renaissance and reformation

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1300-1600 Renaissance and Reformation

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Renaissance and Reformation

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Page 1: Renaissance and reformation

1300-1600

Renaissance and Reformation

Page 2: Renaissance and reformation

What was the Renaissance?

“Rebirth” in arts, learning, trade in Europe beginning in the 1300’s

Recovery from disasters of plague, political instability, decline of church power

Transition of Europe from agricultural to urban society

So what was it?A. Spread of new political, social, artistic ideasB. New social system developing in Europe

(middle class)C. Interest in “classics” from Greece and RomeD. Explored human experienceE. Emphasis on individual abilityF. Growing secular (non-religious), worldly,

viewpoint Renaissance Man- person capable of many

achievements (Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician)

Page 3: Renaissance and reformation

Renaissance begins in Italy

Renaissance began in Italy Italy was made up of many small,

powerful city-states- Venice, Florence, Milan

Why Italy?A. Center of old Roman Empire,

close to classic civilizationsB. Catholic Church and wealthy

merchants were patrons (supporters) of the arts

C. Center of trade with other regions

1. provided wealth,2. exchange of ideas3. urban trading cities4. center of banking

Page 4: Renaissance and reformation

Italian City- States

City- states grew wealthy because of trade during Crusades City- states controlled by wealthy

merchants, families City- states competed to display wealth Families had political, economic control

Medici family of Florence powerful family during Renaissance Supporters of the arts (patrons) Powerful banking family, controlled the

flow of money across Europe Medici wealth and influence transformed

Florence

Page 5: Renaissance and reformation

Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

Key intellectual movement- HumanismA.Study of classical culture- Greece, RomeB.Focus on worldly subjects, not religionC. Focus on human potentialEducation- stimulate creative powers, create

great citizensHumanist schools model for education in

Europe until 20th century.

Page 6: Renaissance and reformation

Art and Architecture

I. Artists imitate nature, importance of human, individual

II. Realist painting, sculptureIII. Used perspective to

create realist art (looked 3D)

IV. Used new oil paintsV. Studied human figure Da Vinci, Michelangelo,

Raphael- famous painters, sculptors

Architecture adopted columns, arches, domes of Greeks and Romans

Page 7: Renaissance and reformation

Vernacular Literature

Vernacular- language of own region (English, Spanish, German, etc.)

Many writers wrote in their own language

Before all scholarly work in Latin

Famous Renaissance writers Dante- Divine Comedy

(Italian)Chaucer- Canterbury

Tales (English)

Page 8: Renaissance and reformation

Italian Writers

Literature developed to help ambitious men and women achieve

Book of the Courtier- Castiglione (1528)

Described ideal noble1. Not made, but born2. Needed skill as a warrior3. Expected to have well rounded education,

enrich life with the arts4. Certain standards of conductNiccolo Machiavelli- The Prince

(1513)Political guidebookHow to acquire and keep powerEnds justify the means

Page 9: Renaissance and reformation

Renaissance in Northern Europe

Economic, social recovery happened during 1400’s

Began Belgium (Flanders), northern France, Netherlands, in urban areas that were involved in the cloth trade

Renaissance developed its own character

Invention of printing press 1455 Johann Gutenberg printed Bible

using moveable type printing pressA. Many copies of books could be

printed quicklyB. Books easier, cheaper to produce,

more people gained access to knowledge, ideas

C. Rise in Literacy across EuropeD. Published new discoveries 1500 over 1000 printers in Europe

Page 10: Renaissance and reformation

Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers

Artists studied under Italian masters, copied technique

Northern European rulers purchased paintings, hired Italian artists and architects

Many Northern European artists went to Italy to study and copy techniques

More interested in realism, details of everyday life

Pieter Brugel, Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck well known Northern Renaissance artists

Durer known for his engraving

Page 11: Renaissance and reformation

Peasant Wedding Pieter Brueghel

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Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers

Humanist writers promoted education and classical learning bring religious,

spiritual reform Used reason to improve themselves Appealed to growing middle class in cities Northern Renaissance focused on religious ideas (not secular)

called “Christian Humanism”

Erasmus- Dutch priest, produced Bible in Greek Doubts about organized churchChristianity should show people how to live good

lives, not provide system of beliefsPraise of Folly criticized abuses of church

Page 13: Renaissance and reformation

Northern Renaissance in England

Mid 1500’s Queen Elizabeth I of England supported development of art and literature

Sir Thomas Moore- Utopia describes ideal society

William Shakespeare- English playwright in the late 1500’s and early 1600’s

Plays, poems express themes in everyday universal settings

Renaissance ideals of individual human flaws appear in plays

Wrote in English lanuage-1,700 words appear for first time in plays

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Protestant Reformation

Page 15: Renaissance and reformation

Luther Leads the Reformation (pages 54-60)

