Renewable Energy Systems

ECE 333 Teaching Staff

• Professor Tom Overbye, who will be giving the lectures in the Tuesday/Thursday Section

• Lecturing TA Kate Rogers, who will be giving the lectures in the MWF Section

• Grading TA Sudipta Dutta

• Office hours are as given in the syllabus

About Prof. Tom Overbye

• Professional– Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University of

Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91)– Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility

(Madison Gas & Electric)– Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and doing

research in the area of electric power systems; third time teaching ECE 333

– Developed commercial power system analysis package, known now as PowerWorld Simulator. This package has been sold to about 500 different corporate entities worldwide

– DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout

About Prof. Tom Overbye

• Nonprofessional– Married to Jo– Have three children

Tim age 15 Hannah age 13 Amanda age 11

– Live in country by Homer– Like to bike to work

(at least part of the way)– Teach 2nd/3rd Grade Sunday School

class at First Baptist Church

My Kids

About Kate

• Professional– University of Texas (Austin)

for undergrad– University of Illinois (UIUC) for

grad school– IEEE-PES, HKN, Tau Beta Pi– Research is in power systems– Was TA for ECE 333 Twice Before

About Kate

Nonprofessional– Volunteer Firefighting (in Houston)– SCUBA diving– Running marathons (4)– Went skydiving once– HAM radio

Green Electric Energy Systems

• Focus of course is on electric energy sources that are sustainable (won’t diminish over time) excluding large-scale hydro

– Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the sources– These resources may be large-scale or may be distributed– Courses does not cover nuclear– Course does not cover biological resources (at least not in-depth)– Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly be covering

the ethical, policy and current events as well.

• Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210

ECE 333 Syllabus

• Introduction, fundamentals of electric power

• Electric Power Grid, Conventional Generation

• Wind Power Systems

• Wind/Grid Integration, Introduction to Power Flow

• Distributed Generation Technologies

• Economics of Distributed Resources

• Energy Storage including Electric/Pluggable Hybrid Cars

• The Solar Resource

• Photovoltaic Materials and Systems

• Smart Grid Integration Issues

Notation - Power

• Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy

• Power Units

Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)

kW – 1 x 103 Watt

MW – 1 x 106 Watt

GW – 1 x 109 Watt

• Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900 GW ( about 3 kW per person)

• Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

Notation - Energy

• Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system

• Energy Units– Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)– kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)– Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu– One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one gallon

ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas)

• U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

North America Interconnections

Electric Transmission System

Electric Systems in Energy Context

• Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system

• Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted

into another form of energy when used

• About 40% of US energy is transported in electric form, a percentage that is gradually increasing

• Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

Sources of Energy - US

Source: EIA Energy Outlook 2009 (Early Release), Table 1, 2008 Data

Petroleum, 38.9

Coal, 22.6

Natural Gas, 24.1

Nuclear, 9.3

Hydro, 2.6

Biomass, 3 Other, 1.4

CO2 Emissions (millions of metric tons, and per quad)

Petroleum: 2598, 64.0 Natural Gas: 1198, 53.0Coal: 2115, 92.3

About 86% Fossil Fuels

1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual)

1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency)

Electric Generation by Fuel/State

Source: 2006 EIA Data, Slide by Kate Rogers

Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption

Energyin

Quad

Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook, 2010

Data says we will be 81% Fossil in 2035!!

