Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

journa l h o me pa ge: www.elsev ier .com/

Review

Nickel

V. ComanBabes-Bolyai U

a r t i c l

Article history:Received 9 AuReceived in reAccepted 31 Ja

Keywords:Nickel recoverWastewatersNickel contain

Contents

1. Introdu2. Nickel r

2.1. C2.2. I2.3. I2.4. Membrane ltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2302.5. Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2312.6. Electrochemical treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

3. Nickel recovery from various wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2333.1. Nickel recovery from spent solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2333.2. Nickel recovery from spent batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

3.3. N3.4. N3.5. O

4. ConclusAcknowReferen

1. Introdu

Nickel (Nmost abundconcentratiof 28 with eatomic mas

CorresponE-mail add

0921-3449/$ http://dx.doi.o3.2.1. Nickel recovery of from spent NiCd batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343.2.2. Nickel recovery from spent NiMH batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234ickel recovery from spent catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234ickel recovery from waste electrical and electronic equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235ther sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236ledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236ces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

ction

i) a silver white, hard and ductile metal, is the 24thant element in the Earths crust having an estimatedon of 0.008% (Kerfoot, 2005). Ni has an atomic numberlectron conguration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2 ands of 58.71. It occurs in the periodic table in group 10,

ding author. Tel.: +40 746198449.ress: pilea@chem.ubbcluj.ro (P. Ilea).

following iron and cobalt, to which it is closely related, in the 4thperiod. Ni normally forms a face-centred cubic crystal lattice. Inthis conguration Ni is ferromagnetic at room temperature. A non-ferromagnetic hexagonal form of Ni is also known. Nis physical andchemical properties, occurrence, extraction and purication meth-ods are presented in detail in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of IndustrialChemistry (Kerfoot, 2005). The same source contains detailed infor-mation about Nis compounds and alloys (Lascelles et al., 2005;Strassburg, 2005).

Ni has oxidation states from 1 to +4, but the +2 oxidationstate is the most important. The oxidation of Ni(II) salt solutions

see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.rg/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.019recovery/removal from industrial wastes: A review

, B. Robotin, P. Ilea

niversity, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

e i n f o

gust 2012vised form 29 January 2013nuary 2013

y/removal

ing wastes

a b s t r a c t

Nickel is an important metal, heavily utilized in industry mainly due to its anticorrosion properties. Asa consequence, nickel containing wastes such as spent batteries and catalysts, wastewater and bleed-off electrolytes are generated in various processes. These wastes could have a negative impact on theenvironment and human health if they contaminate soil, water and air. The present review addressesthe environmental and economical aspects of nickel recovery/removal from various types of wastes. Themain physico-chemical technologies for processing various efuents and wastewaters containing nickelare reviewed and discussed. Nickel recovery from spent batteries, catalysts, electronic waste and othersources is described. Hydrometallurgical approaches are emphasized. Recovery of nickel from wastes isimportant not only for economical aspects, but also for environmental protection.

2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229emoval from industrial wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230hemical precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230on otation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230on-exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230locate / resconrec

230 V. Coman et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238

with halides or persulfate produces the insoluble Ni(III) oxide(-NiO(OH)), while the persulfate oxidation of Ni(II) hydroxideresults in Ni(IV) oxide (NiO2) (Kerfoot, 2005). Nis most importantquality consists in its ability when alloyed with other metals toincrease thover a wide

Ni, Ni coand commeof stainless high corros2008). Ni atrial machiand compleses (Mara Younkin et rechargeab

The exttimes leads(Denkhaus environmeneffects in hucardiovascuSalnikow, 2originate frNikel, 2006exposure toharmful to lems arise dNi processin

Ni has ahas a simiinfomine.couctuated babout 17 USet al., 2008before de(JuneJuly 2

With theas it providat the samereview is toNi removalincluding spothers.

2. Nickel r

Due to twith potenttry poses a health. Difemerged inbeing evalupapers (Baret al., 2006summarizewastewaterion-exchantrochemicaotation, di

2.1. Chemic

Chemicafrom varioumarized in

precipitation of Ni is achieved by raising the pH to basic condi-tions, typically pH 910, where the metal is transformed into thehighly insoluble Ni hydroxide, Ni(OH)2. By using this technique,Giannopoulou and Panias (2008, 2007) have shown the possi-

f sens, biannpH vemovitatioNi(Oitatiotherctrociah eand ae obn. Thelevat den

n ot

otae sep

(Do011)er ehe soto succel che

and al ratdiumnic s

2009, Co2

d Co2+ io

mM

n-exc

usinghich

Globents004;and wi, 1ov, 22004ion-

in oastege atrati2004

ion-

embr

mbraal (Be strength and corrosion resistance of the other metal temperature range (Strassburg, 2005).mpounds and Ni alloys are used in many industrialrcial applications. Most Ni is used for the productionsteel, non-ferrous alloys and Ni-based superalloys withion and temperature resistance properties (Reck et al.,lloys are widely used in areas ranging from indus-neries to precision electronics. Some Ni compoundsxes are used as efcient catalysts in various synthe-and Stanislaus, 2008a, 2008b; Perosa and Tundo, 2005;al., 2000). Ni oxide hydroxide is widely used in Ni-basedle batteries (Shukla et al., 2001).ensive utilization of Ni-containing products some-

to environmental pollution by Ni and its by-productsand Salnikow, 2002). Exposure to highly Ni-pollutedts has the potential to produce a variety of pathologicalmans varying from contact dermatitis to lung brosis,lar and kidney diseases, and even cancer (Denkhaus and002; Kasprzak et al., 2003). Human exposure to Ni canom various sources (air, water, and food) (Cempel and). Since Ni is always present in the environment, the

low amounts of Ni cannot be avoided and may not behumans (Denkhaus and Salnikow, 2002). Health prob-ue to exposure to high doses of Ni present in near or ing areas.

