remote sensing for geology s2
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Material to support Geo-scienceMaterial to support Geo-science
ModuleModule
(1)(1)
REMOTE SENSING FOR
GEOLOGY
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REMOTE SENSING FORREMOTE SENSING FOR
GEOLOGYGEOLOGY
Material to support Geo-science Module (1)
b!
Suti"no
Facult o# Geo$rap%
Gad&a% Mada 'niersit Yo$a"arta
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*+,T IS REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY ,N*+,T IS REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY ,N
*+,T TY.E OF REMOTE SENSING IM,GES*+,T TY.E OF REMOTE SENSING IM,GES
,RE 'S',LLY 'SE ,RE 'S',LLY 'SE
1/ REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY!0 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING FOR
OBTAINING GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION ORDATA ON: stratigraphy, lithology an g!ologi"
str#"t#r!$
2. REMOTE SENSING IMAGE FOR GEOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION:
0 AERIAL P%OTOGRAP%S 0 LANDSAT 0 SPOT 0 RADAR 0 T%ERMAL INFRA RED
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REMOTE SENSING
REMOTE SENSING GEOLOGY
REMOTE SENSING
IN GEOLOGY
GEOLOGIC
RESOURCESGEOLOGIC
HAZARD
0MINERAL & ROCKS
0WATER
0ENERGY
0LANDFORMS
0MASS MOVEMENT
0VOLCANIC ERUPTION
0EARTHQUAKE
0FLOOD
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*+,T IS T+E ,IM ,N T+E ST,T'S OF T+E*+,T IS T+E ,IM ,N T+E ST,T'S OF T+E
GEOLOGI,L REMOTE SENSING IM,GEGEOLOGI,L REMOTE SENSING IM,GE
INTER.RET,TIONINTER.RET,TION
1/ T%e ai2 is to obtain lit%olo$ic
strati$rap% and $eolo$ical structure
3/ T%e status!0 is not as an alternatie o# #ield $eolo$4
0 #ield5or" al5as carried out to c%ec" t%e
result o# t%e i2a$e interpretation4
0 t%e results o# t%e i2a$e interpretation aresupposed si2ilar 5it% data #ro2 ot%er
sources/
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,RE T+ERE ,NY IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS ,RE T+ERE ,NY IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS
FOR INTER.RET,TION .'R.OSESFOR INTER.RET,TION .'R.OSES
1/ Tone
3/ Te6ture
7/ .attern8/ S%ape9#or2
:/ Site
;/ ,ssociation
</ S%ado5
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Pattern
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*+,T =INS OF GEOLOGI,L*+,T =INS OF GEOLOGI,L
INFORM,TION ,N >E O>T,INE FROMINFORM,TION ,N >E O>T,INE FROM
RS IM,GESRS IM,GES1/ Topo$rap%ic pattern
3/ raina$e pattern
7/ Land#or2 units8/ Lit%o$ical9roc"s units
:/ Geolo$ical structures
;/ Mineral deposits location</ Susceptible area #or erosion 2ass-
2oe2ent eart%?ua"e olcanic/
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Si$ni#icance o# raina$e .atternSi$ni#icance o# raina$e .attern
.attern %aracteristics Si$ni#icance
endritic Irregular ra!"#$!g %'(rea)* lea a++eara!"e
De,el%+' $! la( area' % u!$%r)"%)+%'$($%!' -$(# l$((le %r !%'(ru"(ural "%!(r%l. 'e/$)e!(ar0r%"1' !ear #%r$2%!(al* $!(ru'$,er%"1'3 '(r%!gl0 )e(a)%r+#%'e/r%"1'/
Trellis Su +arallel '(rea)'* al%!g!earl0 +arallel (%+%gra+#0ea(ure' -$(# '#%r(+er+e!/$"ular$!(er"%!!e"(e/ "#a!!el'
M%'( l$1el0 /e,el%+ $! area' %'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1' -$(# )ar1e/'(ru"(ural "%!(r%l /ue (%al(er!a($!g re'$'(a!( a!/ le''re'$'(a!( e/'4
Rectan$ular Aru+( r$g#(5a!gle
/ele"($%! % '(rea)/$re"($%!'4
Ma0 $!/$"a(e '(ru"(ural "%!(r%l %
$!(ru'$,e $g!e%u' r%"1' %r ($l(e/'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1'4
Radial S(rea)' /$,erge r%) a"e!(rall0 ele,a(e/ +%$!(/
De,el%+ %! /%)e* ,%l"a!$" "%!e'* a!/ %(#er (0+e % $'%la(e/ "%!$"al%r 'u"%!$"al #$ll'4
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+O* TO IENTIFY ,N INTER.RET,TION OF+O* TO IENTIFY ,N INTER.RET,TION OF
GEOLOGI,L ,T, FROM RS IM,GESGEOLOGI,L ,T, FROM RS IM,GES
1/ 'sin$ ele2ent #or $eolo$ical interpretation!a4 Ou("r%+ ea(ure' a!/ /$'(r$u($%!