Wind is the Major Electric Renewable Growth Area Right Now

Source: EIA Energy Consumption by Energy Source, July 2009

2009 Data:Total: 94.5Coal: 19.7NG: 23.3Petro: 35.3Nuc.: 8.35Bio: 3.88

Geo: 0.36Hydro: 2.68Wind: 0.70

Solar: 0.11

Growth in US Wind Power Capacity

Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2nd Qtr, 2010

The quickdevelopmenttime for windof 6 monthsto a year means thatchanges infederal tax incentivescan have an almostimmediateimpact onconstruction

The World

• The total world-wide energy consumption was 472 quad (2006), a growth of about 19% from 2000 values

• A breakdown of this value by fuel source is 171.7 quad (36.3%) from petroleum, 127.5 (27.0%) from coal, 108.0 (22.9%) from natural gas, 29.7 (6.3%) from hydroelectric, 27.8 (5.9%) from nuclear, 4.7 (1.0%) other used as electric power, 2.8 (0.6%) other not used as electric power

• World-wide total is 86.2% fossil-fuel, and (currently) less than 1.0% in the focus area of this class

The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2006 Data

• USA – 99.9

• China – 73.8

• Russia – 30.4

• Japan – 22.8

• India – 17.7

• Germany – 14.6

• Canada – 14.0

• France – 11.4

• UK – 9.8

• Brazil – 9.6

World total is 472; Average per 100 Million people is about 7.32. If world used US averagetotal consumption would be about 2148 quad!

Source: US DOE EIA

Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2006 data)

• Iceland: 568.6 Norway: 410.8

• Kuwait: 469.8 Canada: 427.2

• USA: 334.6 Australia: 276.9

• Russia: 213.9 France: 180.7

• Japan:178.7 Germany: 177.5

• UK: 161.7 S. Africa: 117.2

• China: 56.2 Brazil: 51.2

• Indonesia: 17.9 India: 15.9

• Pakistan: 14.2 Nigeria: 7.8

• Malawi: 1.9 Afghanistan: 0.6

Source http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tablee1c.xls

Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising

Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

Valuewas about

280 ppmin 1800,

389 in 2010Rate ofincreaseis about2 ppm

per year

As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years

Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming /Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean

Monthly Worldwide Temp. Data, Last 40 Years (Celsius, 1961-1990 Deviation)

http://hadobs.metoffice.com/hadcrut3/diagnostics/global/nh+sh/monthly

How Data is “Averaged” Impacts How It is Perceived

This is a two year (24 month) running average overthe last 40 years

How Data is “Averaged” Impacts How It is Perceived

This is a four year (48 month) running average of the same data (except starting in 1973)

Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate

Source: http://hadobs.metoffice.com/

U.S Annual Average Temperature

Source:http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/images/1208natltemp.png

Annual Temperatures for Illinois

Source : http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.png

But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends

Estimated surface temperature in Sargassso Sea (located in North Atlantic) Europe

was clearly

warmerin 1000AD;whether this wastrue world-wide is not known

Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007

Going Back a Few More Years

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png

And a Few More

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png

Millions and Tens of Millions

35Eventual Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization Level Depends Upon CO2 Emissions

Regardless of what we doin the short-term the CO2 levels in the atmosphere willcontinue to increase. The eventual stabilizationlevels depend upon how quickly CO2 emissions are curtailed.Emissions from electricity production are currently about 40% of the total

And Where Might Temps Go?

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Warming_Predictions.png

Note that the modelsshow rate of increase valuesof between0.2 to 0.5 C per decade.The rate from1975 to 2005was about 0.2 C per decade.

World Population Trends

Country 2005 2015 2025 %

Japan 127.5 124.7 117.8 -7.6

Germany 82.4 81.9 80.6 -2.2

Russia 142.8 136.0 128.1 -10.3

USA 295.7 325.5 357.4 20.8

China 1306 1361 1394 6.7

India 1094 1251 1396 27.6

World 6449 7230 7941 23.1Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in

millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

Energy Economics

• Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs• Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs

• Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)

• Coal, wind, hydro are in between

• Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricity

• Potential carbon “tax” major uncertainty

Ball park Energy Costs

Source: http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/adequacy_report_01-09-09.pdf

Natural Gas Prices 1990’s to 2010

Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price

in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price

Coal Prices have Fallen Substantially from Two Years Ago

Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html#spot

Pricesare on the orderof $1 to

$2 per Mbtu