renewable wsf as a pathway to equal access to compulsory education for migrant children in china...
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Renewable WSF as a Pathway to Equal Access to Compulsory
Education for Migrant Children in China
Yiran ZhaoInternational Education PolicyHarvard Graduate School of
Migrant Children & Compulsory Education
Migrant children are children of migrant workers. Migrant workers are registered as permanent residents in rural areas. They are surplus rural labor who migrated into the cities and work as industrial/service workers.
6-year primary school
3-year lower secondary
school
Compulsory Education
2006 Compulsory Education Law
Students don’t pay tuition and miscellaneous fee
Localities that receive migrant children should provide them with equal access to compulsory education
Problem: Unequal Access
Barriers attending public school
Cannot afford regular private school
Low-quality Migrant Children School
City Percentage in Public School
Percentage in Private Migrant Children School
Percentage of Migrant Children Schools that are NOT Approved by Government
Population out of school
Beijing 62% 26.9% 76.5% 5500
Shanghai / / 97.5% /
Guangzhou 28% 68.7% 0 16100
Source: Adapted from Tian,H.S.& Wu,N.( 2010). A research on migrant children’ s education: Based on investigations of the situations, problems and countermeasure analysis of 12 cities. Note: “/” means data was still being processed when the book was published.
Poor facilityunsafe/unhygienic
Low quality teacher
training/certificate
High teacher turn-over rate
Principals without sufficient
leadership skills
Limited curriculum offerings
Financial Cause:Outdated Funding System
Public School Funding
Local responsibility
Allowed by law to demand additional fee
administration by levels
More developed, less transfer
payment
2008,Guangzhou: 269 million
RMB(43,218,058.401USD) for
190,000 migrant children
Regular Private School Funding
Cater to upper income population with
expensive charge
Government reluctant to pay for educational cost demanded by law
Low-cost Migrant Children School
Funding
Only a limited number are subsidized
Tuition of hundreds of RMB per year per student
Not approved by government, no subsidy
For-profit schools
Necessary Ingredients to Reform the System
Money follows Child
Extra financial support for low-cost migrant children schools
Source: Xinhua.net;Wangyi Website
Policy Alternative
Vouchers
•Targeted Voucher: Columbia
•Universal Voucher: Chile
Charters
•U.S as an example
Weighted Student Funding
•Netherlands’ WSF
Evaluation Criteria
money follows the child, sufficient to cover all tuition and miscellaneous fee
establishes the mechanism for private schools to receive extra funding by public
finance
improves enrollment-access to good quality school
improves school quality
other potential problems or advantages.
Renewable WSF to Alleviate the Problem
• Only use WSF for migrant children• Average educational cost of a city= 1.0 weight• Weight=Outcome differential cost for a group
of migrant children+ profit weight for school• Renew: weight increase upon achieving
outcome goal• Cap the weight with reputational plus
monetary award• Supervision system for migrant children
schools• Identify recipient: resident registration record+
parents’ work certificate
More than WSF
Amount of WSF
•Can be too small to turn migrant children schools around
•Legally forbid charging migrant children extra
More than input
•Partnering good schools with low quality ones
•Guide private school to use additional funding effectively
•Guide schools to invest weighted money on help teacher adapt to migrant children’s needs
Addressing cultur
al factor
s
•Urban citizens’ bias, discrimination and self-defense
•Legally forbid student selection by school
Regular
private
schools
•May not be attracted because they want to preserve elite image
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