4 S(ru"(ure $! /e(a$l
"4 La!/%r)
/4 Dra$!age +a((er!
e4 Vege(a($%!
4 Cul(ural ea(ure'
3/ 'sin$ #actors #or $eolo$ical #eatures identi#ication!a4 F%r)3 %r l$(#%l%g0 a!/ '(ru"(ure $/e!($$"a($%!
4 A'0))e(r$"al 'l%+e. (% /e(er)$!e (#e /$+ 'l%+e % (#e
e/'"4 Dra$!age. (% re"%g!$2e (#e /e!'$(0 a!/ +a((er!4Dra$!age
/e!'$(0 $' a''%"$a(e (% r%"1 re'$'(a!"e a!/ +er)ea$l$(04Dra$!age +a((er! $' $)+%r(a!( %r l$(#%l%g$"al a!/'(ru"(ural $!(er+re(a($%!4
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+,R,TERISTIS OF R,IN,GE SYSTEM IN+,R,TERISTIS OF R,IN,GE SYSTEM IN
GEOLOGI,L INTER.RET,TIONGEOLOGI,L INTER.RET,TION
1/ Inte$ration
3/ ensit or spaciation
7/ +o2o$eneit
8/ Orientation and control
:/ .attern
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+O* TO INTER.RET,TE T+E LIT+OLOGY+O* TO INTER.RET,TE T+E LIT+OLOGY
1/ Lit%olo$ical units are easil to identi# #ro2re2ote sensin$ i2a$e (especiall aerial
p%oto$rap%)!a4 Sa!/'(%!e
4 S#ale '(%!e
"4 L$)e'(%!e
/4 A "er(a$! $g!e%u' a!/ )e(a)%r+#$" r%"1'
e4 U!"%!'%l$/a(e/ )a(er$al* 'u"# a'. 'a!/* gra,el*
"la04 I!(er"ala($%! re'$'(a!"e a!/ !%! re'$'(a!"e r%"1'
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3/ Sedi2entar roc"s can be identi# and
classi#ied based on!a/ Te6ture
b/ Mineral co2position
c/ olor
d/ .orosite/ .er2eabilit
#/ raina$e densit
$/ raina$e pattern (#i$/1)
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li2estone
sandstone s%ale
Wa(er '%lule
Su'ura"e /ra$!age
S$!1#%le
E6(er!al /ra$!age
Cl%'e/ '+a"e/
+a((er!
I!(er!al /ra$!age
W$/e '+a"e/
+a((er!
Cal"are%u' '#ale*
)arl
Cla0 l$)e'(%!eAre!a"e%u'
l$)e'(%!e
Cal"are%u'
'a!/'(%!e
Are!a"e%u' '#aleArg$lla"e%u' 'a!/'(%!e
T#ree (0+e' %
'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1'
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,R>ON,TE
COARSE GRAINED CLASTICS FINE GRAINED CLASTICS
Inter2ediate
lit%olo$ies 5it%
2i6ed
c%aracteristicsResistant
porous
per2eable
Resistant9
nonresistant
soluble "arsti#icationinternal and e6ternaldraina$e&ointin$4 li$%t to2ediu2 p%oto tone
Lo5
resistant
insoluble I2perious e6ternal
draina$e %i$% densit
dar" to 2ediu2 p%oto
tone
depend on ce2ent and
2atri6 internal draina$e
lo5 densit4 #re?uent &oint
sste24 li$%t or li$%t to
2ediu2 p%oto tone
F$g4 I)age7+#%(%
"#ara"(er$'($" %
'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1'
IENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=SIENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=S
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IENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=SIENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=S
FROM IM,GE9,ERI,L .+OTOGR,.+FROM IM,GE9,ERI,L .+OTOGR,.+
C%ar'e "la'($"
'e/$)e!(.re""$a*"%!gl%)era(e'a!/'(%!e
F$!e "la'($".