Causes of the ReformationA. Rise of wealth based economy

Merchants resented paying taxes to the Church, king jealous of Church wealth

B. Declining power of church Leaders had become corrupt

C. Kings becoming more powerful and challenged Church authority

D. Questions about supremacy of church raised by Christian Humanists (Erasmus)

Society was changing and people were searching for answers

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Church Abuses

Catholic Church caught up in secular affairsTo finance church they raised fees on

marriage and baptism Sold indulgences- forgiveness of sins for

money

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Early Revolts Against Church

Late 1300’s –John Wycliffe (English) attacked Catholic Church, called for changes Said Bible supreme to pope Followers had to meet in secret to avoid persecution

Early 1400’s John Hus (Czech) led reform movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415 Caused revolt in Bohemia did not end until 1436 Writing of Erasmus also had an effect

Page 18: Renaissance and reformation

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (German, Catholic monk) protests against church led to Reformation

1517-Luther became upset a local priest, Johann Tetzel, selling indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany

Indulgences guaranteed person and dead relatives place in heaven

Outraged Luther, posted 95 Theses on Church in Wittenberg, Germany (maybe)

Page 19: Renaissance and reformation

95 Theses/ Luther’s beliefs

1. Luther believed that faith alone was needed for salvation

Catholic teachings that faith and good works were needed for salvation

2. Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope3. All people could have direct relationship

with God Copies of 95 Theses printed and distributed

across Europe

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Reaction to Luther

Pope excommunicated him (kicked him out of Catholic Church)

Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (HRE) called Luther to meeting to take back what he said (Diet of Worms)

Luther refused and declared an outlaw Luther supporters accepted his teachings May German princes renounced authority of pope

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Luther’s Teachings

A. All people direct relationship with GodB. Bible needed to be translated into

vernacularC. Banned indulgencesD. Simplified mass, emphasis on sermonE. Permitted clergy to marry 1530’s followers called Protestants,

Lutherans

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Princes and Peasants

German princes supported Luther:1. Independence from Church, HRE2. Excuse to seize Church property in territory3. Keep money in territory Poor support Luther’s message:1. Equality, social change2. Revolts across Germany (Peasant's Revolt)3. Not supported by Luther, respected social order, political authority

Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to decide which religion to follow in their lands

Northern Germany- ProtestantSouthern Germany- Catholic

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Reformation Spreads

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English Reformation

1520’s religious leaders exploring Protestant ideas

English had called for reform in Church

Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife, wanted male heir

Pope would not annul (cancel) marriage

Henry and Chancellor Thomas Cromwell had Parliament pass laws to take control of Church

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English Reformation

1534- Act of Supremacy made Henry head of Church of England (Anglican Church)

Burned Catholics for heresy1536-1540-Seized monastery lands and

wealthGave land to noblesChurch not radical- kept many Catholic forms

of worship, used English Bible

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English Reformation

1547 Henry diesSon Edward VI

becomes kingPasses laws that

strengthen Protestant Church

Book of Common Prayer required in all church services

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English Reformation

Mary Tudor, Edwards sister, queen after Edward dies

Mary was Catholic, had many Protestants killed for heresy

1558 Elizabeth I becomes queen, decided future of Anglican Church

Established compromise between Catholic and Protestant Church, ended decades of religious turmoil (Elizabethan Compromise)

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The Reformation Continues (pages 61-66)

Reformation caused many smaller groups to break away from Catholic Church

1520’s Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli Stressed importance of Bible, simplified

elaborate church ritual John Calvin- Geneva, Switzerland

Idea of predestination (God already decided who went to heaven)

Ideas known as Calvinism 1559- Calvinism spreads to Scotland,

known as Presbyterians 1541- Calvinists established

theocracy in Geneva Followers had strict rules Seen as model Christian community

Ideas of Calvinism spread across Europe to Americas (Pilgrims and Puritans)

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New Religious Groups

Other sects had radical ideas

Anabaptists 1. rejected infant baptism 2. Communities shared

everything 3. religious tolerance4. Separation of church and

state5. Refused military service

Persecuted by Catholic and Protestant groups

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Catholic Counter Reformation

New religious order Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola

A.Defended and spread Catholic faith

B.Set up schoolsC. Spread Catholicism to

Africa, Asia, AmericasBy 1600 Protestant religions

had gained a foothold across Europe, church abuses reduced

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Catholic Counter Reformation

