renewable energy management system for buildings

8/20/2019 Renewable Energy Management System for Buildings

1/10

Conventional & Renewable Energy Management

Systems for Buildings & Homes

R.M.T.O.Rajapaksha, Index No: 080398V, Final Year Undergraduate, Department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Moratuwa

Abstract: It is said that a unit saved is equivalent to a Unit

generated. It will also have several other benefits as well. This

paper contain the definitions and the components of Energy

management systems, Issues with EMSs, Conventional Energy

resources and their environmental impact as well as why the

future of Energy is depend on Renewable Energy management

Systems. Energy management is not simply switching off the

excess lights it’s much more and has an impact on the future of

the Human population. Implementing a Renewable EMS is a

process that must be thoroughly study from the design of the

Building. This paper tries emphasizing the potential Solar

Energy as the next source of Energy, applications of Solar & how

to calculate the Savings. The theoretical background of each issue

is discussed briefly to certain level. Graphs and figure are used

for further clarifications.

I ndex Terms : Electrical Efficiency, Energy Management

Systems (EMS), Objective of an EMS, Integration of EMSs,

Regulatory Requirement, Renewable EMS, Solar Energy,

Applications of Solar, Cost Saving Calculations

I.

Introduction:

Conventional Energy sources include Conventional Fuel typesand other resources like Water and minerals. With the

imbalance of Supply and Demand of these conventionalresources attention was given to control and measure theirresource consumptions. It is apparent that by reducing thewastages and increasing the efficiency, companies couldachieve higher profits with the same level of resources,without decreasing the current production. This is the startingof Concept of Green Environment.

Today adapting to Green Environment is not only a companystrategy but also statutory requirement. Purpose of an EMS isto monitor and measure the energy usage of a building or ahouse and to increase energy efficiency in buildings.

What is electrical energy efficiency?

To reduce electrical power and energy required from the

electric power system without affecting the usual activities

carried out in a building, or distribution process [3].

This work was supported by the department of Electrical Engineering,University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka under the course module EE 4100Independent Study.

Why Energy Efficiency is Necessary

To reduce Apparent power (kVA) and energy (kWh, kvar.h)

required from electrical systems so that it’ll allow:

a) To assist the sustainability of the economic system and

the environment

b)

To improve the technical management of the installations

by optimizing their performance (decreasing energy

demand ) and avoiding downtime and breakdowns

c) To reduce the financial cost of running installations and

processes.

II. Energy Management System components [8]

a) Field Equipment

Conventional EMSs use power meters to measure energy

consumption and in some cases, the basic parameters such as

voltage and current. However, there is a growing trend in the

use of high characteristic analyzers that measure a wide range

of electrical parameters in modern EMSs.

b)

Communications Network

For data communication between field equipment and control

system using wired or wireless but most modern EMSs use it

wireless.

c) Control System

Customers can act on a large number of parameters to save

costs by monitoring, measuring, recording and control of

electricity consumption. With its features, customers can

efficiently manage their energy consumption.

d)

Communication Network

Secondary communication network with which the

information is shared as reports and alarms of the control

system communicates. Wide range of options includes SMS,

email, Internet, LAN, GPRS and GSM.

e) Customers

Training and knowledge sharing by customers to maximize

return System Energy Management installed.


2/10

III.

Objectives of an Energy Management System

The basic objective of any Energy Management System is toanswer five simple questions:

a) What is amount of energy consumed b) How is the energy consumedc) Where is the energy consumedd) When is the energy consumed

e)

What is the quality of the energy consumed

However, not all EMSs are able to answer all these questions,accurately and respond in real time.

The following are objectives are expected from an EnergyManagement System:

1.

Energy management

Follow up billing parameters and draw Demand and Supplycharts in order to simulate billing and generate reports.

2. Technical management

To measure and control Power Quality, Installation capacity by Electrical, mechanical or thermal variables integrated forcontrol

3. Productivity ImprovementBy analyzing reports calculate machine working time, energycosting, generate report for manufacturing lines and controlefficiency index kW/m2, kW/unit

4. Preventive maintenance

Monitoring of earth-leakage and any other faulty conditions.Controlling the state of electrical protections and alarms.

IV. WHAT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY?

A natural resource is called an Energy source if it can be

convert into a usable form of energy. An energy resource is

known as an 'indigenous energy resources "when it originates

in the country. On the contrary it’s called non-indigenous, if it

originates outside the country. Renewable energy is a form of

energy source that is replaced by a natural process at a rate

that is equal to or faster than the speed at which the resource is being consumed.

