renewable resource: biomass and biofuels. what is biomass? any organic matter that can be used for...
TRANSCRIPT
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Renewable Resource: Biomass and Biofuels
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What is biomass?
• Any organic matter that can be used for fuel.– Wood = #1 biomass fuel used globally.– Crops, seaweed, compost, animal waste
• Biomass get energy from sun through the process of photosynthesis.
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US biomass
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Biofuels:• Biomass that is altered into the form of
combustible liquids (ethanol or biodiesel)• Reasons behind push for biofuels:– Abundance of biomass• These plants can be grown throughout the world.• Would help us get away from foreign oil imports
– Reduce overall impact on climate change.• Since plants are part of the fast carbon cycle they would
have no net increase in CO2 in atmosphere
– Little impact on current infrastructure
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But biofuels aren’t all they are cracked up to be…
• If biofuel production is done on a large scale then a decrease in biodiversity may occur.– Clearing of natural land to create biofuel crops– Soil erosion through large scale clearing– Increase in food prices– Nutrient leaching of soils.
• Increased water use in arid regions• Alternate forms besides corn can be expensive
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THE FOLLOWING SLIDES ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF VARIOUS BIOFUELS
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Biodiesel
PROS• Decreased the waste stream
from various restaurants because used the waste oil from cooking.
• Easy to convert gas cars to biodiesel cars, and diesel cars would need no alteration.
Cons• Requires government
subsidies to be done on a large scale
• If plants are grown solely for this purpose than large land areas are needed for crops
• Increase fertilizer and pesticide runoff
• Energy needed in the conversion to usable energy
Produced from vegetable oil from soybeans, rapeseeds, sunflowers, oil palms, jatropha shrubs.
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Corn ethanol
PROS• Currently being produced
on commercial scale in the US.– E10 = 90% gasoline and 10%
ethanol– E15 = 85% gasoline and 15%
ethanol
CONS• Large government subsidies
to make commercial scale ethanol competitive
• ENERGY INTENSE process to distill ethanol
• Costly• If all corn were used to
create ethanol we would still only create about 18% of required energy.
Conversion of plant starches into simple sugars that can be made into ethanol.
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Cellulose
PROS• Uses the “waste” of the
plants and not edible parts• Could utilize 80% of the
waste • Create 30% US
transportation fuel
CONS• Cellulose is a complex sugar
that is extremely tough to break down.
• Only one commercial enzyme available to break down and it is expensive.
• Environmental impact removes nutrients from soil since they aren’t left to decompose.
Uses the waste material of plants (husk, stems, non edible parts)
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Algae
PROS• More efficient at
photosynthesis than plants.• Can be grown in almost any
area• Can utilize waste water
CONS• If grown in open surface
water may impact other organisms.
• Require a great deal of nitrogen and phosphorus, which can pollute other water supplies.
• Very energy intense to break the cell walls
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SYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
PROS• DNA technology has come a
long way and we can alter genes to work in our favor
CONS• Costly• We don’t know the long
term impact and if other genes can react.
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Overall
• Biofuels are not an ideal solution to supplying our transportation energy needs.– Costly and would not be able to compete without
great government subsidies– Energy intense process so become a negative
energy gain.– Quantity and production, there is no way to create
an equivalent amount of energy required for fueling our cars.