Most Europeans remained Catholic 1530’s- 1540’s Pope Paul III tried to revive moral authority, end

corruption of Catholic Church Council of Trent- (1545, met for 20 years) Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, final authority on the Bible penalties for corruption among clergy educated clergy Indulgences were valid

Inquisition (courts used to find non- believers) were widely used across Europe

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Legacies of the Reformation

1. Religious differences caused intolerance, divided Europe

2. Different religions persecuted those that were different

3. Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to develop (Chapter 6)

4. Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution (Chapter 6)

5. Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe1. Could not live in Spanish colonies2. Many moved to Ottoman Empire, Netherlands

Page 35: Renaissance and reformation

The Muslim World Expands1300-1700

Page 36: Renaissance and reformation

Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section One

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The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire 1300’s Turks began to expand out of

Anatolia in central Turkey Began to unify under a single leader,

Osman Turkish warriors called ghazis, warriors

for Islam and followed Islamic code, ruled by a sultan

Turks success was based on the use of gunpowder

Conquered people were treated fairly Ruled through local officials appointed

by sultan, non-Muslim locals did not have to serve in the army but paid taxes

1402- Ottoman expansion was halted by warriors from central Asia under Timur the Lame

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The Ottomans Builds a Vast EmpireExpansion of the Ottoman Empire After threat from Timur ended Ottoman sultan Mehmed I took

power Son, Mehmed II defeated the Venetian, Italian and Hungarian

armies 1453- Mehmed the Conqueror took the city Constantinople City was strategic point between the Black Sea and the

Mediterranean, allowed the empire to expand into Asia, united empire between Europe and Asia

Opened city up to Muslims, Christians, Jews, renamed city Istanbul

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Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

1512- Selim the Grim came to power

Defeated Safavid Empire in Persia and conquered Syria, Palestine, North Africa

Conquered Cairo the intellectual center of the Islamic world

Conquered Mecca and Medina the holiest cities of Islam

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Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

1520- Suleyman the Lawgiver becomes sultan Under his rule empire reached its

greatest power Captured part of eastern Europe,

and islands in the Mediterranean , dominated the eastern Mediterranean sea

Used powerful navy to control North African coastal cities and trade routes to the interior of Africa

1526- advanced into central Europe and made Europeans panic

Suleyman became the most powerful monarch on the planet

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Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Suleyman kept diverse empire together Simplified and systematized government

and law codes Slaves ran the government Devshirme system drafted boys from

conquered Christian territories, gave them education, converted them to Islam and trained them as soldiers

Elites soliders known as janissaries Brightest rose to high positions in

government and military Ottomans let conquered territories keep

their religion and local practices to keep down conflict

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Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Suleyman promoted art, architecture and poetry in his empire

Creative period similar to European Renaissance

Painters and poets looked to classical Persia and Arabia for inspiration

Empire slowly declined over next 400 years

Sultans had a tradition of killing ablest sons so they would not take power from them

Did not educate other sons and this led to a line of weak rulers

Empire was officially broken up at end of World War I (1917)

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The Safavid Empire: A Case for Cultural BlendingSection 2

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Patterns of Cultural Blending

Safavid Empire ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries

Thrived by blending traditions of Persians, Ottomans and Arabs

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Patterns of Cultural Blending Culture includes language, religion,

style of government, racial and ethnic groups, art and architecture

Cultural blending caused when cultures interact with each other

Happens where trade routes meet, continental crossroads, seaports

Cultures exposed to technology, ideas, foods and ways of life different than their own

New type of culture is developed

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Patterns of Cultural blendingCauses

MigrationPursuit of religious freedom

TradeConquest

Results

Changes in religion

LanguageGovernmentTechnology Military tactics

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The Safavids Build and Empire

Safavids were an Islamic group Aligned with Shi’a branch of Islam Squeezed geographically between

Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire in India

To protect themselves they developed a powerful army

1501 12 year old military leader Isma’il conquered most of what is now Iran and gave himself the title shah

Established Shi’a Islam as the official religion, anybody that did not convert was put to death

1514 Ottomans defeated Safavids and set the border between the two empires

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The Safavid Golden Age Isma’il’s son Tahmsap adopted

the Ottoman idea of using artillery with his military forces

Expanded north across the Caucus Mountains and brought Christians under Safavid rule

1587- Shah Abbas takes the throne

Created a “golden age” of Safavid culture that took the best from the Ottomans, Persian and Arab worlds

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Safavid Golden Age Shah Abbas reformed military and

civilian life Created army that was loyal only to

him Modeled on idea of janissaries of

Ottoman empire Recruited Christians and equipped

the armies with artillery Reformed government

Punished corruption, Promoted loyal people Used foreigners to fill government

positions Invited Christians to move to empire Expanded industry, trade and art

exchanges between empire and Europe

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Safavid Golden Age New capital established at