relatively elevated price. The uctuation in Ni pricelar behaviour to many other metals (http://www.m). For example, between 1990 and 2004, the pricesetween about 5 and 10 USD kg1, increasing in 2005 toD kg1. In 2006, due to a sharp increase in demand (Reck), the price of Ni increased to more than 50 USD kg1

clining to approximately 32 USD kg1. Recently,012) Ni price varied between 16 and 17 USD kg1.

above in mind, the recycling of Ni is an attractive optiones a means to recover and reuse the metal values and,

time, avoid environmental risks. The aim of the current provide a survey of recent literature describing both

from wastewaters and recovery from various wastesent batteries, spent catalysts, bleed-off electrolytes and

emoval from industrial wastewater

he generation of large quantities of wastewater ladenially dangerous heavy metals, the electroplating indus-signicant hazard to both the environment and humanferent physico-chemical treatment techniques have

the last decades, their advantages and limitationsated in a number of recent and comprehensive reviewakat, 2011; Chen, 2004; Fu and Wang, 2011; Kurniawana; Zamboulis et al., 2011). The present study will only

the most often used techniques for Ni removal from. These techniques include precipitation, ion otation,ge, membrane ltration, adsorption and several elec-l treatment techniques including electro-coagulation,alysis, deionization and deposition.

al precipitation

l precipitation is widely used for heavy metal removals efuents. Numerous literature examples are sum-a recent review paper by Blais et al. (2008). Chemical

bility osolutiotion (Glower high rprecipwhen precip

Anoby ele(Subbaanode could bsolutiowhen curren

2.2. Io

Ionions arfactantet al., 2by eithfrom t(air) inused sneutra(Doyleremovwith sonon-ioDoyle,of Ni2+

Ni2+ anover Cuof 0.15

2.3. Io

By ions w2004).treatmet al., 2resins BishtaBelyaket al., cases, niquesfrom wexchanconcenet al., tion of2004).

2.4. M

Meremovparating Ni and Cu from acidic polymetallic aqueousy either electrodepositing Cu prior to Ni precipita-opoulou and Panias, 2007) or by precipitating Cu atalues than Ni (Giannopoulou and Panias, 2008), withal rates for Ni of 99.65 and 99.76% respectively. Then was performed at elevated temperatures, 6595 C,H)2 could be obtained by supersaturation controlledn (Sist and Demopoulos, 2003).

study has shown the possibility of obtaining Ni(OH)2hemical precipitation in the presence of nitrate ionst al., 2002). Using an electrolytic cell with a titanium

stainless steel cathode, the authors show that Ni(OH)2tained by using NiSO4 and nitrate ions (nitric acid) in thee authors observed that the current efciency increasesting the concentration of Ni, but diminishes when thesity and temperature are increased.

ation

tion is a separation process by which non-surface activearated from aqueous solutions by the addition of a sur-yle and Liu, 2003; Kurniawan et al., 2006a; Zamboulis. The ions to be removed are attached to the surfactantlectrostatic or chelating interaction and are removedlution using a foam phase created by sparging a gas

olution. In the case of Ni, sodium dodecylsulfate wasssfully as an anionic surfactant and the inuence of alating ligand, triethylenetetraamine (Trien), was studiedLiu, 2003). Trien was shown to increase appreciably thees for Cu2+ (20%) and Ni2+ (10%) during ion otation

dodecylsulfate. A similar study was conducted using aurfactant, dodecyldiethylenetriamine (Ddien) (Liu and). The study revealed selective ion otation behaviour+, and Cu2+ using Ddien. When at pH values around 9,2+ ions were preferentially removed from the solutionns. Ni2+ concentration was reduced from an initial value

to 0.01 mM (93% reduction).

hange

this technique, undesirable ions are replaced by other are harmless to the environment (Dabrowski et al.,ally, ion exchange is one of the most frequently applied

for wastewaters loaded with heavy metals (Dabrowski Kurniawan et al., 2006a). For Ni, various ion exchangezeolites were shown to be efcient (Al-Haj Ali and El-997; Alyz and Veli, 2009; Argun, 2008; Dzyazko and004; Juang et al., 2003; Keane, 1998; Papadopoulos; Priya et al., 2009; Revathi et al., 2012). In some

exchange is used in combination with other tech-rder to improve the removal efciency of some ionswater. For example, when using a combination of ion-nd precipitation processes, a higher reduction of Ni2+

on was obtained, from 94.2 to 98.3% (Papadopoulos). Another example for Ni2+ removal used a combina-exchange and electrodialysis (Dzyazko and Belyakov,

ane ltration

ne ltration is used worldwide for heavy metalsarakat, 2011; Fu and Wang, 2011; Kurniawan et al.,

V. Coman et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238 231

Table 1Removal of Ni2+ from wastewater using membrane ltration.

Technique Initial Ni2+ concentration(mg/L)

Removal efciency(%)

Operating pressure Working pH References

Micellar-enh 2

Complexatio

Chelation Flotation URO

NF

UF, ultraltrat

2006a). Multraltratioexamples odetailed bel

Ultraltrsage of watthe macromthan the poof UF memions in thethese ions methods haof two comenhanced uet al., 2012(Borbly aenhanced combinatioet al., 200ultraltratiofor complepoly(ethylecally bind c

Reverse in chemicalRO is a prefreely pass retained (Kbe as smallfor solutionmillimolar rto work effe2007; Qin eltration stand increas2002).

