Renaissance and Renaissance and ReformationReformation

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Ch.5 – Sec.1 Reading and Questions: pg.157Ch.5 – Sec.1 Reading and Questions: pg.157

Define:Define:

1.1. Renaissance-Renaissance-

2.2. Dowry-Dowry-

3.3. Renaissance started where?Renaissance started where?

4.4. 3 Characteristics of the Renaissance?3 Characteristics of the Renaissance?

5.5. What were the important city/states in What were the important city/states in Italy.Italy.

6.6. Machiavelli wrote about what?Machiavelli wrote about what?

7.7. What were the charactistics of a noble?What were the charactistics of a noble?

8.8. Describe the 3 Estates Describe the 3 Estates

9.9. Why were marriages arranged?Why were marriages arranged?

RenaissanceRenaissance• The word The word renaissancerenaissance means rebirth. means rebirth.

• The Renaissance started in Italy, between 1350 The Renaissance started in Italy, between 1350 and 1550 and spread to the rest of Europe.and 1550 and spread to the rest of Europe.

• The rebirth was of the ancient Greek and Roman The rebirth was of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.worlds.

1) Explain the 3 characteristics of the Renaissance.1) Explain the 3 characteristics of the Renaissance.

• 1.Italy of the Renaissance was largely an urban 1.Italy of the Renaissance was largely an urban society. society.

• Powerful city-states in Italy became the centers of Powerful city-states in Italy became the centers of political, economic, and social life because of the political, economic, and social life because of the Asian trade. Asian trade.

2. 2. The Renaissance was also an age when the power The Renaissance was also an age when the power of the Church declined, and society recovered from of the Church declined, and society recovered from the plagues and instability of the Middle Ages.the plagues and instability of the Middle Ages.

Political Instability:Political Instability:► From 1337 to 1453 the Hundred years war From 1337 to 1453 the Hundred years war

involving England and France devastated the involving England and France devastated the French mainland. French mainland.

► Early form of government Kings and Queens Early form of government Kings and Queens at top, Noble in the middle, and serfs at the at top, Noble in the middle, and serfs at the bottom.bottom.

► As governments grew larger in the 14th As governments grew larger in the 14th century the question of control led to conflict.century the question of control led to conflict.

► Nobles started to form factions to advance Nobles started to form factions to advance their power and wealth at the expense of their power and wealth at the expense of other nobles and their monarchs.other nobles and their monarchs.

► Other problem was that dynasties of the Other problem was that dynasties of the 14th century were unable to produce male 14th century were unable to produce male heirs.heirs.

► This lead to other leaders taking over the This lead to other leaders taking over the the country, which lead to the Parliamentary the country, which lead to the Parliamentary bodies to gain power.bodies to gain power.

Church Decline:Church Decline:► Roman Catholic Church and the Pope had Roman Catholic Church and the Pope had

total power over Europe until the total power over Europe until the Reformation. Reformation.

► After the Reformation many countries After the Reformation many countries switched to Protestantism to break that switched to Protestantism to break that control, so the king would have more power.control, so the king would have more power.

Economic Recovery:Economic Recovery:► This began in Italy (15This began in Italy (15thth century) with the wool century) with the wool

industry at the same time Italian cities developed industry at the same time Italian cities developed and goods from Asia were coming in.and goods from Asia were coming in.

► With the new industries and trade the Italian city-With the new industries and trade the Italian city-states gained wealth and power. states gained wealth and power.

3. A new view of human beings that emphasized 3. A new view of human beings that emphasized individual ability and worth emerged in the individual ability and worth emerged in the Renaissance.Renaissance.

► This created a higher regard for human worth and This created a higher regard for human worth and realization of what individuals could achieve.realization of what individuals could achieve.

► At 1At 1stst only the rich were affected by the only the rich were affected by the Renaissance.Renaissance.

2) Explain the 3 Estates of Renaissance 2) Explain the 3 Estates of Renaissance society:society:

1.1. Clergy, Kings and QueensClergy, Kings and Queens2.2. Nobility(Nobles)- privileges were based on Nobility(Nobles)- privileges were based on

principle that the nobles provided security principle that the nobles provided security and justice.and justice.

