RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

CHAPTER 17:

AGENDA

• Quiz on Chapter 15• Notes on Chapter 17• Luther exercise• Homework- Turn in Research outline to Turn it in

outline by 9 a.m. and read Spirits Chapters due 11/20

RENAISSANCE

• Roman Catholic Church

• Church became engaged in politics• Lay investiture

challenged by Gregory VII (1073-1085), said that only he could carry out God’s will• Led to conflict with Henry

IV, showed supremacy of the Pope, but did not really settle the question

RENAISSANCE

• Church Ascendant• Concordat of Worms

allowed Pope to appoint the Bishop, who then paid homage to the king

• Innocent III (1198-1216) brought the church to its height • New orders such as the

Franciscans (service) and Dominicans were created (anti-heretical, Inquisition)

• Renaissance Popes• Renaissance Popes were very corrupt• Sixtus IV(1471-84)- nepotism• Alexander VI (Borgia Pope,1484-1503)- affairs,

incest & nepotism• Leo X (1513-21) focused on wealth• Julius II (1503-13)- “Warrior Pope”, patron of arts,

built St. Peter’s• Leo X (1513-21) focused on wealth

RENAISSANCE

View from the Top – St. Peter’s Square and Rome

Front of St. Peter’s Basilica

RENAISSANCE

• Rebirth of classical learning• Product of wealthy, urban society &

reintroduction of ideas from the Middle East

• Began in Italy as it was wealthy, on trade routes, and had Roman legacy

• Church & other patrons sponsored• Set the trend for questioning traditional

ideas, followed by Reformation, etc.• Society was divided into 3 estates• Ideals of nobility set forth in Castiglione’s

Book of the Courtier• Commoners still primarily rural, but in

towns subdivisions arose

The Duomo in Florence designed by Filippo Brunolleschi

RENAISSANCE

• Renaissance Humanism• Focused on education in the

classics and liberal studies• Vernacular literature

developed (Dante, later Chaucer)• Gutenberg’s printing press (c.

1450) allows for rapid spread of ideas• Printing spread rapidly

through EuropeGutenberg’s press

•Art•More realism, use of new techniques, and inclusion of non-religious topics• Leonardo, Raphael & Michelangelo•Northern Renaissance•Van Eyck & Durer

RENAISSANCE

Jan Van Eyck was a famous painter of the Northern Renaissance.

REFORMATION

•Background• Shift of Power from Church to State• Catholic Church was excessively powerful and corrupt in the late Middle Ages• Began as a movement to reform, but ended as a schism• Humanists focused on reason and education to improve oneself• Christian humanists believed in individual understanding of the Bible and God

REFORMATION

• Christian Humanism• Erasmus, others, criticized aspects of Catholicism such as the sacraments, in favor of a personal piousness

• The Praise of Folly humorously criticized aspects of the church Erasmus

•Martin Luther• Monk/professor of

theology at Wittenberg• Developed idea of

Justification by Faith as the means to salvation, belief in the Bible as the only source of religious authority• Offended by the sale of

indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses

Martin Luther statue in Wittenberg, Germany

REFORMATION

REFORMATION

• Excommunicated in 1521, called before the Diet of Worms by HRE Charles V

• Luther was outlawed, but protected by the elector of Saxony and other German princes

• State-sanctioned Lutheran churches developed, but dissension occurred among converts

• Lutheranism allowed for vernacular church services, focusing on the scriptures, allowed marriage of clergy, etc.

