whereas it is a complement to household

667. Rice Biotechnology: Opportunity, Perceived Risks and Potential Benefits to Bangladesh [29.971%] | Mahabub Hossain & Muazzam Husain & S.K Datta (2004) | Downloadable! This paper has been prepared as part of CPD's ongoing agricultural policy research and advocacy activities with IRRI under the PETRRA project. It discusses the benefits and risks of rice biotechnology research and genetically engineered varieties developed from such research. It assesses the potential benefits of biotechnology for rice improvement in the context of Bangladesh. The paper collated perceived risk of biotechnology. It reports the findings of a survey on knowledge, perceptions and attitude of civil society to identify the constraints to adoption of rice biotechnology in Bangladesh. It also raises some issues for debate that may assist the government to take up positions on this issue vital to achieving and sustaining food and nutrition security in Bangladesh.

668. Rice price fluctuation and an approach to price stabilization in Bangladesh: [28.741%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin & Bernard, Andrew (1989) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

669. Rice price stabilization and food security in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Ahmed, Rais Uddin (1988) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

670. Rice price stabilization in Bangladesh [30.016%] | Dorosh, Paul A. & Shahabuddin, Quazi (2002) | Downloadable! To meet its overall objective of ensuring food security for all households, the Government of Bangladesh undertakes several activities: it intervenes in markets to stabilize prices, targets food distribution to poor households and provides emergency relief after natural disasters. This paper provides measures of the variability of domestic and international rice prices, and examines the mix of government intervention and private sector participation in rice markets. The analysis shows that the relatively high degree of price stability achieved in the 1990s was due in large part to private sector imports that stabilized markets following major production shortfalls. Domestic rice procurement contributed relatively little to raising domestic producer prices at harvest time, involved only a small percentage of farmers, and incurred excessive costs following successful harvests because of procurement prices set far in excess of market prices.

671. Rice price stabilization in Bangladesh [30.016%] | Dorosh, Paul A. & Shahabuddin, Quazi (2002) | Downloadable! To meet its overall objective of ensuring food security for all households, the Government of Bangladesh undertakes several activities: it intervenes in markets to stabilize prices, targets food distribution to poor households and provides emergency relief after natural disasters. This paper provides measures of the variability of domestic and international rice prices, and examines the mix of government intervention and private sector participation in rice markets. The analysis shows that the relatively high degree of price stability achieved in the 1990s was due in large part to private sector imports that stabilized markets following major production shortfalls. Domestic rice procurement contributed relatively little to raising domestic producer prices at harvest time, involved only a small percentage of farmers, and incurred excessive costs following successful harvests because of procurement prices set far in excess of market prices.

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672. Rice research, technological progress, and impacts on the poor: the Bangladesh case (summary report) [28.741%] | Hossain, Mahabub & Lewis, David & Bose, Manik L. & Chowdhury, Alamgir (2003) | Downloadable!

673. Risk Pooling between Households and Risk-Coping Measures in Developing Countries: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh [30.017%] | Park, Cheolsung (2006) | Using data from rural Bangladesh, I test whether income risks are pooled among villagers, between neighboring households, and between related households living in different villages. I find evidence that risks to food consumption are pooled between neighboring households and between related households but not among villagers. As for nonfood consumption, I find little evidence of risk pooling except between unrelated neighboring households. I also find that, while households belonging to a neighborhood network do not take any special measures during an economic hardship, those not belonging to any such network try to smooth consumption by selling off livestock and other assets and by getting interest-free loans. Negative income shocks are found to have little effect on labor supply or private transfers.

674. Road to Hong Kong Ministerial of the WTO: Anticipating the “First Approximations” from Bangladesh Perspective [28.739%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Uttam Kumar Deb & Fahmida Khatun & Anan... (2005) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

675. Role of a regional programme for promotion of photovoltaic based rural electrification in Asia [8.657%] | S. Kumar & S.C. Bhattacharya & M. Anisuzzaman (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Photovoltaic (PV) technology has recently evolved as an attractive option for rural electrification worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. However, a number of barriers need to be addressed for its widespread introduction. Capacity enhancement of institutions and individuals is crucial for its long-term sustainability as their efforts to develop innovative approaches and models suitable to the local conditions would be key to successful dissemination. This paper describes the capacity development in photovoltaic systems technology carried out in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal and Vietnam under the aegis of a regional research and dissemination programme

676. Rules of Origin and Non-Tariff Barriers in Agricultural Trade: Perspectives from Bangladesh and Cambodia [28.740%] | Uttam Kumar Deb (2006) | Downloadable! Many developed and developing countries have been offering special schemes to benefit least developed countries (LDCs) from trade through increased market access. However, effective utilization of market access opportunities by the LDCs may be constrained by the rules of origin (RoO) criteria and non-tariff measures (NTMs) applied by the preference-giving countries. This report deals with RoO applied and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) imposed by developed and developing countries for importing agricultural products from LDCs.

677. Rural Craftsmanship, Employment Creation and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of the Bamboo Craftsmanship in Bangladesh [29.893%] | Mottaleb, Khondoker Abdul (2008) | Downloadable! Abstract: More than 30 percent of total population in Bangladesh is extremely poor. Halving the existing poverty level as per the millennium development goals of the UN by 2015 is the major challenge of the country. The question arises as to how to eradicate extreme poverty quickly? Successful experience of the East Asian countries reveals that creation of employment opportunities in the non-farm industrial sector for the rural poor is instrumental to eradicate poverty. Due to stagnant large and medium scales industrial sector and sole dependence on agriculture sector for employment and income, Bangladesh suffers from huge unemployment and disguised unemployment, which has been further worsening due to high population growth rate. Since the long past, rural informal income generating activities, such as traditional bamboo craftsmanship, however, has created enormous employment and income opportunities in the country especially for the rural poor and distress women. Empirical studies though recog

678. Rural Non-Farm Economy in Bangladesh: A View from Household Surveys [30.014%] | Mahabub Hossain (2004) | Downloadable! This paper was presented at the dialogue on Promoting Rural Non-farm Economy: Is Bangladesh Doing Enough? The paper presents the findings of the surveys, conducted in 1987 and 2000, on the importance of the rural non-farm activities as a source of rural development and

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factors affecting participation in it. It estimates the duration of employment and the level of productivity, to examine whether the expansion of the rural non-farm economy (RFNE) is caused by

679. Rural Welfare Effects of Food Price Changes under Induced Wage Responses: Theory and Evidence for Bangladesh [29.999%] | Ravallion, Martin (1990) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Welfare distributional effects in a food producing economy of changes in the relative price of food are analyzed, allowing for labor market responses. Conditions for signing the welfare effects are derived for a stylized agricultural household and are tested for Bangladesh. Point estimates suggest that wage responses are unlikely to be strong enough to reject the partial equilibrium view that higher food prices have adverse distributional effects in the short run. Long-run welfare effects do appear to be more favorable to the poor, though it takes three or four years before the rual poor start to gain from a food price increase. Copyright 1990 by Royal Economic Society.

680. Rural credit programs and women's empowerment in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Hashemi, Syed M. & Schuler, Sidney Ruth & Riley, Ann P. (1996) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

681. Rural development, class structure and bureaucracy in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Blair, Harry W. (1978) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

682. Rural finance and poverty alleviation [8.666%] | Zeller, Manfred & Sharma, Manohar (1998) | Downloadable! This report presents information on the credit constraints that poor rural households face ... in nine countries of Asia and Africa (Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, and Pakistan). It uses this information to make the case for appropriate public intervention in strengthening rural financial markets and draws conclusions about areas where public resources may best be spent

683. Sanguinity and aspiration toward South Asian Regional integration: a case study of the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) Agree [8.625%] | Kabir, ASM (2007) | Downloadable! The expansion of regional economic cooperation was one of the major developments in the world political economy after the Second World War. Factors that thrust countries closer were both economic and political but economic factors prevailed; the classic example was the EU and ASEAN where economic dimension have brought long time foes in the same dais. The present international economic situation characterized by stagnant growth, recessionary conditions, and protectionist tendencies in the developed countries has seriously underpinned the economic growth in developing countries. The worsening terms of trade, acute balance of payment crisis and debt burden on developing countries have further crippled the potential economic growth of these countries. Therefore current world economic conditions call for a greater economic cooperation among the developing countries. Around 330 agreements are notified in World Trade Organization (WTO). Apart from Mongolia, all WTO members are involved in one or more

684. Scaling up a Reproductive Health Curriculum In Youth Training Courses [8.661%] | Laila Rahman (2008) | Downloadable! Considering the reproductive health information and service needs of adolescents and youth, the Population Councilâ€™s Frontiers in Reproductive Health (FRONTIERS) Program, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the Urban Family Health Partnership, and two nongovernmental service delivery partners, carried out the Global Youth project in northwestern Bangladesh from 1999-2003. The study used a quasi-experimental design with pre-post measurements and two experimental strategies.

685. Schooling and Educational Attainment: Evidence from Bangladesh [30.008%] | Pushkar Maitra (2001) | Downloadable! Education and human capital accumulation are essential components of economic development. This paper attempts to identify some of the individual and household level characteristics that affect the demand for schooling in Bangladesh. We examine (1) current enrolment status of children aged 6 - 12 and (2) the highest grade attained for children aged 13 - 24. The first is estimated using a standard probit model and the second using a censored ordered probit model.

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Estimation results show that there is no gender differential in current enrolment status but grade attainment is higher by girls, relative to boys. Increases in the permanent income of the household is always associated with an increase in educational attainment. Parental education generally has a positive and statistically significant effect on the educational attainment of children and mother's education has a stronger effect on both school enrolment and grade attainment of children compared to father's education.

686. Schooling and Educational Attainment: Evidence from Bangladesh [30.007%] | Pushkar Maitra (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Education and human capital accumulation are essential components of economic development. The present paper attempts to identify some of the individual and household level characteristics that affect the demand for schooling in Bangladesh. I examine the current enrolment status of children aged 6-12 and the highest grade attained for children aged 13-24. The first is estimated using a standard probit model and the second using a censored ordered probit model. Estimation results show that there is no gender differential in current enrolment status but grade attainment is higher for girls, relative to boys. An increase in the permanent income of the household is always associated with an increase in educational attainment. Parental education has a positive and statistically significant effect on the educational attainment of children, and mother's education has a stronger effect on both school enrolment and grade attainment of children compared with father's education.

687. Search Cost and Rural Producers' Trading Choice between Middlemen and Consumers in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Shyamal K. Chowdhury (2004) | This paper assesses the impact of search cost - as proxied by the cost of access to telephones - on small-scale producers' choice between trading with middlemen and trading directly with consumers. The empirical findings suggest that search cost plays a significant role in this choice and that a reduction in search cost increases the likelihood of trading with consumers. This result has important implications related to the provision of public telephones in rural areas of developing countries.

688. Seasonal patterns of fertility measures: A Bayesian approach [8.664%] | L. I. PETTIT & J. L. PALMER , (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Becker (1981) presents some theory about related measures of fertility. He SUMMARY compares his theoretical predictions with observed relationships found in a set of data collected in Bangladesh. In general, he finds good agreement. In this paper, we reanalyse the data using Bayesian methods. In particular, we use Gibbs sampling to fit trigonometric regression models with autocorrelated errors. The results are generally in agreement with Becker's. However, evidence from one of the autocorrelation parameters and a residual analysis casts some doubt on whether the basic cosine model which is assumed fits the data well.

689. Seeking Fair Market Access For Bangladesh Apparels In The Usa: A Strategic View [29.995%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman (2000) | Downloadable! The paper analyses the status of the export oriented Readymade Garments (RMG) sector with implications of the Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA) and it’s relevance to the US market during the transition. It also focuses on the change in demand from a Bangladesh-US bilateral perspective and puts forward a number of measures which might provide a basis for Bangladesh’s response strategy in its quest to seek fair market access for apparels in the USA.

690. Seeking Optimal Means to Address Micronutrient Deficiencies in Food Supplements: A Case Study from the Bangladesh Integrated Nut [30.008%] | Rezaul Karim & GwÃ©nola Desplats & Thomas Schaetzel & Faruk Ahmed & Quazi Salamatu... (2003) | Downloadable! In seeking to improve the micronutrient content of a food supplement used in a major community-based nutrition project in Bangladesh, operations research was conducted to compare the provision of needed micronutrients through additional food sources (fresh or dried fruits or vegetables), a micronutrient multi-mix, or a combination of the two. Using a standard food fortification method, micronutrient gaps were estimated for four groups of project beneficiaries. Cost-delivery and bulk constraint analysis were then utilised to compare options. In terms of these analyses, the micronutrient multi-mix proved by far to be the most advantageous. While, in addition to the multiple benefits of food per se, food options are unquestionably

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desirable in terms of sustainability and the value of increasing demand to boost domestic fruit and vegetable production for the population as a whole, it is clearly cost-effective to use powdered micronutrient mixes for such specific purposes as supplementary food enrich

691. Seeking Optimal Means to Address Micronutrient Deficiencies in Food Supplements: A Case Study from the Bangladesh Integrated Nut [30.008%] | Rezaul Karim & GwÃ©nola Desplats & Thomas Schaetzel & Faruk Ahmed & Quazi Salamatu... (2003) | Downloadable! In seeking to improve the micronutrient content of a food supplement used in a major community-based nutrition project in Bangladesh, operations research was conducted to compare the provision of needed micronutrients through additional food sources (fresh or dried fruits or vegetables), a micronutrient multi-mix, or a combination of the two. Using a standard food fortification method, micronutrient gaps were estimated for four groups of project beneficiaries. Cost-delivery and bulk constraint analysis were then utilised to compare options. In terms of these analyses, the micronutrient multi-mix proved by far to be the most advantageous. While, in addition to the multiple benefits of food per se, food options are unquestionably desirable in terms of sustainability and the value of increasing demand to boost domestic fruit and vegetable production for the population as a whole, it is clearly cost-effective to use powdered micronutrient mixes for such specific purposes as supplementary food enrich

692. Self-perceived Health of Ultra Poor Women:The Effect of an Inclusive Development Intervention [8.665%] | Vivek A Prakash (2008) | Downloadable! The study examines changes in the self-reported health status of these ultra poor women in northern Bangladesh over a period of one and half years since the launch of the programme 'Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction: Targeting the Ultra Poor (CFPR/TUP)'. The data for this study come from a baseline survey performed in 2002 and a follow-up survey from 2004. The ultra poor women selected for the CFPR/TUP programme fared far better than those not included in the programme with better self-reported health status [BRAC WP].

693. Sense in sociability? Maternal education, social capital and child schooling in rural Bangladesh [30.014%] | Mohammad Niaz Asadullah (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Using detailed micro-data on social relations and networks from rural Bangladesh, this paper examines the social determinants of children's schooling in a developing country. We employ a comprehensive set of controls for parental sociability and NGO membership as proxies for family social capital. We find no evidence that parental sociability bolsters child outcomes as inputs in the educational production function or indirectly via boosting maternal social knowledge, which is an important predictor of children's educational status. On the other hand, the effect of maternal social knowledge prevails even when we additionally control for neighbourhood-level unobservables and maximum education level of the household. To be precise, we find no evidence to suggest that 'social' parents are 'better' parents: social knowledge endowment of mothers is not related to their sociability. Rather, educated parents and those with higher unobserved taste for child quality have better social

694. Service quality in public and private hospitals in urban Bangladesh: a comparative study [28.741%] | Andaleeb, Syed Saad (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

695. Services Trade in Developing Asia: A Case Study of the Banking and Insurance Sector in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Salahuddin Ahmad & Dilli Raj Khanal (2007) | Downloadable! This study assesses the strengths and weaknesses of reforms in the banking and insurance industries. Banking sector performance is analysed using various indicators as well as Principle Component Analysis techniques. A comparative case study of three banks with different ownership structures is presented. The study concludes with important conclusions and policy implications for future reforms based on the findings.

696. Setting The Agenda For The Next Wto Round: Perspectives From Bangladesh On The Seattle Ministerial [29.992%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Rashed A.M. Titumir (2000) | Downloadable! The paper seeks to project a civil society perspective on Bangladesh's concerns and expectations regarding the upcoming Third WTO Ministerial Meeting. The paper focuses on the built-in agenda and highlights issues for the Seattle Ministerial; examines the implications of the potential new

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issues which may find their place in the next multilateral negotiations; and finally, tries to articulate a strategic approach which Bangladesh may follow whilst addressing the issues which may define the contents of the new round.

697. Sex segregation in construction organizations in Bangladesh and Thailand [29.998%] | Julaikha Hossain & Kyoko Kusakabe (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Why do more women in Bangladesh study civil engineering than in Thailand, but fewer Bangladeshi women take employment in construction companies? The primary data for answering this question were drawn from questionnaire surveys with 204 professional engineers, in-depth interviews with 80 professional women engineers, and informal discussions with employers/representatives in construction organizations in Bangladesh and Thailand. The findings underline the importance of organizational policy, practices and culture in creating a women-friendly workplace in both countries. The findings suggest that despite the reinforcement of societal gender expectations, organizations are able to create their own organizational culture and practices, which could help to utilize women's talent and improve their professional careers.

698. Shifting Cultivation and its Alternatives in Bangladesh: Productivity, Risk and Discount Rates [30.003%] | M. A. Monayem Miah (2008) | Downloadable! This study evaluates the economic feasibility of replacing shifting cultivation (Jhum) with settled agriculture and new soil conservation technology based on an assessment of the farmersâ€™ risk and corresponding discount rates in the Khagrachari hill district of Bangladesh.