Esfahan City one of the most beautiful in

the world Many foreign artisans found in the

city1. Chinese artists produced

miniature paintings, pottery, ironworks, tile work that blended Asian and Persian influences

2. Best known for carpets, became a national industry and were prized by Europeans

3. Shah Abbas sent artists to train in Italy and their rug designs reflected European influence

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Dynasty Declines QuicklyShah Abbas made same mistakes

Ottomans made Killed and blinded most powerful

sonsLed to incompetent grandson

leading empire1747 after Nadir Shah was killed

by his own troops the empire fell apart

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Mughal Empire in IndiaSection 3

Page 54: Renaissance and reformation

Early History of the Mughals 700’s Muslim tribes form

central Asia carved northwestern India into small kingdoms

Descendants of Mongols called themselves Mughals

For over 300 years could only advance as far as the Indus River Valley

Around 1000 they swept into India and conquered the Hindus and ruled from Delhi

1398 Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi

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Akbar’s Golden Age 1494 13 year old boy Babur, built

up an army and took control of India

1556-1605 Grandson Akbar ruled Military power based on use of

gunpowder and artillery Akbar continued Muslim tradition of

tolerance of religion Abolished tax on Hindu pilgrims

and non-Muslims Natives and foreigners could rise to

high levels in government Established fair taxes based on

wealth Land policies kept officials from

gaining too much power

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Akbar’s Golden Age Welcomed influence from many

different cultures Lower castes convert to Islam

because message of equality Merchants convert to take

advantage of trade networks and connections

Blended art, education and politics

Official language was Persian, most Indians spoke Hindi

New language developed called Urdu (means from the soldiers camp)

Highly detailed paintings called miniatures illustrated books

Massive temples that portrayed Hindu themes were built under his reign

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Akbar’s Successors 1605 Akbar dies, son

Jahangir becomes emperor Nur Jahan his wife runs the

empire for him Their son Khusrau rebels

and uses the Sikhs to shelter and defend him

Sikhs were a nonviolent religious group with elements of Hinduism and Islam

Because of this the Sikhs became a target for Mughal hatred

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Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan, Jahangir’s son took power and

assassinated all of his rivals Passion for two things: his wife and beautiful

buildings Wife Mumtaz Mahal died giving birth and he built

shrine to his wife Taj Mahal While he was building the country suffered He raised taxes higher and higher to pay for

construction of monuments

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Akbar’s Successors 1657- Shah Jahan grew older and became ill his sons

began a civil war to see who would take power Third son Aurangzeb won and had his father put in prison Aurangzeb built the Mughal empire to its greatest size Power weakened during his reign because he was he a

cruel ruler Enforced Islamic laws and did not tolerate Hindu worship Destroyed all pre-Mughal Hindu shrines, taxed Hindus and

removed them from government

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Empire’s Decline and Decay Hindu’s rebelled against policies of

Aurangzeb Raised taxes to keep fighting wars, this

led to more rebellion Drained empire of resources, famine

killed 2 million, subjects felt little loyalty Power of local lords grew and empire

was split up European traders came into region and

gained foothold

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1400-1800

Chapter 3

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Section 1

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Page 64: Renaissance and reformation

• Beginning in 1400’s, desire to explore called 3 G’s (Gold, God, Glory)

A.Other countries wanted trade controlled by Italy and Arabs for three centuries

• Spices most valued item• Quicker route to Asia meant they could

take out middleman (Arabs, Italians)B. New technology – compass, faster

ships, astrolabe, better mapmaking skills made traveling by ship easier, safer

• Most new technology came from Muslims and Chinese

C. Sparked by Renaissance curiosity and sense of adventure

D. Desire to spread Christianity• Europeans saw this as their sacred duty

to convert others

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Portugal Leads the WayA.Leader in developing and applying new sailing technologyB.Had strong government support led by Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator)C.1419 Henry established a sailing school for sailors, ship makers, navigators to perfect their trade•By 1460 Portugal was the first country to establish trading outposts along the coast of Africa and push into the Indian Ocean•Traded Africans European goods for gold and ivory

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• Portuguese needed to reach Asia by sea and had to sail around the southern tip of Africa

• 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope and explored the southeast coast of Africa

• 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed to Calicut, India and returned to Portugal with silk, spices and gems that was worth 60 times more than the cost of the voyage

• His voyage gave Portugal a direct sea route to Asia

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• Spain Also Makes Claims• 1492 Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a

route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic• Columbus thought he reached the Indies, really

opened the way for European colonization of the Americas

• Immediate impact was that it increased tension between Spain and Portugal

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• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas Pope stepped in to keep peace between two countries

