renewable energy penetration in grids: issues and solutions · programme director epgc a*star . how...
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Renewable energy penetration in Grids: Issues and Solutions
Ashwin M Khambadkone ECE, NUS &
Programme Director EPGC A*STAR
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HOW DOES HIGH RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETRATION IMPACT THE GRID
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Uncertainty: There is a difference between the actual value and the predicted value
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Renewables from Solar PV is variable – to counter variability we need other sources
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HOW DOES IT AFFECT GRID STABILITY?
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Classification of Power Systems operating states based on CIGRE Rep. No 325
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Control of Grid Frequency has three layers
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What to do in case of surplus? Case of negative spot price 3-4 October 2009 in Germany
Analyse der Ursachen fuer negative Strompreise am 3-4 Oktober 2009 und moeglicher Abhilfemassnahmen Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums fuer Wirtschaft und Technologie, EWI and der Uni Koeln
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Market Dynamics influences the actual power flow in the system
How to maintain stability?
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Surplus Power from Renewables and Global stability reflects in fall in price….or curtailment….=Storage?
http://www.raponline.org/featured-work/making-germanys-energiewende-energy-transition-a
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Fast change in power dP/dt due to high penetration of renewables
Capacity Coal CCPP GT
Minimum Load
MW 400 500 500
P change in 5 min
MW 50 100 400
Start-up Cold
h 10 4 <0.1
Germany 50% penetration needs 6 GW in 15 mins
Rates will depend on the penetration and nature or irradiation
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DER inverters at MV level need to have active power reduction at over frequency (1 Jul 2010)
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Low Voltage Ride through requirement for MV connected Distributed Generators
+ reactive current 100% of nominal current within 20ms
Resynch < 2s
yes
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THE LOCAL BOTTLENECK
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Local problems: Ota Project in Japan funded by NEDO
http://www.pvdatabase.org/urban_view_details.php?ID=32
Pal Town Josai-no-Mori , Ota Japan Latitude 3618’32’’N 2160kWp Inclined Roof Top, Flat Roof Mechanically fixed Project Lead: Kandenko CO Ltd & NEDO, Units 553 PV power per unit 3kWp Operation 2006
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Excessive Power Export increases Voltage causing power export limitation
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Each unit has Battery storage and Export power to the Grid
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Voltage rise during PV power Generation: Voltage for 10 Jun 2012
18
22kV bus
415V bus
PV (250kWp)
Simulated demand for
10 Jun 2012
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Voltage variation at PV Bus over 24 hours
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During low loading conditions, high PV production may cause overvoltage to occur.
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Why do we need Energy Storage
• Renewable Integration problems – Seasonal: will occur when penetration is very large – Load following: Fast changing response needed – Intermittency: Short term storage
• Power Quality problems: small capacity • Transmission network problems – congestion
and frequency regulation
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Storage as load balancing resource
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EPGC enables test-bedding of research at close to power grid conditions
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Ultracapcitor is being used to compensate faster dynamics
LVPCC
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Voltage variation at the sending end can become greater than the limits
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WHAT TYPE OF STORAGE DO WE USE?
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There are three time duration ranges energy storage can perform – Grid
• Peaking plants • Mid-merit plants • Base plant operation
Power [MW] Time Energy
Function
10 - 1000 1 – 8 hrs 10-8000 MWh Spinning Reserve
0.1-2 0.5-4 hrs 5kWh-8MWh Peak Shaving, Deferral
0.1-2 1-30 sec 0.03-20kWh Power Quality
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Impact of storage and wind in Europe scenario
• Size of storage has an impact on merit order of plants
• Small storage size increases base plant input and reduces mid-merit plants operation
• Large storage size reduces base plant contribution and increases mid-merit plant operation
• Revenues generated can support profitability, cost of storage is very high at present.
• The price ratio between peak and off peak should be large enough to generate profits
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Energy Storage Functions and their characteristics
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SUMMARY
How Can Storage be used for Grid Applications
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Cost of some of the technologies is high
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IEA Roadmap says steep decrease in prices is needed, But we need Reliability and Security
Technology Roadmap Energy storage IEA, 2015
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Some References • The viability of balancing wind generation with large scale energy storage:
Batsaikhan Nyamdash , EleanorDenny , MarkO’Malley: Energy Policy 38 (2010) 7200–7208
• 12 Insights on Germany’s Energiewende “12 Thesen zur Energiewende. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu den Herausforderungen im Strommarkt”, Agora Energiewende 2012 (original: German language).
• IEA Technology Roadmap Energy Storage 2015 • State-of-the-art electricity storage systems Indispensable elements of the energy
revolution Josef Auer [email protected], DB research, www.dbresearch.com