699. Shifting sands: The changing case for monetizing project food aid in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Dorosh, Paul A. & Haggblade, Steven (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

700. Shrimp culture and market incorporation : a study of shrimp culture in paddy fields in Southwest Bangladesh [28.739%] | GUIMARAES, J.P. de Campos (1989) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

701. Sickle Cell Anaemia: Epidemiology and Cost of Illness [8.658%] | Paul J. Nietert & Marc D. Silverstein & Miguel R. Abboud (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The purpose of this paper was to review the research examining the epidemiology of and costs associated with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Although there is general acceptance that Black populations are at greatest risk of the disease, estimates of disease incidence and prevalence vary greatly among different Black populations. In addition, the sickle cell haemoglobinopathy poses a health problem to many other ethnic groups, including populations native to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and Cyprus. As penicillin prophylaxis has been shown to reduce the risk of sepsis among children with SCA, many governments have established newborn screening programmes to improve the health outcomes for patients with this disease. As a group, patients with SCA incur large numbers of hospital admissions, emergency department visits, and outpatient visits, often at substantial costs, hence, obtaining adequate health insurance is a problem for many patient

702. Smuggling and the Economic Welfare Consequences of an FTA: A Case Study of India-Bangladesh Trade in Sugar [28.739%] | Garry Pursell (2007) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

703. Social Accounting Matrices(SAMs) and CGE Modeling:Using Macroeconomic Computable General Equilibrium Models for Assessing Povert [8.647%] | Haider A. Khan (2007) | Downloadable! The paper surveys selectively and analytically the implications of the various (macroeconomic) computable general equilibrium (CGE) models constructed for the purpose of integrating poverty analysis with the usual macroeconomic variables and relationships. It is found that a dual-dual production structure with sufficient details on the labor markets and household side can capture some of the effects of trade liberalization on poverty reduction. Further work needs to be done in expanding the export sectors and adding financial structure in order to carry out a detailed analysis of the impact of both trade and financial liberalization on poverty reduction. To this end a preliminary model is presented which can be

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compactified to carry out this type of analysis. Four broad categories of Asian economies are suggested for further analysis. As a first step in this direction, a modified model based on data about the structure of Bangladesh economy can be used as a

704. Social Capital and Economic Well-being [8.664%] | Farhad Ameen (2008) | Downloadable! The proposition that social capital expands household welfare is tested by estimating the effects of social interactions on per capita expenditure among a sample of 810 households in northern Bangladesh. Using data from BRACâ€™s 2004 Social Capital Survey, ordinary least square (OLS) estimates isolate the differential effects of physical assets, human capital, and social capital [CFPR WP 16].

705. Social Preference Function and Policy Prioritisation for Bangladesh: An Experiment with Analytical Hierarchy Process [28.742%] | Quaddus, M & Chowdhury, A (1990) | The difficulty in assigning priority weights in the multiple objectives optimization exercise of the planning process often leads to arbitrariness in the determination of priority weights. However, Fish (1957) has demonstrated that despite Arrow's famous impossibility theorem, a social preference function can be numerically established by systematically interviewing the decision makers or responsible politicians. In the light of the above, this paper attempts to achieve two goals: (1) that it is, indeed, possible to find intuitively plausible numerical priority weights and (2) the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) can be used to translate the interview responses into cardinal ordering. The close correspondence between the investment allocations of the Planning Commission and those derived from the priority weights of our exercise with AHP implies that AHP can be used to by-pass detailed planning exercises and thereby make planning more flexible. Copyright 1990 by Kluwer Academic Publishers

706. Social entrepreneurial business models: An exploratory study [8.663%] | Mair, Johanna & Schoen, Oliver (2005) | Downloadable! Although social entrepreneurial organizations have begun to receive more scholarly attention, we still know relatively little about how they are able to create both social and economic value. This paper presents a comparative case analysis of three social entrepreneurial organizations, based in Bangladesh, Egypt and Spain, whose success has been widely recognized. Analysis of these organizations' business models reveals common patterns: in their use of strategic resources, in their value networks, and in their customer interface. The findings suggest that successful social entrepreneurial organizations pro-actively create their own value network of companies that share their social vision; develop resource strategies as an integral part of the business model; and integrate the target group into the social value network. Propositions are advanced regarding the business models of successful social entrepreneurial organizations.

707. Social interactions and student achievement in a developing country : An instrumental variables approach [8.665%] | Chaudhury, Nazmul & Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz (2008) | Downloadable! This paper identifies endogenous social effects in mathematics test performance for eighth graders in rural Bangladesh using information on arsenic contamination of water wells at home as an instrument. In other words, the identification relies on variation in test scores among peers owing to exogenous exposure to arsenic contaminated water wells at home. The results suggest that the peer effect is significant, and school selection plays little role in biasing peer effects estimates.

708. Socioeconomic conditions and farm policy in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Majid, Flora Zaibun (1981) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

709. Socioeconomic inequalities in child malnutrition in the developing world [8.636%] | Wagstaff, Adam & Watanabe, Naoko (2000) | Downloadable! Among the conclusions the authors reach about malnutrition rates, among different economic groups: 1) inequalities in malnutrition almost disfavor the poor; 2) it's not just that the poor have higher rates of malnutrition. The rate of malnutrition declines continuously with rising living standards; 3) the tendency of poorer children to have higher rates of stunting, and underweight, is not due to chance, or sampling variability. Inequalities in stunting, and underweight, as measured by the concentration index, are statistically significant in almost countries; 4) inequalities in underweight tend to be larger than inequalities in stunting, which tend to be larger than

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inequalities in wasting; 5) in most cases, whatever the malnutrition indicator, differences in inequality between countries are not statistically significant; 6) even if attention is restricted to the cross-country differences in inequality that are statistically significant, interesting conclusions emerge, Egypt, and Vietnam have t

710. Soil salinity reduction and prediction of salt dynamics in the coastal ricelands of Bangladesh [28.739%] | Mondal, Manoranjan K. & Bhuiyan, Sadiqul I. & Franco, Danielito T. (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

711. Some Aspects of Income Distribution in Rural Bangladesh [28.742%] | Rahman, Pk Md Motiur (1988) | No abstract is available for this item.

712. Some observations on power and property rights in the inland fisheries of Bangladesh [28.740%] | Toufique, Kazi Ali (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

713. Spatial patterns of rural poverty and their relationship with welfare-influencing factors in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Kam, Suan-Pheng & Hossain, Mahabub & Bose, Manik Lal & Villano, Lorena S. (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

714. Spatial specialization and farm-nonfarm linkages [8.655%] | Deichmann, Uwe & Shilpi, Forhad & Vakis, Renos (2008) | Downloadable! Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh.

715. Special focus : The Bangladesh sorghum experiment [28.744%] | Karim, Rezaul & Majid, Manjur & Lavinson, F. James (1980) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

716. State of Governance in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects [29.991%] | Ahmad, Sayed Javed (2008) | Downloadable! This paper discusses the problems and issues on the political failures in Bangladesh as well as identifies some possible solutions. The approach here is analytical mostly reviewing current news, reports and other related materials. A comparative study is also done between the present and proposed system to get a quick glimpse on the overall situation. The idea here is to seek out reasonable and practical solutions that would yield better result for Bangladesh and bring about positive changes in the political scenario that would allow the country to move forward as a successful and dignified nation. I’ve kept the scope of this paper limited to political party, elections and governance.

717. State of the Bangladesh Economy and Budget Responses 2008 [28.744%] | Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) (2007) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

718. State of the Bangladesh Economy in FY06: Early Signals and Immediate Outlook [30.010%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya (2006) | Downloadable! This report has been prepared as part of CPD’s ongoing assessment of macro-economic performance of Bangladesh under CPD’s programme titled Independent Review of Bangladesh’s Development (IRBD). Based on data and information on the dynamics of major macroeconomic variables during July-December 2005, the analysis attempts to trace and track the movements of key macro economic performance indicators including in such areas as: public finance, monetary and financial sector, real economy and external balance. The discussion is contextualized by recalling the initial conditions of FY06 and budgetary measures envisaged to deal with the macroeconomic challenges of FY06. In presenting the analysis of some of the recent trends in the economy the review takes note of the robust trends in terms of private sector investment, good prospects

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of food grain production, moderate growth of exports and buoyant flow of remittances. However, in the absence significant rise in the net flow of foreign aid and mob

719. State of the Bangladesh Economy in FY2008 [28.744%] | Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) (2008) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

720. Stochastic Frontiers and Technical Efficiency Distributions: An Analysis Based on Rice Farming Data for Bangladesh [28.739%] | Najma R. Sharif & Atul A. Dar (1996) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

721. Stock Market Liberalisations in the South Asian Region [8.660%] | Husain, Fazal & Qayyum, Abdul (2006) | Downloadable! This study attempts to conduct an investigation of the characteristics of the South Asian stock markets including the effects of the opening of these markets. These markets were liberalised in early 1990s as a part of the economic reforms started in the South Asian region about two decades ago. The analysis is conducted for four countries in the South Asia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, covering the period from 1980 to 2003. The analysis is done with the help of tables, regression analysis, Event Window analysis, and Error Correction Functions. The analysis indicates significant development in stock markets indicators such as market capitalisation and trading value in the region following liberalisation measures. However, the development in stock markets in South Asia does not seem to influence the real sector and the stock markets are still playing a minor role in their respective economies. The integration analysis suggests that the markets in South Asia are integrated with major

722. Stock Market Liberalisations in the South Asian Region [8.660%] | Fazal Husain & Abdul Qayyum (2006) | Downloadable! This study attempts to conduct an investigation of the characteristics of the South Asian stock markets including the effects of the opening of these markets. These markets were liberalised in early 1990s as a part of the economic reforms started in the South Asian region about two decades ago. The analysis is conducted for four countries in the South Asia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, covering the period from 1980 to 2003. The analysis is done with the help of tables, regression analysis, Event Window analysis, and Error Correction Functions. The analysis indicates significant development in stock markets indicators such as market capitalisation and trading value in the region following liberalisation measures. However, the development in stock markets in South Asia does not seem to influence the real sector and the stock markets are still playing a minor role in their respective economies. The integration analysis suggests that the markets in South Asia are integrated with major

723. Strategic Directions for Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping in the 21st Century: Examples from Bangladesh [29.917%] | Bruce Currey (2002) | Downloadable! The beginning of the 21st century provides a suitable milestone to review lessons from the past and set a new course for the future of Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping(VAM) for the World Food Programme (WFP) and its Partners. The new strategy outlined below maximises the opportunities provided by the WFP Policy Document, 'Enabling Development' (119) and WFPâ€™s emphasis on 'Intergenerational Hunger' in 'The Hunger Trap'(110). This new strategy seeks to 'leapfrog' the new VAM Unit in WFP Bangladesh from its early lead in vulnerability analysis and mapping a quarter century ago, to a new analytical level in support of WFPâ€™s Bangladesh Country Strategy Outline 2001-2005 (117). In so doing it seeks to lay out some strategic directions for new VAM units in other WFP country programs. In the past WFP VAM in Rome and other Country Offices have borrowed from, and then gone beyond, the Bangladesh experience. As this document seeks to support a ten year development plan for the ultra poor, t

724. Strategic Directions for Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping in the 21st Century: Examples from Bangladesh [29.917%] | Bruce Currey (2002) | Downloadable! The beginning of the 21st century provides a suitable milestone to review lessons from the past and set a new course for the future of Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping(VAM) for the World Food Programme (WFP) and its Partners. The new strategy outlined below maximises the opportunities provided by the WFP Policy Document, 'Enabling Development' (119) and WFPâ€™s emphasis on 'Intergenerational Hunger' in 'The Hunger Trap'(110). This new strategy seeks to 'leapfrog' the new VAM Unit in WFP Bangladesh from its early lead in

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vulnerability analysis and mapping a quarter century ago, to a new analytical level in support of WFPâ€™s Bangladesh Country Strategy Outline 2001-2005 (117). In so doing it seeks to lay out some strategic directions for new VAM units in other WFP country programs. In the past WFP VAM in Rome and other Country Offices have borrowed from, and then gone beyond, the Bangladesh experience. As this document seeks to support a ten year development plan for the ultra poor, t

725. Strikes and Political Activism of Trade Unions: Theory and Application to Bangladesh [29.994%] | Jean-Paul Azam & Claire Salmon (2004) | Downloadable! The behavior of Bangladeshi trade unions is characterized by political activism and momentous strikes, called hartals there, have played a crucial part in most political changes in this country. We offer a theoretical framework for discussing this fact, and we test empirically its main prediction by bringing out the political cycle that characterizes the occurrence of strikes in Bangladesh.

726. Strikes and Political Activism of Trade Unions: Theory and Application to Bangladesh [28.740%] | AZAM, Jean-Paul & SALMON, Claire (2003) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

727. Structural Interdependence and Bangladesh Agriculture: 1972-73 and 1977-78 [28.744%] | Alauddin, M & Mules, T J (1980) | No abstract is available for this item.

728. Structural adjustment under the extended fund facility: The case of Bangladesh [28.741%] | Matin, K. M. (1990) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

729. Structure and dynamics of fertilizer subsidy : The case of Bangladesh [28.741%] | Ahmed, Raisuddin (1987) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

730. Structure of the Credit Market and its link with the other Markets-An Analysis of Village Survey Data in Bangladesh [30.010%] | Arindam Banik (1993) | This paper discusses the structure and operation of different credit markets in two different villages of Bangladesh. As a prelude to the issue, the study, reviews the current literature on farmer's choice of loan and its impact on technological innovation in agricultural practices. The analysis indicates that informal credit markets are an important part of credit markets in both the villages. The study found a variety of linked credit transactions involving credit-land, credit-land tenure, credit crop, and crob-crop. The study reveals that large borrowers are not as affected by transactions cost as the small borrowers. Thus, small borrowers pay higher effective interest rate as compared to large farm borrowers in the formal market.

731. Student Achievement Conditioned Upon School Selection: Religious and Secular Secondary School Quality in Bangladesh [30.008%] | Mohammad Niaz Asadullah (Reading University), Nazmul Chaudhury (World Bank) and Amit Dar (World Bank... (2008) | Downloadable! In this paper we present new evidence on the impact of school characteristics on secondary student achievement using a rich data set from rural Bangladesh. We deal with a potentially important selectivity issue in the South Asian context: the non-random sorting of children into madrasas (Islamic faith schools). We do so by employing a combination of fixed effects and instrumental variable estimation techniques. Our empirical results do not reveal any difference in test scores between religious and secular schools when selection into secondary school is taken into account. However, we document significant learning deficit by gender and primary school type: girls and graduates of primary madrasas have significantly lower test scores even after controlling for school and classroom-specific unobservable correlates of learning.

732. Student achievement conditioned upon school selection: Religious and secular secondary school quality in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Niaz Asadullah, Mohammad & Chaudhury, Nazmul & Dar, Amit (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

733. Supervision Problems and the Size-Productivity Relation in Bangladesh Agriculture [28.742%] | Taslim, M A (1989) | No abstract is available for this item.

734. Supplying safe water in Bangladesh: A policy model based on multi-objective mixed integer programming [30.015%] | Wardatul Akmam & Yoshiro Higano (2007) | Downloadable (with

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restrictions)! At present, about 80 million people in Bangladesh are at risk of losing their health and having a sharply reduced life expectancy as a result of exposure to excessive arsenic through drinking water from tube wells. In this article, we build a multi-objective mixed-integer optimisation model, which we can simulate. We identify efficient loci of the trade-off between the several competing objectives in order to provide safe water to the affected people. Three types of simulation cases are discussed. For each case, a different type of safe water was chosen as optimal. Copyright (c) 2007 the author(s). Journal compilation (c) 2007 RSAI.

735. Survival under Stress: Socio Ecological Perspective on Farmers Innovation and Risk Adjustments [8.657%] | Gupta Ramesh (1988) | Need for closer interactions between natural scientists and farmers to generate relevant technologies is being increasingly recognised. The uniformity of ecological endowment and its correspondence with conditions at research station did not call for reorientation of research strategy for irrigated regions. However, in rainfed regions, we argue in this paper, there is a need to understand farmers’ adjustment with risks as well as their experimental ethic. Drawing upon Chinese knowledge dating back to First century B.C., recent evidence from Bangladesh and India, it is suggested that natural scientists should initiate systematic documentation and experimentation on farmers’ own knowledge system. It might on one hand expand the frontier of natural sciences and on the other make value addition in local knowledge possible. Knowledge generating systems in high risk rural areas should not be converted into just knowledge receiving system. Further, transfer of science rather than only technology to people should

736. Sustainability Analysis of Ecological and Conventional Agricultural Systems in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Rasul, Golam & Thapa, Gopal B. (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

737. Sustainability of a Government Targeted Credit Program; Evidence from Bangladesh [28.741%] | Khandker, S.R. & Khan, Z. & Khalily, B. (1995) | No abstract is available for this item.