• Line drawn from North to south across globe dividing eastern and western hemispheres

• Portugal gets everything east of Line of Demarcation

• Spain given all lands west of Line of Demarcation

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• Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean• Portugal took control of the spice trade from

Muslim merchants after da Gama’s voyage1.1509 extended control over region by defeating

Mughal navy off the coast of India2.1510 Portuguese capture port city of Goa, India;

it became center of their trading empire3.1511 Portuguese seize control of Strait of

Malacca, gave them control of the spice Islands• Portugal began to break the Muslim domination of

Eastern trade• Brought back goods at 20% of the prices charged

by Arab and Italian traders• More Europeans could afford items

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• Success of Portugal attracted other European countries

• 1521 Spain claimed Philippine IslandsDutch Traders• Around 1600 the Dutch and English

became a sea powers• English and Dutch began to take away

Portuguese power• Each country formed an East India

Company• Each company had power to print money,

make treaties and raise armies• Dutch East India Company most

powerful in region• 1619 Dutch establish trading post in Java

and took Straits of Malacca and Spice Islands from Portugal

• Dutch began to expand across the region and their capital in Europe, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center

• By 1700 Dutch controlled most trade in Indian Ocean

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British and French Traders•By 1700 English and French began to gain a foothold in region•English focused on India and developed a successful business in the cloth trade (established British East India Company)•France tried to establish a foothold in India but was not as successful

•European countries took control of port cities but their influence did not extend beyond the ports•Their influence was not felt by most people in Asia

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Section 2

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China was the dominant power in Asia and Europeans wanted to trade with them

Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty ruled China Korea and Southeast Asia paid tribute

(payment by one group to another to show submission) to Ming emperors, China expected Europeans to do the same

Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he defeated the Mongols in 1368

A.Reformed agriculture by increasing rice production, encouraged growing cash crops (cotton, sugarcane) and encouraged fish farming

B.Encouraged a return to Confucian traditions and moral standards

C.Improved government by returning to a merit based government system

When problems developed Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies

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• After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo took over

• He moved royal court to Beijing (built the Forbidden City)

• Also had a curiosity of the outside world

• 1405 began seven voyages of exploration and trade under commander Zeng He

• Expeditions traveled long distances, many ships, many people and huge ships

• Trips were used to show Chinese superiority, because of voyages 16 countries sent tribute to China

• Chinese officials complained that voyages wasted money and after 1433 China began a period of isolation

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• Trade policies of 1500’s reflected isolation• To keep influence of outsiders to a minimum • Only the government could conduct trade

through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo• European demand for goods led to smuggling • Helped improve economy of China- led to

increase in manufacturing of ceramics and silk making

• Commerce and manufacturing seen as lower class jobs and not held in high regard in China, kept China from industrializing

• Government supported agriculture• Taxes were low on agriculture and high on

manufacturing

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Qing Dynasty• By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government corruption,

civil strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion• 1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled

until 1900• People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus 1.Kept order by keeping traditional social structure and

restoring Chinese prosperity2.Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet3.Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses4.Welcomed Jesuits into royal court to learn about European life5.Kept policy of isolation from foreign trade

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• Foreign countries that wished to trade with China had to trade only in special ports and pay tribute

• The Dutch accepted the Chinese restrictions and the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading partners

• The Dutch brought silks, porcelain, and tea

• By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments from China to Europe

• The British refused to follow the Chinese trade restrictions

• China rejected their offers by sending a letter to the king of England that they did not need the British

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• 1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and prosperity in China and the lives improved for most Chinese people

Most Chinese were farmers and under the Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer increased

Also new crops from the were introduced by European traders (corn, sweet potatoes)

Food production increased and the population exploded

• Chinese families favored sons over daughters

• Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and raised their own families in their parents homes

• As their parents grew older they help them farm

• Females were not as valued but they did have the responsibilities of children’s education and managing family finances

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Section 3

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• 1300’s Japanese unity was shattered by warring shoguns

• By 1467 the country was separated into hundreds of separate domains

• 1467-1568 known as period of “warring states”

• Samurai took control of feudal states and offered peasants protection for their loyalty

• Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and used samurai as warriors

• Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead with no power

• Daimyo lived in fortresses and fought each other for control of land

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• Many daimyo tried to seize and control power

• Oda Nobunga –was the first to use soldiers with muskets to defeat rival samurai (1575)

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and tried to conquer Korea, when he died the troops returned to Japan (1590)

• 1600 Tonkugawa Ieyasu takes control of country by defeating his rivals and earning the loyalty of other daimyo