► Nobility made up 2 to 3% of the population.Nobility made up 2 to 3% of the population.• In In The Book of the Courtier there are 4 basic The Book of the Courtier there are 4 basic

attributes of the perfect noble.attributes of the perfect noble.

1.1. Noble should possess character, grace, talents, Noble should possess character, grace, talents, and noble birth.and noble birth.

2.2. Should participate in military and physical Should participate in military and physical exercisesexercises

3.3. Gain a classical education and enrich life with the Gain a classical education and enrich life with the arts.arts.

4. 4. The noble also had to follow a standard of conduct The noble also had to follow a standard of conduct and show their achievements with grace. and show their achievements with grace.

3.Peasants and Townspeople:3.Peasants and Townspeople:► 33rdrd Estate was made up of 3 groups patricians, Estate was made up of 3 groups patricians,

burghers, and peasants.burghers, and peasants.► Peasants made up 85 to 90% of the 3Peasants made up 85 to 90% of the 3rdrd estates estates

population bottom of the 3population bottom of the 3rdrd Estate. Estate.► Townspeople made up the remaining 10 to 15% Townspeople made up the remaining 10 to 15%

and were the top of the 3and were the top of the 3rdrd Estate. Estate.► At the top were patricians whose wealth that At the top were patricians whose wealth that

came from trade, banking, and industry and came from trade, banking, and industry and dominated economically, socially, and politically. dominated economically, socially, and politically.

► The burghers were shopkeepers, artisans, and The burghers were shopkeepers, artisans, and guild members who provided goods and services guild members who provided goods and services for the townspeople.for the townspeople.

The Family in Renaissance Italy:The Family in Renaissance Italy:► Family conceded of parents, children and Family conceded of parents, children and

servants.servants.► Wealthy families included grandparents, Wealthy families included grandparents,

widowed mothers, and unmarried sisters.widowed mothers, and unmarried sisters.► To maintain the family marriages were To maintain the family marriages were

arranged by parents to strengthen business arranged by parents to strengthen business or family ties.or family ties.

► This was usually done while children were This was usually done while children were young and bonded with a contact.young and bonded with a contact.

► The most important part of the bond was the The most important part of the bond was the dowry which was the sum of money dowry which was the sum of money presented by the wife’s family.presented by the wife’s family.

► The father-husband was the center of the family.The father-husband was the center of the family.► He managed finances and made all decisions for He managed finances and made all decisions for

the family and children.the family and children.► Wife managed the household and bore children.Wife managed the household and bore children.

3) Explain Renaissance Education:3) Explain Renaissance Education:► Renaissance Humanism was a form of education Renaissance Humanism was a form of education

and culture based on the study of the classics.and culture based on the study of the classics.► Humanism was an educational program that Humanism was an educational program that

revolved around a clearly defined group of revolved around a clearly defined group of intellectual disciplines or liberal arts, grammar, intellectual disciplines or liberal arts, grammar, rhetoric poetry, ethics, history, math, astronomy rhetoric poetry, ethics, history, math, astronomy and music.and music.

Ch.5-Sec.2Ch.5-Sec.21.1. What movement affected education?What movement affected education?2.2. Describe the education in the Describe the education in the

Renaissance?Renaissance?3.3. How were women treated in the How were women treated in the

education movement?education movement?4.4. What did Renaissance artists want to What did Renaissance artists want to

do in their art?do in their art?5.5. Who were the 3 artist of the High Who were the 3 artist of the High

Renaissance?Renaissance?6.6. How did the artist in the North How did the artist in the North

portray their art?portray their art?

►Petrarch was known as the father of Petrarch was known as the father of the Italian Renaissance Humanism.the Italian Renaissance Humanism.

►Students were also taught skills of Students were also taught skills of javelin throwing, archery, dancing, javelin throwing, archery, dancing, hunting, swimming, and wrestling.hunting, swimming, and wrestling.

• Females rarely attended these schools. Females rarely attended these schools.