738. Sustainability of ecological and conventional agricultural systems in Bangladesh: an assessment based on environmental, economic [28.742%] | Rasul, Golam & Thapa, Gopal B. (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

739. Syndicalisme et contagion salariale du secteur public au secteur prive theorie et application au Bangladesh [28.739%] | Claire SALMON (1996) | Le role des syndicats sur le marche du travail des pays en developpement a fait l'objet d'un regain d'interet depuis le debut des 1990. Si la plupart des etudes s'accordent a reconnaitre l'importance de leur action dans la determination des salaires, peu d'etudes se sont explicitement interessees a leur mode d'organisation et a leur influence sur les conditions de travail dans l'entreprise. Utilisant les resultats d'une enquete menee dans quatre secteurs industriels de Dhaka, cet article decrit, tout d'abord, les differents modes de representation collective dans les etablissements bangalais et estime, ensuite, leur impact respectif sur le niveau des salaires et l'application des lois du travail. Les revendications collectives peuvent s'exprimer sous la forme de negociations formelles ou informelles et les salaries peuvent etre representes par un

740. THIRD UN CONFERENCE ON THE LDCs: MAKING IT BETTER FOR BANGLADESH [30.017%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman (2001) | Downloadable! The paper suggests a strategic approach for Bangladesh at the LDC III negotiation process. It also reviews the events leading to the Third UN Conference on the LDCs; documents the global and national contexts in which the conference is taking place; and provides critical perspectives of stakeholders.

741. TRIPS and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh: Towards a National Strategy [30.000%] | Professor Tony VanDuzer (2003) | Downloadable! The paper presents a study of the WTO-Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health and explores the opportunities of the growth of Bangladesh’s domestic pharmaceutical industry. The paper comes up with a number of policy suggestions in terms of

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designing a national strategy for the development of Bangladesh’s pharmaceutical sector in the context of the Doha Declaration.

742. Tagore and His India [8.659%] | Sen, Amartya (2001) | Downloadable! Rabindranath Tagore, who died in 1941 at the age of eighty, is a towering figure in the millennium-old literature of Bengal. Anyone who becomes familiar with this large and flourishing tradition will be impressed by the power of Tagore's presence in Bangladesh and in India. His poetry as well as his novels, short stories, and essays are very widely read, and the songs he composed reverberate around the eastern part of India and throughout Bangladesh.

743. Tal Makeshift Camp: No One Should Have to Live Like This [8.660%] | Medecins Sans Frontieres MSF (2008) | Downloadable! There seems to be no place for the stateless Rohingya people fleeing discrimination and persecution in their own country, Myanmar. They run away from a country that does not recognize them as citizens, where they are subject to forced labour, land confiscation, and restrictions on movement, marriage and children. But when they cross the border into Bangladesh they still find themselves with nowhere to go. They have no protection as refugees and have to survive in a land where they are not welcome. This paper documents MSFâ€™s concerns about the Rohingyasâ€™ living conditions in the Teknaf area with a particular focus on the Tal makeshift camp. It aims to highlight the impact of these conditions on the peopleâ€™ physical and mental health.

744. Targeting the Poorest in Microfinance: Poverty Outreach of BDP Ultra Poor Programme [8.665%] | Proloy Barua (2008) | Downloadable! Despite the general consensus that microfinance does not reach the poorest; recent evidence suggests that nearly 15% of microfinance clients in Bangladesh are among the poorest. It is from the realization that even within the existing microfinance membership of BRAC, there is a significant percentage of the poorest; the CFPR-TUP programme has included a special focus on this segment of the poor what it calls the â€˜BDP ultra poorâ€™. So, BDP ultra poor are those struggling members of existing village organization (VO) or very poor households in a village who with some additional support can more fully participate and benefit from microfinance services. This study attempts to assess the targeting effectiveness of the BDP ultra poor programme by measuring relative poverty of BDP ultra poor.To improve targeting effectiveness of BDP ultra poor package further, the focus will have to be on the poorest households outside the VOs most of whom have never participated in any microfinance program

745. Tariff Negotiations in NAMA and South Asia: July Agreement and Beyond [8.652%] | Prabash Ranjan (2008) | Downloadable! As developing countries including those from South Asia, rally forces and evaluate options ahead of the Hong Kong Ministerial meeting in December 2005, Non Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) assumes importance as one of the most critical issues that will be up for negotiations. A longer transition period to rationalise tariffs combined with increased access into the markets of developed countries, is the elusive formula that developing and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) would like to secure. However, gaining this would not be easy and developing countries would have to be pragmatic in approach, as this paper argues. This paper moots a bold approach to tackle tariff reductions, sectoral elimination, tariff binding and preference erosion with the interests of ve South Asian countries - Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka in mind. explores ways to realise the Doha Ministerial Declaration so that tariffs in sectors of export interest to developing countries are reduced.

746. Tariff and tax reform : do World Bank recommendations integrate revenue and protection objectives? [8.655%] | Rajaram, Anand (1992) | Downloadable! Tariff reform aimed at reducing domestic protection and the bias against exports holds thethreat of widening the fiscal deficit by causing tariff revenue to decline. Because the success of an adjustment program depends critically on the correction of fiscal imbalances to achieve stabilization, tariff reforms must be coordinated with tax policy recommendations to develop alternative revenue sources. Conversely, the tariff reforms must eliminate the protective elements of domestic tax structures if they are to truly achieve their protection objectives. Rajaram reviews the extent to which the Bank's analysis and tariff recommendations in twelve countries

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(Bangladesh, Ghana, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malawi, Morocco, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey, Zaire, and Zambia) reflected such an integrated framework. He focuses on (1) the revenue impact of tariff reform, (2) the effect of domestic indirect taxes on protection, and (3) the structure of protection. The review is admittedly selective and t

747. Tax Morale in Asian Countries [8.665%] | Benno Torgler (2004) | Downloadable! This paper analyses tax morale in several Asian countries. The descriptive analysis indicates that tax morale is very low in the Philippines and relatively high in Japan, China, and Bangladesh. In general Asia has a higher tax morale than OECD countries, which might indicate cultural differences. The paper also analyses tax morale as a dependent variable and thus gives answers to what shapes tax morale. Pooling the Asian countries we find, e.g., that trust in the government and the legal system have a positive effect on tax morale. These results remain robust for India and Japan in a time series analysis.

748. Techniques of Mobilizing Rural People to Support Rural Development Programme [8.635%] | Moulik T K (1977) | How to mobilize rural people to participate and support rural development programmes is a crucial issue to resolve. The importance of this issue is being increasingly realized by the developing Afro-Asian countries. This paper is concerned with general theoretical principles or concepts based on comparative analysis of experiences in rural development programmes in five Afro-Asian countries. Based on these experiences of these five countries, the techniques of mobilization of rural people are conceptually classified into two models: Harmony model and Conflict Model. The two models are defined in terms of method of applying intervention techniques in mobilizing rural people. Broadly there are 4 categories of interventions: structural, institutional, technological and political. Given certain preconditions, usually the outsider-stimulator provoke mobilization of rural people in support of development programmes through applying certain intervention techniques. In the conflict model, outsider-stimulator usually

749. Technological Progress and Emergence of Policies with Priorities for the Development of Land-Poor Farmers in Bangladesh [28.738%] | M. Aminul Islam Akanda (2008) | Downloadable! This macro-level research analyzed sequential changes in agricultural policies and evaluated their impacts among various groups of farmers classified based on the land ownership. All supply-side agricultural policies from their origins to current year were divided into four phases where, government supports for agriculture were changed from adverse circumstances support, to direct enormous support, to reform-embedded support, and finally to collaborative support with private sector and Non-government Organizations (NGOs). The changing policies favored all types of farmers among whose reform policies contributed more. The small farmers in the past were not benefited from government policies but they were lately more benefited from coherent policies emphasized on the development of land-poor farmers.

750. Technology Supply Chain or Innovation Capacity?: Contrasting Experiences of Promoting Small Scale Irrigation Technology in South [8.657%] | Hall, Andy & Clark, Norman & Naik, Guru (2007) | Downloadable! The most effective approach to agricultural technology promotion and innovation is still a source of considerable debate, and nowhere more so than in the context of agricultural engineering hardware. Contemporary perspective on agricultural innovation stress the importance of institutional change and give emphasis to the need to develop innovation capacity in systems terms rather address limitations of technology transfer mechanisms. This paper illustrates using the case of manual irrigation technology - treadle pumps -- in Bangladesh and India. It identifies 5 elements of this capacity: (i) A sector coordination mechanism; (ii) a developmental rather than technical organising principle for sector development; (iii) habits and practices (institutions) of key organisations; (iv) Interaction as a learning and knowledge transmission mechanism (v) Market demand as key an incentive for innovation; and (vi) Policies and institutional innovations to ensure adequate stakeholder participation. The paper

751. Tectonic shifts in the structures of international inequality? [8.604%] | Arno TAUSCH (2005) | Downloadable! The article analyses further develops the neo-dependency approach already presented by the same author and looks at recent time series trends in the structure of international capital penetration,

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international savings, and the dynamics of “unequal transfer” and their effects on social well-being today. It emerges that the European Center is going to become the main loser in the structural changes that affect the position of Europe in the 21st Century. The world system approach, pioneered today, above all by Giovanni Arrighi and the late Andre Gunder Frank, teaches us that the centers of gravity in the world economy are dramatically shifting towards the Asia- Pacific region, and that the days of “Eurocentrism” are outnumbered. Foreign savings become an important indicator of the center-periphery structure of the world system and its changing nature (with its ongoing shifts favoring mainly the Asia – Pacific region) as well. Savings rate in Europe almost everywhere decline. It is simply

752. Telecommunications, Public Health, and Demand for Health-Related Information and Infrastructure [8.659%] | Maja Micevska (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The paper investigates the proposition that complementarities exist between information technologies and public health promotion. The results of the cross-country analysis indicate that an increase in the stock of telecommunications infrastructure is positively correlated with an improved health status of the population. To integrate more realism into the macrolevel analysis, the paper utilizes household surveys conducted in two emerging market economies: Bangladesh and Laos. The analysis at the household level shows that a basic telephone service offers opportunities in delivering timely information on health services to households with relatively greater demand for this type of information. Telephone access is also associated with an increased demand for telecommunications infrastructure and medical facilities. (c) 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

753. Testing export-led growth in Bangladesh in a multivarate VAR framework [28.743%] | Love, Jim & Chandra, Ramesh (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

754. The 1974 and 1984 floods in Bangladesh : From famine to food crisis management [28.743%] | Clay, Edward (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

755. The 1998 floods in Bangladesh: disaster impacts, household coping strategies, and responses [30.010%] | del Ninno, Carlo & Dorosh, Paul A. & Smith, Lisa C. & Roy, Dilip K. (2001) | Downloadable! This report combines a careful analysis of government policy and private foodgrain markets with a detailed survey of 757 households in rural Bangladesh in November and December 1998, about two months after the floodwaters receded. The report describes short- and medium-term government policy measures taken to encourage private trade, including an earlier trade liberalization that permitted private-sector imports of rice from India that stabilized private markets and largely offset the decline in production. The impact of the floods on household assets, employment, consumption, and nutritional outcomes is analyzed using the micro-level survey data. The study finds that flood-exposed households were, in general, able to avoid severe declines in food consumption and nutritional status through a combination of private-sector borrowing... and targeted government and NGO transfers.

756. The Agricultural Terms Of Trade In Bangladesh: An Econometric Analysis Of Trends And Movements, 1952-2006 [29.984%] | Akhand Akhtar Hossain (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper investigates the trends and movements of agricultural prices, industrial prices and the agricultural terms of trade in Bangladesh with annual data for the period 1952-2006. The ADF and KPSS tests results suggest that both agricultural and industrial prices have a unit root while the agricultural terms of trade is trend-stationary. These results remain unchanged if allowance is made in the unit root test for the possibility of a structural break during 1971-1975 (when Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan and experienced economic shocks) by applying the two-step procedure of Perron (1989). A simple Nerlovian agricultural price determination model is specified within the framework of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The Johansen cointegration test results for the periods 1953-2006 and 1973-2006 suggest that there exists a cointegral relationship between agricultural prices, industrial prices, per-capita real income and the real exchange rate between the

757. The Alang Ship-breaking Yard [8.648%] | Manoj T. Thomas (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The case deals with the issue of environmental dumping in the poorer nations by more

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advanced nations. The trigger for the case is the sending back of the French naval ship Clemenceau from Indian coasts on the grounds that it contained prohibited environmentally hazardous materials like asbestos. The issue raised intense debates both in the public domain and the legal courts. Environmentalists, who brought the news in the public domain, sought legal intervention and argued in the public media. While the ship was sent back to France following the decision by France's highest administrative court, it raised questions about the entire ship breaking business. Alang, where the ship was initially supposed to be broken down, had seen an increase in business owing to the relatively cheap labour and less stringent environmental legislations compared to the established ship breaking centres in Europe and China. As poorer countries with even less regulated ship breaking centres, such as

758. The Bangladesh Fertility Decline: An Interpretation [29.983%] | John C. Caldwell & Barkat-e-Khuda & Bruce Caldwell & Indrani Pieris & Pat Caldwell (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The claim has been made, notably in a 1994 World Bank report, that the Bangladesh fertility decline shows that efficient national family planning programs can achieve major fertility declines even in countries that are very poor, and even if females have a low status and significant socioeconomic change has not occurred. This article challenges this claim on the grounds that Bangladesh did experience major social and economic change, real and perceived, over the last two decades. This proposition is supported by official data and by findings of the authors' 1997 field study in rural southeast Bangladesh. That study demonstrates that most Bangladeshis believe that conditions are very different from the situation a generation ago and that on balance there has been improvement. Most also believe that more decisions must now be made by individuals, and these include decisions to have fewer children. In helping to achieve these new fertility aims, however, the services provided by

759. The Bangladesh Health SWAp: Experience of a New Aid Instrument in Practice [29.993%] | Howard White (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Sector-wide approaches are being widely adopted as a new aid modality, incorporating government ownership, partnership and a move from project to programme support. The literature to date on their performance in practice is, at best, mixed. This article reviews these issues in the light of the experience of arguably the world's oldest and largest SWAp, the Bangladesh health sector programme. A positive picture emerges of an evolutionary institutional adaptation towards a programme approach, with positive systemic effects on government processes and a reduction in transaction costs in dealing with donors. There are, however, negative aspects, notably, donor dominance in 'dialogue', though with limited influence on the government's actual strategy. Copyright 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

760. The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee's Credit Programs [30.006%] | Khandker, S.R. & Khalily, B. (1996) | Alternative institutions, most notably non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have evolved in many countries in response to the shortcomings of the state and the market in providing various social developments inputs and credit to the poor. The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) was established nearly 25 years ago as a relief organization and is now the largest NGO in that country.

761. The Bangladesh economy in transition : edited by M. G. Quibria, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997 Reviewed by Sheryl B. Ball [28.745%] | Ball, Sheryl B. (1998) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

762. The Bangladesh grain model [28.745%] | Pruzan, Peter Mark (1979) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

763. The Benefits and Costs of Microfinance: Evidence from Bangladesh [28.742%] | Matthieu Chemin (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Using the latest developments from the evaluation literature, namely the technique of matching, this paper shows a positive, but lower than previously thought, effect of microfinance on expenditure per capita, supply of labour, and level of school enrolment for boys and girls. For instance, participants spend 3 per cent more on average than non-participants in control villages. This paper also takes into account repayment delays to calculate the cost of credit provision. It shows how

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a better investigation at the individual level of the benefits brought and the cost borne could help microfinance institutions to better select their customers. JEL Classification: C14, D10, G21, I38, O12, O16

764. The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India [8.665%] | Bharadwaj, Prashant & Khwaja, Asim Ijaz & Mian, Atif (2008) | Downloadable! The partition of India in 1947 along ostensibly religious lines into India, Pakistan, and what eventually became Bangladesh resulted in one of the largest and most rapid migrations in human history. We compile district level census data from archives to quantify the scale of migratory flows across the sub-continent. We estimate total migratory inflows of 14.5 million and outflows of 17.9 million, implying 3.4 million

765. The Comilla co-operative approach and the prospects for broad-based green revolution in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Bose, Swadesh (1974) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

766. The Comilla model and the integrated rural development programme of Bangladesh: An experiment in `cooperative capitalism' [28.741%] | Khan, Azizur Rahman (1979) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

767. The Demand for Money in Bangladesh During 1975-1997: A Cointegration Analysis [29.964%] | Nasiruddin Ahmed (1999) | This paper investigates the existence of a long run money demand function for Bangladesh during the period 1975-1997 using the cointegration and error correction modelling approach. It also examines the parameter stability of the money demand function. The empirical results suggest that there exists a unique long-run relationship between real broad money balance, real GDP, and the real exchange rate. The short- term dynamic behaviour of money demand has been investigated by estimating an error correction model in which the error correction term has been found to be correctly signed and statistically significant. Real GDP and the real exchange rate have emerged as important determinants of the demand for money in Bangladesh. Our results provide no evidence of a structural break in the money demand function in the post-liberalisation period in Bangladesh.

768. The Determinants of Technical Inefficiency of Farms in Bangladesh [30.014%] | MD. Abdul Wadud & Ben White (2002) | This paper measures farm-specific technical inefficiency using farm-level cross-sectional survey data of rice farmers in Bangladesh. Technical inefficiency effects are modelled as a function of environmental factors, irrigation infrastructure and farm-specific socio-economic factors. The results show that technical inefficiency effects tend to be significantly influenced by the factors measuring environmental degradation and irrigation infrastructure.