Nanoltmechanism(negativelyDer BruggeNF can be d(Van Der Brnanoltratiet al., 1999;2008). The tpH range anthe millimo

sorp

orptnd swanransulatelid). h phhe so

ny rees dealia arakpta,ang, 2006and 201tion ques

Zampecid froals (Alanpet al.al., 20iosoral (AhGavranced UF 29.35 4654 0.510 8899.2 15 0.951.76 73.685.1 3

n UF 50 9899 24 58.71 31.598.2 5

UF 25 24.194.2 25 F 3.3 98.5 89%) (Ahn

Mohammad et al., 2004; Murthy and Chaudhari, 2009,echnique is applied at ambient temperatures in a larged can be used for solutions with Ni concentrations inlar range (Table 1).

The aforadsorbentsfor Ni2+ remerature, varand Tessele(Quintelas eet al., 2010(Chen et al.,beads (Popustone (Kobystalks wastand Nuhogl(Ajmal et ausing basicThe adsorp5.5 Akita et al. (1999)536.3 Yurlova et al. (2002)3.55 Landaburu-Aguirre et al. (2012)39 Molinari et al. (2008)79 Borbly and Nagy (2009)NA Kryvoruchko et al. (2002)810 Blcher et al. (2003)3.67 Qin et al. (2002)6.57.5 Ipek (2005)411 Mohsen-Nia et al. (2007)37 Ahn et al. (199948 Mohammad et al. (2004)28 Murthy and Chaudhari (2008)210 Murthy and Chaudhari (2009)

tion

ion is commonly used as it affords low cost, ease of oper-implicity of design (Barakat, 2011; Fu and Wang, 2011;

et al., 2006a; Zamboulis et al., 2011). Adsorption is afer process by which a compound is transferred ands at the interface between two phases (liquidsolid,The substance binds to the surface of the solid phaseysico/chemical interactions and becomes the adsorbate,lid on which adsorption takes place is called the adsor-

cent review papers describe and summarize tech-aling with heavy metal adsorption from wastewaterand Goyal, 2007; Arief et al., 2008; Babel and Kurniawan,at, 2011; Bhatnagar and Sillanp, 2010; Bhattacharyya

2008; Crini, 2005; Das, 2010; Farooq et al., 2010; Fu2011; Gavrilescu, 2004; Gupta et al., 2009; Kurniawana,b; OConnell et al., 2008; Sud et al., 2008; WanHanaah, 2008; Wang and Chen, 2009; Zamboulis1). Among these reviews, some briey discuss theamongst other physico-chemical wastewater treatment

(Barakat, 2011; Fu and Wang, 2011; Kurniawan et al.,boulis et al., 2011), whereas others provide greatly,

c detail and describe the use of low-cost adsorbentsm agricultural waste, industrial by-products or naturalrief et al., 2008; Babel and Kurniawan, 2003; Bhatnagar, 2010; Bhattacharyya and Gupta, 2008; Crini, 2005;, 2009; Kurniawan et al., 2006b; OConnell et al., 2008;08; Wan Ngah and Hanaah, 2008). Other reviews dealption and different biosorbents used for heavy metalluwalia and Goyal, 2007; Arief et al., 2008; Farooq et al.,

ilescu, 2004; Wang and Chen, 2009).

ementioned reviews contain numerous examples of

used for heavy metal removal, including Ni. Specicallyoval, many examples of adsorbents are given in the lit-ying from the use of zeolites (Mavrov et al., 2003; Rubio, 1997), an Escherichia coli biolm supported on zeolitet al., 2009), natural kaolinite (Gu and Evans, 2008; Jiang; Yavuz et al., 2003), multi-walled carbon nanotubes

2009; Kandah and Meunier, 2007), chitosan coated PVCri et al., 2008), activated carbon prepared from apricota et al., 2005), olive stone waste (Fiol et al., 2006), grapees (Villaescusa et al., 2004), tea factory waste (Malkocu, 2005), rice bran (Zafar et al., 2007) and orange peelsl., 2000). Most spent adsorbents can be regenerated

or acid solutions, and reused (Kurniawan et al., 2006b).tion capacities of some recently described examples of

232 V. Coman et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238

Table 2Adsorbents used for Ni2+ removal from wastewaters.

Adsorbent Adsorptioncapacity (mg/g)

References

Synthetic zeolite 60 Mavrov et al. (2003)Natural kaolinite 2.79 Yavuz et al. (2003)

5.3 Jiang et al. (2010)MWCNTs 49.26 Kandah and Meunier (2007)MWCNTs/iron oxide

magnetic composites9.18 Chen et al. (2009)

Escherichia coli biolm 15 Quintelas et al. (2009)Chitosan coated PVC beads 120.5 Popuri et al. (2008)Apricot stone 27.21 Kobya et al. (2005)Tea factory waste 15.26 Malkoc and Nuhoglu (2005)Protonated rice bran 102 Zafar et al. (2007)Orange peel 158 Ajmal et al. (2000)

MWCNTs, multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

adsorbents used for Ni2+ removal from aqueous solutions are givenin Table 2.

2.6. Electro

Electrocment for mindustrial phave been this summaelectrodialyelectrocoagization, and

Electrocby using cprocess, iropotential toduced via and aluminides, whichIn the casesolution byode, hydrocathode, an(Heidmannstudy wherNi and zinc was successelectrodes removed byloidal mate

Electrogenerated f

to the surface of an efuent (Chen, 2004). Electrootation can beused in combination with aluminium electrocoagulation. This wasused for removal of heavy metals, including Ni, from polymetallicsolutions (Belkacem et al., 2008).

Electrodialysis is a separation process in which ions are trans-ported through ion-exchange membranes by the application ofelectricity between two electrodes. Tzanetakis et al. have studiedthe extraction of Ni and cobalt from their sulphate solutions usingtwo cation exchange membranes (the peruorosulfonic Naon 117and a new sulfonated polyvinyldiuoride membrane), an anionexchange membrane (Neosepta AHA), a platinum oxide basedcoated titanium anode, and a stainless steel cathode (Tzanetakiset al., 2003). The temperature inuence upon the amount ofNi extracted and current efciency was evaluated. The authorsdemonstrated the feasibility of separating Ni from cobalt byemploying an appropriate complexing agent (EDTA).