• Those that did received an education that Those that did received an education that emphasized religion, morals, and domestic, artistic emphasized religion, morals, and domestic, artistic skills like singing and lute playing, so they could skills like singing and lute playing, so they could become good Christian wives and mothers.become good Christian wives and mothers.

• They were not taught mathematics or rhetoric.They were not taught mathematics or rhetoric.

4) Artistic contributions of the 4) Artistic contributions of the Renaissance:Renaissance:

Key people:Key people:

1.1. Masaccio- developed a new technique Masaccio- developed a new technique of painting called frescoes which was of painting called frescoes which was a painting done on fresh wet plaster a painting done on fresh wet plaster with water-based paints. This give the with water-based paints. This give the painting depth and made it come painting depth and made it come alive.alive.

2. Donatello- was a sculptor who spent 2. Donatello- was a sculptor who spent time studying and copying the statues time studying and copying the statues of Greek and Roman statues and of Greek and Roman statues and created realistic freestanding figures.created realistic freestanding figures.

3.Filippo Brunelleschi- an architect who 3.Filippo Brunelleschi- an architect who was inspired by the buildings of classic was inspired by the buildings of classic Rome created new architecture in Rome created new architecture in Florence, Italy.Florence, Italy.

4.Leonardo da Vinci- was a master of realistic painting. To help him he dissected human bodies to better show him how nature work.

•He wanted to capture the perfection of nature and the individual.

►Da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, Da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and architect, inventor, and mathematician.mathematician.

►Da Vinci’s best known works was the Da Vinci’s best known works was the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

5. Raphael- was regarded as one of 5. Raphael- was regarded as one of Italy’s best painters by the age of 25.Italy’s best painters by the age of 25.

►He is admired for his numerous He is admired for his numerous madonnas and frescoes in the Vatican madonnas and frescoes in the Vatican palace. palace.

►He also started an art school called the He also started an art school called the School of Athens.School of Athens.

6. 6. Michelangelo- was an accomplished painter, Michelangelo- was an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect.sculptor, and architect.

► His best known paintings were on the ceilings of the His best known paintings were on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.Sistine Chapel in Rome.

► He also did the creation of David and the statue of He also did the creation of David and the statue of David.David.

Renaissance art or style emphasized 2 Renaissance art or style emphasized 2 things:things:

1.1. The technical side of painting The technical side of painting understanding the laws of perspective understanding the laws of perspective and organization of outdoor space and and organization of outdoor space and light through geometry.light through geometry.

► This was important because most of the This was important because most of the fresco paintings were done on large fresco paintings were done on large walls in Italian churches.walls in Italian churches.

2. The investigation of movement and 2. The investigation of movement and human anatomy.human anatomy.

► Realistic portrayal of the individual Realistic portrayal of the individual person, especially the human nude. This person, especially the human nude. This style of art goes back to ancient Greece. style of art goes back to ancient Greece.

Northern Art:Northern Art:► In Northern Europe Gothic churches In Northern Europe Gothic churches

had stained glass windows so there had stained glass windows so there was no room for frescoes.was no room for frescoes.

► Northern artist painted illustrations for Northern artist painted illustrations for books and wooden panels for alters.books and wooden panels for alters.

Key People:Key People:

1.1. Jan van Eyck- used oil paints which Jan van Eyck- used oil paints which allowed for a wide variety of colors allowed for a wide variety of colors and to create fine details.and to create fine details.

►Eyck imitated nature by observing Eyck imitated nature by observing reality and portraying details, not by reality and portraying details, not by using perspective.using perspective.

2. Albrecht Dürer- an artist for Germany incorporated 2. Albrecht Dürer- an artist for Germany incorporated the laws of perspective that he learned in Italy.the laws of perspective that he learned in Italy.

► He tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty that He tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty that was based on careful examination of the human was based on careful examination of the human form.form.

5) Christian Humanism5) Christian Humanism::► The Protestant Reformation, begun by The Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin Martin

LutherLuther which was the religious reform movement, which was the religious reform movement, divided the western Church into Catholic and divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups.Protestant groups.

• Several earlier developments would set the stage Several earlier developments would set the stage for religious change.for religious change.

