renewable energy resources management in india and...
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CHAPTER 6 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA AND KARNATAKA
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CHAPTER 6
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
IN INDIA AND KARNATAKA
The previous chapter was related energy scenario in developing countries
including India and Karnataka, explained and recommended about implementation of
Energy Conservation Policy that is necessary in India. It also dealt with Renewable
Energy Sources which can solve the problem (demand and supply) is the near future.
Therefore, in this chapter focuses on renewable energy management in India and
Karnataka. It includes renewable energy resources available, renewable energy installed
capacity, generation of electricity, compound growth rate of electricity generation from
renewable energy sources in Karnataka. Then explaining about managing between
demand and supply from renewable energy resources. Finally programmes, policy and
implementation of promoting renewable energy in the country.
Introduction:
The Renewable Energy Management’s major concerns are supply-demand,
conservation and environmental protection. The rich countries opted renewable
energy for environmental reasons. In developing countries, renewable energy projects
are taken up to reduce the demand – supply gap and to boost rural electrification and
grid connection electrification. Of course, for India, an optimal energy mix of both
kinds is needed. It means that India’s renewable energy projects are taken for up
environmental protection and reduce the demand and supply gap.
Renewable sources of energy are important in the context of growing concern
about sustainable energy supply and protection of the environment from adverse
effects of fossil fuel utilization. The current pattern of energy consumption and the
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growing energy requirement due to economic development and population growth are
essentially unsustainable. Therefore, increase in the effects of power shortage and the
deterioration in environmental quality is some of the critical issues facing India today.
Vast amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas that are being emitted into
the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels and other economic activities are
causing important concern about global warming and its attendant consequences. It is
becoming increasingly clear that any effective strategy to eliminate global warming
must involve rational and efficient use of energy and a regular transmission from
dependence on fossil fuels to alternative and environment friendly energy
technologies. A major component of this strategy will admittedly be the promotion of
renewable energy systems.
The need for renewable energy has been accepted because of demand for
fossil fuels have increased. The depleting resources of fossil fuels and increased costs
have led to the development of new and technologically advanced renewable energy
sources. For that purpose Indian government is committed towards renewable sources
of energy, it will slowly replace the use of some fossil fuels. The country has a whole
is over dependent on imported gas, coal and oil. Therefore, India is promoting for
renewable energy resources to manage the demand and supply of electricity.
In the World renewable electricity net consumption and generation in 2009
was 3868.265Billion kilo watt hours, which became 4167.199 Billion kilo watt hours
in 2011. The total biofuels consumption in 2010 was 1772.208 thousand barrels per
day which became 1819.805 thousand barrels per day in 2011(International Statistical
Data). Renewable energy consumption increased year to year because of scarcity of
conventional sources of energy In India, renewable energy generation as on March
2013, the total grid-interactive power was 2,380.31MW and total off-grid was
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89.782MW and other renewable energy systems like family biogas plants was
0.77(no. in lakh) and solar water heater was 0.91(million meter square).
6.1 Renewable Energy Resource Management in India
India is richly endowed with renewable energy resources and Indian
government has been making efforts to popularize renewable energy technologies –
improved wind, biomass, biogas plants, chulhar, gasifier, solar energy systems,
energy recovery from urban wastes and industrial wastes, ocean energy, fuel cells and
small hydro power that are broadly distributed across the country. These resources
can be utilized through households, institutions, industries and commercially viable
technologies to generate energy to provide fuel security, without endangering the
environment and it is also clear that while energy conservation and energy-efficiency
have an important role to play in the national energy strategy, renewable energy will
become a key part of the solutions and is likely to play an increasingly important role
for increase of grid power, providing energy access reducing consumption of fossil
fuels and low carbon development.
The importance of renewable energy sources in the transition to a sustainable
energy base was recognized in the early 1970’s. At the Government level, political
commitment to renewable energy establishment was the first Department of Non-
conventional Energy sources in 1982, and upgraded to full-fledged Ministry of Non-
conventional Energy Sources (MNRE) in 1992, subsequently, renamed as of Ministry
of Non-conventional Energy Resources (MNRE).India was the first country in the
world to setup a Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Resources (MNRE).
Is the nodal Ministry of the Government of India, at the national level for all
matters relating to new and renewable energy. The Ministry has been facilitating the
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implementation of broad spectrum programmes including harnessing renewable
power, renewable energy to rural areas for lighting, cooking and motive power, use of
renewable energy is urban, industrial and commercial application and development of
alternate fuels and applications. In addition, it supports research, design and
development of new and renewable energy technologies, products and services. The
extension programmes of ministry are largely implemented through the State Renewable
Energy Development Agencies. These agencies mobilize participation of the state level
machinery, local institutions, Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) and village level
organizations for implementation of these programmes. However, increasingly the
channels are being opened out to move in market mode through other partners.
6.1a Power Generation from Renewable Energy Source in India:
The power generation from renewable energy sources is classified into two
groups one is grid-interactive renewable power energy and the other is off-grid
renewable power energy. The renewable energy potential capacity is more important.
Because, it creates storage of the power generation and can develop the technology.