'e/$)e!(."la0*'#ale* '$l('(%!e
Car%!a(e.
l$)e'(%!e a!//%l%)$(e* )arl'
Resistant depend once2entation
Lo5 per2eabilitand non resistant
In arid resistant in%u2id soluble
For2! cuesta %o$ba$2esa
In %u2id! lo5 %ill5it% rounded topo/
=arst topo$rap%
,s "e %ori@on #orstructural analsis
I2perious e6ternaldraina$e
Sin" %ole and dolinedo2inant
Aoint sste2 5ell deelop Aoint sste2 notdeelop
Aoint #re?uentlon$itudinal belt o# dar"tone9color
raina$e! lo5-2ediu2densit
raina$e! %i$%densit
Lo5 draina$e densit
raina$e pattern!dendritic trellis
endritic draina$epattern
.artl! under$round
Tone! li$%t to 2ediu2 Gra to dar" tone Li$%t to dar" p%oto tone
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E6a2ple o# sedi2entar #ro2 aerial p%oto$rap%
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Sedi2entar roc"s and structural #eatures
0 Li2estone
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0 Li2estone
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A: volcanic deposit
B: fluvial deposit
C: volcanic breccia
D: limestone
E: coastal sand
1 A
D
C
C E
B
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A: fluvial deposit (swampy)
B: fluvial deposit (swale)
C: sandy (beach ridges)
A
BC
A
IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'SIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'S
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IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'SIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'S
RO=SRO=S
1/ >ased on 2ineral co2position!0 ,cidic! li$%t p%oto tone
0 Inter2ediate! li$%t to 2ediu2 p%oto tone
0 >asic! dar" to dar" p%oto tone
3/ E6trusie roc"s!
0 ,ssociate 5it% olcanic land#or20 .orosit and per2eabilit! %i$%
0 E6ternal draina$e
0 >asic laa! s%ield olcano &oint are predo2inate
0 ,cidic laa! bocca spatter cone laa blister
0 Inter2ediate laa! strato olcano
7/ Intrusie roc"s!0 +o2o$en
0 Topo$rap% %u22oc" (%u2id) and s%arp (arid)
0 Aoint! #re?uent
0 raina$e pattern 5it% lo5 densit/
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IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OFIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF
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IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OFIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF
MET,MOR.+I RO=MET,MOR.+I RO=
1/ Massie topo$rap% strati$rap% not clearl appear 3/ .er2eabilit is lo54 draina$e densit %i$% to 2ediu24
draina$e pattern! dendritic trellis or parallel/
84 Quar(2$(e! resistant 2assie topo$rap% lo5 per2eabilit
dendritic trellis4 $ra p%oto tone
94 Marle! in arid and se2i arid resistant in %u2id si2ilar toli2estone
:4 Sla(e'! lo5 resistant %i$% draina$e densit dendritic4 dar" to
2ediu2 $ra
;4 G!e$''! resistant 2assie topo$rap% lo5
per2eabilitdendritic trellis4 $ra p%oto tone
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GEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GEGEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GE
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GEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GEGEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GE
INTER.RET,TIONINTER.RET,TION
1/ FL,T-L,YING >ES!0 ontrastin$ tone o# di##erent sedi2entar roc"s
0 >rea" o# slope alon$ t%e contour
0 endritic draina$e pattern
3/ I..ING >ES (FOLS)0 Topo$rap%ic sur#aces coincide 5it% beddin$ sur#ace
0 ,s2etrical slope can be used to deter2ine t%e
direction o# t%e dip
0 .attern o# outcrop on alle can be used to deter2inet%e direction o# t%e dip
0 Ma&or strea2 usuall #lo5 parallel to t%e stri"e o# t%e
strati#ied beds/
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7/ AOINTS0 L$!ear ea(ure'7l$!ea)e!(' t%in rat%er t%an s%ort in re$ular
direction
0 I!(er'e"($!g <%$!( appro6i2atel at ri$%t an$les (erticall dippin$)$ie a l%"10 +a((er! % (#e (%+%gra+#04
0 In $!e gra$!e/ "la'($" r%"1' &oint are $enerall 2ore "l%'el0
'+a"e/
8/ F,'LTS
0 Linear #eatures9linea2ent
0 Trian$le #acet
0 ,li$n2ent o# e$etation strai$%t o# rier9strea2
se$2ent ali$n2ent o# la"es ponds and sprin$s
0%an$es o# tone draina$e and erotional #eatures onopposite o# linear #eatures
0 ,li$n2ent o# topo$rap%/
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*+,T IS T+E ONTENT OF T+E .RELIMIN,RY*+,T IS T+E ONTENT OF T+E .RELIMIN,RY
GEOLOGI,L M,. RES'LTING FROM RS IM,GEGEOLOGI,L M,. RES'LTING FROM RS IM,GE
INTER.RET,TIONINTER.RET,TION
1/ Lit%olo$ical units! 2a co2posed o# sin$le roc" or$roup o# roc"s FORM,TION
3/ Geolo$ic structures indicators! dip slope beddin$plane
7/ ontinue or discontinue o# t%e bed laers
8/ Indicators o# #ault and uncon#or2it
:/ Land#or2 units
;/ raina$e pattern can be used to identi# t%e lit%olo$and structure
</ ontrol point i2portant location $round control
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.R,TI,L EBERISES.R,TI,L EBERISES
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.R,TI,L EBERISES.R,TI,L EBERISES
1/ Material! aerial p%oto$rap% Landsat3/ .rocedure!