• He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)• Kept daimyo tamed and helped

centralize power in Japan• To keep daimyo in check he made them

live in the capital every other year and when they were gone they had to leave their families behind as hostages, had them help build his castle in Edo

• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate that held power until 1867

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• Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under Tokugawa shoguns

• Farmers produced more food and population rose, even though they lived lives of misery

Society was very structureda.Ruler was shogun and supreme military

commanderb.Below him was the landholding daimyo who

controlled samurai warriorsc. Artisans and peasants were next with merchants

at the bottom• 4/5 of society were peasants• Merchants became more important as the

economy expanded• Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal

citizen depended on agriculture not commerce• However the farmers paid the most in taxes,

many abandoned land and moved to cities for economic opportunity

• Mid 1700’s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban society

• Edo was the largest city in the world

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• Contact Between Europe and Japan• Europeans began to arrive in the 1500’s• 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked

Portuguese sailors and merchants soon followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms

• Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries

1. Europeans introduced new technologies and ideas

2. Japanese merchants eager to expand their markets welcomed Europeans

3. Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns to gain an advantage over their rivals

• Guns changed the tradition of the Japanese warrior whose principal weapon was the sword

• Cannons changed the way castles were built• Fortified castles attracted merchants and

artisans and caused the growth of towns across Japan

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• 1549 first missionaries came to Japan• Catholic Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominican

missionaries came to convert the Japanese• By 1600 they had converted over 300,000

Japanese• Missionaries teachings went against traditional

Japanese beliefs and by 1612 Christianity was banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding the country of them

• 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led by Christians

• All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism

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• Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas• Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but

they wanted European trade• 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country except one port,

Nagasaki (a man made island in the harbor)• Only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there• Tokugawa shogunate had a monopoly on all trade for over 200

years• During this time Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and

Japanese were forbidden to leave• During this time Japan developed a self-sufficient country free

from European intervention

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Dejima

Page 89: Renaissance and reformation

THE ATLANTIC WORLD

Chapter 4

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Section 1

Spain Builds and American Empire

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Spain Builds and American Empire

1492- seeking an alternate trade route to Asia Christopher Columbus “discovers” America and accidently brings together peoples of the Americas, Europe and Africa

Spain’s rulers financed three more trips with more men and ships and began to found colonies (lands controlled by another nation)

1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed modern day Brazil for Portugal By the early 1500’s Europeans had figured out that the land was not Asia but a new

continent 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern end of South America and

across the Pacific (along the way claiming the Philippines for Spain) In 1522 when they returned to Spain only 18 men and one ship were left, first

voyage to circumnavigate the globe

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Spain Builds an American Empire

Spanish were first European explorers and settlers of the Americas

Made Spain a very wealthy country and their culture influenced the cultures of North and South America that exists today

Spanish explorers known as conquistadors came to the Americas to follow rumors of gold and silver, they stayed and carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America and the United States

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Spain Builds an American Empire

Spanish Conquests in Mexico 1519 Hernando Cortes and 600 men landed

in Mexico They heard of wealthy Aztec empire and its

capital Tenochtitlan Cortes marched inland and was welcomed by

the Aztec emperor Montezuma, who thought the Spaniards were gods

Aztecs soon figured out the intentions of Cortes and drove the Spaniards out of the capital

1521 Cortes and the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs even though they were greatly outnumbered

Reasons for Spanish victorya) Made allies with groups that did not like Aztecsb) Spanish had superior weaponsc) Diseases like measles, smallpox, typhus; that

the Native Americans had no natural immunity to

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Effects of Old World Disease

Native Americans had no natural resistance to diseases that were common in Europe Asia and Africa

Killed up to 90% of Native American population across North and South America within the first 100 years of European contact

Made it easier for Europeans to conquer the Americas because Native American did not have the numbers to resist

Caused fear and confusion among native groups

When many European explorers reached new areas they found empty villages and towns

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Spain Builds an American Empire

Spanish Conquest in Peru 1532- Francisco Pizarro

takes army of 200 into the heart of the huge Incan empire in South America

They kidnap their ruler Atahualpa and demand a ransom of gold (even though the Inca had an army of 30,000), after they received their gold they strangled the Inca king

This demoralized the Inca people and the Spaniards quickly seized control of their empire

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Spain Builds an American Empire

By the middle of the 1500’s Spain had created a huge American empire

Drew from techniques learned during the reconquista (when the Spanish drove the Muslims from Spain)

Spanish imposed their culture on the people they conquered in the Americas

Most Spanish settlers were men so they had relationships with native women

Result of relationships was the creation of a mestizo (mixed Spanish and American) population