Many different forms of indigenous energy resources such as

biomass, hydropower, wind power and solar energy, the

effective use of these sources are limited for technological

reasons, economic and political. [4] The oil and coal have

been identified as the two main non-indigenous forms of

energy that can supplement local resources in meeting energy

demand.

In conventional Energy Management systems main focus was

to reduce the use of conventional energy usage. With the

increase in Energy Consumption and the scarcity of the

conventional Energy resources attention has now moved to the

renewable Energy management systems.

Renewable Energy management systems in contrast to the

conventional EMSs use natural resources such as Wind, Solar,

Bio Gas & etc. Applying renewable EMS has to be planned

since the construction of the building. Solar Energy is in the

front when it comes to the option of renewable energy. Sri

Lanka being a tropical country close to the equator, thecontinuous Solar radiation has made it popular among most of

the Industrial as well as domestic consumers to implement a

EMS.

Figure 1: 2006 CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel

Combustion by Sector and Fuel Type

Figure 2 : Solar Radiation Intensity of various

Countries [6]


3/10

V.

Statutory requirements relating to renewable

energy systems

[14] Its found that almost 5.4 billion tones (Mt) of CO2equivalent emitted annually from various sources linked tohuman activities throughout the world. CO2 emissions percapita in Sri Lanka were 648 kg in 2007 and although this isstill much lower than the values (total CO2 emission of SriLanka is 0.04% of the global emission of CO2), Sri Lanka hastaken many policy measures that could result in mitigation ofemissions of greenhouse gases. The Energy Policy andStrategies (2006) the country highlights the need forsustainable energy and has the objective that 10% of energyfrom renewable non-conventional (renewable) by 2015, a goalthat can achieve if all outstanding initiatives to achieve this isimplemented. Some of the other initiatives to reduce carbonfootprint in the services sector are Leadership in Energy andEnvironmental Design "(LEED), 'Greening of Sri LankaHotels Program", the creation of the Sustainable EnergyAuthority of Sri Lanka in 2007.

A carbon footprint has historically been defined as "the total

set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by anorganization, event, product or person.

Activities that are carried by the Regulatory:

a) Energy auditing and supportive services

b)

Training & education on energy conservation &

management

c) Facilitation services through sophisticated measuring

equipment

d)

Coordinating energy management activities through

Energy Managers

e) Energy labeling of electrical appliances

f) Introducing energy efficiency guidelines for building

construction

g) Sri Lanka National Energy Efficiency Award

h) Software for energy system analysis

i) Review the code once in two years

VI. Advantages of Implementing Renewable Energy

Projects:

Energy Security

Marketing purposes to get competitor advantage.

Less sensitivity of prices of products/ services forconventional Fuel price variations.

More environmental Concern

Government appreciation and support.

Table 1 : Carbon emission of Conventional and renewable energy

sources [2].

Figure 3 and 4 shows how the Sri Lankan Electricity

consumption in various consumer levels and the figure 4

shows Energy consumption of a Building.

Figure 3 : Share of Electricity Consumption [1]

Impact Air Emissions lbs/MWh*

Source CO2 NOx SO2 Other

Coal 2,249 6 13 Mercury

Oil 1,672 4 12PM, lead,VOCs

Natural gas 1,135 1.7 0.1

Methanewhen notflared

Hydroelectric Methane from vegetation build up

Municipal solid

waste

3,685(1/2fromfossilfuels) 6.7 1.2

Biomass Recycles carbon, less than fossil fuel

Solar/

Geothermal Negligible


4/10

Figure 4: Electrical Energy Balance of a Typical Building [1]

VII.

Renewable energy sources available.

a)

Biomass:It is actually decreased organic material. It includes Animaland plant waste or material, so as long as it can be burnt toreplace oil in power plants. Bio mass based electricitygeneration can supply firm energy to the national powersystem like the conventional thermal power plants.Furthermore, it offers multi-dimensional non-energy benefitsto rural socio economic development

b)

Wind/Solar/Thermal Energy:These renewable energies come from nature itself.

