renewable energy unit 9
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Appropriate Technology
Pakistans Renewable Energy Profile
M.Sc Environmental Design
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
March 22, 2104
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Pakistan Energy Crisis Pakistan currently faces its worst energy crisis ever
Lack of vision and integrated planning on part ofPolicymakers mainly responsible for this crisis.
Some experts today like to believe that ClimateChange is not an issue for Pakistan; which again canbe attributed to lack of vision.
Climate Change is a reality and threat is imminent forPakistan as well; we need to get our heads out of sand.
Pakistan is now included among the top GHG emittersof the world
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Top GHG Emitters in the World A report published by World Resources Institute in
2005 revealed the following:
Pakistan is ranked as 35thin the world on a list of top
GHG emitters, with an annual GHG emissions of 107.5Million Tons of CO2
.
Fast forward to 2009:
Pakistans ranking (Top GHG Emitters)*: 25th
Annual GHG Emissions: 287 Million Tons CO2. Energy sector is the most significant contributor,
accounting for over 82% of CO2emissions annually and
Pakistan is now at 33rdwith 243.7 M tons of CO2.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Current Energy Crisis Current annual shortfall of 5,000 MW
2,000 MW additional capacity required annually
to maintain the current GDP growth rate with aninvestment of US$ 4-6 Billion per year
Energy supplies must increase to 50% of current
levels by 2013 and to 80% by 2015
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Pakistan Energy Scenario:
Current GDP Growth Rate: 7%
Yearly increase in Energy Demand: 8-12% Current Total Installed Capacity: 19, 522 MW
Projected Demand by 2030: 162,590 MW
Share of Renewables by 2030: 9,700 MW(5% share)
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
ENERGY SCENARIO: PAKISTAN
Electrical Energy Sector Overview: Total Installed Capacity: 19,564 MW
Thermal (fossil-fuels): 12,567 MW (64% share)
Hydel: 6,493 MW (33% share)
Nuclear: 462 MW (2% share)
Renewables: 42 MW (new addition since 2008)
Baseline CO2Emissions: Carbon Intensity Factor (based on grid mix): 0.44 tons / MWh
1 MW (Thermal) responsible for 2,000tons of CO2emissions
1MW (Renewables) off-sets 1,000tons of CO2emissions
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
GLOBAL STRATEGY SHIFT
The 2020 TARGET
20% of total energy requirements to be met through ARE
technologies by the year 2020 EU has taken the initiative and the lead
The rest of the developed world has followed
China to meet 16% of its total energy requirements throughARE technologies by 2020
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
MTDF PROJECTIONS
Power Generation Plan (2015)
Addl. Capacity addition: 20,000 MW
Thermal Share: 11,000 MW
Addl. 11,000 MW will add another 22 Million Tons of CO2to theatmosphere annually
Power Generation Plan (2030)
Total Projected Capacity : 162, 590 MW
Thermal Share: 111,000 MW
111,000 MW will be responsible for emitting 222 Million Tons ofCO2to the atmosphere annually
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
OPTIONS FOR GHG MITIGATION
Alternative / Renewable Energy (ARE)
Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation (E3C)
In the holistic scheme of things, E3C share is quite
limited as opposed to ARE
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Pakistan Renewable Energy Potential: Wind*: 0. 346 Million MW Solar*: 2.9 Million MW
Bagasse Cogeneration: 1,800 MW
Waste to Power: 500 MW
Mini & Small Hydel: 2,000 MW Geothermal: 550 MW
Identified potential of 50,000 MW for wind in Gharo-Keti Bandarwind corridor alone
Off-grid initiatives have the potential to relieve the grid of 2000 MWduring short - mid term
Over 30 Million hectares of land potentially available for energyplantations
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
MTDF PROJECTIONS (RENEWABLES)
Power Generation Plan (2015)
Addl. Capacity addition: 20,000 MW
Renewables Share: 800 MW
These 800 MW will mitigate 800,000 Tons of CO2emissions annually
Power Generation Plan (2030)
Total Projected Capacity : 162,590 MW
Renewables Share: 9,700 MW9,700 MW will mitigate 10 Million Tons of CO2to the atmosphere annually
$ Value in terms of CERs: 116 Million
(at todays rate)
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
MITIGATION POTENTIALAssumption:
The most favorable market mechanism in place backed
by Governments resolve
Power Generation Plan (2025)
Potential Renewables Share: 25,000 MW
25,000 MW will mitigate 25 Million Tons of CO2to the atmosphereannually
$ Value in terms of CERs: 300 Million
(at todays rate)
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Energy in Pakistan
Pakistan, despite the enormous potential of its energy
resources, remains energy deficient
Until early 1980 crude oil production was a nominal 13,000
barrels per day (BDP), which rose to 64,349 BPD in 1990-91.