Table 9: Generation of Renewable Energy Sources in India
Power from Renewable Energy Sources Total CGR Percent
On-Grid (2001-2013) In MW Wind 22472.73 86.44% 58% Small Hydro 9468.56 -2.90% 24% Co-generation/ Biomass Power 5663.7 47.36% 14% Solar Power 994.18 76.08% 3% Waste-to-Energy 143.86 -2.24% 1%Off-Grid (2005-2013) In MW Biomass/Co-generation 421 88.5% 45% Biomass Gassifier 341.98 10.56% 36% Energy from waste 134.77 46.99% 14% Solar PV Plants 40.59 59.31% 5%
Sources: Data collected from annul reports of MNRE 2001-2002 to 2012-2013
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Chart 8: On-Grid power generation from Renewable Energy in India
Table 9 and chart 8 shows that, Power generation from renewable energy
sources in India, during 2001-2013. The total power generated from the sources is
through wind, small hydro, co-generation, biomass, solar power, waste-to-energy in
India. The first part (total) explains about the on-gird renewable energy sources of
power generation. The wind energy’s compound growth rate was 86.44 percent and
the total production was 58 percent. In India wind energy is generated more because
of geographical reasons. Small Hydro energy produced 24 percent with a compound
growth rate of energy generated was -2.90 percent, because hydro power generation
has generated more energy but it has decreased. Co-generation and biomass energy
was 14 percent generated and compound growth rate was 47.36 percent, it shows that
co-generation and biomass energy generated had increased, because sugar mills
produced more energy during these years. Even though solar energy has also
increased during these years, solar energy generated was 3 percent only and the
compound growth rate was 76.08 percent, it depicts that solar energy has increased
power generation sources is recent days. The waste-to-energy generated was 1 percent
with compound growth rate of -2.24 percent. It indicates that, power generation is
slow during these years.
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Therefore, this result shows that on-grid energy generation had increased and
suitable to energy generation. Because, it is meeting energy demand and supply gap
of conventional energy source. The total power generated was with 45percent
compound growth rate of 88.5 percent. The result clearly understands that, off-grid
energy source has also increased power generation.
Chart 9: Off-grid power generation from Renewable Energy in India
Table 9 and chart 9 shows that, the second part is off-grid power generation
from renewable energy in India. Cleary understands that, during 2008-2010 biomass
gassifier energy sources generated more power. But the results show that biomass and
co-generation off-grid renewable energy source produced 45 percent, energy with
compound growth rate was 88.5percent. The result clearly understands that, that off-
grid energy source has also increased power generation. The energy recovery sources
are also produced 14 percent, with compound growth rate was 46.99 percent. Solar
energy power generation was 5 percent, during these years with 59.31 percent
compound growth rate. Therefore, off-grid energy power has increased power
generation year to year to and the demand and supply of conventional energy.
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Wind Energy Programmes:
Initially the wind energy programme in India was initiated towards the end of
the Sixth Plan in 1983-84 through a market-oriented strategy through which the
technology was commercialized and it has emerged as a viable and a cost-effective
option for power generation. Wind Energy has been used successfully in India and is
the fastest growing renewable energy technology for generating grid connected power
amongst various renewable energy sources. The Ministry is wind power
programmme covers survey and assessment of wind resources, facilitation of
implementation of demonstration and private sector projects through various fiscal
and promotional policies. In India, total capacity of 18,550MW has been established
up to December 2012 in the country. According to Ministry report (2012-13), India is
now the fifth largest wind power producer in the world, after china, USA, Germany
and Spain.
Table 10: State-wise Wind Power Installed Capacity (MW) (up to 31.12.2012)
Sources: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Report 2011-12, pp.18
Table 9 shows that, State-wise wind power Installed capacity in India. This
table clearly understands that, Tamil Nadu states first is wind power installed capacity
of 7153MW in India, second is, Gujarat with an installed capacity of 3093MW,
State Installed Capacity(MW) Andra Pradesh 435 Gujarat 3093 Karnataka 2113 Kerala 35 Madhya Pradesh 386 Maharastra 2976 Rajasthan 2355 Tamil Nadu 7153 Other 4 Total 18550
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Maharashtra state third with a capacity of 2976MW, Rajasthan is fourth with
2355MW, Karnataka state fifth is installed capacity of 2113MW. Andhra Pradesh
state is sixth with an installed capacity of 435MW. This installation capacity is based
on the geographical areas and location of wind availability.
Biomass Power Programme:
Biomass Power Programme was implemented with the harnessing the
potential for grid quality power from biomass resources through various conversion
technologies. Biomass materials used for power generation include bagasse, rice
husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cokes, coffee waste, jute
waste and groundnut shells, saw dust etc. The potential of biomass power can be
increased substantially if linked with dedicated plantations on forest and non forest
degraded lands. The benefits from biomass includes widely available resources
through the country, generate direct and indirect income for the rural communities,
generates employment in rural areas and net positive environmental benefits due to
reduction of local pollution from field burning and methane emission from decay of
surplus biomass. The constraints are competitive uses of biomass as cattle feed and
partly used by process and power industries leading to shortages or rise in the price of
fuel for biomass power plant. The states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka have been leading in this sector while states such as UP, Maharashtra,
Punjab and Haryana too are picking up fast nowadays. The Ministry has estimated
that about 17000MW of power can be generated from Agro-residues covering
agricultural and forestry residues excluding energy plantation in waste land and
bagasses available in sugar mills.