Though they are clean and green compared to coal, they arevery expensive and produce little energy compared to anyother coal power plant. Wind energy and solar energy alsocannot be used for long as both can only generate power underthe certain conditions.[5]CEB has received several project proposals from the private sector to develop wind power projects in Kalipinya area. That region was considered forinitial development due to higher wind potential throughoutthe year.

c) Small HydroDevelopment of small hydropower projects can be consideredas the most promising commercially viable renewable energy

source at present [5].

d) Municipal WasteMunicipal waste is also considered as a means of renewableenergy as it can be also used as a combustible material. Thiswill also reduce the Wastage problem that most of thedeveloping countries face.

e) Waste heat recoveryManagement and disposal of municipal solid waste has become a problem to the Local Authorities. It is nowconsidered that the generation of power using solid waste in

Local Authority areas could be a satisfactory solution for this problem.

VIII. Integration of Renewable Energy

Potential contribution of renewable penetration depends

strongly on the existing electrical infrastructure.

Large scale Energy Integration Issues:

i) Integration Costs

ii) Regulatory Caused Instability

iii) Cost of Operations Control

iv)

Energy Storage (Battery Banks)

v) Technical Requirements

vi) Non reliability of energy generation

(E.g. wind, solar)

Energy storage must be addressed as a key part of any large

scale renewable integration. So it’s necessary to implement an

Energy Storage system to accommodate excess powergeneration from the small power generation units. This barrier

has been overcome by introducing net metering where the

consumer is charge only for the net energy usage.

IX.

Potential of Solar in Sri Lanka

Solar technologies are broadly characterized into 2 depending

on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy

[6].

a)

Active Solar

It’s to convert solar energy into another form of energy using

electrical or mechanical methods. This method is used inside a

building where energy is used for heating, cooling, or off-

setting energy use. This method is expenses compared to

passive solar systems.

b) Passive Solar

Using the design of buildings, windows, walls and floors to

collect, store and distribute solar energy as heat as the

weather. It involves the use of mechanical and electrical

devices.

Advantages of Solar as a renewable Energy Source

i)

100% Clean Energy source

ii) Lower the use of Fossil Fuel

iii) More reliable than Wind

iv) Infinitely available

v)

Can directly convert to Electricity


5/10

Table 2 : Energy Generation and Consumptions [6]

Early Solar fluxes &Human EnergyConsumption

1 EJ = 10 joulesPer year

Solar radiation on earth 3,850,000 EJ

Wind Potential 2,250 EJ

Biomass Potential 3,000 EJ

Primary energy use(2005)

487 EJ

Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ

Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around the

world. Depending on a geographical location the closer to the

equator the more "potential" solar energy is available [see

figure 1].

Applications of solar technology

a. Architecture and urban planning

Sunlight has influenced building design windows, orientation.

Buildings oriented to north to south as shown below to capture

more sunlight.

b. Agriculture and horticulture

Optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the

productivity of plants.

c. Solar lighting

Day lighting systems collect and distribute sunlight to provideinterior lighting. Even though it’s difficult to quantify, the use

of natural lighting also offers physiological and psychological

benefits compared to artificial lighting. Solar lights that charge

during the day and light up at dusk are a common sight in the

hallways. Solar-charged lanterns have become popular in

developing countries, where they offer a safer alternative and

cheaper than kerosene lamps.

d. Solar thermal

Can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling

and process heat generation.

e.

Water treatment

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-

filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles tosunlight for several hours.

f. Cooking

Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an

insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box

cookers.

g.

Solar chemical

Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical

reactions a variety of fuels can be produced by artificial

photosynthesis.

X. Energy Efficient Lighting

Lighting is, perhaps, the single largest consumer of energy

(kilowatt hours) in a building other than when air-conditioning

is used (see Figure 4). It also contributes largely towards

increasing of cooling loads in buildings in tropical climates, as

lighting generates heat, which in turn results in higher

consumption of energy for air conditioning requirements.

Maximize the use of daylight and apply dynamic lighting

should be done in a sensible way, without compromising

safety aspects.

Lighting Controlling Mechanisms

a. Area Controls : manual Switch offs when not needed

b. Automatic lighting control system : Using photo electric

sensor and timer controls with manual override option.

This may be applicable to all the areas where lighting

needs are predictable and predetermined.

c.

Occupancy based controls: Highly variable and

unpredictable occupancy patterns. Occupancy or motion

sensors are used to detect occupant motion, lighting the

space only when it is occupied.

d.

Daylight control: Designers shall be encouraged to

maintain a minimum average daylight factor of 2 – 5

percent in which case it can be supplemented with

electric lighting. Day Light Factors we have to be

corrected due environmental factors such as dirt.[10]


6/10

Calculation of Day Light Factor [10]

------------------------------ (1)

= Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoorsworking plane

= Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane

from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky

There are three possible paths along which light can reach a

point inside a room through glazed windows.

a)

Light from the patch of sky visible at the point

considered, expressed as the sky component (SC).

b)

Light reflected from opposing exterior surfaces and then

reached the point, expressed as the externally reflected

component (ERC)

c)

Light entering through the window but reaching the point

only after reflection from internal surfaces, expressed as

the internally reflected component (IRC).