Since then production has been continually declining. The
remaining oil reserves are estimated at 221 million barrels,which, on the average production rate of 57,000 barrels per
day, will be exhausted in about 10 years.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Energy in Pakistan The total primary energy consumption in Pakistan is
currently estimated at around 60 million tons of oil
equivalent (MTOE).
Of this, 2/3rdare met by commercial energy
resources with about 1/3rdbeing based on non-
commercial energy resources like fire-wood,
charcoal and cow-dung.
The primary commercial consumption of 41.7
MTOE is largely based on the use of hydrocarbons.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Pakistan has appreciable coal reserves of 1.75billion tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE). Oil is by and
large an imported source of energy.
The imports of oil account for 85% of oil
consumption in the country and 42.8% of
commercial energy consumption. The production of
indigenous oil is around 15% of total imports of oil
products, which is likely to remain the case.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Hydropower
The Northern part of the country is rich with hydropower resources.
Other than 12 big (capacity greater than 1MW) hydro power plants,
there are a large number of sites in the high terrain, where natural and
manageable waterfalls are abundantly available.
Northern areas population in these areas is isolated in thin clusters and
is located far from physical infrastructure. Such remote population can
get great benefit from such energy sources.
Micro/Mini hydropower (MHP) up to 1000 kW is roughly estimated
to be 2,000 MW on perennial water falls in Northern Pakistan.
Besides, there is an immense potential for exploiting water falls in the
canal network particularly in Punjab, where low head high discharge
exists on many canals and have potential of 1,500 MW.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Hydropower
The Pakistan Council for Appropriate Technology (PCAT) has
installed on a cost sharing basis a total of 228 "run of river type"
plants with total capacity of 3MW in the North Western Frontier
region.
Hydropower Civil Works include construction of Power channel,
Power house, Electric poles, and Transmission/distribution network,
are done by the beneficiaries themselves while the institute provides
mechanical equipment as well as technical expertise and supervision.
Hydropower plants not only provide electricity for Light at night butare also used to run Small Industrial units such as flour mills for
wheat and maize thrashing, and cotton ginning during the day time
when electricity is not required for lighting.
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Diamir Bhasha Damsite
P ki t R bl E
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Solar Energy (Photovoltaic)
Pakistan being in the Sun Belt is ideally located to take advantage of
solar energy technologies, as it is abundant and widely distributed
available in the country.
The mean Global Irradiation falling on horizontal surface is about
200-250 watt per m2in a day. This amounts to about 1500-3000 sun
shine hours and 1.9 - 2.3 MWh per m2in a year.
Baluchistan province is particularly rich in solar energy. It has an
average Daily Global Insolation of 19 to 20 MJ/m2a day with annual
mean sunshine duration of 8 to 8.5 hours and these values are amongthe highest in the world.
For Daily Global Radiation up to 23MJ/m2, 24 (80%) consecutive
days are available in this area. Such conditions are ideal for PV and
other solar energy applications.
P ki t R bl E
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Photovoltaic Technology (PV) is particularly
suitable for small power requirements and remote area applications.