769. The Dynamics of School and Work in Rural Bangladesh [30.015%] | Canals-Cerda, Jose & Cristobal Ridao-Cano (2003) | Downloadable! This paper investigates the causes underlying the poor school performance of children in rural Bangladesh, while focusing on the effect of work on school progress. To this end, a dynamic switching model is presented for the sequence of school and work outcomes up to the end of secondary school, where the switching in each school level considered is determined by the endogenous work sequence up to that level. This approach allow us to characterize the full sequence of school and work choices of children, and to evaluate the dynamic effects of work on schooling. We find that work has a negative and sizable effect on school progress for the entire population, as well as for all the subpopulations considered, including the different groups of working children. We are also able to identify at each school level the observable and unobservable characteristics of working children relative to those of non-working children. This characterization and the magnitude of the estimated effects of work have impo

770. The Economic Impacts of Improved Foreign Investor Confidence in Bangladesh: A CGE Analysis [30.015%] | Serajul Hoque (2006) | Downloadable! This paper uses a large-scale computable general equilibrium model of Bangladesh to simulate the economic effects of attracting foreign investment by improved business confidence. The simulation results indicate that if all revenue of newly arrived capital

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accrues to foreign investors and the government maintains budget neutrality, in the long-run this would expand GDP slightly. In general, capital-intensive sectors experience robust expansion and labour-intensive sectors suffer a contraction in output and employment. Urban households experience increases in consumption because they are relatively heavily concentrated in manufacturing sectors that are favourably affected. In contrast, rural households experience decreases in consumption because they are relatively concentrated in the agriculture sector which is adversely affected.

771. The Economics of Arsenic Water Pollution â€“ A Study from Bangladesh [30.021%] | Zakir Husain Khan (2008) | Downloadable! Bangladesh is facing a major health crisis because arsenic is poisoning a large percentage of the countryâ€™s drinking water. Although the government has taken a number of positive steps to address this challenge, much more work remains to be done as an estimated 28-50 million Bangladeshis are currently at risk from arsenic-contaminated water. To assess the economic case for dealing with this problem, a SANDEE study looks at the health impacts and costs associated with arsenic pollution and discuss the financial outlay needed to resolve the problem.

772. The Economics of Consanguinity [8.650%] | Do, Q-T & Iyer, S. & Joshi, S. (2006) | Downloadable! The institution of consanguineous marriage - a marriage contracted between close biological relatives - has been a basic building block of many societies in different parts of the world. This paper argues that the practice of consanguinity is closely related to the practice of dowry, and that both arise in response to an agency problem between the families of a bride and a groom. When marriage contracts are incomplete, dowries transfer control rights to the party with the highest incentives to invest in a marriage. When these transactions are costly however, consanguinity can be a more appropriate response since it directly reduces the agency cost. Our model predicts that dowry transfers are less likely to be observed in consanguineous unions, and that close-kin marriages are more prevalent at both extremes of the wealth distribution. An empirical analysis using data from Bangladesh delivers results consistent with the predictions of the model, lending strong support to our theory.

773. The Effects of Birth Spacing on Infant and Child Mortality, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Matlab, [30.004%] | Julie DaVanzo & Abdur Razzaque & Mizanaur Rahman & Lauren Hale & Kapil Ahmed & M... (2004) | Downloadable! Using a large, high-quality longitudinal dataset on around 145,000 pregnancy outcomes gathered over a period of more than twenty years from an experimental setting in Matlab, Bangladesh, this paper seeks a better understanding of the effects of the lengths of interbirth intervals on infant and child mortality and on maternal mortality and morbidity.

774. The Emerging Perspective of Governance and Poverty Alleviation: A Case of Bangladesh [29.968%] | Abu Sarker & Mohammad Rahman (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The majority of the rural people in the developing world are subject to severe poverty, inequality and unemployment. Over the years, a number of institutional approaches have been experimented to eradicate poverty from society. Despite the historical role accorded to the state, the states in many developing countries have not been quite effective in poverty alleviation. Following the global trends many developing country states have created space for the market forces and civil society organizations to contribute to poverty alleviation. This is what is popularly known as the new perspective of governance. This article intends to analyze the new perspective of governance and its role in poverty alleviation with empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

775. The End of Textiles Quotas, dilemma and vision in the Garments Sector: A Case Study on Bangladesh [29.967%] | Asm, KABIR (2007) | Downloadable! Abstract: The phase-out of the quota is likely to have particular significance for the export of Bangladesh apparels to the US market. MFA’s impacts are not much related to a question of our $2 billion exports to the USA; or the $5 billion worth of exports made by Bangladesh globally. Rather, it is a question of how Bangladesh’s entire economy will be affected by the issue of quota phase out. RMG exports constitute about 75% of Bangladesh’s annual export and provide direct employment to 1.5 million females and indirectly an additional 8 to 10 million people. The global clothing trade is evolving on a continuous basis and that the phase out of quota

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restrictions and forming of trade blocs has become a reality. Moreover Bangladesh is convulsed by fierce class struggles, centred on the country’s garment industry. Many tens of thousands of workers have gone on strike, blocked roads, attacked factories and other buildings, demonstrated, fought the police and rioted in the streets. Every day c

776. The End of Textiles Quotas: A Case Study of the Impact on Bangladesh [29.983%] | Yongzheng Yang & Montfort Mlachila (2004) | Downloadable! This paper evaluates the effects on the Bangladeshi economy of phasing out textile and clothing (T&C) quotas currently maintained by industrial countries. The planned abolition of the quotas under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing in 2005 will alter the competitiveness of various exporting countries. Bangladesh relies heavily on textile and clothing exports and is potentially very vulnerable to this change in competitiveness. Based on assessments of quota restrictiveness and export similarity, and an analysis of its supply constraints, the paper concludes that Bangladesh could face significant pressure on its balance of payments, output, and employment when the quotas are eliminated.

777. The Entry of NGO Schools and Girls’ Educational Outcomes in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Pataporn Sukontamarn (2005) | Downloadable! This paper uses household, school, and test score data from Bangladeshto compare and contrast the effectiveness of NGO-run and state-run schoolsin the provision of primary education. I study how the entry of NGOs inprimary education has affected educational outcomes of girls and examine themechanisms which account for the relative performance of NGO versus stateschools in improving female educational outcomes. The results show that theentry of NGO schools has significantly increased girls' enrollment as comparedto boys. Constructing cohorts from cross-sectional data using year of birth andyear of NGO school establishment, I show that cohorts which were exposed toNGO schools have higher probability of enrollment and the effect operatesmainly through girls. The two most prominent characteristics of NGO schoolsthat encourage girls' enrollment are the high percentage of female teachers andhaving Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs). NGO schools show strong effectsin improving children's test scores.

778. The Equity Impact of the Value-Added Tax in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Shahabuddin Mosherraf Hossain (1994) | No abstract is available for this item.

779. The Eu-Eba Initiative: Market Access Implications And Potential Benefits For Bangladesh [28.740%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Ananya Raihan (2004) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

780. The Financial Requirements Of Achieving Gender Equality And Women'S Empowerment [8.651%] | Caren A. Grown & Chandrika Bahadur & Jessie Handbury & Diane Elson (2006) | Downloadable! Although the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been ratified in global and national forums, they have not yet been incorporated into operational planning within governments or international organizations. The weak link between the policies and the investments needed for their implementation is one barrier to progress. An assessment of the resources required is a critical first step in formulating and implementing strategies to achieve the MDGs. This is especially true for policies to promote gender equality and empower women. Although enough is known about such policies to implement them successfully, the costs of such interventions are not systematically calculated and integrated into country-level budgeting processes. Using country-level data, the paper estimates the costs of interventions aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ghana, Tanzania, and Uganda. It then uses these estimates to calculate the costs of such interventions in other low-

781. The Food For Education program in Bangladesh [30.021%] | Ahmed, Akhter U. & del Ninno, Carlo (2002) | Downloadable! The Government of Bangladesh launched the innovative Food for Education (FFE) program in 1993. The FFE program provides a free monthly ration of rice or wheat to poor families if their children attend primary school. The goals of this program are to increase primary school enrollment, promote attendance, reduce dropout rates, and enhance the quality of education. This paper presents the findings of a recent International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) evaluation of the

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FFE program that demonstrates the extent to which these goals were met. This evaluation uses primary data collected from multiple surveys covering schools, households, communities, and foodgrain dealers. The authors first examine the performance of the FFE program, showing that it has largely fulfilled its objectives of increasing school enrollment, promoting school attendance, and preventing dropouts. The enrollment increase was greater for girls than for boys. The quality of education, however, remains a problem. Next, t

782. The Food For Education program in Bangladesh [30.021%] | Ahmed, Akhter U. & del Ninno, Carlo (2002) | Downloadable! The Government of Bangladesh launched the innovative Food for Education (FFE) program in 1993. The FFE program provides a free monthly ration of rice or wheat to poor families if their children attend primary school. The goals of this program are to increase primary school enrollment, promote attendance, reduce dropout rates, and enhance the quality of education. This paper presents the findings of a recent International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) evaluation of the FFE program that demonstrates the extent to which these goals were met. This evaluation uses primary data collected from multiple surveys covering schools, households, communities, and foodgrain dealers. The authors first examine the performance of the FFE program, showing that it has largely fulfilled its objectives of increasing school enrollment, promoting school attendance, and preventing dropouts. The enrollment increase was greater for girls than for boys. The quality of education, however, remains a problem. Next, t

783. The Future of the Readymade Clothing Industry of Bangladesh in the Post-Uruguay Round World [28.742%] | C. A. F. Dowlah (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

784. The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Implications [8.665%] | Robert E. Evenson (2005) | Downloadable! Pakistan achieved high levels of Green Revolution Modern Variety (GRMV) adoption in the Green Revolution. Pakistan out-performed India and Bangladesh in the Green Revolution. Only China, among major countries, out-performed Pakistan in the Green Revolution. Pakistan does not have the food safety and environmental risk studies in place to support a regulatory environment for biotechnology. In effect, Pakistan is following the “precautionary principle” and applying it to science policy. This paper argues that this is a mistake. Pakistan is paying a “double penalty” for its inability to develop the regulatory systems required to take advantage of genetically modified (GM) crops. Not only does it lose the cost reductions enabled by GM crops, but because other countries have adopted GM crops, world prices are lower as a result and affect Pakistan’s export crops.

785. The Hong Kong Declaration and Agriculture: Implications for Bangladesh [29.975%] | Uttam Kumar Deb & Narayan Chandra Das (2006) | Downloadable! This paper reviews the developments in WTO negotiation on agriculture in the light of the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration. It has critically analysed the decisions and negotiating proposals adopted through the Declaration. The paper has also analysed possible impacts of the adopted decisions and proposals for Bangladesh’s agriculture sector and its economy. Potential impacts are measured in terms of reduction in tariff, domestic support and export subsidy. More importantly, the paper has quantified potential impacts of agricultural trade liberalisation under Doha Round negotiations on prices and welfare gains, production, consumption and trade of agricultural commodities in Bangladesh. Based on the research findings, the paper has suggested some negotiating strategies for Bangladesh to be pursued in the on-going WTO negotiations on agriculture.

786. The Impact of Grameen Bank Credit on the Levels of Income, Employment, and Productivity of Poor Landless Households in Rural Ban [28.736%] | Jhilam Zebunnessa Iqbal (2002) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

787. The Impact of Group-Based Credit Programs on Poor Households in Bangladesh: Does the Gender of Participants Matter? [28.740%] | Mark M. Pitt & Shahidur R. Khandker (1998) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

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788. The Impact of Nuclear Family and Individual Migration on the Elderly in Rural Bangladesh: A Qualitative Analysis [30.012%] | Randall Kuhn (2001) | Downloadable! This paper addresses selectivity, substitution and complementarity of elderly support options in Bangladesh, a nation undergoing simultaneous mobility and aging transitions in an environment of limited economic change. Employing detailed qualitative analysis and descriptive quantitative results, the work suggests that while households execute conscious strategies of fertility control and human capital in response to socio-economic change, they must also manage the associated risk through more extensive use of existing social resources for personal support and care. In detailing this process, the paper introduces two interlocking hierarchies of financial and personal support. In these hierarchies, parents exercise two predominant preferences, favoring sons over other children and favoring linkage of sources of primary financial and personal support. When strategies fail or preferred children emphasize financial support over personal care, parents mobilize personal and financial support from sourc

789. The Impact of War on Calorie Food Demand in Bangladesh [29.994%] | Ana Sanjuán & PJ Dawson (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Daily per capita calorie intake in Bangladesh averaged almost 2,100 (kilo)calories in the 1960s but fell to 1,840 in 1972 following the war of independence in 1971, and only by 1987 did it reach 2,000 again. This article examines the long-run relationship between per capita income, food prices and per capita calorie intake using aggregate data for Bangladesh for 1962-97 and the recent cointegration procedure of Johansen et al ., which permits structural breaks. Results show that a long-run relationship exists and that the war reduced average calorie intake permanently by 10 per cent. Impulse responses show that income Granger-causes calorie intake but not vice versa.

790. The Income And Interest Elasticities Of Demand For Money In Bangladesh: 1973-2003 [29.985%] | Akhtar Hossain (2006) | In this paper, a partial adjustment model of money demand for Bangladesh is specified and is estimated with the annual data for the period 1973-2003. Then, the recursive and rolling regression techniques are applied and the possibility of changes in the income and interest elasticities of demand for money since the early 1980s are estimated, when financial deregulation and financial reforms had been started. The empirical results suggest that, despite financial reforms, the money demand function (narrow or broad) in Bangladesh, has remained broadly stable since the mid-1980s. However, the empirical results obtained by the recursive and rolling regression techniques reveal that the income and interest (or foreign financial asset return) elasticities of demand for money, have somewhat changed since the early 1990s, which also has monetary policy implications.

791. The Information Efficiency of Traders' Price Expectations in a Bangladesh Price Market [28.741%] | Ravallion, Martin (1985) | No abstract is available for this item.

792. The Integration of Financial Markets: Empirical Evidence from South Asian Countries [8.663%] | Qayyum, Abdul & Mohsin, H (2005) | Downloadable! The study analyzed financial market integration in the five countries of South Asia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. All the variables are found to be integrated of the same order in the case of Pakistan, India and Nepal. But for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka they are of different order. The study used Engle Granger (1987) two step methods to check the long run relationship in the case of three countries. There is no evidence of long run relationship between domestic savings and investments to GDP ratio. Further it is found that Indian financial market is not integrated with the world, while financial markets of other South Asian countries are integrated with the world. However, degree of integration is different for each country.

793. The Logic of Letting Go: Family and Individual Migration from Rural Bangladesh [30.016%] | Kuhn, R.S. (2000) | This paper studies rural-urban migration by married males in Bangladesh as a two-outcome process consisting of individual moves and family moves. The family/individual distinction is relevant to issues of rural development, urban planning, and old-age dependency since family migration involves the transfer of not only a conjugal family's production, but also its consumption, to the city. The paper presents the results of a logistic hazard analysis of the migration patterns of men in Matlab Thana over a three-year period from 1984 to 1986, employing surveillance and census data.

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794. The Logic of Letting Go: Family and Individual Migration from Rural Bangladesh [30.016%] | Randall S. Kuhn (2000) | Downloadable! This paper studies rural-urban migration by married males in Bangladesh as a two-outcome process consisting of individual moves and family moves. The family/individual distinction is relevant to issues of rural development, urban planning, and old-age dependency since family migration involves the transfer of not only a conjugal family's production, but also its consumption, to the city. The paper presents the results of a logistic hazard analysis of the migration patterns of men in Matlab Thana over a three-year period from 1984 to 1986, employing surveillance and census data.

795. The Macroeconomic, Industrial and Distributional Effects of Removing Tariffs in Bangladesh [30.016%] | Serajul Hoque (2008) | Downloadable! This paper examines the economic effects of removing tariffs in Bangladesh using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling approach. The results of the simulations indicate that in the short-run a funded tariff cut with fixed real national savings would increase employment slightly and hence would expand GDP. There would be a small economy-wide welfare gain as measured by real consumption. The sectoral results showed that export-oriented industries would experience an expansion in output and employment. There also would be positive effects on the suppliers to these industries. Lightly-protected industries, which rely heavily on imported intermediate inputs, are projected to show robust expansion as they would benefit from a cost reduction. However, highly-protected, import-competing industries would suffer a contraction in output and employment as they would face increased competition from imports due to the removal of tariffs. The simulation results also indicate that there would have so

796. The Money Demand Behaviour in Bangladesh, 1973-2003: An Application of the Cointegration and Error-Correction Methods [30.011%] | Akhtar Hossain (2006) | By applying the methods of cointegration and error-correction, this paper investigates the money demand behaviour in Bangladesh with annual data for the period 1973 to 2003. The empirical results suggest that real money balances (narrow or broad), real permanent income and the deposit rate of interest formed a cointegral relationship for the sample period of study. The dynamic money demand behaviour has been investigated by estimating an error-correction model within a general-to-specific modelling framework. The preferred error-correction model has been found stable. Having identified a stable money demand function, the paper has examined whether there was any structural break in the long-run money demand function during the sample period of study. For this purpose, the Quandt Likelihood Ratio test has been conducted for the period 1982 to 1993 when most financial deregulation and reform measures were undertaken. The test results suggest that there was a structural break in the narrow money demand relationsh

797. The New Japanese GSP Schemes for LDCs and Bangladesh’s Export Opportunities [28.742%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman & Ananya Raihan (2004) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

798. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) : its effect on South Asia [8.626%] | Safadi, Raed & Yeats, Alexander (1993) | Downloadable! Over the past three decades, free trade agreements were mostly a European phenomenon European Free Trade Agreement [EFTA], European Economic Community [EEC], and their regional arrangements). Recently, this phenomenon has reached the Americas and is growing. The authors show that free trade agreements now cover about half of world trade in manufactured goods and about 46 percent of total world trade. Free trade agreements discriminate in favor of member countries, so other exporters are naturally concerned about their trade being displaced. The authors try to quantify the adverse third-part effects of the recently concluded North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the developing countries of South Asia. They find that because the NAFTA countries and South Asia export different types of goods, exports from South Asia will be displaced for only a narrow range of products (probably little more than 10 four-digit SITC groups). The sector most affected is textiles and clothing, given that the p

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799. The Ongoing WTO Negotiations on Agriculture: Issues and Options for Bangladesh [30.005%] | Donald McClatchy (2001) | Downloadable! The negotiation on Agriculture is one of the vital components of WTO negotiation process which involved interests of the LDCs, including Bangladesh. The paper identified the interests of Bangladesh. The objective is to stimulate a discussion in turn assisting those responsible for decisions about Bangladesh’s evolving negotiating positions and strategy.