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Bagasses Co-generation Programme:
One of the success stories and modern India is the bagasses based Co-
generation in sugar mills. A task force appointed by the Ministry in 1993 estimated
that if the entire sugar mill were to adopt technically and economically optimum level
of cogeneration for extracting power from the bagasses produced. On additional
3500MW could be generated. Based on present capacity of sugar mills potential has
been revalidated to 5000MW of surplus power.
Biogas Based Power Programme:
The biogas power generation programme is under implementation since 2005-
06. Its main intention is to promote biogas based power generation, especially in the
small capacity range (from 3KW to 250KW), based on the animal wastes and wastes
from forestry, rural based industries (agro) food processing, kitchen waste etc.,
Therefore BBPG, a total no. of 327 project with a total capacity of about 6.00MW are
under implementation in 16 states, of which 191 Projects with a capacity of about
3MW have been completed.
Small Hydro Power Programme:
MNRE is responsible for the development of small hydro power in the country
since 1989. Promotion of Small hydroelectric projects (SHP) continues to be a thrust
area to generate grid quality power. Small Hydro Projects play a critical role in
improving the energy scenario of the remote and inaccessible areas. It is seen that
generation of electricity from water is most economical in comparison to generation
from other sources, both conventional and non-conventional. With the availability of
advanced technology and increasing energy demands, there had been a shift from
small-size hydro projects to large-size hydroelectric projects which have received
renewed attention throughout the world including India. Today, Ministry has an
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estimated small hydro potential of 19,749MWfrom 6474 identified sites (MNRE
report, 2013). So far small hydroelectric power (up to 25MW capacity each), an
aggregated capacity of 1705MW have been installed.
Solar Energy Programme:
India today is the second largest manufacturer of SPV panels based on
crystalline a solar cells in the world. Production is this area has reached a level of
10MWper year and 15 companies are engaged in the production of solar cells and
modules. Another 70 companies are engaged in the design and supply of SPV
systems. So far, PV modules and systems with an aggregate capacity of 40MW have
been deployed in India. The solar energy programme comprises of the SPV and solar
thermal power. The aim in promoting this technology is to generate grid quality
power based on SPV and solar thermal technologies. Here the SPV modules generate
DC power which is converted in to grid quality AC power using an inverter. In solar
thermal technologies the solar thermal concentrating systems increases the
temperature of the fluid to above 300ºC, which in turn is used to produce steam to run
a conventional turbine and generate electricity.
India has tremendous potential for solar thermal systems for water heating,
space heating desalination, crop drying, refrigeration and power generation, solar
water heating systems and solar cookers. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
approved 85 manufacturers of flat plate collectors in the country with aggregate
production capacity of over 300,000 square meters. The SPV are used by the
government sector and the commercial agencies for meeting essential load
requirements for data logging, telecommunications, transmissions, for various
applications in the railways etc. Rural and tribal villages of India have an estimated
potential requirement of 80 million SPV lanterns.
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National Solar Mission: Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was
launched on 11th January 2010, the Missions is a major initiative of the government
of India and state governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while
addressing India’s energy security challenges and meet the challenges climate change.
JNNSM targets include, 20,000MW of grid connected solar power by 2022 and
2,000MW of Off-grid solar application including 20 million solar lights by
2022(MNRE report, 2013).
6.2 Renewable Energy Resource Management in Karnataka
Karnataka is one of the most progressive states in the country. There are 30
districts in Karnataka. As per the 2011 census, Karnataka’s ninth rank of population
that is 61,095,297 and 5.05%, Literacy rate was 75.36% and area (km²) was 191,791,
density (Km²) was 319. Karnataka is one of the highly economic growth state in
India with the expected GSDP growth of 8.2% in the fiscal year 2010-2011.
Karnataka has recorded the highest growth rate in terms of GDP and per capita GDP
in the last decade compared to other states. Geographically, the state is divided into 3
regions: the coastal region of Karavali, the hilly Malanadu region comprising the Western
Ghats and the Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan platane.
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Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) was formed on
8th march 1996 as nodal agency by the government to facilitate the development of
non-conventional energy sources. It is registered under the company act, 1956. Prior
to 1996 other organizations were looking after this sector as a subsidiary function to
their main activity. This prompted the Government to create an exclusive
organization for the development of renewable energy sources in the state. The
primary objective of this company is to develop both on gird and off grid power
projects as a supplement to conventional energy power projects. It also acts as energy
generated between independent power producers and Government in the state and
centre. KEB, KPCL was involved in construction of large power projects and could
not focus adequately on small power projects in the non-conventional energy sector.
Therefore, promotion of renewable energy projects as a supplement to conventional
power generation tended to take the back seat. This persuaded the government of
Karnataka to set up a separate agency for rendering handholding type of support to
renewable energy project developers.