Electrodeionization combines ion-exchange and electrodialysis.In the case of Ni several examples have successfully applied thiscombination (Dermentzis, 2010; Dzyazko, 2006; Lu et al., 2010;Spoor et al

acedve mranes demal froemoort tsorptcathcentide sed ).trodaterhereill beexamas wifcuding ic Ni,e den be

A prs low

in d elec

cienh/kg

Table 3Electrochemic

Method

Electrocoagu

ElectrootatElectrodialyElectrodeion

Electrodepo

RDE, rotating dchemical treatment

hemical technologies were used for wastewater treat-ore than a century (Chen, 2004). Ni removal fromrocess liquids by means of electrochemical techniquessummarized previously (Koene and Janssen, 2001). Inry, the main focus was the evaluation of electrolysis andsis. Below examples of more recent studies involvingulation, electrootation, electrodialysis, electrodeion-

electrodeposition are provided (see Table 3).oagulation involves the generation of coagulants in situonsumable electrodes (Mollah et al., 2004). In thisn or aluminium anodes are dissolved by applying a

them, while hydrogen gas and hydroxyl ions are pro-water electrolysis at the cathode (Chen, 2004). Ironium will almost instantly become polymeric hydrox-

are excellent coagulating agents (Mollah et al., 2004). of aluminium, the metal ions are removed from the

several mechanisms: direct reduction at the cath-xides formation by the hydroxyl ions formed at thed co-precipitation with the aluminium hydroxides

and Calmano, 2008). Another example using Ni is ae the wastewater containing metals originating fromplating processes (concentration range, 230280 mg/L),fully treated by electrocoagulation using stainless steel(Kabdas li et al., 2009). In this case, Ni and zinc were

hydroxide precipitation and incorporation in the col-rial generated by the formation of Fe(OH)3 ocs.otation uses tiny bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen gasesrom water electrolysis in order to oat pollutants up

bed plselectimembauthorremovwere rtranspment, to the in the hydroxdecrea2002b

Elecwastew(g/L). Togy wA few given very dDepenmetallcould bysis ca2000).tions a(5 mmat 50 Crent ef4.2 kWal treatment technologies for Ni2+ removal from wastewaters.

Anode Cathode Initial Ni2+

concentration (mg/l)Removalefciency

lation Aluminium Aluminium 50250 NA Stainless steel Stainless steel 248282 100%

ion Aluminium Aluminium 100 99% sis Pt oxide coated Ti Stainless steel 11.72 69% ization Platinum Platinum 4.76 40%

Platinized titanium Graphite powder 100 100% Platinum Platinum 2856 100%

sition Graphite RDE Platinum foil 27200 NA Activated Ti Metal granules 2000 90%

isk electrode; NA, not available.., 2001a,b, 2002a,b,c,d). Using a cation-exchange resin between two ion-exchange membranes (an anion-embrane on the anode side and a cation-selective

on the cathode side) (Spoor et al., 2001a,b, 2002a), theonstrated the possibility of a continuous process of Ni

m a dilute solution (Spoor et al., 2002a,d). The Ni2+ ionsved from the solution by the following mechanisms:hrough the solution phase to the cathode compart-ion in the ion-exchange resin and subsequent transportode compartment, or by precipitation as a hydroxideral compartment of the cell (Spoor et al., 2002a). Niformation in the ion-exchange compartment could beby decreasing the process solution pH (Spoor et al.,

eposition can be applied for Ni removal/recovery froms when the concentration of the metal is high in solutionfore the mechanism and applications of this technol-

discussed in more detail in the Ni recovery section.ples of Ni removal/recovery from dilute solutions areell. Njau et al. showed that control of the process islt, even when using 3D electrodes (Njau et al., 2000).on the solution composition and electrolysis conditions,

Ni oxide and Ni hydroxide, as well as Ni oxyhydroxide,posited. The study underlines the fact that electrodial-

used to preconcentrate Ni ions in solution (Njau et al.,omising result was obtained with initial Ni concentra-

as 2 g/l by using rotating cathode metallic granulesiameter) (Orhan et al., 2002). The authors showed thattrolyte temperature and 325 A/m2 current density, cur-cy of 74% was attained, with an energy consumption of

Ni.

Electricalconditions

Initial pH References

33 A/m2 4.57.5 Heidmann and Calmano (2008)90 A/m2 6 Kabdas li et al. (2009)

20 V 8 Belkacem et al. (2008)400 A/m2 NA Tzanetakis et al. (2003)

10 V 23 Dzyazko (2006)30 A/m2 4 Dermentzis (2010)

5 V 2.65 Spoor et al. (2002d)100500 A/m2 34 Njau et al. (2000)

325 A/m2 5.5 Orhan et al. (2002)

V. Coman et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238 233

3. Nickel recovery from various wastes

Apart from solid wastes like spent batteries and catalysts, alloyscrap, some technological processes generate aqueous solutionswith high amounts of Ni. When Ni is present in solution, depend-ing on its concentration, the previously described physico-chemicaltechniques can be applied successfully. For solid wastes two dis-tinct approaches can be utilized: (i) hydrometallurgy, where wastemetal is leached into a solution and subsequently recovered fromit; (ii) pyrometallurgy, where waste metal undergoes a thermaltreatment in order to be recovered.