800. The People's Health Assembly [8.665%] | Mike Rowson (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Mike Rowson shares with readers his own five wishes for the People's Health Assembly to be held in December 2000 in Savar, Bangladesh. The meeting will gather together hundreds of health activists from around the world to assess the state of the primary health care movement in the

�millennium year. Development (2001) 44, 117 121. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110224

801. The Perception on Food Quality among Urban People [8.666%] | S. S. M. Sadrul Huda & Ahmed Taneem Muzaffar & Jashim Uddin Ahmed (2008) | Downloadable! Contaminated and unhygienic food intake is a major problem in the urban cities of Bangladesh. This raises a serious concern for health of the urban citizens. The research investigates into the attitude of the urban educated people on their awareness of food safety. The findings of the study suggest a high degree of awareness amongst respondents of the attitudinal survey. People with higher educational background show higher degree of awareness of how the quality of food should be maintained. A lack of confidence on the functions of government regulatory agency in testing the food standard is also reflected in the study.

802. The Performance of Rice Markets in Bangladesh during the 1974 Famine [28.743%] | Ravallion, Martin (1985) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

803. The Political Economy of Bangladesh's Large and Growing Trade Deficits with India [29.983%] | Akhtar Hossain & Rizwana Salim Rashid (1999) | Downloadable! After remaining low throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Bangladesh's trade deficits (as percent of GDP) with India have been rising sharply since 1993. The size of its illegal trade deficits with India is also large and perceived to be rising since the early 1990s. Thus, instead of interdependence between two trading neighbours at the same stage of development, the Bangladesh-India trade relations suggest an absolute dependence of Bangladesh on India. The debate that has now generated in Bangladesh from such a onesided trade flow has two polar themes. At one extreme are those commentators who consider Bangladesh's large and growing trade deficits with India as a

804. The Politics of Child Participation in International Development: The Dilemma of Agency [8.651%] | Sarah White & Shyamol Choudhury (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper explores the politics of agency expressed through child participation in international development. Empirically it focuses on Bangladesh, highlighting in particular the experience of one children's organisation. It asks how dynamics have changed over time, and what participation has meant for the children and their families. It raises three major challenges for the current practice of child participation: the need to re-emphasise the priority of survival rights; the danger of 'projectisation', and the need to pay critical attention to the resources through which children's agency is built, and the very different models of development they reflect. Cet article s'intéresse à la politique portant sur le rôle des enfants en tant qu'acteurs du développement international. De façon empirique, il se base sur le cas du Bangladesh, en s'appuyant sur l'expérience d'une organisation pour la protection de l'enfance. Il considère l'évolution au fil du temps ainsi que le

805. The Public-Private University Debate in the Higher Education Sector in Bangladesh [30.010%] | Wadood, Syed Naimul (2006) | Downloadable! Bangladesh, a developing country, traditionally had had a system of university education which was public in operation. During the early 1990s, in line with other liberalization policies, Bangladesh allowed private initiatives in university education as well. During the last decade and a half, this private university education system has expanded rapidly. The relevant issue in this context, how the University Grants Commission (UGC), the principal regulatory body in this new

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market, can effectively ensure a quality education for university students, given its' own political economic characteristics? The paper investigates this issue in detail.

806. The Real Exchange Rate, Production Structure, and Trade balance: The Case of Bangladesh [30.008%] | Akhtar Hossain (1997) | This paper develops a macroeconomic model with tradable and nontradable goods and then analyses the movement of both the real exchange rate and trade balance in Bangladesh for the period 1973-1996. Statistical data show that a sustained economic growth of about 4.5 per cent per annum since the mid-1970's and the continued inflows of foreign capital -foreign aid and overseas worker's remittances- have caused an appreciation of the real exchange rate by increasing the relative demand for non-tradables. The increase in the relative demand for non-tradables has brought about structural change in both output and employment in favour of the non-tradable goods sector. For the external sector of the economy, empirical results suggest that as the appreciated real exchange rate did not switch demand from nontradables to tradables because the demand for each of these goods appears price inelastic, the trade balance position, instead of deteriorating, has shown an improvement since the early 1990s.

807. The Role of Education in Economic Growth through the Sectoral Reallocation of Labor [8.644%] | Soohyung Lee (2006) | Downloadable! The main questions of this paper are as follows: Whether and to what extent does rising educational attainment contribute to a country's economic growth by facilitating the reallocation of labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector? The transition from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector ("transition" hereinafter) is an important aspect of a country's development. Consider China as an example. In China, around 70% of the labor force worked in the agricultural sector in 1980, whereas only 47% remained in the agricultural sector in 2000. Over the same period of time, China's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita increased from U.S. $173 to $856. In addition, cross-country data demonstrate that developed countries have a lower share of employment in agriculture than less-developed countries. For instance, high income countries had 4% of their employees engaged in the agricultural sector in 2000, whereas middle income countries had 40% of their emp

808. The Role of Social Capital and NGOs in Community Based Management of Open Water Inland Fisheries of Bangladesh [29.970%] | Ahmad, Alia (2003) | Downloadable! The aim of the paper is two-fold. It presents an integrated conceptual framework based on the literature on common-pool resource institutions, social capital and NGOs, and secondly, it applies the framework to the case of Bangladesh fisheries sector. Current theoretical and empirical research on common-pool resources arrive at two major conclusions: first, the tragedy of the commons is not an inevitable outcome, and secondly, sustainable management of CPRs depends not only on bio-physical characteristics and user characteristics but also on a broader institutional framework or social capital. Formal institutions and externally-supported NGOs can play an important role in this context. The experience of Bangladesh openwater inland fisheries confirms that private property rights attached to waterbodies largely solve the problem of appropriation externalities, but have failed to fulfill equity and long-term sustainability goals because of the elite capture of fishing rights. Community-based fisheri

809. The Stability of Demand for Money in Bangladesh: Time Series Methods [30.000%] | Saten Kumar (2007) | An important issue for selection of monetary policy instruments is the stability of demand for money. In this paper, the demand for narrow money in Bangladesh has been estimated using time series methods. The results of the analysis show that there is a well-determined and stable demand for money in Bangladesh.

810. The Strategic Choices of NGOs: Location Decisions in Rural Bangladesh1 [8.658%] | Anna Fruttero & Varun Gauri (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play an increasingly important role in the delivery of public services in developing countries, but little systematic evidence is available about their strategic choices. We develop two stylised accounts of NGO strategies: one in which pragmatic and organisational concerns determine location decisions, and another in which charitable motivations are the principal determinants. We then use data from the 1995 and 2000

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rounds of the Bangladesh Household and Income and Expenditure Survey to analyse location decisions of NGO programmes established between those two sample years. Whether disaggregated by sector of work or mother organisation, the data show that the net change in NGO programmes in a community was not related to indicators of community need, that NGOs established new programmes where they themselves had no programmes previously, and that they did not avoid duplicating the efforts of other NGOs. Overall, the analysis is consistent

811. The Targeted Credit Programs and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh [30.012%] | Khander, S.R. & Showdbury, O.H. (1996) | The alleviation of poverty has been the prime objective of small-scale targeted credit programs such as the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. Based on household survey data, this paper concludes that these programs can play an important role in both lesing poverty and sustaining household welfare on a long-term basis.

812. The Targeted Credit Programs and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh [30.012%] | Khander, S.R. & Showdbury, O.H. (1996) | The alleviation of poverty has been the prime objective of small-scale targeted credit programs such as the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. Based on household survey data, this paper concludes that these programs can play an important role in both lesing poverty and sustaining household welfare on a long-term basis.

813. The UN scam on human trafficking: No protection for the victims [8.665%] | Asian Centre for Human Rights ACHR (2008) | Downloadable! Ms. Sigma Huda a Bangladeshi national and a special rapporteur for United Nations Commission on Human Rights was arrested in Bangladesh during the state of emergency on 5 July 2007 on the charges of corruption. She was sentenced a three year imprisonment. While Ms. Huda is in jail no communications sent on her behalf to protect the victims of trafficking. While UN has ruled on Ms. Hudaâ€™s lack of immunity, it has failed to feel the gap left in UN protection system. ACHR is concerned over the failure of the Human Rights Council to address this protection gap for the victims of trafficking.

814. The Uruguay Round and South Asia : an overview of the impact and opportunities [8.642%] | Majd, Nader (1995) | Downloadable! The author examines the impact of the Uruguay Round on four South Asian countries with similar trade structures: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. These countries are major exporters of textiles and clothing and some agriculture. Their manufacturing sectors - especially textiles and clothing - would seem to be the main beneficiaries of the Round. The impact on agriculture should be modest. The Round improves market security for both exporters and importers, but these countries must do much more to adjust their domestic policies to the realities of the post-Round global environment. There must be further liberalization and more integration with both the region and the world. The trade regimes of the four countries are a mixed bag. All have launched major trade reform away from an inward orientation. They have liberalized trade by removing quantitative restrictions and reducing tariffs, but the degree of liberalization varies. India has done a lot to open up its economy but has not moved

815. The Use of Input-Output Analysis to Determine the Appropriateness of Technology and Industries: Evidence from Bangladesh [28.738%] | Alauddin, Mohammad & Tisdell, Clem A (1988) | No abstract is available for this item.

816. The Woman Friendly Hospital Initiative in Bangladesh: A strategy for addressing violence against women [30.006%] | YA Haque (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Y.A. Haque discusses the genesis, development, experiences and future of the Woman Friendly Hospital Initiative as an innovative

�strategy to address violence against women (VAW) in Bangladesh. Development (2001) 44, 79 81. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110267

817. The Wto, Atc And Textiles And Clothing In A Global Perspective: What’S In It For Bangladesh? [29.995%] | Dean Spinanger (2001) | Downloadable! The paper examines the conditions shaping the global demand for textile and clothing products from a given country or rather determining whether a

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country is a suitable investment location for the production of T&C products. It also highlights the trends in Bangladesh’s RMG exports and examines the medium to longer term prospects of Bangladesh’s export-oriented garment industries, and in particular the impact of the removal of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement in 2005.

818. The catalyst model of development: Lessons from Bangladesh's success with garment exports [28.742%] | Rhee, Yung Whee (1990) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

819. The challenging arithmetic of poverty in Bangladesh [29.957%] | Ravallion, Martin (1991) | Downloadable! The arithmetic of poverty in Bangladesh is challenging from a number of perspectives. Counting Bangladesh's poor is difficult to do with seemingly tolerable precision, even just to get some idea of whether recent efforts to alleviate poverty have succeeded. But that is only the beginning of the challenge. The details of how to find resources, and design and implement effective policies - the arithmetic of poverty alleviation in Bangladesh - pose a severe challenge to policy analysts, governments, and the international community. This paper aims to offer a critical assessment of recent evidence relevant to these issues. It addressesthe following three questions: (i) Has poverty decreased in Bangladesh during the 1980s? (ii) How responsive is poverty in Bangladesh to economic growth and changes in relative inequalities? (iii) What are the prospects for poverty alleviation through currently anticipated economic growth in Bangladesh? The paper takes a close look at some recent data suggesting that t

820. The changing public role in a rice economy approaching self-sufficiency: the case of Bangladesh [30.019%] | Goletti, Francesco (1994) | Bangladesh, which has been a country of chronic food deficits, now appears to be nearing self-sufficiency in rice. Production of rice, the major food staple of the country, grew at a rate of 2.7 percent in the 1980s, while population grew at a rate of 2.0 percent. The gap between production and the foodgrain requirements of the population is clearly narrowing, although the need to import wheat will continue for the rest of this decade. The sustained and increasingly stable growth of rice production during the 1970s and 1980s is closely related to the introduction of high-yielding varieties, mainly the winter boro rice crop, which rose from 21 percent of total rice production in 1972/73 to 35 percent in 1989/90. The two main rice crops, aman and boro, tend to have contrary patterns of production increase and decrease within a given year. Now that boro rice has a larger share in total production, this intrayear compensation affords a more regular flow of production and a changed pattern of seasonality character

821. The commercialisation of the indigenous economy and its impact on the environment of Modhupur Garh, Bangladesh [30.011%] | Soma Dey (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The level of destruction of the natural sal (shorea robusta) forest of Modhupur Garh in Bangladesh has pushed the forest-dwelling indigenous Garo community into cash crop production, forcing them to move away from their traditional subsistence economy. Cash crop production started in Modhupur region with pineapple cultivation which, in recent years, has been superceded by Banana monoculture. Environmentalists have identified monoculture cropping as a great threat to the natural environment of Modhupur. Moreover, the excessive use of agrochemicals in commercial plantations of Modhupur has raised serious media concern, and is considered a direct threat to the health status of the producers and consumers. Expansion of the commercial economy has caused landlessness, poverty, gender discrimination among the Garos. People are working hard in plantations, mainly as wage labourers, migrating towards cities in search of petty jobs and thus they are losing their traditional cultural in

822. The cost of downside protection and the time diversification issue in South Asian stock markets [8.664%] | Lakshman Alles (2008) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The objectives of this article are to carry out a comparative study of the costs of downside protection for investors in the stock markets of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and to investigate the time diversification issue in these markets by examining the variation of this cost as the investment horizon is extended. The cost of

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downside protection and time diversification effects are investigated by examining the properties of a protective put strategy and a capital protected equity participation strategy in each country's stock market over investment horizons ranging from 1 to20 years. Long-horizon investment outcomes are generated using a bootstrapping technique. Results indicate that the cost of downside protection differs from one country to another, but there is a common pattern of the cost decreasing as the investment horizon lengthens. In overall terms, the pattern of decreasing protection costs at longer investment horizons is consistent with the notion o

823. The cost-effectiveness of health education in improving knowledge and awareness about intestinal parasites in rural Bangladesh [28.738%] | Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N. & Karim, R. & Karim, E. & Akhtar, S. & Ahmed, T. & Monta... (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

824. The demand for financial services by the rural poor [8.662%] | Zeller, Manfred & Sharma, Manohar (2000) | Downloadable! This policy brief summarizes lessons learned from IFPRI's multicountry program on rural finance and household food security with regard to the poors' demand for financial services. The lessons are derived from detailed household surveys conducted in nine countries of Asia and Africa: Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, and Pakistan.

825. The determinants of demand for micronutrients [8.667%] | Bouis, Howarth E. & Novenario-Reese, Mary Jane G. (1997) | Downloadable! Micronutrient deficiencies are particularly severe in Bangladesh. Understanding howhousehold income, food prices, parental education and nutritional knowledge, and culturally-based customs and food preferences interact to determine food consumption patterns (particularly for nonstaple foods), and so micronutrient intake, can provide crucial information for designing policies and intervention programs to improve human nutrition. Within the typical dietary patterns of the Bangladeshi survey population, the key food group with respect to micronutrient consumption is vegetables, providing nearly 95 percent of vitamin A intake, 75 percent of vitamin C intake, and 25 percent of iron intake. Vegetables are the least expensive sources of all of these nutrients. Vegetables are sufficiently inexpensive sources of vitamin A and vitamin C that they could provide the RDA within normal dietary patterns and the budgets of low-income groups. There is no corresponding inexpensive source of iron. Programs to educ

826. The dynamics of school and work in rural Bangladesh [28.742%] | Canals-Cerda, Jose & Ridao-Cano, Cristobal (2004) | Downloadable! Canals-Cerd? and Ridao-Cano investigate the effect of work on the school progress of rural Bangladeshi children. They specify a dynamic switching model for the sequence of school and work outcomes up to the end of secondary school, where the switching in each school level is determined by the endogenous work history of the child up to that level. This approach allows the authors to evaluate the dynamic effects of work on school progress. They find that work has a negative and sizable effect on school progress and are able to measure this effect for different groups of children. Their results highlight the relevance of policies aimed at increasing school progress through reductions in child work and the importance of accompanying these policies by efforts to improve the adverse environment that working children face. The authors evaluate the dynamic effects of three policies: compulsory primary schooling, compulsory school entry at age six, and universal access to secondary school. They find that

827. The economics of consanguineous marriages [8.650%] | Do, Quy-Toan & Iyer, Sriya & Joshi, Shareen (2006) | Downloadable! The institution of consanguineous marriage-a marriage contracted between close biological relatives-has been a basic building block of many societies in different parts of the world. This paper argues that the practice of consanguinity is closely related to the practice of dowry, and that both arise in response to an agency problem between the families of a bride and a groom. When marriage contracts are incomplete, dowries transfer control rights to the party with the highest incentives to invest in a marriage. When these transactions are costly however, consanguinity can be a more appropriate response since it directly reduces the agency cost. The paper ' s model predicts that dowry transfers are less likely to be observed in consanguineous unions. It also emphasizes the effect of credit

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constraints on the relative prevalence of dowry payment and consanguinity. An empirical analysis using data from Bangladesh delivers robust results consistent with the predictions of the model.