6.2a Installed Capacity and Generation of On-grid Renewable Energy Sources in
Karnataka (2003 - 2014*)
Table 11: Renewable Energy installed & Generation in Karnataka (2003 - 2014*)
Wind power Biomass power Small Hydro Power Solar power Co-generation Power
instal* Gen* instal* Gen* instal* Gen* instal* Gen* instal* Gen*
Total 14202.93 80083 3309.27 7218.62 6644.26 15890.28 76 66.5 9.51 8761
CGR 20.29 39.06 15.89 14.4 12.22 20.02 36.37 37.04 13.87 13.49
Percentage 71 6 15 1 7
Source: KREDL Annual reports and KREDL decade report Note: Instal* installation capacity in MW, Gen* generation in MU, 2014* as on Feb 2014
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Chart 10: Renewable Energy Generation in Karnataka in percentage
Table 11 and chart 10 depicts that, Renewable energy installation capacity and
Power generation from renewable energy sources in Karnataka. During the 2003-2014, the
total powers generated from the sources are wind, small hydro, co-generation, biomass,
solar power, waste-to-energy in Karnataka. In respect of wind energy installation capacity
and compound annual growth rate worked out to be 20.29 percent and generation CGR
39.06, the total percentage of wind energy produced during the period in 71percent. In
Karnataka, wind energy generated more since it is geographically feasible for power
generation. In respect of Small Hydro energy it was 12.22 is compound growth rate of
installed capacity and energy generated was 20.02, the total power generated from the
sources is 15percent. Those hydro power generation is generated more energy but it has
decreases. It shows that co-generation during these period was 7 percent, and biomass
energy generate has increased i.e., 6 percent, because sugar mills has produced more energy
during these years. Even though solar energy generated has also increased during 2008 to
2014, solar energy generated was only 1 percent.
6.2b District Wise Details of Renewable Energy Potential and Generation in
Karnataka (MW)
Table 12 shows that, district wise wind potential in Karnataka as on 2013.
This table has calculated wind power percentage and top 5 district of wind power
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potential in Karnataka. This table clearly understands that, in Karnataka, out of 26
districts that installed wind energy, total potential is 13236MW. In these districts,
Belagavi tops the list with a potential of 1413.94MW in Karnataka, after Chitradurga
power potential was 1300MW and is 2nd place. The third place is Gadag with a power
potential of 1102.28MW, Bijapur stand fourth place at power potential with 794.97MW
and Chikkamagalur stand at 5th place with 702.35MW power potential in Karnataka
Table 12: District Wise Potential for Wind Energy Project in Karnataka
Sl.no. Name of the District Wind Power Potential in MW Percentage Top 5 District1 Chitradurga 1300 9.85 2 2 Gadag 1102.28 8.32 3 3 Davanagere 544.4 4.14 4 Belagavi 1413.94 10.6 1 5 Bellary 700.85 5.21 6 Haveri 685.27 5.12 7 Hassan 650.53 4.91 8 Shimoga 700.36 5.26 9 Tumkur 500.47 3.74
10 Dharwad 450.7 3.43 11 Raichur 408.36 3.42 12 Koppal 474.72 3.57 13 Madikere 100.95 0.76 14 Bagalkot 643.78 4.87 15 Bangalore(Rural) 205.35 1.59 16 Bidar 80.85 0.62 17 Bijapur 794.97 6.12 4 18 Chamrajanaga 67.58 0.54 19 Chikmagalur 702.35 5.32 5 20 Dakshina Kannada 221.1 1.68 21 Gulbarga 400.2 3.25 22 Kolar 300.56 2.25 23 Mandya 70.6 0.57 24 Mysore 300.65 2.29 25 Udupi 47.38 0.32 26 Karwar 47.8 0.39
Total 13236 100 Sources: KREDL, as on 13.08.2013
.
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Table 13: District Wise Potential for Biomass Energy Project in Karnataka:
Sl. no. Name of the District Biomass Power Potential in MW Percentage Top 5
district 1 Chitradurga 27.5 5.35 2 Gadag 10.2 1.98 3 Davanagere 19.5 3.79 4 Bellary 53.2 1.36 5 Haveri 8.5 1.65 6 Hassan 18 3.5 7 Shimoga 19.5 3.79 8 Tumkur 28.5 5.55 4 9 Dharwad 15.2 2.96
10 Raichur 45.3 8.81 2 11 Koppala 33.5 6.52 3 12 Bagalkot 14.1 2.74 13 Bangalore(Rural) 19.6 3.81 14 Bidar 14.2 2.76 15 Bijapur 16.2 3.15 16 Chamrajanaga 16 3.11 17 Chikmagalur 8.2 1.59 18 Kodagu 9 1.75 19 Gulbarga 62.3 12.13 1 20 Kolar 12 2.33 21 Mandya 25 4.86 22 Mysore 10 1.94 23 Belgam 28 5.45 5
Total 513.5 100 Sources: KREDL, as on 31-3-2011
Table 13 exhibits that, district wise Biomass potential in Karnataka as on
2011. This table has calculated the top 5district is percentage terms in respect of
Biomass power potential in Karnataka. This table clearly understands that, in
Karnataka, 23 districts has installed biomass energy, total potential is about
513.5MW. In these districts, Gulbarga top list is a potential of 62.3MW in Karnataka.
Raichur stand has second with a power potential of 45.3MW. Koppal stand third is
power potential with 33.5MW, Tumkurat is positioned at fourth place as respect of
power potential with 28.5MW and 5th place is Belgam with 28MW power potential in
Karnataka.