3.1. Nickel recovery from spent solutions

In the electro-rening step of copper anodes, a bleed off elec-trolyte is generated with a high content of Ni (up to 20 g/L) (Agrawalet al., 2008, 2007; Nyirenda and Phiri, 1998). Nyirenda and Phirihave shown that Ni removal from the electrolyte solution can beachieved either by precipitation with aqueous ammonia or by evap-orative crystallization of Ni sulphate (Nyirenda and Phiri, 1998).A more recent approach demonstrated that a partial decopperi-sation, crystallization, solvent extraction and electrowinning routewas suitable to produce pure copper and Ni powders (Agrawal et al.,2008, 2007). The Ni recovery rate was in some cases above 90% witha current ef

Spent plsolved Ni (LFor these, sdialysis (Li continuous

3.2. Nickel

Battery rical reasonsreused, andposes, as theinappropriaing reducescompared tKarlstrm, 2The potentlead, cadmiSeveral recnologies in(Bernardes

Xu et al., 2008). Since the aim of the current study is the recoveryof Ni, the focus will be on batteries using Ni and its compounds fortheir construction.

Ni is currently used as the anode material mainly in Nicadmium(NiCd) and Ni metal hydride (NiMH) batteries (Shukla et al.,2001). Mean Ni content in NiCd batteries is 16.4% (Huang et al.,2009) and between 25 and 49% in NiMH batteries (Scott, 2009).These battery types are rechargeable and are categorized as theaqueous electrolytes type (Beck and Retschi, 2000). The Ni activematerial used is in fact Ni(III) oxide hydroxide (NiOOH), which isconverted into Ni(II) hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) during battery dischargeand reformed during recharge. Since Cd proved to be a highly toxicmetal, its replacement with a hydrogen-absorbing alloy in NiMHbatteries became less environmentally problematic and, moreover,increased the performance of rechargeable batteries (Beck andRetschi, 2000; Fetcenko et al., 2007; Shukla et al., 2001).

Concerning battery-recycling, several approaches are cur-rently used including separation of battery components followedby pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical technologies(Bernardes et al., 2004; Espinosa et al., 2004). The rst separa-tion step has limited applications but can lower the total costof the process. Many pyrometallurgical processes, which recovermaterials by using elevated temperatures, are used industriallyfor the recycling of batteries. Hydrometallurgy uses acid or base

g of tecatermetent.he fo

in rei-ionnly oxcellrocesninge di

red a atmtaineudy ng agin imo, 20ns inty fo

Table 4Hydrometallu

Battery type

NiCd

NiMH n

ent

n

Li-ionng

R: Recovery raciency of less than 50%.ating baths are another source of high amounts of dis-i et al., 1999; Tanaka et al., 2008; Vegli et al., 2003).everal methods can be employed successfully: electro-et al., 1999), electrowinning (Vegli et al., 2003) and

solvent extraction (Tanaka et al., 2008).

recovery from spent batteries

ecycling is very important nowadays both for econom-, since they contain valuable materials which can be

for environmental and human health protection pur-y can release many dangerous substances if disposed oftely. Using recycled materials for battery manufactur-

energy requirements for primary material productiono the extraction and purication from ores (Rydh and002). Heavy metals are of great concern in this context.

ially hazardous metals used in batteries are mercury,um, zinc, manganese and Ni (Bernardes et al., 2004).ent studies have summarized the processes and tech-volved in the recycling of various types of batterieset al., 2004; Espinosa et al., 2004; Sayilgan et al., 2009;

leachinby thewastewto pyrotreatm

In tsentedsome Lbe maihave egical pConcerform threcovetrolledare obgical streducithe maTenrireactioimpuri

rgical recovery of Ni from spent batteries.

Acid leaching Temperature(C)

Time (h) Recovery of other metals

H2SO4 + H2O2 60 1 Cd electrowinning Fe precipitation H2SO4, HNO3,HCl, aqua regia

2590 24 Cd electrowinning

H2SO4 + H2O2 80 5 Cd electrowinning Fe precipitation

H2SO4 95 5 Rare earths and Co solvent extractioH2SO4 90 4 Rare earths, Fe, Zn precipitation H2SO4 95 4 Rare earths, Fe, Zn, Mn, Co; solvent

extractionH2SO4 + H2O2 3070 1 Rare earths precipitation Cd, Co solv

extractionHCl 95 3 Rare earths and Co solvent extractioHCl 95 3 Rare earths precipitation Co

electrowinning

H2SO4, HNO3 70 1 Co in solution H2SO4 + H2O2 NA NA Co solvent extraction, electrowinni

te; NA: not available. the metals into a solution and the recovery of metalshniques described in detail in the Ni removal from

section. Hydrometallurgy uses less energy comparedallurgy, but generates liquid wastes that need additional

llowing sections, several examples of processes pre-cent literature involving recycling of NiCd, NiMH and

batteries (see Table 4) will be discussed. The focus willn the hydrometallurgical processes since Espinosa et al.ently summarized a number of industrial pyrometallur-ses used for recycling of batteries (Espinosa et al., 2004).

NiCd batteries, most pyrometallurgical processes per-stillation of Cd using either an open furnace when Cd iss a powder of cadmium oxide, or one with a closed, con-osphere, where metallic Cd and high Ni-content alloyd (Espinosa et al., 2004). A fundamental pyrometallur-was conducted by Espinosa and Tenrio, by using coal asent to nd the optimal conditions for Cd distillation andpurities present in recovered materials (Espinosa and

06). It was found that at temperatures below 900 C thevolved in Cd recovery are too slow and that the mainund in the recovered Cd was Zn.