0 ra5 draina$e pattern road
0 elineate lit%olo$ based on! relie# draina$e densit
topo$rap%ic e6pression land#or2 land coer or landuse
0 Identi#ication o# $eolo$ic structure dip dip slope
0 ra5 t%e preli2inar structure
0 Fill t%e i2a$e c%aracteristics on t%e interpretation table
0ra5 preli2inar p%oto $eolo$ical9i2a$e $eolo$ical2ap
0 eter2ine t%e sa2ple areas
7/ Field c%ec"
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GRO'. .R,TI,L EBERISESGRO'. .R,TI,L EBERISES
1/ Geolo$ical interpretation #ro2 aerial p%oto$rap%s and Landsat o#certain area/
3/ ra5 preli2inar $eolo$ical 2ap!0 raina$e pattern0 Lit%olo$ical unit0 Structural #eatures4
0 Morp%olo$ical #eatures0 Road0 ,rea point sa2ples
7/ Field c%ec"
8/ Reinterpretation
:/ Final 2ap (p%oto-$eolo$ical 2ap9re2ote sensin$ $eolo$ical 2ap)
;/ Ealuation o# natural resources based on t%e $eolo$ical condition/
</ Report
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LIT+OLOGI M,..ING FROM IM,GESLIT+OLOGI M,..ING FROM IM,GES
1/ Lit%olo$ic 2appin$ #ro2 i2a$es!0 analsis and interpretation o# t%e spectral and spatial
in#or2ation 5it%in t%e i2a$es
0 e6pressed b!0 land#or2 deelop2ent
0 draina$e pattern
0 draina$e densit
0 e$etation di##erence
0 spectral re#lectiit
contet of climatic effects
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Spectral Re#lectiitSpectral Re#lectiit
1) 2easure o# t%e a2ount o# li$%t re#lected b 2aterial
3) e6press b p%oto$rap%ic tone or color
7) related to c%e2istr and structure o# 2aterial 2odi#ied
b eniron2ental #actors and p%sical condition o#
2aterial/
Diagnostic criterion for lithologic discrimination
Spectral ariation o# roc"sSpectral ariation o# roc"s
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Spectral ariation o# roc"sSpectral ariation o# roc"s
((in isible and near-in#rared spectru2)in isible and near-in#rared spectru2)
1) In i$neous roc"s depend on!0 iron content
0 o6idation state
0 5ater
3) In sedi2entar and 2eta2orp%ic si2ilar
to i$neous e6cept #or carbonates!0 Stron$ absorption caused b ibrational
processes due to O7-3 and ,l-O-+ de#or2ation
in cla 2inerals/
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!pectra igneous roc"s:
#op: high acidic composition
Bottom: mafic roc"s
Absorption granite at: $%&'
$% and % *m' due vibration
of overtone and combination
of +,-
and ,+
Laborator SpectraLaborator Spectra
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Laborator SpectraLaborator Spectra
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R #
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Re#erenceRe#erence
1/ ,llu2/A/,/E/1C;;/ Photogeology and RegionalMapping / .er$a2on .ress/ O6#ord/
3/ >andat +/F/on/ 1C;3/ Aerogeolgy / Gul# .ublis%in$o2pan/ +ouston/ Te6as/
7/ Me"el/A/F/M/ 1C<D/ The Use of Aerial Photographs andOther Images in Geological Mapping / IT Te6boo"III-1/ ol/1/
8/ Reees/ R/G/4 ,nson ,/4 Landen / (ed)/1C<:/ Manualof Remote Sensing.American Societ o#
.%oto$ra2etr/ Falls %urc% ir$inia/
:/ Sie$al >arr/ S/ and Gillespie/,/ (ed)/ 1CD/ RemoteSensing in Geology. Ao%n *ile Sons/ Ne5 Yor"/