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Table 14: District Wise Potential for Small Hydro Power Energy Project in Karnataka:
Sl.no. Name of the District Small Hydro Power Potential in MW Percentage Top 5 District
1 Davanagere 5.4 0.26 2 Bellary 38.37 1.84 3 Haveri 2 0.09 4 Hassan 208.6 10.04 5 5 Shimoga 68.225 3.28 6 Uttara Kannada 75 3.61 7 Dakshina Kannada 441.56 21.26 1 8 Raichur 235.98 11.36 2 9 Koppal 27 1.3
10 Bagalkot 25 1.2 11 Bangalore(Rural) 23.15 1.11 12 Bijapur 13.6 0.65 13 Chamrajanaga 38.9 1.87 14 Chikmagalur 176.32 8.49 15 Kodagu 214.65 10.33 3 16 Gulbarga 53.1 2.55 17 Udupi 146.8 7.07 18 Mandya 210.3 10.12 4 19 Mysore 60 2.88 20 Belgam 12.25 0.59
Total 2076.205 100 Sources: KREDL, as on 31-3-2011
Table 14 exhibits that, district wise small hydro potential in Karnataka as on
2011. This table has calculated the top 5 district is percentage terms in respect of
small hydro power potential in Karnataka. This table clearly understands that, in
Karnataka, 20 districts has installed hydro energy, total potential is about
2076.205MW. In these districts, Dakshina Kannada top list is a potential of
441.56MW in Karnataka. Raichur stand has second with a power potential of
235.98MW. Kodugu stand third is power potential with 214.65MW, Mandya is
positioned at fourth place as respect of power potential with 210.3MW and 5th place is
Hassan with 208.6MW power potential in Karnataka.
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Table 15: District Wise Potential for Co-generation Power Energy Project in Karnataka:
Sl.no. Name of the District Co-generation Power Potential in MW Percentage Top 5 District
1 Davanagere 49 5.35 2 Bidar 28 3.05 3 Shimoga 12 1.31 4 Uttara Kannada 9.5 1.03 5 Gadag 13 1.42 6 Bagalkot 159.6 17.44 2 7 Bangalore(Rural) 15.4 1.68 8 Bijapur 68 7.4 4 9 Dharwad 32 3.4
10 Gulbarga 28 3.05 11 Mandya 125 13.65 3 12 Mysore 63 6.88 5 13 Belgam 312.6 34.16 1
Total 915.1 100 Sources: KREDL, as on 31-3-2011
Table 15 shows that, district wise Co-generation potential in Karnataka as on
2011. This table has calculated the top 5 district is percentage terms in respect of Co-
generation power potential in Karnataka. This table clearly understands that, in
Karnataka, 13 districts installed Co-generation, total potential is about 915.1MW. In
these districts, Belgam is the top list is a potential of 312.6MW in Karnataka.
Bagalkot stand has second with a power potential of 159.6MW. Mandya stand third
is power potential with 125MW, Bijapur is positioned at fourth place as respect of
power potential with 68MW and 5th place is Mysore with 63MW power potential in
Karnataka.
6.2c Year-wise Achievements of Off-grid of SPV Program in Karnataka through
KREDL:
The radiant heat and light of energy from the sun is called Solar Energy. Solar
energy is the most readily and abundantly available source of energy. Since ancient
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times this energy has been harnessed by humans using a range of innovations and
ever-evolving technologies. The earth receives more energy in just one hour from the
sun than what is consumed in the whole world for one year. This energy is converted
into heat and electricity. The photovoltaic sector has reached manufacturing output of
about 6.850 MW per day in 2010 (A/C to SIEA-Solar Energy Industries Association).
Germany is the largest market for photovoltaic in the world. Solar thermal power
stations are dominant in the Spain and the USA. The largest power station is in the
Mojave desert in United States (354 MW Solar Energy Generating System (SEGS).
India receives a solar energy equivalent of more than 500 trillion KWH per
year, which is far more than its total annual consumption and India lies in the sunny
regions of the world. Most parts of India receive 4-7 KWH of solar radiation per
square meter per day with 250-300 sunny days in a year. The highest annual radiation
energy is received in Western Rajasthan while the north-eastern region of the country
receives the lowest annual radiation.
Though, the energy density is low and availability is not continuous, it has
now become possible to harness this abundantly available energy very reliable for
many purposes by converting it to usable heat or through direct generation of energy.
So Government of India has ordered for those who is construct new residential
buildings has to install SWHs (which is mandatory) in urban areas. Solar energy
experienced by heat and light, cooking, drying, water purification, power generation,
and other forms of applications. The photovoltaic route concerts the light in solar
energy into electricity. Energy from the sun has many features, which make it an
attractive and sustainable option: global distribution, pollution free nature, and the
virtually inexhaustible supply.
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Two types of solar energy systems are often considered for home use:
Photovoltaic and Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW). Photovoltaic systems convert
solar radiation is to electricity. These systems can be connected to the grid to act as a
small power plant. Solar thermal systems use solar insolation to heat a medium such
as air or water. SDHW systems are a type of solar thermal system and are can be
considered as a small power plant in the sense that they reduce electric demand.
Benefits of Solar Domestic Water Heating:
The energy saved from using a solar water heating system helps to reduce
domestic energy demand from power utilities. A solar water heater is a long-term
investment that will save money spent on water heating after the system has paid for
itself. In addition to the reduced electrical energy and cost savings from water heating,
there are several other benefits derived from using the sun’s energy to heat water.