Solar Thermal Applications
There are a large number of applications in which solar energy can be
utilized directly by exploiting its heat characteristics. Solar Water Heaters
Solar water heaters that have now started gaining popularity
particularly in the northern mountainous region. This is due to cold
weather and limited and difficult supply of natural gas in these areas.
With the increase conventional energy, the use of Solar Water Heaters
is bound to increase. Recently the production and commercialization
of such heaters has already been started in the private sector.
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Grid Solar System
P ki t R bl E
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Solar Cooker
A number of public sector organizations
have worked in the past and are still working on the
development of low cost and efficient designs of both box
and concentrator type solar cookers.
NGOs are also active in this field and have supplied a
number of such cookers to the camps of Afghan refugees.
The National Institute of Silicon Technology is routinelyorganizing training workshops on the use and maintenance
of such devices.
P ki t R bl E
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Solar Dryers
This is an area that could use solar energy very
effectively in drying the agriculture products under controlled
atmosphere of solar dryers and a good quality products can be
obtained at much less cost. Due to absence of logistics andbasic infrastructure in the area, tons of fruit is wasted every
year in the northern mountains such as Gilgit, Skardu etc.
Solar dryers are now being used to dry such fruit and transport
and sell these later in the urban market. NGOs are activelyworking in the area. Such dryers could be equally effective in
Panjab and Sindh province to dry the agriculture products for
better market value and generating local employment.
P ki t R bl E
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Solar Desalination
The unavailability of drinkable water in large parts of
Baluchistan, Sindh and southern Punjab is a critical issue.
Underground water exists, but it is highly saline. Saline
water is not only bad for washing and cleaning but alsocauses many diseases.
Solar desalinated water is also free from bacteria, which is
killed during the process. Solar energy can very effectively
and economically be used to convert this available saline
water into potable water. The technology is simple, low cost
and can easily be adopted by local people.
P ki t R bl E
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Solar Desalination
Two plants consisting of 240 stills each with a
capacity to clean 6,000 gallons of seawater per day
has been installed at Gwader.
Experiment has been very successful and could
bring a change in the life style of the local
population in areas of scarcity of drinkable water. A
number of such schemes are under activeconsideration by local governments in Baluchistan
and Thar.
P ki t R bl E
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Wind
Very few Wind Turbines for Power Generation have not been
installed in Pakistan. However about 30 Wind Mills for pumping
water have been installed for experimental purposes in different
parts of Sindh and Baluchistan.
The experiments have suffered due to low quality mills and lack of
proper infrastructure for maintenance. Currently a local
manufacturer, Merin LTD, is fabricating windmills for water
lifting.
The company has sold these locally and abroad. Recently a
proposal for a wind survey is being launched to provide
authenticated data on wind speeds at different altitudes along the
coast and mountains.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Wind
Wind is another source that could be utilized in the medium term in
Pakistan. The only wind data available is with the meteorological
directorate.
This data was recorded at a low height of about 12 feet and is not
enough to have a true picture regarding the availability of wind
energy.
So there is a strong need to have a systematic study of wind data at
altitudes of 30 to 100 feet particularly in the most promising sites
along the costal line and up the mountains.
Average wind speed for some selected sites is not enough for wind
power generation to be feasible, although the wind speed can still be
utilized to run wind mills to pump water for the areas where it is
available at short depths up to 100 feet.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Wind
Pakistan is blessed with a large resource of Wind Corridor. Although
PMD was gathering wind data for quite long time. Recently US
provided Wind Energy Map for Pakistan which confirms a strong
wind corridor in Sind coastal area.
AEDB issued about 80 LOI to the investors List of LOI holders ) to
develop 50 MW wind farms. Out of which 15 are already issued the
land and feasibility reports and financial closings are in progress
Geological, seismic, tectonic and environmental studies will be
required along with Digital mapping and topography of the site for
preparing a bankable feasibility study. A confirm EPC cost will also
be needed for calculation of tariffs.