• Italian humanism spread to northern Europe Italian humanism spread to northern Europe creating a movement called creating a movement called Christian humanism.Christian humanism.

• Christian humanists believed in the ability of Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves.human beings to reason and improve themselves.

• They wanted to reform the Catholic Church.They wanted to reform the Catholic Church.

► This reform would occur through developing inner This reform would occur through developing inner piety, or religious feeling, based on studying the piety, or religious feeling, based on studying the works of Christianity by reading the classics.works of Christianity by reading the classics.

► They believed that in order to change society they They believed that in order to change society they must 1must 1stst change the human beings who make it up. change the human beings who make it up.

► The best known Christian humanist The best known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus.was Desiderius Erasmus.

• He developed what he called “the philosophy of He developed what he called “the philosophy of Christ that would show people how to live good Christ that would show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than a system of lives on a daily basis rather than a system of beliefs to practice to achieve salvation.beliefs to practice to achieve salvation.

• Erasmus provide education to people about Erasmus provide education to people about Christianity, and criticize the abuses of the Catholic Christianity, and criticize the abuses of the Catholic Church.Church.

► Erasmus sought reform in the Catholic Erasmus sought reform in the Catholic church, but not breaking away.church, but not breaking away.

► His ideas prepared the way the His ideas prepared the way the Reformation.Reformation.

Why was there a call to reform?Why was there a call to reform?

1.1. The Popes failed to meet the Church’s The Popes failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs. More concerned with Italian spiritual needs. More concerned with Italian politics and world interest.politics and world interest.

2.2. Church Offices used their church offices to Church Offices used their church offices to advance their careers and wealth.advance their careers and wealth.

3.3. The church sold indulgences which were to The church sold indulgences which were to release you from all or part of the release you from all or part of the punishment for sin.punishment for sin.

• Most people found the Church unconcerned with their spiritual needs.

• This environment helps explain Luther’s ideas.

6) Describe the role of Martin Luther in the Reformation:

• Martin Luther was a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on the Bible.

• Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation.

• He believed that salvation was through faith alone. Roll tide

► The idea of justification (being made right before God) by faith alone is the Protestant Reformation’s chief teaching.

• For all Protestants, the Bible, not the Church, became the only source of religious truth.

Luther’s main problems with Catholicism:

1. Faith and goods works lead to salvation.

2. The sale of indulgences.

3. Priest could not marry and had to remain celibate.

• The widespread selling of indulgences upset Luther.

Ch.5-Section 4Ch.5-Section 4► PredestinationPredestination► In Geneva, Calvin created what in his In Geneva, Calvin created what in his

reform?reform?► Who believed in predestination?Who believed in predestination?► Describe the Act of Supremacy of 1534?Describe the Act of Supremacy of 1534?► What group was considered dangerous What group was considered dangerous

radicals?radicals?► Describe the 3 pillars of Catholic Describe the 3 pillars of Catholic

Reform?Reform?► What happened at the Council of Trent?What happened at the Council of Trent?

► in 1517 Luther sent a list of Ninety-five Theses to his church superiors. They attacked abuses in selling indulgences.

► In 1520, Luther called for the German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed German church.

► Luther wanted to keep only two sacraments–baptism and Communion.

• Luther continued to emphasize his new doctrine of salvation. It was faith alone.

• The Catholic Church excommunicated Luther in 1521.

• The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw in the empire.

► Luther’s religious movement soon became a revolution.

► It gained support from many German rulers. Who converted the church to State churches.

• Luther set up new services to replace the Mass, featuring Bible readings, preaching the word of God, and song.

• His doctrine became known as Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith.

• From the beginning Luther’s movement was tied to politics.

• Charles I of Spain would become the Holy Roman Emperor and become Charles V.

► He wanted to keep all this Catholic and under the control of his Hapsburg dynasty, but he faced many problems.

► Charles V would face 4 major Charles V would face 4 major problems:problems:

1.1. The FrenchThe French

2.2. The TurksThe Turks

3.3. The Papacy(Pope)The Papacy(Pope)

4.4. Germany’s internal situationGermany’s internal situation

In the end Charles V would not be strong In the end Charles V would not be strong enough to defeat the German enough to defeat the German Lutheran Princes in conflicts.Lutheran Princes in conflicts.