Most solar water heaters come with an additional water tank, which feeds the
conventional hot water tank. Users benefit from the larger hot water storage capacity
and the reduced likelihood of running out of hot water. Some solar water heaters do
not require electricity to operate. For these systems, hot water supply is secured from
power outages, as long as there is sufficient sunlight to operate the system. Solar
water heating systems can also be used directly to heat swimming pool water, with the
added benefit of extending the swimming season for outdoor pool applications [RET
Screen, 2012]. Fossil fuel combustion produces greenhouse gases such as CO, CO2,
NO2 and SO2. Therefore, use of a solar water heating system improves environmental
impact and reduces greenhouse gas emissions through reduced use of electricity
[Austin, 2003].
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Table 16: Year-wise Achievements of Off-grid of SPV Program
in Karnataka through KREDL
Achievement in Numbers Year Lantern Home Light Street Light Pumps
1996-97 552 23 50 3 1997-98 98 1 0 33 1998-99 1137 98 52 70 1999-00 1235 596 76 95 2000-01 1483 687 84 34 2001-02 2580 2615 180 31 2002-03 - 2786 210 44 2003-04 - 5732 359 31 2004-05 SPV Program was not announced 2005-06 2985 2000 60 62 2006-07 4598 8500 1200 97 2007-08 5634 15689 1896 159 2008-09 7334 28174 2194 532 2009-10 7334 28228 2371 551 2010-11 7334 31458 2459 551 2011-12 7334 36134 2694 551 2012-13 7334 43313 2694 551
Total 56972 206034 16579 3395 CGR 6781.93 43289.93 2643.93 54793
Sources: KREDL decade report and Energy Statistic 2012-13
Chart 11: Off-grid of SPV Program in Karnataka
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Table 16 and Chart 11 depict that, year wise achievement of off-grid of solar
PV program in Karnataka through KREDL. Government implemented SPV
programmes from the year 2005-06. The total lantern number was 56972 with a
compound growth rate of 6781.93. The comparison is made between first and last
year of the study, whenever the distributions of was increased the system of lantern.
The respect of home lights the total distribution was 206034 with a compound
growth rate of 4328.93, Street lights was 16579 with compound growth rate of
2643.93, Solar Pumps was 3395 with the compound growth rate of 54793. This table
clearly understands that, off grid renewable energy has provided energy distribution to
solve the problem of conventional energy sources in Karnataka.
Table 17: District Wise Details of Renewable Energy Generation (MW) in Karnataka
Sl. no. Name of the District Small hydro Wind Co-generation Biomass Total
Generation Top 5 Rank
1 Bagalkot 0 0 78 0 78 2 Bangalore Rural 12.25 0 0 0 12.25 3 Belagam 7.8 8.9 115 0 131.7 4 4 Bellary 12.6 65 0 8 85.6 5 Bidar 0 0 16 0 16 6 Bijapur 13.7 0 20.5 0 34.2 7 Chamrajanaga 5.12 0 0 0 5.12 8 Chikmagalur 0 0 0 0 0 9 Chitradurga 0 465 0 22 487 1
10 Dakshina Kannada 9 0 0 0 9 11 Davanagere 0 145 55 4 204 2 12 Dharwad 0 0 0 0 0 13 Gadag 0 125.6 0 0 125.6 5 14 Gulbarga 6.8 0 0 0 6.8 15 Hassan 49 0 0 8 57 16 Haveri 0 0 0 0 0 17 Kodagu 9 1.3 0 0 10.3 18 Kolar 0 0 0 0 0 19 Koppal 21 2.9 0 21.6 45.5 20 Mandya 85.9 0 105.3 5.9 197.1 3 21 Mysore 51 0 45.6 0 96.6 22 Raichur 8 0 0 17 25 23 Shimoga 5.8 0 0 0 5.8 24 Tumkur 0 45.8 0 6 51.8 25 Udupi 25.6 0 0 0 25.6 26 Uttara Kannada 0 0 0 0 0
Sources: KREDL reports as on 2011
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Table 17 shows that, district wise renewable energy power generation in
Karnataka as on 2011. This table was calculated total generation and top 5 districts is
respect of power generation in Karnataka. This table clearly understands that, in
Karnataka, 26 districts installed renewable energy. Among these districts Chitradurga
tops first is respect of to power generation that is 487MW (as on 2011). The next
district is Davanagere with a power generation of 204MW, with a stands second. The
third place is Mandya district, power generation of 197.1MW. The fourth place is
Belagam is power generation of 137.7MW and is fifth place is Gadag district with
125.6MW power generation in Karnataka. The result of the total power generation
from renewable energy shows that it is possible to solve a sufficient amount of energy
and fill the gap between demand and supply of the conventional energy.
6.2d District Level Energy Parks in Karnataka:
The KREDL has undertaken the different parts of the awareness programme.
Because of create awareness of the renewable energy technologies, systems and also
to disseminate information on technological developments and promotional activities
taking place in the area of non-conventional energy, Energy Parks, Energy Clubs,
Akshay Urja Shops, Mobile Exhibition Van and Aditya Solar Shop. It is creating the
awareness among public the need and use of renewable energy ‘the need of the hour’
especially solar water heaters and photovoltaic, so that energy conservation is put to
use in domestic as well as commercial establishment.