AEDB claims 50,000 MW Energy Potential from Wind Resource
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Wind Turbine
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Wind Turbine
Pakistan Renewable Energy
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Pakistan Renewable Energy
Profile Biomass
Most economical and friendly way of disposing
of the municipal waste that is collected in large
quantities every day in cities.
Unfortunately hardly any efforts have yet beenmade in this direction in Pakistan.
Biogas
Pakistan, being agriculture based, breeds sufficient livestock to
produce enough animal waste for the production of biogas. Currentlyall such animal waste is burned in dry form as a domestic source of
energy.
Biogas can be largely produced on community basis. There is good
potential for using biogas as rural energy throughout the country
Pakistan Renewable
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Pakistan Renewable
Energy Profile Biogas
The Government of Pakistan started a
comprehensive biogas scheme in 1974
and commissioned 4,137 biogas units by
1987 throughout the country. The unitswere designed to provide 3,000 and 5,000 cubic feet of biogas per day
for cooking and lighting purposes. This program was developed in three
phases.
During 1st
phase, 100 demonstration units were installed under grantby the Government. During the second phase, the cost of the biogas
was shared between the beneficiaries and the Government.
Later on for 3rdphase, the government withdrew the financial support,
although technical support continued to be provided free of cost.Unfortunatel , after the withdrawal of the overnment financial
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Research and Development
Solar Energy Technologies, in Pakistan have not been exploited
on a large scale for a number of reasons i.e. fear of the high cost
of solar energy technologies, lack of motivation and incentives,
inadequate demonstration of effective use of the technologies.
Recently there has been an awakening among government
circles to the need to use renewable energy technologies to save
the environment and improve the socio-economic conditions of
the peoples living in the remote areas. For this reason solar energy has been listed as a high priority
area in the 9thFive Year Plan. However there is need to take
certain practical measures in this respect.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Research and Development - Recommended Measures
Formulate long term strategies to include,
progressively, the renewable/solar energy technologies
in the national energy policy;
Provide adequate funds for R&D and for transforminglaboratory products into commercial products;
Motivate entrepreneurs through policy initiatives such
as tax holidays, reduction/exemption from duties andtaxes;
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Research and Development - Recommended Measures
Provide soft loans/subsidies to the end users;
Motivate through mass media, exhibition, field
demonstration, education and training;
Encourage installation of solar lights and other
appliances on public buildings, parks, streets etc;
Provide funds for renewable energy demonstrationcommunity projects.
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Research and Development - Institutional Structure
In Pakistan all the R&D work is carried out by public sector
organizations. The bodies wholly or partly engaged in
research in the field of renewable energy technologies and
their applications are described in this section. National Institute of Silicon Technology (NIST)
Pakistan Council of Appropriate Technology (PCAT)
Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies Solar Energy Research Center
Universities
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
Research and Development - Renewable Energy Projects
Energy Self-Sufficient Model House Rural Area Electrification
Solar Desalination Pilot Project
Community Solar Dryers for Drying Grains, Fruits and Vegetables
PV Telecommunication Systems
Solar Hydrogen Production Pilot Project
Integrated Renewable Energy Community Project
Installation of 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant in Desert Area of Pakistan.
Biogas Plants for meeting Domestic Fuel and Fertilizer Needs of Rural
Improvement and Dissemination of 100 improved Micro Hydropower Plants (MHP) in NWFP,
FATA, Northern areas of the country.
Biomass Utilization at Community Level. Dissemination of 100 Wind turbines for Water Pumping and Power Generation in the Southern
and Coastal Areas
Potable Water Supply System in Remote Areas by Photovoltaic Pumping.
Installation of Solar Garden Lights at Public Places
Installation of Solar Street Lights.
Training Courses on Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Application
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Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile
MITIGATION POTENTIAL
The world we live in is not inherited to us by our
forefathers, rather it has been loaned to us by our
future generations
Af r ican Proverb
WE NEED TO ACT, NOW
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