828. The economics of fertilizer use in developing countries: A case study of Bangladesh : By A. Parikh. Gower, Aldershot, England, 1 [28.740%] | Baanante, C. (1991) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

829. The effect of class size on student achievement: evidence from Bangladesh [29.975%] | M. Niaz Asadullah (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This study examines the effect of class size on student achievement in Bangladesh using national secondary school survey data. A Ministry of Education rule regarding allocation of teachers to secondary grades is exploited to construct an instrument for class size. This rule causes a discontinuity between grade enrolment and class size thereby generating exogenous variation in the latter. It is found that OLS and IV estimates of class size effects have perverse signs: both yield a positive coefficient on the class size variable. The results suggest that reduction in class size in secondary grades is not efficient in a developing country like Bangladesh. Last, as by-product, some evidence is found suggesting that greater competition among schools improve student achievement.

830. The end of textiles quotas: A case study of the impact on Bangladesh [29.979%] | Yongzheng Yang & Montfort Mlachila (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper assesses the effects on the Bangladeshi economy of phasing out textile and clothing quotas by industrial countries. Bangladesh relies heavily on textile and clothing exports and is potentially very vulnerable to the abolition of the quotas. We used up-to-date information on quota prices for Bangladesh to evaluate its competitiveness in a quota-free world, and subsequently incorporate the quota price information in the GTAP model to simulate the effects of quota phase out on Bangladesh. We also examine in detail the supply constraints facing Bangladesh's textiles and clothing industries. Based on this analysis, we conclude that without accelerated structural reforms Bangladesh is likely to face significant pressure on its balance of payments, output and employment in the aftermath of quota removal.

831. The export-income relationship and trade liberalisation in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Dawson, P.J. (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

832. The gains from exchange rate unification in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Ahammad, Helal & Fane, George (2000) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

833. The impact of floods on the adoption rate of high-yielding rice varieties in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Azam, Jean-Paul (1996) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

834. The impact of the International Food Policy Research Institute's research program on rural finance policies for food security fo [8.646%] | Alwang, Jeffrey & Puhazhendhi, V. (2002) | Downloadable! This study examines the contributions of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) between 1993 and 2001 to analysis, outreach, capacity building, and training related to the role of rural finance in poverty reduction. The IFPRI multicountry research project on Rural Finance Policies for Food Security for the Poor involved data-intensive research by more than 14 research fellows on the impacts of access to rural financial services in countries. This report examines the contribution of the program within four countries where microfinance research and outreach activities were conducted and its contribution to global knowledge about rural finance and food security....It addresses issues of critical importance: (1) does microfinance have an impact on the poor, and is this impact achieved through better risk management as well as increased income generation?, (2) does the structure of financial service providers matter in supporting this impact?, and (3) how can the microfinance indust

835. The influence of women's changing roles and status in Bangladesh's fertility transition: Evidence from a study of credit program [28.741%] | Schuler, Sidney Ruth & Hashemi, Syed Mesbahuddin & Riley, Ann P. (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

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836. The macroeconomic, industrial and distributional effects of removing tariffs in Bangladesh [30.016%] | Hoque, Serajul (2008) | Downloadable! This paper examines the economic effects of removing tariffs in Bangladesh using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling approach. The results of the simulations indicate that in the short-run a funded tariff cut with fixed real national savings would increase employment slightly and hence would expand GDP. There would be a small economy-wide welfare gain as measured by real consumption. The sectoral results showed that export-oriented industries would experience an expansion in output and employment. There also would be positive effects on the suppliers to these industries. Lightly-protected industries, which rely heavily on imported intermediate inputs, are projected to show robust expansion as they would benefit from a cost reduction. However, highly-protected, import-competing industries would suffer a contraction in output and employment as they would face increased competition from imports due to the removal of tariffs. The simulation results also indicate that there would have so

837. The poverty impact of rural roads : evidence from Bangladesh [29.993%] | Khandker, Shahidur R. & Bakht, Zaid & Koolwal, Gayatri B. (2006) | Downloadable! The rationale for public investment in rural roads is that households can better exploit agricultural and nonagricultural opportunities to use labor and capital more efficiently. But significant knowledge gaps remain as to how opportunities provided by roads actually filter back into household outcomes and their distributional consequences. This paper examines the impacts of rural road projects using household-level panel data from Bangladesh. Rural road investments are found to reduce poverty significantly through higher agricultural production, higher wages, lower input and transportation costs, and higher output prices. Rural roads also lead to higher girls'and boys'schooling. Road investments are pro-poor, meaning the gains are proportionately higher for the poor than for the non-poor.

838. The role of labor unions in fostering economic development [8.653%] | Pencavel, John (1995) | Downloadable! In this essay on how labor unions work, the author proposes a framework for the law on collective bargaining in developing countries. The structure of developing economies cannot sustain as high a level of unionism as in industrial economies. Typically less (often much less) than a quarter of the workers in a developing country are covered by collective bargaining agreements-and those covered (the labor elite) are likely to be employed by the state and by large private sector employers. In this setting, the author says, states sometimes adopt either a patronage regime (nourishing unionism and collective bargaining) or an obstructionist regime (undermining and subverting it). Patronage regimes are found in Bangladesh, India, and certain African and West Indian countries (many of them former British colonies), countries in which close ties exist between political parties (sometimes including the governing party), and labor unions. Some of the features of obstructionist regimes are found in certain

839. The scaling-up of microfinance in Bangladesh : determinants, impact, and lessons [30.005%] | Zaman, Hassan (2004) | Downloadable! The microfinance industry in Bangladesh currently provides access to credit to around 13 million poor households. The author describes the factors that led to the scaling-up of micro-credit in Bangladesh, the impact this has had on the poor, future challenges in Bangladesh, and possible lessons for other countries. The consensus in the literature is that micro-credit plays a significant role in reducing household vulnerability to a number of risks and that it contributes to improving social indicators. The author argues that strategic donor investments in a handful of well-managed institutions that offer a simple, easily replicable financial product could lead to large gains in access to finance for the poor. However, this approach could sacrifice other objectives of financial sector development, such as product and institutional diversity, which could be promoted after the initial expansion has taken place. Governments can also have a crucial role in promoting access to microfinance by ensuring

840. The state and industry in the development process: How universal is the Evans vision? [8.660%] | Werner Baer & Hadi Salehi Esfahani & Salim Rashid (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The debate concerning the role of industrial policy in less developed economies has recently been invigorated by the contributions of Peter Evans, with his concept of embedded autonomy receiving particular

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attention in the literature. This article critically examines this concept, aiming to ascertain its global applicability. Drawing on case studies from Bangladesh, Brazil and Egypt, the strengths, and also the limitations, of the Evans vision are highlighted. In particular, it is suggested that the concept of embedded autonomy fails to accommodate adequately the institutional specificities of individual countries.

841. The strategy of development in Bangladesh : Azizur Rahman Khan and Mahabub Hossain, (Macmillan, in association with the OECD Dev [28.743%] | Boyce, James K. (1993) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

842. Time-Series Econometrics of the Real and Financial Effects of Capital Flows: Selected Cases in Africa and Southern Asia [8.658%] | J Benson Durham (2008) | Downloadable! Few studies address the real effects of international capital flows. Instead of a cross-sectional design, this study exclusively examines time-series data from nine countries. Four cases - Nigeria, Zimbabwe, India, and Pakistan - produce evidence that either FDI or FPI adversely affect growth or savings rates, while two cases produce some evidence of a benevolent effect - Uganda and Sri Lanka. The data for Kenya, Zambia, and Bangladesh largely produce ambiguous results, and in fact, the vast majority of models across all cases indicate no significant relation. The preponderance of negative effects is largely consistent with the notion that lower income countries lack sufficient 'absorptive capacity' to harness foreign investment.

843. Time-varying volatility and equity returns in Bangladesh stock market [30.007%] | Syed Basher & M. Kabir Hassan & Anisul Islam (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This article empirically examines the time-varying risk return relationship and the impact of institutional factors such as circuit breaker on volatility for the emerging equity market of Bangladesh [namely The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE)] using daily and weekly stock returns. The DSE equity returns show negative skewness, excess kurtosis and deviation from normality. The returns display significant serial correlation suggesting stock market inefficiency. The results also show a significant relationship between conditional volatility and stock returns, but the risk-return parameter is found to be sensitive to choice of samples and frequencies of data. Overall, the coefficient of the risk-return parameter is negative and statistically significant. While this result is not consistent with the portfolio theory, it is possible theoretically in emerging markets as investors may not demand higher risk premia if they are better able to bear risk at times of particular volatility (Glo

844. Tobacco Chewing, Smoking and Health Knowledge: Evidence from Bangladesh [29.988%] | Shiferaw Gurmu & Mohammad Yunus (2008) | Downloadable! Unlike the substance abuse studies in developed countries, tobacco consumption and its adverse effects in developing countries are poorly studied. The objective of this paper is to identify which factors influence individuals’ decision to smoke cigarettes, chew tobacco and their knowledge about the health hazards of tobacco use. To allow for the potential correlation among smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and health knowledge, we estimate a trivariate probit regression model using household survey data from Bangladesh. For both chewing tobacco and smoking, the results show how the probabilities of uninformed tobacco user and uninformed nonuser vary across different demographic groups.

845. Towards Supply Chain Integration Through Multimodal Transport in Developing Economies: The Case of Bangladesh [29.956%] | Dewan Md Zahurul Islam & John Dinwoodie & Michael Roe (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper presents a normative model for efficient goods movement promoting supply chain integration in developing economies. Supply chains encompass a holistic throughput of goods movements to and from partner organisations including internal and external suppliers. Similarly, multimodal freight transport represents an integrated system for moving goods quickly and inexpensively from shipper to consignee by at least two different modes under a single contract. The initial discussion considers the influence of containerisation on international freight transport and some benefits and limitations of multimodalism. A trend towards supply chain integration and the implications for intermediaries and shippers or manufacturers in freight transport systems are discussed. Various barriers to supply chain integration in developing economies are presented. A case

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study of the scope for developing multimodal transport is reviewed in the light of particular national transport problems f

846. Trade And Financial Liberalisation And Endogenous Growth In Bangladesh [30.013%] | Jalal U. Siddiki (2002) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper empirically explores the joint impact of financial and trade liberalisation on economic growth in Bangladesh using various time series techniques, endogenous growth theory and annual data from 1975--95. Our empirical results are in accordance with the predictions of endogenous growth theory that both financial and trade liberalisation, along with investment in human capital enhance economic growth, suggesting the case for liberalisation of both the financial and trade sectors and suggesting that government initiatives in education policy may expedite economic growth. Results are robust across methodologies. [E52, F43, O11, O53]

847. Trade Facilitation Negotiations in the WTO: Implications for Bangladesh and Other Least Developed and Developing Countries [29.953%] | Wenguo Cai & Sarah Geddes (2003) | Downloadable! This paper provides an overview of how trade facilitation has been addressed in the WTO to date, and how this may affect Bangladesh’s negotiating strategy on trade facilitation in the upcoming Cancun Ministerial and beyond. The paper also defines the term “trade facilitation”, reviews the development of trade facilitation in the international community apart from the WTO, and examines the work that has taken place on the issue in the WTO including the current state of play in trade facilitation discussions. Apart from providing an overview of WTO provisions that are relevant to trade facilitation, as a part of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), and summarising the proposals that various WTO members have made for enhancing trade facilitation in the WTO, the paper addresses some of the implementation issues WTO members face with respect to trade facilitation. It further examines the implications of trade facilitation negotiations on Bangladesh and other least developed and developing countri

848. Trade Liberalisation and Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Bangladesh Manufacturing Industries [30.014%] | MA Hossain & ND Karunaratne (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The paper investigates the effects of trade liberalisation on the technical efficiency of the Bangladesh manufacturing sector by estimating a combined stochastic frontier-inefficiency model using panel data for the period 197894 for 25 three-digit level industries. The results show that the overall technical efficiency of the manufacturing sector as well as the technical efficiencies of the majority of the individual industries has increased over time. The findings also clearly suggest that trade liberalisation, proxied by export orientation and capital deepening, has had significant impact on the reduction of the overall technical inefficiency. Similarly, the scale of operation and the proportion of non-production labour in total employment appear as important determinants of technical inefficiency. The evidence also indicates that both export-promoting and import-substituting industries have experienced rises in technical efficiencies over time. Besides, the results are sug

849. Trade Liberalisation and the Crop Sector in Bangladesh [29.990%] | Mahabub Hossain & Uttam Kumar Deb (2003) | Downloadable! The paper presents a comparative picture of the cost of production and prices of major crop sector outputs, and presents an assessment of India’s agriculture trade policies. Data and analyses presented in this paper will be useful in designing appropriate policies for protecting the interests of the vast majority of low-income consumers and farm producers in the country in the context of trade liberalisation policy pursued by Bangladesh.

850. Trade Liberalization and National Food Security: Rice Trade between Bangladesh and India [28.741%] | Dorosh, Paul A. (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

851. Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh [30.015%] | Durevall, Dick & Munshi, Farzana (2006) | Downloadable! This paper explores the relationship between trade liberalization and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in the Bangladesh cotton textile industry. A dynamic two-equation model is estimated for wages of skilled and unskilled workers over the period 1973-2002, using four different openness measures. In no case does opening up affect unskilled wages

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differently than skilled wages, implying that openness per se has not contributed to changes in wage inequality. Our findings also suggest that openness increased real wages for both skilled and unskilled workers. 

852. Trade Negotiations on Temporary Movement of Natural Persons: A Strategy Paper for Bangladesh [29.977%] | Ananya Raihan & Mabroor Mahmood (2004) | Downloadable! This research paper examines Bangladesh's opportunities as regards GATS Mode 4, particularly in the area of export of manpower, and provides a negotiating strategy that would be helpful for the policymakers. Evaluating the demographic trends in the European countries, the authors argue that Bangladesh can generate significant gains through TMNP by utilising the special treatment that has been accorded to LDCs in the recent WTO meetings. The distinguishing feature of the article is that it mapped the classes of manpower with various ISCO-88 categories, and classified Bangladesh's export interests under three broad groups. Such an approach, first ever used in Bangladesh, is believed to assist the policymakers to identify Bangladesh's areas of interests and articulate their stance accordingly to ensure maximum gains from future negotiations

853. Trade Potential in SAFTA: An Application of Augmented Gravity Model [8.648%] | Mustafizur Rahman & Wasel Bin Shadat & Narayan Chandra Das (2006) | Downloadable! The present paper investigates the trade creation and trade diversion effects of a number of RTAs, with special focus on the SAFTA, by using a gravity model. Apart from the traditional gravity variables, the model is augmented by some other import variables (e.g. bilateral exchange rate, bilateral free trade agreement). To capture the individual country effect, along with the impact of overall RTA, a set of additional dummy variable has been introduced. The model developed in this paper is estimated by using panel data approach with country-pair specific as well as year specific fixed effects. Two stages estimation technique is deployed to arrive at the estimates. The first stage is estimated using Tobit Model, while OLS is applied in the second stage. The study finds significant intra-bloc export creation in SAPTA; however, at the same time there is evidence of net export diversion in the SAPTA. Bangladesh, India and Pakistan are expected to gain from joining the RTA, while Nepal, Maldives and

854. Trade Reforms and Economic Integration in South Asia: SAARC to SAPTA [8.654%] | Chowdhury, Mamta B. (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! As Globalisation and regionalism gained its momentum from the beginning of 1980s and the gain from open trade is realised by the pioneer East Asian nations (especially, the ASEAN countries), the South Asian countries also tried to catch up with the stream under the banner of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The objective of the study is to assess the liberalisation efforts by these nations. Our empirical results in terms of trade among the regional group suggest that the smaller countries, namely Bangladesh and Sri Lanka reap the higher gains from openness, whereas trade with other international partners, it took India and Bangladesh to gain international competitiveness until mid 1990s. Our study indicates Pakistan and Sri Lanka’s trade liberalisation efforts don’t seem to have much positive impact in terms of international trade.

855. Trade and Investment Linkages and Policy Coordination: Lessons from Case Studies in Asian Developing Countries [8.662%] | Yann Duval (2008) | Downloadable! The Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) launched an exploratory study on trade and investment policy linkages and coordination in 2007 , which included exploratory surveys of private sector stakeholders in three South-Asian countries (Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka) on the need for improved trade and investment policy coordination and coherence based on the Policy Framework for Investment (PFI) developed by OECD. Following a short overview of trade and investment linkages from an Asian perspective, this paper summarizes the key findings from the exploratory surveys and draw preliminary policy implications.