The sum of the three components gives the daylight factor:

DF = SC + ERC + IRC---------------------------- (2)

Where

SC – Sky Component

ERC – Exterior Reflectance Component

IRC – Interior Reflectance Component

There are several numerical Methods to find each component

which will not be discussed here but can be refereed from [10]

Maximum Allowable Power for Illumination Systems

When using natural lighting for the illumination, there are

several considerations to be made.

a.

Lighting power density (LPD)

For various building lighting systems , the values given in

table 3 below.

Table 3: Lighting Power Densities in Buildings

Building AreaType

LPD(W/m2)

Building AreaType

LPD(W/m2)

Automotive Facility 9.7 Multi Family 7.5

Convention Center 12.9 Museum 11.8

Dining: BarLounge/Leisure

14.0 Office 10.8

Dining:Cafeteria/Fast food

15.1 Parking Garage 3.2

Dining Family 17.2 Performing ArtsTheater

17.2

Dormitory/Hostel 10.8 Police/Fire Station 10.8

Gymnasium 11.8 Post Office 11.8

Health Care-Clinic 12.9 Places of Worship 14.0

Hospital 10.8 Retail/Mall 16.1

Library 14.0 School/University 12.9

ManufacturingPlant

14.0 Transportation 10.8

Motel 10.8 Ware House 8.6

Motion PictureTheater

12.9 Workshop 15.1

b. Brightness-Dependent Lighting Control

In constant lighting control this function is important in

controlling the lighting facilities of a building. Instead of

dimmer actuators, switchable light actuators are used.

c. Sunblind Controlled

Adjusting and controlling the sunblind for the corresponding

position of sun. Assure that the sunblind automatically change

its direction to a predefined protected point when there’s

heavy solar radiation is available. As soon as the intensity of

the sunshine reduces, it changes its direction to back.

Procedures of having Energy Efficient Lighting System

a) Use energy efficient fluorescent tubes, CFLs and

other low energy light sources;

b)

Using energy efficient electronic ballasts.

c) Establish maintenance schedule for cleaning, group

re-lamping and disposal techniques.

d) Use appropriate lighting levels for different parts of

the work area.

Figure 5 : Possible paths which light can reach a point

inside a room through glazed windows.


7/10

e) Install lights at working level where possible.

f) Use natural light where possible, e.g. fit translucent

roof panels or skylights; Use of automatic controls

such as day light sensors , time based controls or

occupancy sensors

g) Matching the surrounding interior features, such as

the room height, windows, color and reflectivity of

walls and furniture.

h) Install lighting equipment with high power factor and

low harmonic distortion

XI.

Ventilation and Air Conditioning

a) Indoor Design Conditions: The indoor conditions of

an air-conditioned space shall be designed for a dry

bulb temperature of 25° C ± 1.5° C and relative

humidity of 55 % ± 5 %.

b)

Outdoor Design Conditions : Dry bulb temperatures

of 31° C and wet bulb temperatures of 27° C.

[09] The dry bulb temperature is the temperature of air

measured by a thermometer freely exposed to air but protected

from radiation and moisture. It is the temperature that is

usually considered as the air temperature, and is the true

thermodynamic temperature. Unlike wet bulb temperature, the

dry bulb temperature not indicates the amount of moisture in

the air. It’s an important consideration when designing a

building for a certain climate. Dry bulb temperature / wet can

be important climate variables for human comfort in building.

XII.

Calculating Energy Saving for Renewable EnergyProjects

Renewable energy projects involve the installation of devices

that generate energy (eg electricity or heat) or displace the use

of conventional energy through the use of renewable energy

resources. Examples of technologies discussed were:

photovoltaic (PV) solar systems for active or passive space

conditioning or hot water production and wind systems.

The most notable difference between renewable energy

projects and other energy conservation measures is that

renewable projects supply energy rather than reduce theamount of energy used. Indirectly saving conventional energy

and reducing environmental pollution.

Savings Calculations

There are two general approaches for calculating energy

savings from renewable energy projects:

1. Net energy use

2. Normalized savings based on typical environmental

conditions and actual performance characteristics

1.