► So in 1555 Charles signed the Peace So in 1555 Charles signed the Peace of Augsburg treaty which accepted of Augsburg treaty which accepted the division of Christianity in the division of Christianity in Germany.Germany.

• German states could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

• All states would have the same legal rights.

• Rulers could choose their subjects’ religion.

Spread Of Protestantism:

• Switzerland would be home to 2 major Reformation movements:

1. Zwinglian Reformation

2. Calvinism

►Ulrich Zwingli a priest in Zurich began Ulrich Zwingli a priest in Zurich began o introduce religious reform.o introduce religious reform.

► Zwingli abolished all relics and images from the city.

• new service of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic Mass.

► In 1531, Zwingli was killed in a war between Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland.

• John Calvin assumed the leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland.

• Calvin fled Catholic France for Switzerland after he converted to Protestantism.

1.1. Luther-Luther-

2.2. Erasmus-Erasmus-

3.3. Indulgences-Indulgences-

4.4. Peace of Augsburg-Peace of Augsburg-

5.5. Edict of Worms-Edict of Worms-

6.6. What were the views of Christian What were the views of Christian Humanists?Humanists?

7.7. Describe Luther’s problems with Describe Luther’s problems with Catholicism?Catholicism?

8.8. What was the 1What was the 1stst Protestant religion? Protestant religion?

9.9. What was Luther’s 95 Theses?What was Luther’s 95 Theses?

10.10.What problems did Charles V face?What problems did Charles V face?

► He placed emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God.

• This led him to the important idea of predestination, which meant that God in an “eternal decree” had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

• He created a church government and a body called the Consistory, which enforced moral discipline.

• Missionaries trained in Geneva were sent throughout Europe.

• By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.

Reformation in England:Reformation in England:► Not religion but politics brought about the English

Reformation.► King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife,

Catherine of Aragon, whom he thought could not give him a male heir.

• The pope was unwilling to annul (declare invalid) his marriage, Henry turned to England’s church courts.

• The archbishop ruled that Henry’s marriage to Catherine was null and void.

• Henry then married Anne Boleyn, who was crowned queen and who gave birth to a girl. Who later became Queen Elizabeth.

► in 1534 Parliament moved to break England’s Catholic Church away from the pope in Rome.

• The Act of Supremacy of 1534 ruled that the king was the supreme head of the new Church of England. It would strengthen the kings power.

1. The king controlled religious doctrine, clerical appointments.

2. Henry dissolved the monasteries and sold their land and possessions to the wealthy.

3. This gave him more money and supporters.► He stuck close to Catholic teachings, however.► Edward VI succeeded him.

• During his reign, church officials moved the Church of England, also called the Anglican Church, in a Protestant direction.

• Henry’s daughter Mary came to the throne in 1553.

• She wanted to return England to Catholicism

• She earned the name “Bloody Mary” by having 300 Protestants burned as heretics.

• By the end of her reign, England was more Protestant than ever.

The Anabaptist:

• The radical Anabaptists rejected the involvement of the state in church affairs.

► To them the true Christian church was a voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized.

• This belief in adult baptism separated the Anabaptists from both Catholics and Protestants, who baptized infants.

• Anabaptists believed in separation of church and state.

• Government was not to even have political authority over real Christians.

• Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms.

• Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals.

• Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists.

• Mennonites and Amish are Anabaptist communities.

• the Catholic Church revitalized in the sixteenth century for three chief reasons: the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent.

• A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits.

• Jesuits took a special vow of obedience to the pope.

• They used education to spread their message.

► Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the papacy and appointed a Reform Commission in 1537 to determine the Church’s ills.

• It blamed the corrupt policies of the popes.

• Pope Paul III also convened the Council of Trent.

• In 1545, a group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots, and theologians met in Trent.

• Its final decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs.

• Both faith and works were needed for salvation.

• The seven sacraments, Communion, and clerical celibacy were upheld and selling indulgences was forbidden.

► After the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church had a clear body of doctrine and was unified under the pope.