Spanish also forced native population to work for them

System called encomendia where the Indians farmed, ranched and mined for their Spanish landlords, often they were abused or mistreated

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Portuguese Empire in America One area that remained outside of

European influence was Brazil Region was given to Portugal because

of Treaty of Tordesillas and claimed by Brazil in 1500

Colonists settled coastal areas and built huge sugar plantations

The demand for sugar was great in Europe and made huge profits for Portugal

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Spain Builds an American Empire

Spain’s American colonies made it the richest and most powerful nation in the world during the 1500’s

Spain built a powerful navy and army to control and protect their empire

By the end of the 1500’s Spain pushed into what is now the US

1540-1541 Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest in search of a city of gold, did not find any

Catholic priests followed the conquistadors to convert natives

Priests used to explore and colonize North America

Catholic priests set up missions across the Southwest and California where towns grew up around them (Santa Fe, San Diego, San Francisco)

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Opposition to Spanish Rule Spanish priests pushed for better treatment of

Native Americans Criticized harsh treatment of native

Americans under the encomendia system 1542 Spanish government ended

encomendia system and began to use African slaves for labor

Native Americans began to resist Spanish colonizers as well

Spanish burned sacred Native American objects, banned Indian religious practices and built Catholic churches on top of Indian religious centers

1680 Pope, a Native American ruler led a rebellion against Spanish rule and pushed them back into New Spain

It took the Spanish 12 years to take the area back

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Section 2

Europeans Settle North America

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Europeans Settle North America

Other European nations wanted to obtain valuable colonies in the Americas

By the early 1500’s England, the Dutch and French began to obtain colonies in North America

Wanted to find a more direct route to Asia through fabled “Northwest Passage”

Countries did not find route but stayed and established colonies

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Europeans Settle North America

New FranceFrench explorers discover what is today New York harbor, St. Lawrence River1608- Samuel de Champlain took colonists and established Quebec the base of France’s New World empire, known as New France1673 French explorers Marquette (priest) and Joliet (fur trade and trapper) explored the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River1683 LaSalle another Frenchman claimed the entire Mississippi River valley for France

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Europeans Settle North America

By the early 1700’s New France covered much of what is now the Midwestern US and eastern Canada

Empire was immense but sparsely populated Catholic priests came to convert Native

Americans The main economic activity was the fur trade not

settlement and occupying territory

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Europeans Settle North America

English Arrive in North America1607 first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, VirginiaThey came looking for goldLife was hard 6 out of 10 colonists died of disease, hunger or Indian attack in the first few yearsOutlook improved greatly after the “discovery” of tobacco as a cash crop

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Europeans Settle North America 1620 group known as Pilgrims settle a

second English colony in Plymouth, Mass. 1630’s Puritans a second English group

settled in Mass. Both groups came for the religious

freedom the colonies would provide Both colonies grew rapidly because of the

number of families that came to the colonies, unlike Jamestown that was settled by a mostly single, male population

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Europeans Settle North America

The Dutch found New NetherlandDutch founded colonies in region along the Hudson River and Manhattan Island (now known as New York)Built trading posts and formed the Dutch West India CompanyColony in North America known as New NetherlandOpened to a variety of settlers Germans, French, ScandinaviansColonizing the CaribbeanOn the islands of the Caribbean European countries built huge sugar and cotton plantations Used African slaves for labor on plantations

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Europeans Settle North America

The Struggle for North AmericaFrench, English and Dutch wanted to expand their colonies in North America and they battled each other for colonial supremacyNew Netherland separated England's colonies in North America1664 drove the Dutch out and renamed colony New YorkEngland battles FranceEnglish wanted to push further west into continent and they were blocked by the French1754 dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley region led to a war between the two countriesKnown in North America as the French and Indian WarIt was part of a larger conflict called the Seven Year’s War that involved fighting in Europe, North America, the West Indies and India1763 the British defeat the French and the French gave up their holdings in North AmericaBritain became the supreme power in North America

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Europeans Settle North America European colonization brought disaster to Native Americans French and Dutch had a cooperative relationship with Native

Americans Helped with fur trapping and traded furs for European items like

guns, hatchets, mirrors, beads English wanted to populate colonies and they clashed with Native

Americans over issues of land and religion Land: Wanted to push natives off their lands to build towns and grow

crops Religion: English considered natives as heathens and as a threat to

their “godly” society

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Europeans Settle North America Native American and English hostility grew 1622 Colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan

tribe fought 1675- One of the bloodiest colonial conflicts was

known as King Philipp's War Chief Metacom (King Philipp) tried to unite Native

Americans against English settlers After a year the colonists defeated the Indians and

put an end to Native American resistance in the English colonies

More destructive than European guns was disease that devastated the population

One effect of the loss was a severe labor shortage across the colonies, so the colonists turned to another labor source African slaves