Ni recovery form R (%) References

NiCO3 precipitation 98 Bartolozzi et al. (1995)Ni(OH)2 precipitation 97 Yang (2003)

Ni electrowinning 67 Rudnik and Nikiel (2007)

Ni oxalate 96 Zhang et al. (1999)Ni electrowinning NA Bertuol et al. (2009)Ni(OH)2 precipitation 98 Li et al. (2009)

Ni electrowinning NA Rodrigues and Mansur (2010)

Ni oxalate 96 Zhang et al. (1998)Ni, NiCo electrowinning 82 Tzanetakis and Scott (2004a,b)

Ni in solution 95 Sakultung et al. (2008)Ni electrowinning NA Lupi et al. (2005)

234 V. Coman et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238

3.2.1. Nickel recovery of from spent NiCd batteriesMost of the early reports dealing with the recycling of NiCd

batteries used mixed pyro- and hydrometallurgical technologiesfor the recovery of metals. Bartolozzi et al. provided an updateon NiCd bhydrometalrated from leached witrolyzed forthe nal sterecovery raelectrodepoand the Nipresent in sto Cd electra potentiosprecipitatedtrations of with the besadopted byH2O2 to theelectrodepoagain Fe wain the Fe prto be removEfcient sepsimulated sMondragnfor Cd recovan efcient

An interis bioleachihave showfrom spent 1998; Zhaoneutralizatiagricultural

As mentfrom NiCdextraction (high separaby controllithe aqueou

3.2.2. NickeCompare

important hydrogen-abehaviour obattery can2001; Scottto rare earthand moreovfeasible (M

Several literature fmechanical(usually mamaterial (BEspinosa, 2polymeric fhigh amounEspinosa, 2order to brimostly eithVegli, 201

2002; Rabah et al., 2008; Rodrigues and Mansur, 2010; Zhang et al.,1999) or hydrochloric (Fernandes et al., 2013; Kanamori et al., 2009;Tzanetakis and Scott, 2004a,b; Zhang et al., 1998). The separation ofREs from the solution can be achieved either by solvent extraction

ndes998Fern006;er th

sepata et

al., 2red aah e

bate ch

Instelectrciesakis y of lyte ).rt fro

posthiumLupi

Ni ismpleIn aln useparwinn005)

ickel

omps chendo,

witncernhat hlogieaus, en us soumentcentulphant d, 20i reching

by diing tacheratioonstatherm a fusioric aet al..attery recycling literature and proposed a completelurgical approach where the electrode powder is sepa-the solid metal supports and the external case is rstth sulphuric acid and the resultant solution is elec-

Cd galvanostatic deposition (Bartolozzi et al., 1995). Inp Ni was recovered by precipitation as carbonate. Thete was 98% of the total Ni content of the battery. Thesited Cd had incorporated small amounts of Ni (1.2%)CO3 had some Cd impurities (less than 0.5%). The Feolution (metal support leaching) was precipitated priorodeposition. In similar working conditions, Yang usedtatic electrodeposition approach for Cd, while Ni was

as Ni(OH)2 (Yang, 2003). In this case various concen-HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3 were tested as leaching agents,t results obtained using 4 M HCl. A similar approach was

Rudnik and Nikiel; the difference being the addition of sulphuric acid leaching solution and the galvanostaticsition of both Cd and Ni (Rudnik and Nikiel, 2007). Onces precipitated as Fe(OH)3. Although some Ni can be lostecipitate, the authors emphasize the fact that Fe needsed from the solution if pure Ni recovery is the objective.aration of Ni and Cd by electrodeposition from variouspent NiCd battery solutions was achieved (Mayn-

et al., 2008). While nitrate was found to be unsuitableery, chloride and sulphate favoured Cd deposition and

NiCd separation.esting approach for bringing the metals into solutionng. By using acid producing bacteria, several authorsn the possibility of recovering the valuable materialsNiCd batteries with high recovery rates (Cerruti et al.,

et al., 2008; Zhu et al., 2003). The resultant sludge, afteron with lime, met the environmental requirements for

use (Zhu et al., 2003).ioned before, once leached into solution, the metals

batteries (Ni, Cd and Co) can be separated by solventNogueira and Delmas, 1999; Reddy and Priya, 2006). Ation efciency for Ni, Cd, and Co (>99%) can be obtainedng the concentration of the extracting agent and pH ofs phase (Reddy and Priya, 2006).

l recovery from spent NiMH batteriesd to NiCd, NiMH batteries incorporate Co and anamount of rare earths (RE). Cobalt addition to thebsorbing alloy has been found to improve the cyclingf NiMH cells (Shukla et al., 2001). Co content in a NiMH

vary between 2 to more than 20% (Rde and Andersson,, 2009). A pyrometallurgical approach is not suitable dues losses in the slag (Lupi and Pilone, 2002; Scott, 2009)er, a pyrometallurgical separation of Ni from Co is not

ller and Friedrich, 2006).hydrometallurgical procedures are described in theor NiMH material recycling (Table 4). Of course, a

pre-treatment is essential in order to separate the casede of iron) from the electrodes and the electro-activeertuol et al., 2006; Granata et al., 2012; Tenrio and002). In the next stage, a magnetic separation of theractions and the metallic ones can efciently recoverts of Ni-based alloys (Bertuol et al., 2006; Tenrio and002). The majority of the studies use acid leaching inng the RE, Ni and Co into solution. The acids used wereer sulphuric (Bertuol et al., 2012, 2009; Innocenzi and2a,b; Li et al., 2009; Nan et al., 2006; Pietrelli et al.,

(Ferna1999, 12009; et al., 2ally aftcan be(GranaNan etrecove

RabNiMHthe sam2008).of an eefcienTzanetphologelectro2004b

Apaied thefrom li2003; 2007).for exaoxide. solutiowere selectroet al., 2

3.3. N

Ni cvariouand Tudealinging coshow ttechnoStanisl

Whvariouexperieral reused, simportMonemity of NBy leacphate of reusof Ni reliquid with c

Anoery frois a difsulphu(Sahu oxalate et al., 2013; Tzanetakis and Scott, 2004a,b; Zhang et al.,) or by selective precipitation at low pH (Bertuol et al.,andes et al., 2013; Innocenzi and Vegli, 2012a; Nan