Energy parks are being set up in state and district level with the financial
assistance of MNRE. It is also possible to create awareness and give publicity among
the students, teachers, rural and urban masses, to the extent of possible about the use
and benefits of renewable energy systems and devices through the scheme.
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Energy clubs program activities were organized lectures/demonstration on
renewable energy sources to students or staff of colleges. The program organized in the
adapted villages during camping period, special training to give awareness creating
residential areas. Akshay Urja shops program will provide the renewable technology. It is
sale of different renewable energy and efficient devices. Mobile exhibition van is being
used for promoting for solar devices, demonstrating, and to create the awareness.
Table 18: District Level Energy Parks in Karnataka
Sl. no. Districts Location of the Energy Parks
1 Davanagere Bapuji Institute of Technology 2 Belgaum KLES’s College of Engineering and Technology 3 Dharwad BVB College of Engineering and Technology, Hubli 4 Mandya Academy of Sanskrit Research, Melukote 5 Mangalore Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal
6 Mangalore PilukulaNisargadhama Centre
7 Mangalore Mangalore University
8 Mysore Sri Jayachamarajendra Engineering College
9 Mysore Swamy Vivekananda Youth Moment, HeggadadevanaKote
10 Kolar ChinmayaSandeepany, Chokkenahalli
11 Shimoga Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering
12 Mandya P.E.S. college of Engineering
13 Raichur Govt. Pre-University College, Arakera, Devodurga, Raichur 14 Gulbarga Govt. Pre-University College of Boys, Gurmitka, yadgir 15 Gulbarga Mahadevi Girls High School, Sharana Nagar, Gulbarga
16 Kolar Sir M. Visvesvaraya Innovative Technology Development Centre, Muddenahalli, ChickballalpurTq. Kolar
17 Tumkur Siddaganga Institute of Technology
18 Chikmagalur Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology
19 Chamarajnagar Karuna Trust
20 Bagalkot Basaveshwara Engineering college
21 Bijapur Sainik School
22 Hassan Malnad College of Engineering
23 Udupi Nitte
24 Bangalore Rural R.L.Jalappa Engineering college
25 Bellary Bellary Engineering College Sources: KREDL DECADE REPORT 2007
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6.3 Progrmmes, Policy for Renewable Energy:
At present, energy programmes have helped is achieved rapidly development
and has contributed positively for economic growth and negatively for towards
associated energy issues. India has the biggest programmes of solar energy in the
world. Many villages is rural areas are using SPV for their energy needs from wind
energy. India is expected to exceed its target of installing additional 1500MW of
wind power with year to come. There are numerous incentives for wind producers in
India for installing wind energy for future growth.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission:
A number of solar power projects in India have been undertaken for the proper
utilization of solar energy in India. Indian Government has promoted the utilization of
solar power through different strategies. The government, in the budget for 2010-11,
made provision for establishing a Clean Energy Fund and the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission received an amount of 3.8 billion from the budget (2010-11).
The numbers of solar appliances used in India are Home illumination systems, solar
road lights, Solar photovoltaic energy plants, Solar lamp, Box-shaped solar cookers,
Solar water heaters, Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Pumps.
Biomass Energy Policies and Programmes:
India has a long history of energy planning and programme interventions.
Programmes for promoting biogas and improved cooking-stoves began as early as in
1940’s. Rural electrification programmes are pursued since 1950’s. The national
biomass policy originated later, in the decade of 1970’s, as a component of rural and
renewable energy policies as a response to rural energy crisis and oil imports.
Therefore, national policy energy is responsible to find economically viable and
sustainable energy resources to meet growing rural energy needs.
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Small Hydro Power Programme: Hydro power projects are generally of two types
small and large in India. The Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible
for large hydro projects; the small hydro power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy.
Rajiv Gandhi GramenVidyutikarn Yojana:
This scheme has provided access to electricity to all has been approved for
continuance during the 11th plan for electricity of about 1.15lakh non available
electrified villages and electricity connection to 2.34 crore BPL (Below Poverty Line)
households by 2009.
Integrated Energy Policy:
IEP was initiated by Planning Commission. This policy deals with various
sources and forms of energy (electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro energy,
renewable including wind, solar, biofuels, and wood plantations). The policies salient
features cover all the desirable elements of an enlightened policy, including moving to
full cost pricing, consistent tax, public sector autonomy, competitive operations and
targeted subsidies.
Renewable Energy Policy 2009-2014 in Karnataka:
1. Vision: To harness Green and clean Renewable Energy Sources in the state for
environment benefits and Energy Security. To initiate energy efficiency measures in
all sectors for sustainable growth.
2. Mission:
1. To enhance the contribution of environment friendly Renewable Energy
sources, to the socio-economic development and supplement rural energy
needs through speedy and expeditious commissioning of sustainable
Renewable Energy projects.
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2. To create conditions conducive to private/ public/community participation
and investment in Renewable Energy power projects.
3. To achieve commercial viability and expeditiously operationalize the
Renewable Energy Projects
4. To enhance the contribution of Renewable Energy in the total installed
capacity of the state from 2400 MW to about 6600 MW by 2014.