856. Trade and Linkages Using Input-Output Approach: An Empirical Investigation of Bangladesh [30.008%] | Mustafa K. Mujeri & Mohammad Alauddin (1994) | Downloadable! Employing a variant of the open-static Leontief model and a 53-sector input-output table, the paper identifies a variant of the key sectors in the Bangladesh economy in terms of trade linkages. The concepts of gross and net linkages are

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introduced and the analysis is extended to both current (flow) and capital (stock) accounts. On the gross linkage criterion, only a handful of sectors emerge as key sectors with three or more linkages. These sectors are from within the manufacturing and services categories. This is also the case with sectors having two strong linkages. Agricultural sectors do not feature at all. A transition from gross to net linkages changes the rankings quite significantly. Most agricultural sectors show two strong linkages in the flow account. The findings suggest that Bangladeshi export sector, is typically undiversified in that it relies heavily on agriculture and related industries, with jute and jute textiles accounting for over 70 percent of net export earnings. Not surpr

857. Trade liberalization and endogenous growth of manufacturing industries in Bangladesh: an empirical investigation [29.955%] | Nasiruddin Ahmed (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Using the framework of an endogenous growth model, this paper empirically analyses the relation between trade policies and industrial growth in Bangladesh during the period 1974-1996. The cointegration and error correction modelling approaches have been applied. The empirical results suggest that there exists a unique cointegral relation between the index of industrial production and its major determinants of investment-GDP ratio, average share of exports in GDP and secondary school enrolment ratio. The short-term dynamic behaviour of Bangladesh's industrial production has been investigated by estimating an error correction model in which the error correction term has been found to be correctly signed and statistically significant. The findings of the study show that investment share in GDP, export share in GDP (lagged four quarters), secondary school enrolment ratio, and average collection of customs duty (lagged six quarters) have all emerged as significant determinants of

858. Trade reforms, farm productivity, and poverty in Bangladesh [30.016%] | Klytchnikova, Irina & Diop, Ndiame (2006) | Downloadable! This paper analyzes the distributional impacts of trade reforms in rural areas of Bangladesh. The liberalization of trade in irrigation equipment and fertilizer markets during the early 1990s has led to structural changes in the agricultural sector and a significant increase in rice productivity. A resulting increase in output has been associated with a decline in producer and consumer rice prices of approximately 25 percent. Using a combination of ex-post and ex-ante approaches, the authors investigate the implications of the changes in rice productivity and prices for the welfare of households. They find that the net effects of increased rice productivity and lower rice prices have benefited the poor. Regardless of the particular category analyzed, the poorest households emerged as being particularly positively affected by reforms in the 1990s. This mainly reflects the fact that they are predominantly net rice buyers in both urban and rural markets. In contrast, large net sellers of rice, amon

859. Trade, growth and wage inequality in Bangladesh [30.007%] | Hiranya Nath & Khawaja Mamun (2007) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Using model selection techniques based on out-of-sample predictive ability criterion in a Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework, this paper empirically examines the causal relations among growth, trade, and wage inequality in Bangladesh between 1971 and 2000. There is some evidence of bi-directional causality between growth and inequality and between trade and growth. That growth causes trade and that trade causes inequality are robust results. Furthermore, evidence strongly suggests that investment is important for trade, and the terms of trade between agricultural products and manufacturing products is an important causal determinant of both growth and trade.

860. Traditional fuel usage and the rural poor in Bangladesh [28.742%] | Douglas, J. J. (1982) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

861. Translations of health sector SWAps--A comparative study of health sector development cooperation in Uganda, Zambia and Banglade [28.738%] | Sundewall, Jesper & Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

862. Treading water: The long-term impact of the 1998 flood on nutrition in Bangladesh [28.739%] | del Ninno, Carlo & Lundberg, Mattias (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

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863. Trust and Religion: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh [30.013%] | Johansson-Stenman, Olof & Mahmud, Minhaj & Martinsson, Peter (2005) | Downloadable! Trust is measured using both survey questions and a standard trust experiment using a random sample of individuals in rural Bangladesh. We found no significant effect of the social distance between Hindus and Muslims in the trust experiment in terms of fractions sent or returned, but the responses to the survey questions indicate significant differences: Hindus, the minority, trust other people less in general, and Hindus trust Muslims more than the other way around. 

864. Trust and Religion: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh [30.011%] | Olof Johansson Stenman & Minhaj Mahmud & Peter Martinsson (2006) | Downloadable! Trust is measured using both survey questions and a standard trust experiment among a random sample of Muslim and Hindu household heads in rural Bangladesh. We found no significant effect of the social distance between Hindus and Muslims in the trust experiment in terms of fractions sent or returned, but the responses to the survey questions do indicate significant differences. Hindus, the minority, trust other people less in general, while Hindus trust Muslims more than Muslims trust Hindus.

865. Trust, Trust Games and Stated Trust: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh [30.009%] | Olof Johansson Stenman & Minhaj Mahmud & Peter Martinsson (2006) | Downloadable! Levels of trust are measured by asking standard survey questions on trust and by observing the behaviour in a trust game using a random sample in rural Bangladesh. Follow-up questions and correlations between stated expectations and the sent amount in the trust game reveal that the amount sent in the trust game is a weak measure of trust. The fear of future punishment, either during or after this life, for not being sufficiently generous to others, was the most frequently stated motive behind the respondents' behaviour, highlighting the potential importance of motives that cannot be inferred directly from people's behaviour.

866. Trust, Trust Games and Stated Trust: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh [30.009%] | Johansson-Stenman, Olof & Mahmud, Minhaj & Martinsson, Peter (2005) | Downloadable! Levels of trust are measured by asking standard survey questions on trust and by observing the behaviour in a trust game using a random sample in rural Bangladesh. Follow-up questions and correlations between the sent amount in the trust game and stated expectations reveal that the amount sent in the trust game is a weak measure of trust. The fear of future punishment, either within or after this life, for not being sufficiently generous to others, was the most frequently stated motive behind the respondents’ behaviour, highlighting the potential importance of motives that cannot be inferred directly from people’s behaviour. 

867. Tuberculosis Control in developing countries: A Generalized Community Health Worker Based Model [8.652%] | Ravichandran N (2004) | Downloadable! Tuberculosis is a major health care burden in developing countries. World Health Organization (WHO) has been assisting developing countries through their respective Governments to control this curable disease. The Amsterdam declaration aims to control tuberculosis globally by the year 2005. The TBC project implementation experiences are varied across countries both on cure and detection rates. The government initiatives are complemented by the non government organizations involvement at the operational level. The BRAC model in Bangladesh involves the NGOs in an extensive and cohesive way. This paper documents the BRAC model for TBC in Bangladesh. We introduce the concept of value chain, in the context of TBC. Based on the value chain concept, the logic for the effectiveness of the BRAC model is discussed. An improved version of the Bangladesh delivery model is proposed. We hope the model proposed in this work would draw the attention of policy planners, and help them to control TB in their respe

868. USA Trade and Development Act 2000: A Response from Bangladesh Perspective [29.998%] | Debapriya Bhattacharya & Mustafizur Rahman (2000) | Downloadable! The present paper attempts to understand the various ramifications of the US TDA2000, the United States Congress initiated, particularly with respect to Bangladesh. The paper lays out the backdrop of the issue, various provisions of the US TDA2000, reviews the implications of the Act for Bangladesh and puts forward a number of measures which might provide a basis for Bangladesh’s response strategy to the US TDA2000.

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869. Unemployment and underemployment in Bangladesh agriculture [28.743%] | Ahmed, Iqbal (1978) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

870. Unit costs, cost - effectiveness, and financing of nutrition interventions [8.639%] | Horton, Susan (1992) | Downloadable! The author summarizes what is known about unit costs, the cost structure, cost-effectiveness, and financing of eight nutrition interventions: maternal and child health (MCH) feeding, school feeding, nutrition education, the promotion of breastfeeding, targeted food subsidies, micronutrient supplementation, micronutrient fortification, and growth monitoring. Among items that she reports: (1) mass media nutrition education campaigns and the promotion of breastfeeding cost about $1 - $5 per beneficiary; face-to-face nutrition programs cost more ($23 per beneficiary in the Dominican Republic). (2) Food distribution programs of different types have fairly similar costs. For distributing about 1,000 calories a day per beneficiary per year: $75 for untargeted food rations, $64 for targeted food rations, $74 for MCH and school feeding programs, and $134 for highly targeted feeding programs. Micronutrient interventions cost from $0.04 to $4 per person-year of protection; supplementation is more expensive

871. Unofficial Exchange Rates in Bangladesh: A Cointegration Analysis [29.943%] | Jalal U. Siddiki (2002) | This article estimates a structural model for unofficial market foreign exchange (forex) rates (E-sub-U) and examines the stability of the forex market in Bangladesh using an autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration analysis on quarterly data from 1976Q2--1995Q2. It also compares the in-sample and out-of-sample (from 1995Q3--1999Q2) forecasting performances of the structural model with other time-series models. With E-sub-U as a dependent variable and official exchange rates (E-sub-O), money supply (M), the difference between foreign and domestic interest rates (I), forex reserves relative to imports (Q) and political along with some structural factors (D85) as explanatory variables, a multivariate cointegrated relationship is found in which E-sub-O, Q, and I cause an appreciation and M and D85 cause a depreciation in E-sub-U. These results imply that the overvaluation of the official exchange rate, increases in money supply, the paucity of official forex reserves, and structural factors are t

872. Use of the formal and informal financial sectors : does gender matter? empirical evidence from rural Bangladesh [29.982%] | McKernan, Signe-Mary & Pitt, Mark M. & Moskowitz, David (2005) | Downloadable! Access to transfers and credit, whether cash or in-kind, is a major source of poverty alleviation and income generation in many developing countries around the world. Women may especially benefit from transfers and credit in countries such as Bangladesh, where they often have few work alternatives. In this paper, the authors descriptively examine the formal and informal financial sectors of rural Bangladesh, placing special emphasis on differences between men and women. Their analysis uses unique data on the credit and transfer behaviors of 1,800 households in rural Bangladesh. The authors focus on five important questions: a) How important are the formal and informal financial sectors? b) What are the primarysources of gifts and loans within those sectors? c) Do men and women rely on different sources for finances (for example, formal versus informal) or different types of finances (for example, transfers versus loans)? d) How have the financial sectors evolved during the 1990s? e) What is the

873. Using Choice Experiments to Measure Relative Values of Statistical Lives: Evidence from Bangladesh [30.003%] | Minhaj Mahmud (2006) | Downloadable! By assuming that an individual has preferences concerning different states of the world and these preferences can be described by an individual social welfare function, we explore the relative value of statistical life using survey data from Bangladesh. We apply a pair-wise choice experiment on life-saving programs to elicit individuals’ preferences regarding differences in the values of statistical lives related to age. We find that the relative value decreases strongly with age and that people have strong preferences for saving more life-years, rather than lives per se. Moreover, in specific follow-up questions, it is again elicited that a majority of the respondents believe that it is better, from a social point of view, to save younger individuals.

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874. Using Mixture Models to Detect Sex Bias in Health Outcomes in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Jonathan J. Morduch & Hall S. Stern (1995) | No abstract is available for this item.

875. Using Mixture Models to Detect Sex Bias in Health Outcomes in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Morduch, J. & Stern, H.S. (1995) | No abstract is available for this item.

876. Using mixture models to detect sex bias in health outcomes in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Morduch, Jonathan J. & Stern, Hal S. (1997) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

877. VECTOR AUTOREGRESSION EVIDENCE ON MONETARISM: Vector Autoregression Evidence on Monetarism A FOCUS ON SOME DEVELOPING ECONOMIES [8.656%] | Mudabber Ahmed & U. L. G. Rao (2006) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! The objective of this paper is to test the validity of two views of monetarism in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. A Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model is developed and the objective is accomplished by conducting Granger causality tests and estimating variance decompositions and impulse response functions. The first view of monetarism that changes in the quantity of money cause, lead and are positively related to changes in prices at least in the medium to long time horizon is supported in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The second view of monetarism that changes in the quantity of money cause, lead and are positively related to changes in output at least in the short to medium time horizon is not supported. The implication of such a result is that an expansionary monetary policy only fuels prices with insignificant effects on output. It supports the view of real business cycle theorists who postulate that policy changes only affect prices.

878. Value-based measure: an application of EVA in small manufacturing company in Bangladesh [28.740%] | Hoque, Mahfuzul & Akter, Mahmuda & Shil, Nikhil Chandra (2004) | Downloadable! Performance measurement matters in today’s complex business arena irrespective of the type, nature, and volume diversity in business. If the result of performance measurement goes wrong due to the faulty or inaccurate selection of tool(s), then the total process will prove wrong in due time. This paper evaluates Economic Value Added (EVA) as a smart and powerful alternative to traditional performance measures like gross margin, percentage change in sales, net margin etc. in a small manufacturing company perspective. Small manufacturing companies are the focus of the study, as most of the people in such companies believe that EVA is truly designed for large companies and the equation of EVA cannot be applied in small companies due to the non-availability of required data. This paper results in a typical model applicable to small manufacturing companies where all adjustments and other technicalities are discussed with a real life example. Finally, the possible advantages and opportunities of usi

879. Valuing the Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh [28.742%] | David Maddison & Rosa Catala-Luque & David Pearce (2005) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

880. Volatility of Exchange Rate and Export Growth in Pakistan: The Structure and Interdependence in Regional Markets [8.652%] | Khalid Mustafa & Mohammed Nishat (2004) | Downloadable! The study empirically investigates the effect of exchange rate volatility on exports growth between Pakistan and leading trade partners. The countries are selected to determine the bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the other countries under various regional economic blocks such as SAARC, ASEAN, European, and Asia-Pacific regions. Cointegration and Error Correction techniques are used to establish the empirical relationship between exchange rate volatility and exports growth, using quarterly data from 1991:3 to 2004:2. The results indicate that the volatility of exchange rate has negative and significant effects both in the long run and short run with major trade partners, namely, UK and US. A similar pattern was observed in case of Australia, Bangladesh, and Singapore, where the volume of trade with Pakistan is comparatively consistent and less volatile. The relationship between exports growth and exchange rate volatility for India and Pakistan is observed only in the long-run perspect

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881. Vouchers for Basic Education in Developing Economies: An Accountability Perspective [8.660%] | Varun Gauri & Ayesha Vawda (2004) | Advocates argue that voucher programs can correct the incentive problems of education systems in developing economies. An accountability perspective, based on a principal-agent framework, was developed to clarify the arguments for and against education vouchers. An assessment of findings on voucher programs in industrial countries and a review of voucher or quasi-voucher experiences in Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, C?d'Ivoire, and the Czech Republic support the usefulness of the analytic framework. The assessment concludes that the policy relevance of voucher programs for developing economies remains uncertain. Major voucher initiatives have been attempted only in countries with a well-developed institutional infrastructure. Some studies find favorable benefits for at least some population groups, but others find limited effects and evidence of increasing social stratification in schools. Whether vouchers lead to better outcomes or greater stratification appears related to specific contexts, institutional vari

882. Vouchers for basic education in developing countries : a principal-agent perspective [8.653%] | Gauri, Varun & Vawda, Ayesha (2003) | Downloadable! Voucher programs consist of three simultaneous reforms: (1) allowing parents to choose schools, (2) creating intense incentives for schools to increase enrollment, and (3) granting schools management autonomy to respond to demand. As a result, voucher advocates and critics tend to talk past each other. A principal-agent framework clarifies the argument for education vouchers. Central findings from the literature, including issues related to variance in the performance measure, risk aversion, the productivity of more effort, multiple tasks, and the value of monitoring are found relevant for an analysis of vouchers. An assessment of findings on voucher programs in industrial countries, as well as a review of voucher or quasi-voucher experiences in Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, and the Czech Republic support the usefulness of the analytic framework. The authors conclude that vouchers for basic education in developing countries can enhance outcomes when they are limited to modest numbe

883. WTO General Council Decision of July 31, 2004: Interpreting from Bangladesh Perspective [29.903%] | Mustafizur Rahman & Ananya Raihan (2005) | Downloadable! The present paper titled WTO General Council Decision of July 31, 2004: Interpreting from Bangladesh Perspective was prepared under the CPD’s Trade Policy Analysis (TPA) programme. The TPA programme of CPD was initiated in 1999 in response to a felt need to enhance Bangladesh’s capacity to more effectively deal with the emerging trade issues in the face of deregulation, liberalisation and globalisation. The successful completion of the Uruguay Round Agreement in 1994 and the establishment of the WTO in 1995 was expected to have crucial implications for the LDCs such as Bangladesh. In the 1990s Bangladesh economy was becoming increasingly open and trade related policy making and trade negotiations were assuming critical importance for Bangladesh’s future development. In view of the emerging challenges in the context of the ongoing process of globalisation, the objective of CPD’s Trade Policy Analysis programme is to monitor the impact of the evolving trading regime under the WTO on Bangla

884. Wage Determination in Bangladesh Agriculture [28.744%] | Ahmed, Iqbal (1981) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

885. Water management strategy for increasing monsoon rice production in Bangladesh [28.741%] | Islam, M. D. Jahirul & Mondal, Manoranjan K. (1992) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

886. Weak separability of non-tradables from consumer good imports: A simple test with evidence from Bangladesh [28.739%] | Emran, Shahe & Alam, Imam (1999) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

887. Web-based Corporate Reporting in Bangladesh:An Exploratory Study [29.955%] | Dutta, Probal & Bose, Sudipta (2007) | Downloadable! This research paper investigates the utilization of the Internet for communicating corporate information by the listed companies of Bangladesh.The sample for the study consists of 268 companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and the Chittagong Stock

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Exchange (CSE). Corporate websites of the sample companies were browsed by using a standard web browser for collecting data relating to corporate reporting on the Internet. The study shows that web-based corporate reporting in Bangladesh is still in its infancy. Only 38.81 percent of 268 companies have a web. A scoring scheme has been developed to measure the level of on-line corporate reporting. A wide variation in the level of on-line corporate reporting across 15 sectors has been found. The highest-ranking sector was the Banking, Leasing & Finance sector. This paper adds to the existing body of literature on on-line corporate reporting studies by exploring on-line corporate reporting practices of Bangladesh.