Net Energy Use

This involves direct measurement of the energy production

system and to quantify the additional costs occurred. Savings

are determined by measuring the net amount of energy

produced by the renewable system and used at the project sitevalued at prescribed utility rates. For they can sell excess

energy or store energy in the place, the additional costs and

savings you may need to consider. [13]The cost savings using

this approach can be calculated using the following equation.

Cost Savings Determination Utilizing Net Energy Use

()

----------- (3) Where

U =( kWh Delivered) Energy delivered by thesystem and used at the facility

R = Cost of Electrical Energy

TE = Thermal Energy delivered in BTU by theSystem during its performance period

ED = (Energy Displaced) Operating Efficiencythat would have been used

= Conversion from Thermal (BTU) to

electricity (kWh)

$ ES =(Energy Sold) Funds receive through thesale of energy produced

$ PL = Cost of Operating related to renewabletechnology

$ O&M = Additional cost due to O&M of the newsystem

2. Normalized Savings

This involves calculating normalized savings based on the

environmental conditions and actual performance

characteristics of the system. Savings are determined by

calculating the difference between baseline energy and

demand or metered energy, with both sets of data adjusted to a

prescribed set of conditions.


8/10

, * + - ,- -------- (4)Where

BE =( Baseline Energy) Calculated/measureenergy use of equipment prior to theimplementation of the project

PPE =(performance Period Energy) Calculatedor measured energy use of an equipmentafter the implementation of the project

A =( Adjustments) Routine and non-routinechanges made to the baseline or performance period energy use to accountfor expected and unexpected variations inconditions

Other terms are as defined in previous equation

a) Electrical Metering

When a net metering approach is used, meters will typically

show the measure’s gross output (in kW and kWh) less self-

consumption and sales to the local utility, as well as any local

transformation and transmission and battery storage losses.

The goal with this method is usually to measure net generation

delivered to the project site. Metering, interconnection,

reporting, and other related issues are to be in accordance with

current electrical standards and the requirements of the

servicing electric utility. Facility should be separately

recorded and treated as separate transactions. For purposes of

power delivered to the site, a single meter that records energy

supplied to the site is preferred

b) Thermal Metering

Thermal meters (BTU meters) are required for measuring the

net thermal output of certain renewable energy systems.

Measurements of the thermal currents may have to take

account of any power loss which is produced by the system, as

well as storage and distribution losses. Small errors in the

enthalpy measurements (usually determined by the

temperature) can introduce large errors in energy calculations,

so meter accuracy, precision and calibration is especially

important. Thermal metering is bit expensive compared toElectrical Metering.

Saving Calculation for Industrial user

Before Installing the Solar Power System [12]

Average No of units consumed = 3500 kWh

Cost of Electricity = 3500 * Rs.10.50= Rs.36,750.00

After Installing the Solar Power System 25kW

Table 4 : Monthly energy report of a Sri Lankan Company

Month Export Noof Units

Import noof Units

Billed Noof Units

October2010

880 2089 1209

September2010

809 2162 1353

August 2010 561 2703 2142

Average 1568

Saving Calculation for Domestic User

By Installing 1kW Solar panel assuming daily 5 hours

generation

No of units generated daily = 5kWh

30 days monthly generation = 150kWh

Cost of 1kW Solar Panel with 15+ years Warranty period cost

around 1 million LKR in Sri Lanka. [Please note that these

figures are approximated and can vary ]

Table 5 : calculation of Bill after and before installing Solar Panel for a

domestic house having monthly consumption above 120 units

No ofunits

PreviousBill(LKR)

New Bill (LKR) Payback period(Years)

120 1401 - 450(Billed Units -30) 45

160 2721 +60(Billed Units 10)

31.3

260 5721 +1191(Billed Units 110)

18.4

300 7161 +2121(Billed Units 150)

16.5

400 10761 +5361(Billed Units 250)

15.4

Average MonthlyGeneration from the Solar

= 3200kWh

Monthly AverageElectricity Consumption

from CEB = 1568 kWh

Average monthly Bill = 1568 *Rs.10.50= Rs.16,464.00

Monthly saving= Rs.36,750 -Rs.16,464

= Rs.20,286.00


9/10

500 14361 +8961(Billed no of Units350)

15.4

According to the table above its clear that the option of going

for Solar Energy System is economically viable for the

Domestic Consumers only if their energy consumption is

above 260 Units.

Most of the domestic energy is consumed during the

night time and it can be accurately approximated that 65%

of Domestic energy is consumed at night. So expensive DC

battery bank must be might have to be installed. But by

installing a grid tie Solar System with net metering option can

export the extra energy generated to the system during day

time, and during night, house can import energy from the grid.