5. To conserve 7901 MU (900 MW) by 2014 through the Energy Efficiency
& Energy Conservation measures in all sectors.
3. Objectives:
1. Development, propagation and promotion of Renewable Energy sources
and Technologies.
2. Development of Eco-friendly Projects and Harnessing of Natural
Resources to avail Green Power.
3. Acceleration of identification, development and implementation of new
Renewable Energy projects.
4. Encourage the industries, in addition to sugar industry, with cogeneration
potential to set up co-gen plants expeditiously.
5. Provision of "single window" service for technical consultation, sources
of finance and project clearance.
6. Decentralized and micro level power generation through renewable
energy sources to provide energy supply to agriculture, industry,
commercial and household sector.
7. Creation of suitable environment for private sector participation in
Renewable Energy Power Generation.
8. R&D, Publicity and Popularization of Renewable Energy.
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9. To establish linkages with national and international institutions for
active collaboration in development, demonstration and
commercialization of new and emerging Renewable Energy
technologies.
10. To Take Concrete steps for Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency
and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
4. Scope of the Policy: The policy will be applicable for the development of all
sectors of Renewable energy Sources including Energy Conservation and Energy
Efficiency. The policy is valid for a 5 year period up to 2014. This policy supersedes
all the policy guidelines/instructions issued in this behalf from time to time. The
provisions contained in this Renewable Energy Policy will be applicable to all the
Renewable Energy Projects. This policy will be applicable to all the Renewable
Energy projects sanctioned prior to the commencement of the policy and those
Renewable Energy projects in the process of development including already
commissioned Renewable Energy projects. Under the policy, Government has the
right to approve capacity allotment Government Order essential to become eligible for
availing the benefits for the renewable energy projects. Under this policy, it is
obligatory to sell the electricity generated from the Renewable Energy Projects
commissioned to the respective geographical ESCOMs in which the projects located,
at the Tariff determined by KERC, under a long term Power purchase agreement. The
policy covers the Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation along with Demand
Side Management (DSM) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
implementation. Once the target fixed under this policy is achieved, a new policy
shall be launched. For Cogeneration in Sugar industries a separate policy will be
brought out by the Cooperation department and the Industries and Commerce
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department for comprehensive development of the sector. Similarly for Bio-Fuels the
Bio-Fuel Board will come out with a separate policy.
5. Goals: The policy sets twin goals of (i) Renewable Energy power Generation and
(ii) Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency
(i) Renewable Energy power Generation: The policy has a goal of commissioning
4200 MW additional capacity with accumulative Renewable Energy capacity addition
of 6600 MW by 2014.
The Green Power options for Karnataka are as follows.
1. Wind power projects.
2. Mini, Micro and Small Hydropower projects (up to 25 MW).
3. Co-generation in sugar and other Industries.
4. Biomass and Biogas projects.
5. Solar photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Power Generation. Solar Hybrid
Systems and Solar applications in Domestic and Industrial Sector.
6. Municipal Solid waste, Industrial Liquid/Solid Waste Power Projects
including Bio-fuels & Bio Diesel Projects.
7. Tidal Wave Energy/Geo-Thermal Energy.
8. Other Renewable Energy Sources not spelt above, viz: synthetic Fuels,
Heat recovery Systems in various Industries.
(ii) Energy Conservation programs: To achieve the Energy Conservation and
Energy Efficiency objectives Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited as
apart of Strategic Energy Conservation Plan will implement a set of proactive energy
conservation programs. These programs will be implemented in cooperation with
relevant State Government agencies and the private sector. Karnataka Renewable
Energy Development Limited will develop the preliminary designs of 12 energy
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conservation programs, which will be implemented during the policy period. A list of
the programs is provided below.
Programs implemented during 2009 and 2010
1. Home Bright – Residential High-Efficiency Lighting Program,
CFL/LED/Electronic chokes
2. School Collage curriculum – Capacity building and Training.
3. Public Buildings Partnership Program – Energy Efficiency implementation in
public buildings using ESCOMs route.
4. Solar/LPG water heating – Mandatory Solar/LPG Water Heating Program.
5. Energy Efficiency Financing – Financing of energy efficiency improvement
using the Energy Conservation Fund.
Programs to be implemented during 2011 to 2014
6 SME Program – Energy efficiency improvement in small and medium
enterprises.
7. Work Bright Program – Commercial High-Efficiency Lighting Program,
CFL/LED/Solar Lighting.
8. Motor Renewable Energy Power – High Efficiency Motor Rewinding Program.
9. Agricultural Efficiency– Energy efficiency improvement in agriculture by
modification & retrofitting, Star Rated Pumps/Solar Pumps, non metallic
PVC/polyethylene pipes for suction and delivery, friction free foot valves.
10. Bright Streets – Municipal Street Lighting Program Using advanced
technology, CFL/LED/Solar/On-Off Timer.
11. Green Buildings Program – Green Buildings Program - Construct one or two
new Green Buildings in each district of the state, ECBC Code. The Green
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Building concept will be mandatory for all corporate buildings and the
buildings constructed by the developers in all the city corporation limits of the
state under the suitable amendment to building bye-laws.
12. Municipal Energy Efficiency Program – Improvement of energy efficiency in
Municipal Water Pumping, Effluent Treatment and Waste to Energy.