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Section 3

The Atlantic Slave Trade

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

The Causes of African Slavery Slavery had existed in Africa for

centuries Muslim societies took prisoners of war

and made them slaves In Muslim culture slaves had legal rights

and could move up in society Europeans needed a cheap labor source

to replace Native Americans in their New World colonies, they turned to African slaves

1. Many had been exposed to Old World diseases and had developed an immunity

2. Africans had experience in farming3. Less likely to escape and easier to find

in unfamiliar New World

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

Atlantic Slave Trade developed over the next three centuries , turned into a massive enterprise

Over that time 9.5 million Africans had been sent to the Americas

Spanish imported Africans to their plantations and gold and silver mines

Portuguese imported over 40% of the slaves to the Americas

Used on their Brazilian sugar plantations

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

As Europeans established colonies their demand for cheap labor grew

From the late 1600’s to 1807 the English were the largest carriers of slaves to the New World

400,000 slaves were brought to Britain's North American colonies

African rulers cooperated with European slave traders

European traders waited in ports on the coast of Africa and waited for Africans to bring enslaved peoples to them

They were exchanged for gold, silver, guns and other manufactured goods

Some African rulers were opposed to this slave trade

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

Triangular Trade NetworkAfricans slaves were part of a trade network that: A.Europeans transported manufactured goods to the African coastB.Africans were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean Islands, South America or the English coloniesC.Merchants purchased goods (sugar, rice, tobacco, rum, coffee)for slaves and took them back to Europe to be sold

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

Voyage that brought slaves to the New World called the “middle passage”

Cruelty, sickness and death characterized journey

Slave traders packed Africans into ships

Almost 20% died on the trip across the ocean

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

Slavery in the AmericasSlaves auctioned off to the highest bidderWorked long days and sometimes suffered brutal treatmentDeveloped a way of life based on cultural heritage, kept alive music, stories and religion of ancestorsSlaves found ways to resist, did not work as hard or ran away or revolted

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

Had a profound impact on Americas and AfricaAfrica1. Many African culture lost generations of their fittest

members (young and able) to the slave trade2. Families were torn apart3. The slave trade introduced guns to the continent of

AfricaThe Americas/ New World1. Slave contributed to the growth of the Americas

through their labor and their expertise in agriculture2. They brought their culture (music, art, food, religion)

and it became mixed with the cultures of the New World

3. Many nations today have mixed race populations and significant African- American populations

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Section4

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

Colonization of the Americas caused voluntary and involuntary migration of people and the introduction of goods from each continent

Exchange resulted in new business and trade practices in Europe

Columbian Exchange- global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas

Ships brought back items to Europe never seen before, many became food sources for the Europeans

Two most important were potatoes and corn Both were inexpensive to grow and supplied nutrition Both played a significant role in boosting the world’s population

Europeans introduced: livestock animals to the Americas (cows, sheep, pigs, horses), foods from Africa were introduced (bananas, peas, yams), grains from Europe (wheat, rice)

Disease was part of the Columbian exchange

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

Global TradeNew wealth and overseas trade led to new business practicesGrowth of capitalism (an economic system based on private ownership and owned to make a profit)

No longer were governments the sole owners of great wealth

Many merchants gained wealth and used money to invest in other enterprises and businesses flourished

Increase in gold and silver from New World led to an increase in the money supply and things began to cost more for average Europeans

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

Another type of business venture was the joint stock company

Investors purchased shares of stock in a company to combine wealth for a common purpose During 1500 and 1600’s common purpose was to colonize

the Americas Took large amounts of money to establish and build colonies Colonies were risky investments and if many people invested

they only risked a small loss A joint stock company was responsible for establishing

Jamestown

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

The Growth of MercantilismMercantilism was a new economic policy adopted by European countries at this timeCountries power depended on its wealth, allowed countries to purchase goods and develop strong navies for tradeGoal was to attain as much wealth as possibleNation could increase its wealth in two ways:

Obtain as much gold and silver as possible Establish a favorable balance of trade by selling more

that they purchasedUltimate goal was to not depend on other countries for goods so they had to establish colonies to provide what they did not haveColonies also provided a market for good to be sold

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Economic Revolution Changes European Society

1. Spurred the growth of towns2. Led to the rise of a merchant class who

controlled great wealth3. Led to the creation of national identities

and helped expand the power of European monarchs

4. Majority of Europeans remained poor