REFORMATION

•Lutheranism•Opposed by H.R.E Charles V, who was, but was unable to focus on the issue due to external threats and internal dissension• Peace of Augsburg (1555) recognized Lutheranism in “Germany”, allowed rulers to decide what religion they wanted to practice

REFORMATION

• Calvinism• John Calvin agreed with Luther’s basic

ideas, but also believed in Predestination• Formed theocracy in Geneva• Followers formed the Huguenot Church in

France, Presbyterian in Scotland, Puritans in America

REFORMATION

• Formation of the Church of England• Henry VIII wanted to divorce his

wife, Catherine of Aragon, but his request was denied by the Pope who did not want to anger her nephew, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor• Henry created Church of England,

with few differences from Catholicism• Act of Supremacy (1534) made

monarch head of Church of England

6 Wives of Henry VIII

REFORMATION

• Reformation• Son Edward (1547-53)

rules briefly• Mary, the daughter of

Catherine came to power (with husband Philip II of Spain, son of Charles V)• Tried to restore

Catholicism, burned 300 Protestant ‘heretics”, earning nickname “Bloody Mary”

REFORMATION

• Elizabethan Policies• Mary was deposed and replaced

by Elizabeth (I), who was more tolerant and mitigated religious conflict • Anabaptists arose as group that

felt religion was voluntary, believed in adult baptism, lay ministry, separation of church and state• Protestantism led to focus on

personal worship and Sunday church services, efforts to curb pubs, etc.

COUNTER-REFORMATION

• The Catholic Response• Efforts were made to win back converts & stop people

from leaving Catholicism• Founding of Jesuit society- missionaries, absolutely loyal

to Pope, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, schools, etc.

COUNTER-REFORMATION

•Reforms of Papacy- Paul III (1534-49) took power back from bishops, etc.•Council of Trent- 1545-1563, 3 sessions, reformed church, but reaffirmed Catholic practices

RELIGIOUS WARS

• Limited Monarchy in England• Stuart dynasty under James I (cousin) replaces Tudors

after Elizabeth• Petition of Right (1628) limited Charles I’s power to tax• English Revolution (1642-48) results in temporary

Commonwealth, then restoration of the Charles II of the Stuart dynasty in 1660• Charles succeeded by his brother James II, who was

eventually deposed in favor of William and Mary in 1688 in what became known as the Glorious Revolution because it asserted the power of parliament over the monarchs• Bill of Rights in 1689 protected the rights of individuals

and limited the power of monarchs

RELIGIOUS WARS

• France• French wars of Religion (1562-

1598)- Nobility was 40% Huguenot (Protestant), House of Valois was Catholic, towns and provinces resisted central authority

• Eventually Bourbons came to power, Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued Edict of Nantes in 1598 which granted tolerance and toleration to the Huguenots

Huguenot Cross

RELIGIOUS WARS

• Absolutism• Defined as total authority for the ruler with no checks (e.g. Parliament), linked with Divine Right• Louis XIV (1643-1715), with Mazarin as a regent, after Louis XIII/Richlieu• Took over at age 23 upon Mazarin’s death, centralized authority

RELIGIOUS WARS

• Louis XIV• Quintessential absolute monarch• Built Versailles to control nobility by occupying them

with court concerns rather than politics• Louis XIV Repealed the Edict of Nantes• Assisted by his finance minister Colbert, who adhered

to a mercantilist philosophy• Fought numerous wars, such as the War of the Spanish

Succession, etc.

Louis XIV

PALACE AT VERSAILLES

PALACE AT VERSAILLES

Royal Bedrooms

THE PALACE AT VERSAILLES

The view from the back terrace

THE PALACE AT VERSAILLES

Marie Antoinette’s fake peasant village

RELIGIOUS WARS

• Germany• 30-Years War 1618-

1648 in Germany ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which allowed each ruler to choose the religion of his kingdom/principality, in general northern Germany (e.g. Prussia) became Lutheran, southern (e.g. Bavaria & Austria) remained Catholic

RELIGIOUS WARS

• Prussia and Austria emerged as the dominant powers after 30 Years’ War• Prussia centralized by Hohenzollerns• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) built standing army and centralized authority• Succeeded by Frederick I, made Brandenburg-Prussia into Prussia

RELIGIOUS WARS

• Austria• Hapsburgs in

Austria retained the title Holy Roman Emperors• Germany still

consisted of many disparate territories

PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ABOUT MONARCHY

• Hobbes (Leviathan) supported strong monarchy in late 1500s• Locke (Two Treatises on Government) proposed the right to revolution in defense of the Glorious Revolution

Pictorial representation of Hobbes’ Leviathan