Pietrelli et al., 2002; Rodrigues and Mansur, 2010). Usu-is step a solution rich in Ni and Co is generated. Cobaltrated from Ni by solvent extraction using Cyanex 272

al., 2012; Innocenzi and Vegli, 2012b; Li et al., 2009;006; Zhang et al., 1999, 1998), and the two metals ares their salts (e.g., oxalate, sulphate, hydroxide, etc.).t al. has shown that prices of end products obtained bytery recycling were much lower compared to prices ofemicals prepared from primary resources (Rabah et al.,ad of separation, some studies evaluate the possibilityochemical co-deposition of Co and Ni with high current

(Lupi and Pilone, 2002; Tzanetakis and Scott, 2004b).and Scott observed that a desired composition and mor-the deposit can be obtained by controlling the pH of theand the applied current density (Tzanetakis and Scott,

m NiCd and NiMH batteries, some authors have stud-sibility of recovering Ni and other valuable materials-ion batteries (Granata et al., 2012; Lupi and Pasquali,

et al., 2005; Nan et al., 2006; Sakultung et al., 2008, used in these batteries in the form of a complex oxide,

lithium Ni cobalt oxide or lithium Ni manganese cobaltl the studies, the metals (Ni and Co) were brought intoing acid leaching, and in the case of Lupi et al., Ni and Coated using solvent extraction (Cyanex 272) followed bying to recover Ni and Co (Lupi and Pasquali, 2003; Lupi.

recovery from spent catalysts

ounds and complexes are used as efcient catalysts inmical processes (Mara and Stanislaus, 2008a,b; Perosa

2005; Younkin et al., 2000). Numerous recent studiesh metal recovery from spent catalysts indicate the grow-s about the fate of spent catalysts. Published resultsydro- and pyrometallurgy are the most frequently useds for metal recovery from spent catalysts (Mara and2008b; Singh, 2009).sing a hydrometallurgical approach, Ni leaching fromrces can be performed using mineral acids or bases. Theal conditions and the recovery rates for Ni from sev-

papers are summarized in Table 5. Among the acidsuric acid is cheaper and Ni sulphate is commerciallyue to its usage in electroplating (Al-Mansi and Abdel

02). In this study the authors investigated the possibil-overy from a spent alumina based catalyst (NiO/Al2O3).

NiO with sulphuric acid, Ni was recovered as Ni sul-rect crystallization and at the same time the possibilityhe alumina support was demonstrated. The conversiond 99% when using a 50% acid concentration, a 1:12 solid, particle size below 500 microns and a 5 h contact timent stirring at 100 C.

study used H2SO4 as a leaching agent for Ni recov-spent catalyst and showed that the dissolution of Nin controlled process. An increase in temperature andcid concentration resulted in Ni recovery improvement, 2005) with the metal being obtained as sulphide and

V. Coman et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238 235

Table 5Hydrometallurgical recovery of Ni from spent catalysts.

Type of spent catalyst Reagent S/L ratio Stirring rate(RPM)

Temperature(C)

Time (h) Ni recoveryform

R (%) References

NiO/Al2O3NiO/Al2O3, S

V, Ni, Fe, Si NiO NiMo NiO/Al2O3Mo, V, Ni/AlNiO/Al2O3Ni, CaO/Al2O

R, Recovery ra

Some stuhydrochlori2010). Anotmetals fromtation (Marexample (Mproved to brelatively lo

In some leach metalvanadium calkaline leaacid leachinresidue to r

Usually,essary in oAbdel Moneof Ni from aticle sizes (for the nethe second reaction co(Nazemi et

Anothersources invthe case of ming bacteriaet al., 2008oxidizing bthiooxidansNi, vanadiuond exampthiooxidansgenerated bcomparing Gholami et versus A. thmaximum erespectivelywere 2.4, 83

When phigh tempe(Wong et awas reducedecomposemay actuall

Some reagents, for Ni recovery2010). The

ric ainedted. n Tabrt fr

toxid thaiabley of e rec

stud

ckel ent

ntied eacturut un

In thnic e2007hreatals. Hals, ewadng oses (s prete. A ode oun

wt.% Prinweenmpu

In th of i50% H2SO4 1:12 800 100 5 iO2 8% H2SO4 1:10 NA 90 2

1 M H2SO4 1:5 200 80 0.5 67% H2SO4 1:14 300 80 2.33 1 M H2SO4 1:10 200 80 4 40% HNO3 1:10 Ultrasonic 90 0.83

2O3 10% citric acid 1:40 Ultrasonic 60 6 0.8 M EDTA 1:50 700 100 10

3 0.8 M EDTA 1:20 600 150 4

te; NA, not available.

dies also show that sulphuric acid is more efcient thanc acid for Ni recovery from spent catalyst (Idris et al.,her study showed that the leaching efciency of some

spent catalysts can be improved using ultrasonic agi-a and Stanislaus, 2011; Oza et al., 2011). In the secondara and Stanislaus, 2011), an organic acid (citric acid)e more efcient for leaching than sulphuric acid at aw temperature (60 C).cases, alkaline solutions can also be used to selectivelys (Ognyanova et al., 2009). The researchers showed thatan be extracted from a spent sulphuric acid catalyst byching. Since Ni is not dissolved by NaOH, a sequentialg (H2SO4) can be conducted on the alkaline leachingecover Ni.

physico-mechanical pre-processing of the waste is nec-rder to facilitate the leaching process (Al-Mansi andm, 2002; Ferella et al., 2011). A kinetic study of leaching

spent catalyst in sulphuric acid performed for two par-coarse and ne) showed a two stage leaching process

particles. The rst step was diffusion controlled andgoverned by chemical reactions. A single step chemicalntrolled mechanism was used for the coarse particlesal., 2011).