888. Welfare and Poverty Impacts of Tariff Reforms in Bangladesh: a General Equilibrium Approach [30.015%] | Bazlul Khondker & Mustafa Mujeri & Selim Raihan (2006) | Downloadable! This paper examined welfare and poverty impacts of trade liberalization in Bangladesh. By using a computable general equilibrium model based on a social accounting matrix, an empirical investigation of the transmission channels linking trade liberalisation to the rest of the economy was carried out by conducting three simulations. In the first two simulations full tariff removal was accompanied by respective increase in production tax rates and income tax rate to ensure revenue neutrality. Third simulation resembles the actual tariff reforms undertaken in the country. This entailed the decline in both the spread and effective average duty rates, thereby reducing the mean rates and variance. The patterns of welfare losses are progressive for rural households but regressive for urban households in the first two simulations. In the third simulation, a clear regressive pattern is observed amont the urban households but it is ambiguous for the rural households. Rural poverty declined due to tariff-in

889. What does regional trade in South Asia reveal about future trade integration? Some empirical evidence [8.666%] | Pitigala, Nihal (2005) | Downloadable! In 1995 the seven South Asian countries-Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka-initiated a multilateral framework for regionwide integration under the South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA). In a recent initiative, members agreed that SAPTA would begin the transformation into a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) by the beginning of 2006, with full implementation completed between 2009 and 2013. The impetus toward regional preferential trading arrangements and greater regional economic integration raises many important issues, both for the South Asian region as a whole and for the individual countries. The author uses the natural trading partners hypothesis as the empirical criterion to assess the potential success of a South Asian trading bloc. Using various definitions of the natural trading partner hypothesis-based on trade volume, geographic proximity, and the complementarity approaches-the author demonstrates that the South Asian countries can be c

890. Wheat production in Bangladesh: technological, economic and policy issues [29.955%] | Morris, Michael L. & Chowdhury, Nuimuddin & Meisner, Craig (1997) | Since the early 1970s, sustained government investment in irrigation facilities, rural infrastructure, agricultural research, and extension services has helped Bangladeshi farmers achieve dramatic increases in food production. Today Bangladesh is nearing self-sufficiency in rice, the major staple. Production of wheat, the second most important cereal, has also increased, although the country still imports significant quantities of wheat to meet rapidly growing domestic demand. While the government of Bangladesh continues to provide strong support to rice producers, its commitment to wheat farmers seems less firm. Some policymakers have gone so far as to question whether support to wheat should be scaled back, citing studies showing that wheat production is unprofitable and represents an inefficient use of resources. But is wheat production in Bangladesh really unprofitable for farmers and inefficient for the country? Researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Internation

891. When Method Matters: Monitoring Poverty in Bangladesh [28.743%] | Ravallion, Martin & Sen, Binayak (1996) | No abstract is available for this item.

892. When method matters : toward a resolution of the debate about Bangladesh's poverty measures [29.951%] | Ravallion, Martin & Sen, Binayak (1994) | Downloadable! Measurement problems have confounded recent attempts to assess Bangladesh's progress in reducing poverty. The issues at stake,

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though poorly understood, are common in poverty measurement. The authors review the issues, recommend an operational approach to resolving them with available data, and present new estimates of various poverty measures on a consistent basis for 1983-92. They then examine proximate causes of the changes in Bangladesh's poverty measures and possible implications for future assessments of the country's progress in reducing poverty under alternative growth paths. The authors argue that poverty measurement requires both normative value and judgement and assumptions about behavior to interpret available - invariably imperfect - data. Of interest for policymakers is how much bearing the analyst's choices have on key conclusions. They use the case study of Bangladesh to illustrate that those choices sometimes - but not always - affect qualitative conclusions about the sectoral s

893. Where in the world is population growth bad? [8.651%] | Kling, Jeff & Pritchett, Lant (1994) | Downloadable! Would economic growth be better if population growth were slower? There are two apparently opposite answers to this question. Advocates of policies to reduce population growth rates are completely convinced by the common sense view that rapid population growth greatly hurts economic growth because of scarcer natural resources, reduced investments (per child) in health and education, and lower rates of capital accumulation per worker. The empirical evidence (usually marshalled by economists) provides an equally convincing, and seemingly contradictory, answer: There is no strong, stable relationship between countries'population growth and their per capita output growth rates. The authors propose an empirical reconciliation between the two views. No one really believes that the impact of a 10 percent increase in population would have the same impact in Bangladesh as it would have in Canada, or even the same impact in crowded Malawi or Rwanda as in sparsely populated Zaire or Zambia. But if the impa

894. Who Funds the Act of Racism and Racial Discrimination in the Chittgaong Hill Tracks? [8.657%] | Asian Centre for Human Rights ACHR (2008) | Downloadable! Since 1978 Bangladesh government has been providing free food rations to plain settlers to sustain the conflict, make indigenous Jumma peoples a minority in the CHTs and eventually destroy their distinct identities. The providing of free rations only to the plain settlers constitutes an act of racial discrimination both under the Constitution of Bangladesh and under international human rights law. This programme sustains the conflict and many UN agencies and bilateral donors are unknowingly supporting this act of racism and racial discrimination. The government of Bangladesh must bring an end to such racist policies and practices and displacement of indigenous Jumma peoples.

895. Who is protected from budget cuts? [8.661%] | Martin Ravallion (2004) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Standard policy advice at times of fiscal adjustment is to protect public spending on the poor. However, the political economy of fiscal adjustment could well indicate the opposite direction, to protect the non-poor from adjustment. This point is illustrated by three case studies based on research on social programs in Argentina, Bangladesh, and India, focusing on how targeting performance varied with aggregate outlays. The results suggest a tendency for program spending on the non-poor that is protected from budget cuts.

896. Who suffers from indoor air pollution? evidence from Bangladesh [30.014%] | Dasgupt, Susmita & Huq, Mainul & Khaliquzzaman, M. & Pandey, Kiran & Wheeler, David (2004) | Downloadable! In this paper the authors investigate individuals'exposure to indoor air pollution. Using new survey data from Bangladesh, they analyze exposure at two levels-differences within households attributable to family roles, and differences across households attributable to income and education. Within households, they relate individuals'exposure to pollution in different locations during their daily round of activity. The authors find high levels of exposure for children and adolescents of both sexes, with particularly serious exposure for children under 5. Among prime-age adults, they find that men have half the exposure of women (whose exposure is similar to that of children and adolescents). They also find that elderly men have significantly lower exposure than elderly women. Across households, they draw on results from their previous paper (Dasgupta et al, 2004), which relate pollution variation across households to choices of cooking fuel, cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilati

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897. Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh [28.738%] | Goetz, Anne Marie & Gupta, Rina Sen (1996) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

898. Why Bangladesh has Outperformed Kenya [28.745%] | ESAU (Unassigned) (2005) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

899. Why is Bangladesh Outperforming Kenya? A Comparative Study of Growth and its Causes since the 1960s [29.984%] | John Roberts & Sonja Fagernäs (2004) | Downloadable! ESAU Working Paper 5 examines the contrasting growth experiences of Kenya and Bangladesh since the 1960s. The paper finds that, before 1980, Kenya grew strongly, and the economy diversified. Factors behind its subsequent deterioration in the 1990s were the government’s erratic, inflation-prone macroeconomic management, the overexpansion of the public sector, domestic and external indebtedness, its uncertain conduct of structural reforms, worsening cronyism and corruption, a high-cost, non-competitive, environment for the private sector and disappointing export performance. Bangladesh’s recent relative success was built on policies of macroeconomic stability, low public expenditure and taxation, the avoidance of non-concessional debt and a competitive real exchange rate. Savings and investment, once very low, rose steadily after 1990. Agriculture revived with investment in Green Revolution technology. An indigenous private sector emerged, operating in competitive conditions, out of which emer

900. Why paper mills clean up : determinants of pollution abatement in four Asian countries [8.659%] | Hartman, Raymond S. & Huq, Mainul & Wheeler, David (1997) | Downloadable! The authors find strong evidence that despite weak or nonexistent formal regulation and enforcement of environmental standards, many plants in South and Southeast Asia are clean. At the same time, many plants are among the world's worst polluters. To account for the extreme variation among plants, the authors review evidence froma survey of pollution abatement by 26 pulp and paper plants in four countries: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Thailand. They incorporate 3 sets of factors affecting pollution intensity: plant characteristics, economic considerations, and external pressure from the government and private stakeholders. They find that the level of pollution abatement is positively associated with scale and competitiveness, negatively associated with public ownership, and unaffected by foreign links (in ownership or financing). Informal regulation, or community pressure on plants works to abate pollution, with high income being a powerful predictor of effectiveness. Privatization, to the

901. Willingness to Pay for Improved Sanitation Services and its Implication on Demand Responsive Approach of BRAC Water, Sanitation [8.659%] | Kazi Faisal Bin Seraj (2008) | Downloadable! This study aimed to provide some insights into sanitation-related strategies taken by the BRAC Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme from an economic point of view. The aim of this report included measuring and identifying the factors that influence willingness to pay for improved sanitation services for the households without any latrine facilities in rural Bangladesh. A contingent valuation survey was carried out in four upazilas under BRAC WASH programme to determine household willingness to pay and affordability to pay for basic sanitary latrine options. [RED WP No.1].

902. Willingness to pay for the rural telephone service in Bangladesh and Peru [28.741%] | Torero, Maximo & Chowdhury, Shyamal K. & Galdo, Virgilio (2003) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

903. Women Empowerment and Credit Control: An Empirical Analysis on Credit Recipients of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh [28.739%] | Rafiqul Bhuyan Rafiq & Shahnaz Abdullah & Hamid Ahmadi (2007) | This paper analyzes the relationship between women’s decision-making regarding loan use, and their empowerment. Using a new analytical framework, it reassesses the effect of decision-making on empowerment index. It also presents the hypotheses and tests contrasting situations; decision-making by men, by women and by both together, with regard to the empowerment index. Using primary data from Grameen Bank, the pioneer of microfinance institutions, the authors conclude that women are more empowered when they are involved in decision-making, either solely or jointly with their husbands. On

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the contrary, when the women are not involved in the decision-making of the loan use, they are less empowered.

904. Women in aquaculture: initiatives of Caritas Bangladesh [28.743%] | Shelly, A.B. & Costa, M.D. (2002) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

905. Women's assets and intrahousehold allocation in rural Bangladesh [28.742%] | Quisumbing, Agnes R. & de la Briere, Benedicte (2000) | Downloadable! This paper examines how differences in the bargaining power of husband and wife affect the distribution of consumption expenditures in rural Bangladeshi households. Two alternative measures of assets are used: current assets and the value of assets brought to marriage. Results show that both assets at marriage and current assets are strongly determined by the human capital of husband and wife and the characteristics of their origin families. For both husband and wife, parents' landholdings are a consistent determinant of both assets at marriage and current assets. Contrary to the unitary model, husband's and wife's assets have different effects on the allocation of expenditures within the household. Wife's assets have a positive and significant effect on the share of expenditures on children's clothing and education. This result is robust to the choice of asset measure and estimation procedure. After endogeneity of assets is accounted for, husband's current assets have a positive and significant

906. Women's assets and intrahousehold allocation in rural Bangladesh [28.742%] | Quisumbing, Agnes R. & de la Briere, Benedicte (2000) | Downloadable! This paper examines how differences in the bargaining power of husband and wife affect the distribution of consumption expenditures in rural Bangladeshi households. Two alternative measures of assets are used: current assets and the value of assets brought to marriage. Results show that both assets at marriage and current assets are strongly determined by the human capital of husband and wife and the characteristics of their origin families. For both husband and wife, parents' landholdings are a consistent determinant of both assets at marriage and current assets. Contrary to the unitary model, husband's and wife's assets have different effects on the allocation of expenditures within the household. Wife's assets have a positive and significant effect on the share of expenditures on children's clothing and education. This result is robust to the choice of asset measure and estimation procedure. After endogeneity of assets is accounted for, husband's current assets have a positive and significant

907. Women's participation in rural credit programmes in Bangladesh and their demand for formal health care: is there a positive impa [29.982%] | Priya Nanda (1999) | Within the overall aim of poverty alleviation, development efforts have included credit and self-employment programmes. In Bangladesh, the major beneficiaries of such group-based credit programmes are rural women who use the loans to initiate small informal income-generating activities. This paper explores the benefits of women's participation in credit programmes on their own health seeking. Using data from a sample of 1798 households from rural Bangladesh, conducted in 1991-1992 through repeated random sampling of 87 districts covered by Grameen Bank, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) and Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB), this paper addresses the question: does women's participation in credit programmes significantly affect their use of formal health care? A non-unitary household preference model is suggested to test the hypothesis that women's empowerment through participation in these programmes results in greater control of resources for their own demand for formal health care. The a

908. Women-led fisheries management - a case study from Bangladesh [28.742%] | Sultana, P. & Thompson, P.M. & Ahmed, M. (2002) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

909. Working Poor Unemployment and Wage Rigidity Evidence of Economic Stress [8.659%] | Sharif, Mohammed (1993) | Involuntary wage-unemployment in poor agriculture is shown to apply only to the working poor who suffer economic distress--working longer at lower wage rates but earning smaller incomes; these workers are also observed to engage in low-productive self-employment activities to supplement their wage-incomes. Estimates of per capita household consumption and of food and

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nutritional intake functions derived by using data from three villages in Bangladesh provide strong evidence of economic distress. While this distress discourages deliberate wage-reductions, self-employment activities offer the opportunity to maintain the wage rate at its current level. Copyright 1993 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG

910. World population projections, 2020 [8.655%] | Nygaard, David F. (1994) | The world's population, today numbering some 5.5 billion people, may approach 12 billion by the end of the next century. By the year 2020, 26 years from today, it will most likely have increased by about 2.5 billion to a total of 8 billion people, an increase of nearly 100 million a year. Over 93 percent of this growth will take place in the developing countries. Nygaard contends that two regions in particular merit attention. South Asia and Africa, where large percentages of the poor live today and where future food production is of concern, face substantial increases in their populations. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh plus the continent of Africa will add another 1.5 billion people to the population roles.

911. Yield response of a semi-dwarf wheat variety to irrigation on a calcareous brown flood plain soil of Bangladesh [28.737%] | Rahman, S. M. & Talukdar, S. U. & Kaul, A. K. & Biswas, M. R. (1981) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

912. Yield-water relations and nitrogen utilization by wheat in salt-affected soils of Bangladesh [28.739%] | Rahman, S. M. & Khalil, M. I. & Ahmed, M. F. (1995) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! No abstract is available for this item.

913. Young Garment Workers in Bangladesh: Raising the rights question [28.743%] | Susan Bissell (2001) | Downloadable (with restrictions)! Susan Bissell explores the complex issues around child rights and child employment, on the basis of her two years of research in Dhaka. While not writing in defence of child labour, she argues that child labour elimination must be redressed within the wider context of women's and children's rights. To do otherwise could further violate the human rights of women and children, and confound real attempts to find sustainable solutions. Development (2001) 44, �75 80. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110241

914. [Book review] "Patron-Client Politics and Business in Bangladesh by Stanley A. Kochanek" [28.742%] | Murayama, Mayumi (1995) | Downloadable! No abstract is available for this item.

915. ‘the Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism [8.639%] | Scott Atran (2006) | Downloadable! Suicide attack is the most virulent and horrifying form of terrorism in the world today. The mere rumor of an impending suicide attack can throw thousands of people into panic. This occurred during a Shi‘a procession in Iraq in late August 2005, causing hundreds of deaths. Although suicide attacks account for a minority of all terrorist acts, they are responsible for a majority of all terrorism-related casualties, and the rate of attacks is rising rapidly across the globe. During 2000–2004, there were 472 suicide attacks in 22 countries, killing more than 7,000 and wounding tens of thousands. Most have been carried out by Islamist groups claiming religious motivation, also known as jihadis. Rand Corp. vice president and terrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has found that 80 percent of suicide attacks since 1968 occurred after the September 11 attacks, with jihadis representing 31 of the 35 responsible groups. More suicide attacks occurred in 2004 than in any previous year, and 2005 has proven eve

916. "Life Is Not Ours": Attacks on indigenous Jumma peoples of Bangladesh and the need for international action [30.011%] | Asian Centre for Human Rights ACHR (2008) | Downloadable! On 28th April 2008, hundreds of illegal plain settlers attacked the local Jumma people in Bangladesh. Hundreds of people were displaced and their houses burned. People suffered from such a level of shock that many of them did not come forward to take the relief fund declared for them by government. However these casualties did not get the due place in Bangladeshi press. United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues also failed to take up the issue.

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