XIII. Conclusion:

A protocol for performance measurement is required to

recognize the real benefits of renewable energy technologies.

These technologies make use of energy sources that regenerate

in nature and therefore sustainable in supply. Renewable

energy projects have been installed worldwide in numerous

projects funded by governments, private companies,

organizations, and third party funders. Renewable energy

projects are often

1.

Requiring a high capital investment,

2.

Requiring a longer investment term.( payback

periods)

Therefore, a metering program for renewable energy project

may need to verify that benefits are sustained over a longer

period of time. This situation favors metering approaches that

may cost more initially but have lower annual operating costs.

During the Project Cycle of Renewable Energy

management Project Metering may have several

objectives:

To decide the size of the system, energy storage

requirements, and other design characteristics of a project.

Load profiles also provide information needed to establish

project feasibility.

To serve as the basis for payments to a project developer

or energy service company over the term of a

performance contract. Payments can be directly tied to

measured performance.

To provide data that can be used as diagnostics, which

continually help to sustain system performance.

To increase customers' confidence and reduce transaction

costs by using a defined, accepted, and proven approach

to facilitate negotiations during financing and contract

development.

To secure the full financial benefits of emissions

reductions, such as emissions trading. To verify

compliance with emissions reduction targets, regulating

bodiesXIV. References:

1. [book] Code of practice for energy efficient buildings in

Sri Lanka is published On this date of 30th June 2009

Under Clause 36 (g) of Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy

Authority Act

2.

[web] Environmental Challenges in Energy, Carbon

Dioxide, Air, Water and Land Use

[http://cnx.org/content/m41725/latest/?collection=col1132

5/latest]

3. [web] Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority

[http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_renewable.htm

l]

4. [book] Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2007, An Analysis of

Energy Sector Performance by Sri Lanka Sustainable

Energy Authority

[http://www.info.energy.gov.lk/ebEnergyBalanceSheetActi

on.do;jsessionid=F34F59E8BF8CCB118524A7DB8ED40

928?cat_id=35&parent_id=5]

5.

[web] South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy

(SARI/Energy) program was launched in 2000

[http://www.sari-energy.org/pagefiles/countries/

sri_lanka_energy_detail.asp]

6. [web] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

7. [web] Energy Forum: Promoting Renewable Energy

Technologies and integrate sustainable waste management

practices[ http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3]

8.

[web] Energy Management System components fromCircutor[http://energymanagement.com.my/?p=64]

9. [web]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drybulb_temperature/

10.

[book] ABS 643 Interior Lighting Design; Calculating the

Daylight Factor Deepa Ananthakrishnan and Jason

DeCaestecker

[http://faculty.unlv.edu/kroel/www%20731%20spring%20

2006/daylight%20factor.pdf]

http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3


10/10

11. [web] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_waterheating

12. [web]Sri Lanka Tariff Rates

[http://www.leco.lk/tariif/index.htm]

13. [book] M&V Guidelines: Measurement and Verification

for Federal Energy Projects Version 3.0 Prepared For: U.S.

Department of Energy ,Federal Energy ManagementProgram , http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/

14. [web] Climate change mitigation: Sri Lanka’s perspective

, by D.M.S.H.K. Ranasinghe

XV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all I’m very grateful to Dr.Udayanga Hemapala,

Senior Lecturer of department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Moratuwa for providing opportunity to conduct

a research on one of my favorite areas in Electrical

Engineering and also for the guidance and supervision.

Special thank should go to Mr. Iroshan Wickremasinghe,

Engineer - Solar Division at NIKINI AUTOMATION

SYSTEMS (PVT) LTD. The technical documents he gave and

the points he highlighted during the interviews were beneficial

in writing this paper. Also I wishes to extend my gratitude to

all those who support given.

VII. BIOGRAPHY

R.M.T.O.Rajapaksha was born is Sri Jayawardanapura, Sri

Lanka on 30th April 1987. He had his primary, secondary and

tertiary education in Subarathi Vidyalaya-Homagama,

Presidents College-Kotte and Ananda College-Colombo

respectively. Currently he is in the final year of BSc(Eng.)

Electrical Engineering Course at University of Moratuwa, Sri

lanka. He is a student member of IET and held the position of

Web Master of the IET-YP Sri Lankan Section. His Interests

are Renewable Energy and Electrical Automation.

renewable energy management system for buildings

Documents