approach investigated for metal recovery from variousolved integrated biological processes. For example, inetal recovery from spent catalysts, bioleaching involv-

was successfully used (Beolchini et al., 2010; Bosio; Gholami et al., 2011). In the rst case, iron/sulphuracteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus

and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans) were used to extractm and molybdenum (Beolchini et al., 2010). In the sec-le, Ni was recovered as Ni sulphide by leaching using A.

and precipitation at room temperature with sulphidey Desulfovibrio sp. cultures (Bosio et al., 2008). Whenthe leaching efcacy of two different bacteria species,al. obtained different results when using A. ferrooxidansiooxidans (Gholami et al., 2011). With A. ferrooxidans thextractions for Al, Co, Mo, and Ni were 63, 96, 84, and 99%

sulphuis obtagenerarized i

Apawhereshoweically vviabilitand thtioned

3.4. Niequipm

Scieadvancmanufities bwaste.electroet al., are a tmaterimateriZn). Norecycliproces

Ni iof wasof cathtant am(50702011).Ni. Betand co2011).aration, while for A. thiooxidans the highest extraction degrees, 95 and 16% for the aforementioned metal series.

yrometallurgy is used the spent catalyst is sintered atratures, for example at 1500 C under plasma conditionsl., 2006). In this particular case (NiO/SiO2 catalyst) NiOd to Ni and the organic tar from the catalyst surface wasd and reduced to syngas (Co, CO2 and H2). The syngasy have been responsible for reduction of NiO to Ni.cent studies tackle the possibility of using chelatingexample EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid), for

from spent catalysts (Goel et al., 2009; Vuyyuru et al.,dechelation is performed using mineral acids, such as

electrowinnmetal contewith more and Fray, 2context, a ma certain fraelectrostati

3.5. Other s

Stainlesswhich can bNi sulphate 99 Al-Mansi and Abdel Monem (2002)Ni oxalateNi sulphide

98 Sahu et al. (2005)

Ni sulphate 96 Ognyanova et al. (2009)Ni sulphate 85 Idris et al. (2010)Ni sulphate 96 Ferella et al. (2011)Ni nitrate 95 Oza et al. (2011)Ni citrate 95 Mara and Stanislaus (2011)Ni sulphate 96.1 Goel et al. (2009)Ni sulphateNi nitrate

95 Vuyyuru et al. (2010)

cid (Goel et al., 2009; Vuyyuru et al., 2010), when NiSO4, or nitric acid (Vuyyuru et al., 2010), when Ni(NO3)2 isThe experimental details for both studies are summa-le 5.om the issues related to environmental protectionc waste generation is minimized, some recent studiest Ni recovery from spent catalysts can also be econom-

and protable (Yang et al., 2011, 2010). The economicthe process depends greatly on the market value of Niovery technology costs, but the results of the aforemen-ies are encouraging from this perspective.

recovery from waste electrical and electronic

c and technological progress continually requires morelectrical and electronic equipment (EEE). As such EEEing has become one of the most important world activ-fortunately it generates huge amounts of electronice last decades the accumulation of waste electrical andquipment (WEEE) has become a global problem (Babu; Robinson, 2009; Widmer et al., 2005). These wastes

to the environment due to their high content of toxicowever, they are an important source of recyclablespecially valuable metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Pd, Cu, Ni, andays there are various approaches for the treatment andf WEEE, involving pyro-, hydro- and bio-metallurgicalCui and Zhang, 2008).sent in various amounts in WEEE depending on the typerecent study has shown that some metallic componentsray tubes (electron gun, shadow mask) contain impor-ts of Ni (2545 wt.% of the total metal content) and Fe), and small quantities of Mn, Co and Cr (Robotin et al.,

ted circuit boards (PCBs) contain important amount of 1 and 3 wt.% Ni is found in PCBs from mobile phones

ters (Park and Fray, 2009; Veit et al., 2005; Yamane et al.,e rst case, the recovery of Ni mainly involves the sep-ron from the solution obtained by acid leaching and Ni

ing (Robotin et al., 2011). PCBs have a more complexnt and the separation/extraction processes have to dealmetals, including Au, Ag, Cu, Sn, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Al (Park009; Xiu and Zhang, 2009; Yamane et al., 2011). In thisechanical processing step can concentrate the metals inction using various methods such as size, magnetic, andc separation (Cui and Forssberg, 2003; Veit et al., 2005).

ources

steel production generates large amounts of wastee classied into slags and dusts. A recent review paper

236 V. Coman et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 229 238

summarizes the generation, composition, characteristics and theleaching behaviours of the wastes obtained from stainless steelprocesses (Huaiwei and Xin, 2011). An example involving the Nipresent in the dust generated by stainless steel production in anelectric arcmanufacturet al., 2005)lets present

Alloy sc2001; Shenobtaining pscrap, solverecovery byet al. used ha leaching ecrystallizin

4. Conclus

This papon recent lheavy metaevaluated fery from vathe hydrommakes nickthe environsure impose

Acknowled

The auththe projectfor Human POSDRU/89DevelopmeDRU/88/1.5Based Socie

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Nickel recovery/removal from industrial wastes: A review1 Introduction2 Nickel removal from industrial wastewater2.1 Chemical precipitation2.2 Ion flotation2.3 Ion-exchange2.4 Membrane filtration2.5 Adsorption2.6 Electrochemical treatment

3 Nickel recovery from various wastes3.1 Nickel recovery from spent solutions3.2 Nickel recovery from spent batteries3.2.1 Nickel recovery of from spent NiCd batteries3.2.2 Nickel recovery from spent NiMH batteries

3.3 Nickel recovery from spent catalysts3.4 Nickel recovery from waste electrical and electronic equipment3.5 Other sources

4 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences