RELIGION EXAM NOTES

SECTION 1 - Nature of Religion and Beliefs

THE NATURE OF RELIGION

● Define the supernatural dimension

The supernatural dimension implies a foundation on some sort of divine revelation or revealed faith. This revelation exceeds the power and capacity of human nature and any created natural reality. The supernatural dimension of religion cannot be explained accordingto natural laws or occurrences. This dimension exceeds the ordinary limits of human existence and is sometimes described as abnormal or miraculous

● Discuss a transcendent religious worldview which has a belief in a divine power and/or powers beyond the human

Religion has a transcendent dimension that points us towards the divine world and beyond the material world. The Transcendent dimension of religion enables humans to surpass the limits of their existence and earthly concerns to focus on heavenly or spiritual concerns. Religions that believe in a divine power include; Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The followers of these religious traditions believe in the One God who exists beyond the human realm and yet guides humanity throughout its everyday existence.

A worldview is the way in which someone views and interoperates the world they live in.This system of understanding greatly impacts the way we live our lives by representing the relationship each person as an individual has with themselves, the world and God. Religion is used by many people as a way of searching for the meaning of existence, and although it means different things to different people, is commonly embraced in order to assist us in finding a way past the obstacles of life. There are two types of religious worldview’s; the belief in a divine power is beyond human dimension, and the belief that the divine power is held within the individual. A transcendent worldview is one that embraces the ideology of a divine power beyond human capabilities and experiences. Western “Abrahamic" religions such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam believe that the nature of God is transcendent; different from the rest of creation and therefore commonly seen as the “Father”. Transcendent religions such as these, embrace an eschatological outlook meaning God created the world we live in and will someday end it. Another popular belief common to thesereligions is that it is not in our mortal life where we serve our moral destiny, but rather after death in another dimension of being which we are punished or rewarded for or behaviour as humans. An example of Judaism as holding a transcendent worldview is that Jewish people believe that God is much higher above them, he is not present on earth alongside of them. Other popular Jewish transcendental beliefs include the idea that there is only one God, Godis above and beyond all earthly existence, God doesn't have a body (neither male nor female), God created the universe without help, God is omnipresent; everywhere at all times,God is omnipotent; can do everything, God has and will always exist. An example of christianity as a transcendental religion is that in The Bible, when God gave Moses the 10

1

Commandments, Moses wanted to see what God really looked like and God replied with; “you cannot see my face, for no one may see me and live.” It is due to the belief in divine powers beyond the human which make christianity and Judaism a transcendent religion.

● discuss an immanent religious worldview which has a belief in a divine being or powers dwelling within the individual

The immanent dimension balances the transcendent dimension. It emphasises the presenceof God or Gods within human existence, in the day-to-day, concrete, ordinary concerns of life, rather than above and beyond it. Such a world view is characteristic of Buddhism and Hinduism.

Contradictory to a transcendent religious worldview, an immanent religious worldview also exists. An immanent religion describes God as existing in and extending into all parts of the created universe. They hold the belief that the supernatural and divine powers dwell within the individual as a constant reality. These worldviews are evident in most Eastern religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism. Unlike transcendental religions, immanent religions follow monism — having one kind of reality, and that all beings have value as they are products of reincarnation. In Buddhism an essential belief is that one must never search for the Buddhistequivalent of “God” but rather find truth from within themselves and their human spirit. Buddhist believe the ultimate goal or principle is the state of Nirvana or Dharma. This pathway to Enlightenment gives Buddhists a meaning for their lives. Buddhists also believe in reincarnation and that when someone or something dies, its soul will be reincarnated depending on how they lived their previous lives, with the law of karma rewarding the good and punishing the evil. This cycle of re-incarnation continues until the said spirit reaches the state of Nirvana, therefore becoming a Buddha. In the Buddhist religion there is not just one Buddha but many buddhas in a variety of different forms. This is due to the ultimate life goal of the inner spirit reaching Enlightenment and therefore becoming a Buddha. This aspect of the imminent buddhist religion contradicts that of the transcendent religious worldview as there is not one “God” but rather a liberation within the individual. Another aspect of the immanent religious worldview that follows the belief of a divine being/power residing within the individual is the notion of mindful training. Mental training is the idea that one can learn tosee things more clearly, with deeper awareness and be conducive to living a happier, more fulfilled life through reflection of their life and actions, meditation and the state of relaxation swell as mindfulness. Religious approaches such as mental training in Buddhism represent the elements of the immanent religious worldview and the divine being or powers hosted within the individual as it aims to assist one's spirit into progressing through the stages of Enlightenment till Nirvana or Dharma is reached.

● Define the characteristics of religion

There are 4 main characteristics:➔ Beliefs and Believers➔ Sacred Texts and writings➔ Ethics➔ Rituals and Ceremonies

BELIEFS AND BELIEVERS

2

Beliefs - an acceptance of something as real or true. Believers - The adherent to a particular religion

SACRED TEXTS AND WRITINGWritten, visual or oral texts that contain the truths of a particular religion and provide guidance.

ETHICSMoral principles that govern a person or group behavior providing guidelines to proper and improper behaviour

- Overarching principles- Life is a gift from God- Killing is against God- Life begins at conception- Morals come from principles- What is right and wrong

RITUALS AND CEREMONIESA set or series of actions performed in a prescribed order for religious meaning, The practiceand practical application of beliefs.

● Explore the ways in which these characteristics interact to create a dynamic, living religion

When characteristics of religion interact creatively, it helps nurture a religion that is alive, dynamic and active in the lives of its adherents, and in the society and culture where they exist.E.g. sacred text interpretations affect beliefs, understanding of other texts, lives, ethics, morality and helps create dynamic religion

Provides its adherents with a source of meaning both transcends and contains their life and their worldIs that which binds or connects human beings back to what is most central, essential and meaningful in their relationships to that which transcends human existence.Offers believers a specific set of beliefs and practises that gives meaning to their lives.

● Appreciate the contribution of religion to: - Individuals

Happiness of individuals partially depends on health, sense of purpose and spirituality. Religion:

➢ Provides answer to the human need of meaning of life➢ Gives sense of purpose and direction and belonging➢ Provides solution to questions and fears, often death➢ Provides set of living Gods and ethics, hope + reassurance in crisis➢ More spiritually aware people more likely to help others

3

➢ Religion assumes a more positive outlook, lead lives of greater satisfaction, more self-esteem and optimism in life

➢ Sense of security and meaning

Religion allows a person to examine their life as well as provide answers to mysteries of existence such as:

❖ Who am I?❖ Why am I here?❖ Is there a God?❖ Why does evil exist?❖ Is there life after death?

- Society and culture

Music: pieces composed for religious purposes/with religious themes (e.g. convey God’s glory such as the Messiah-Handel)

➢ Important part of religious rituals, ceremonies, stories, celebrations, teachings (e.g. Xmas concerts contain songs about Jesus Silent Night) Christian concerts

➢ Christian rock e.g. Switchfoot [popular music that promotes Christian views]➢ Bach composed music with religious influence, as he was religious

Political Influence: Catholic Church powerful economically and politically➢ Reformation times (1600s) Church powerful, helped other Christian communities,

and gave Pope permission to crown certain kings➢ Today British monarch’s religion must be Church of England (time of Henry VIII)

Art: Statues of Jesus + Mary in many European cities (artworks)➢ Da Vinci used religion as inspiration to some of his pieces➢ Churches contain colored glass windows and mosaics depicting religious scenes/ppl➢ Metalwork: started as a way of making statues of gods in Indian region, then used for

temple decorations + ornaments, soon used for bowls, pots etc. Popular today

Architecture: famous + spectacular buildings built for religious purposes➢ Religion inspired architecture have sacred purpose (more awesome)➢ Among most visited e.g. Taj mahal, Golden Pavilion temple in Japan➢ Unique design focus of architectural studies e.g. Taj Mahal wondrous, perfect

symmetry of building, domes, interior design (arches, high ceilings, chandeliers)

Meaning and Purpose:➢ Charities, Refugee Aid, Medical assistance and homecare, reconciliation of

indigenous

Law: ➢ Australia secular country: Christian nation➢ Islam: Hallal➢ Judaism: Kosher➢ Prior to 1986, no Catholic ate red meat on a Friday➢ Good Friday

4

➢ Ash Wednesday➢ Islamic state laws drive society

AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL BELIEFS AND SPIRITUALITIES -THE DREAMING

● Outline the nature of the Dreaming in relation to:

The Dreaming is a term used to refer to the concept, which underpins all beliefs and practices in Aboriginal communities, and hence represents all knowledge and understandingamong Aboriginal societies. The Dreaming determines all relationships and responsibilities for Aboriginal people. The Dreaming is metatemporal, that is it incorporates the past, presentand future into a complete and present reality. The Dreaming is inextricably linked to the land, as the land is the physical medium through which the Dreaming is communicated. It is from the land that the dreaming flows with stories of ancestor spirits which explain different aspects of creation. For Aboriginal communities the telling and learning of the Dreaming stories is a life-long process. The Dreaming is communicated through art, song, dance story and ritual.

- Dreaming is not time bound - past, present, future but not westernised- Dreamtime is a fundamental part of creation - Before creation it was dark. From the dark energy swirled to create sunlight, world,

nature- Ancestor’s spirit took physical shape and created the world-

- Origins of the universe

❖ The dreaming details it❖ World order comes from the events outlined in the Dreaming❖ Ancestral Beings travel and transform themselves into sites❖ Stories, songs, art and ceremonies recall these❖ Before time there was only formless, dark and featureless matter❖ Then came dreaming, where spiritual ancestors rose from sleep❖ Created natural world and living people❖ Totem ancestors were then weary and succumbed back to sleep❖ Dreaming not considered a myth by Aboriginal people

- Sacred sites

❖ Inextricable connection to environment❖ relationships strengthened through totems❖ a plant, animal or natural object that has become a symbol for a group❖ a belief that an animal or feature of natural world is an embodiment in it’s primordial

state as totemism❖ land is physical medium through which the dreaming is expressed❖ sites are of great significance because of this

5

❖ can also be of great significance because of their various uses knowledge of these is limited

❖ rarely available to wider community unless at risk of destruction

- Stories of the Dreaming

❖ embodiment of truth❖ basis of connection with the land❖ authenticity never questioned❖ stories not written down❖ passed orally or found in the land

- symbolism and art

❖ expressed through sacred objects, paintings, sites, oral musical and dance traditions❖ Has multiple layers of meaning:

1st. open and accessible to art2nd: not so obvious and requires permissions3rd: only available to elders, includes stories with every single detail

❖ provides knowledge, sites, resources, behaviours and moral codes❖ provides survival skills and knowledge of fauna and flora❖ is used in ceremonies to strengthen ties and kinship❖ forms include: ★ body art★ carved trees★ rock art★ bark painting★ funery poles

● Discuss the diversity of the Dreaming for Aboriginal peoples

Diverse people and communities throughout Australia = diversity of understanding. Dreaming means different things to different groups. Since the land is central to dreaming forall, having a widespread diversity of people from different lands and parts of Australia meanstheir culture is widespread and deep.

● Recognise the importance of the Dreaming for the life of Aboriginal peoples

The Dreaming is important for the life of Aboriginal peoples as it:- Allows Aboriginals to understand themselves and their world- Shows how spirit beings are responsible for shaping the world- Spirits are presented in sacred sites- Set a law for mutual and respectful cohabitation- The rituals relate to conservation and renewal of life- Material life is disciplined behaviour and action- Links person and object to the land- Connects people to rights and responsibility- Land and Dreaming interconnected and interdependent

6

● Investigate the inextricable connection of the Dreaming, the land and identity

➢ physical medium through which the dreaming is expressed (the land)- in which ancestral spirits continue to dwell➢ dreaming is meta-temporal- incorporates past, present, future as complete reality➢ embedded in all aspects of Aboriginal life and identity- facets, ceremonies, rituals, intricate kinship all related to land and Dreaming➢ dreaming is foundation of Aboriginal spirituality provides basis for above

SECTION 2 - Christianity

ORIGINS

● Outline the historical and cultural context in which Christianity began

Power was centred in Jerusalem during first century Judaism. Fierce sectarian rivalry existedbetween the different Jewish sects, particularly between the Pharisees, Sadducees and the Zealots who sought to control the direction of the religion. The Messianic expectation, a central tenet of Jewish belief reached a high point during the time of Jesus. Jewish speculation that the Messiah was to be a political saviour was the result of centuries of political oppression by the Romans. Jesus who sought to renew the Jewish religion in the spirit of the prophets, came to be seen as the Messiah by his followers.

Romans were oppressive and created a gap and a space for this message, they created the need for a new idea.In a Roman dominated world, comes Jesus who becomes the centerpiece for a growing movement within Judaism.

Paul dedicating his life to spreading Jesus’ message across roman empire

Emperor Constantine1. Legalises Christianity (motive was political for power/control)2. Declared the official religion of the roman empire (people start to convert and want to

be “in” as the popular thing to do)3. Converts to Christianity on his deathbed (not as important in spreading)

Jesus’s message centered around justice as a way of honouring God and keeping the commandments. The Romans ended up killing him because he was challenging their social power and control. However Jesus was seen as the Messiah and because they were in trouble, being mistreated and misunderstood, he was the one who had to bring a kingdom that will be everlasting.

● Examine the principal events of Jesus’ life

Event Significance

7

Birth of Jesus - Profiling prophecies of- Characterised as King as a new way of being a King.- New era of Kingdom of God.- Through Jesus, prophecy of Messiah is fulfilled.- “God stepped out of eternity, into time to become a man of flesh and blood”

(John 1:14)

Baptism - (cousin) John the Baptist baptised him in the river Jordan.- Marked beginning of public ministry of Jesus.

Transfiguration - Glorification of Jesus' body.- Revelation where Jesus revealed he was Son of God.- Jesus went to pray, and he heard a voice thinking it was God. 2 Ancient

prophets appeared (Moses: Giver of the law and Elijah: Voice of conscience).

Crucifixion - Jesus was crucified for all mankind.- Humankind could receive salvation and humankind.- Scapegoat for sins of the world so they could be free and have a new

beginning and new relationship with God.

Resurrection - After he died, he rose from the dead- Disciples were confused when he was not there- Symbolic of the new covenant and the apex of Christine life, making there is

new life is Christ and the triumph of life over death.- “through one man, all of humanity is sinful, but through one man, all of

humanity was saved”- Proved Jesus was the Son of God.

● Explain why Jesus is the model for Christian life

Christ introduced a radically new idea of thinking about true love is selfless love instead of selfish love. You must look to love others instead of serving yourself. This was not seen before Jesus. Most people just put money in the charity box but didn't personally aim to spread love to others and neighbours.

Jesus’ idea of true love and loving one’s neighbour

Romans 12:9-10"Love must be sincere. Hate what is evil; cling to what is good. Be devoted to one another in love. Honor one another above yourselves."

1 Corinthians 13:4-5"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs."

Galatians 5:13"You, my brothers and sisters, were called to be free. But do not use your freedom to indulgethe flesh; Rather, serve one another humbly in love."

8

Some want Jesus’ eyes so they can see others as he sees them

Matthew 28:18-20And Jesus came and said to them, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.”

Mathew 9:13But go and learn what this means: ‘I desire mercy, not sacrifice.’[a] For I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners.”

Ephesians 4:32"Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you."

Jesus’ ides of leadership (washing neighbour’s feet)

John 13:14–17(instructing His disciples) “If I then, your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another's feet. For I have given you an example, that you should do as I have done to you”

● Describe the early development of Christian communities after the death of Jesus

The development of the early Christian communities came from three sources : the Apostle Paul, gentile conversion and Emperor Constantine. The Apostle Paul travelled across the Medeterainian Sea and established community churches, spreading awareness of Christianity and churches. Gentile conversion meant numbers were able to grow as anyone was able to practise and spread the religion. Finally Emperor Constantinie made Christiianitythe official religion of the Roman Empire, contributing to the spread of the early Christian communities.

● Outline the unique features of:- Anglicanism❖ Daily office (morning and evening prayer) part of their lives ❖ Holy trinity as one and united❖ Weekly basis of celebration of baptism, eucharist❖ Head of the church: ❖ Many anglicans do not believe in transubstantiation (literal presence of the body and

blood of Christ). They believe in the sacrifice of Jesus and how the eucharistic meal is a remembrance of this sacrifice

❖ Women are ordained ministers ❖ Focus on the resurrection of Jesus which is why in an anglicann church you will see

a cross instead of a cross with Jesus

- Catholicism

9

❖ The head is the pope who is the bishop of rome❖ Under the pope is cardonals of bishops❖ Hierarchical structure lead by pope and collage of commons❖ Seven sacraments show different stages of their religious life

- Orthodoxy❖ Divine liturgy - celebration of the eucharist ❖ Strong emphasis on sacraments❖ Long and involved liturgies elaborate, sung in aramaic (language Jesus talked in

when he first raised the cup and bread)❖ Use of icons, 2D image of God or saint deliberately not completely human❖ Allow married men to priesthood❖ Leader: Patriarch of Constantinople ❖ Each orthadox church is autocephalous (independently run by each church

community)❖ Filioque clause, father, son and spirit

- Pentecostalism❖ Emphasis the work of holy spirit (why its called pentecostal)❖ They believe that people have a transcendent experience of the spirit ❖ Transcendent experience - speak in tongues, healing, hillsong ❖ Practise full immersion baptism (adult baptism

- Protestantism❖ Daily office (morning and evening prayer) part of their lives ❖ Holy trinity as one and united❖ Weekly basis of celebration of baptism, eucharist❖ Head of the church: ❖ Many anglicans do not believe in transubstantiation (literal presence of the body and

blood of Christ). They believe in the sacrifice of Jesus and how the eucharistic meal is a remembrance of this sacrifice

❖ Women are ordained ministers ❖ Focus on the resurrection of Jesus which is why in an anglicann church you will see

a cross instead of a cross with Jesus

PRINCIPLE BELIEFS

● Outline the principal beliefs regarding the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ● Explain the importance of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ for Christians● Outline the beliefs about the nature of God and of the Trinity● Examine the Christian understanding of revelation● Describe the Christian understanding of salvation

Principle beliefs

Scripture Reference Implications for adherents

The divinity Luke 22:69 The true significance of the divinity of Christ lies in the fact that

10

and humanity of Jesus Christ

But from now on the Son of Man will be seated at the right hand of the power of God.”

his achievement is prophetic and promissory for every other true son of man who is willing to submit his will to the will and spirit of God. Christ was to be only the prototype of one among many brothers. Adherents are called to look upon Jesus Christ as a model of Christian life and follow in his footsteps. Christains feel like they can reflect his achievements in theirown way through following God’s vision.Hypostatic union in Jesus is the combination of man and god so adherents

1. Relatable role model (Jesus is not afraid to threaten power structures of his time to stay in line with God)

2. Gain connection with trancedant entity (God is divineaspect and Jesus is humanity aspect)

The death and resurrection of Jesus Christ

Luke 24:6-7‘The Son of Man must be delivered over to the hands of sinners, be crucified and on the third day be raised again.’”

John 11:25-26

From the very beginning, Christians believed in the resurrection of the body—that each believer will one day be completely human but transformed—body and soul—for all eternity, and share in the glorious life of Jesus Christ (refer to 2 Cor 4:14 and 1 Cor 15:35–37, 42–44). This belief is based on the event that is the heart and foundation of all Christian beliefs. At his resurrection, Jesus Christ, after truly suffering and dying, wasraised to new life and entered a transformed, victorious and glorified state. Christians believe that the death of Jesus came as a result of Jesus coming to restore the kingdom of God as he was the messiah and he was sent to do that.

The nature of God and the Trinity

Corinthians 13:14The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all.

Corinthians 8:6“yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live”

Belief in ONE powerful Creator God who is omnipresent (everywhere), omnipotent (all-powering) and omniscient (all knowing). Knowing this is present over adherents, they can act more ethically or confess to God their sins. This A sense of comfort that their lives are planned and controlled and can turn to someone in times of need. But it also is a way to keep adherents in line with God’s plan and vision as they can be judged by all-knowing god. For chiristians that believe God is the creator of everything, there is also an understanding that humans were appointed as stewards of God's creation.

Revelation

Pathway thatGod reveals himself to humanity

Matthew 5:8 “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.John 14:6“I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the

Christians believe that revelation is not only God’s self-communication to human beings, but it is also a loving and utterly free invitation to join in friendship with God. Through this revelation, God calls human beings to respond in faith and action today, not just intellectually or by accepting certain doctrines or beliefs.

11

Father, except through me”

Salvation John 3:16For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, sothat everyone who believes in him may not perish, but may have everlasting life. The Christian paradigm.

- Only in heaven, in the actual presence of God, will a person’s deepest desires for love, peace and justice be completely fulfilled. (gives christians hope that their place in heaven and relationship with God has been restored by sacrifice of Jesus)

- Because there are many obstacles in the present life that make salvation difficult, it is only through the grace of God that humans can attain salvation

- Jesus Christ is central to salvation, for it is through his life, death and resurrection that God has offered salvationto all humanity.

Christians want to honour this act of Jesus and are compelled to live better lives. “Your life has been paid for and bought from the blood of Christ”

SACRED TEXTS AND WRITINGS

● Identify the importance of the Bible in Christianity

The Bible in a much more specific way refers to the following books:- The hebrew scriptures- The four gospels- The acts of the apostles- The letters (predominantly paul but others as well)- The book of revelation

These sets of texts and teachings are significant because:

1. They inform the core beliefs of christianity

1 Corinthians 8:5-6“For even if there are so-called gods, whether in heaven or on earth (as indeed there are many “gods” and many “lords”), 6 yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom allthings came and through whom we live.

1 Peter 2:24“He himself bore our sins” in his body on the cross, so that we might die to sins and live for righteousness; “by his wounds you have been healed.”

Why are core beliefs important to christians?Core beliefs are important to Christains as they provide a sense of meaning and understanding to the practises Christains uphold in their everyday life. Looking back at the scripture that details how Jesus spread the beliefs of christian faith, gives christains a

12

platform for growth within their own practising of faith and connects importance of beliefs to the overall development of christianity.

2. They contain guidance for ethical behaviour

Romans 2:1You, therefore, have no excuse, you who pass judgment on someone else, for at whatever point you judge another, you are condemning yourself, because you who pass judgment do the same things.

Proverbs 19:1Better the poor whose walk is blameless than a fool whose lips are perverse.

Why is guidance for ethical teachings important for Christians?Guidance for ethical teachings is important as this provides Christains with meaning behind the actions and practises they must perform within themselves and to others. Ethical teachings of treating your neighbour as your own and other examples seen within the scriptures call Christains to act accordingly in the same intentions and attitudes of Jesus. Christains seek to live ethically as it is the right thing to do but are also called by the reward and punishment system. These ethical teachings can help Christains to work towards the reward of joining God in the kingdom of heaven after living an ethical and righteous life.

3. They contain the story (narrative) of Christianity

Psalm 146:8"The Lord gives sight to the blind, the Lord lifts up those who are bowed down, the Lord loves the righteous."

This scripture is important as it conveys how Jesus, through God, could perform many miracles, love and treat all neighbours equally as if they were him and show the nature of Jesus and his attitude towards inclusion of everyone.

Luke 2:49-52“Why were you searching for me?” he asked. “Didn’t you know I had to be in my Father’s house?”[a] But they did not understand what he was saying to them.Then he went down to Nazareth with them and was obedient to them. But his mother treasured all these things in her heart. 52 And Jesus grew in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man.

This scripture is important as it shows the nature of Jesus in his early life. When he was even 12 years old he was already devoted to God, with his parents finding him in the temple courts with God.

Why is the narrative of Christianity important for Christians?The narrative of the Christian church within the scriptures fill the need to belong in a deep, personal and physical way to someone or something. The stories we hear of the development of the Christinan church gives this meaning and history behind Christian’s

13

identity. They can feel comfort in a sense of belonging, identity, connection to deeper roots and more.

● Examine extracts from the Bible which demonstrate the principal beliefs of Christianity

Principle Belief Extract from the Bible

The divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ

Luke 22:69But from now on the Son of Man will be seated at the right hand of the power of God.”

The death and resurrection of Jesus Christ

John 11:25-26Jesus said to her, “I am the resurrection and the life. Whoever believes in me, thoughhe die, yet shall he live, and everyone who lives and believes in me shall never die.

The nature of God and the Trinity

Corinthians 13:14The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all.

Corinthians 8:6“yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whomwe live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live”

Revelation

Pathway that God reveals himself to humanity

Matthew 5:8 “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.John 14:6“I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father, except through me”

Salvation John 3:16For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believesin him may not perish, but may have everlasting life. The Christian paradigm

CORE ETHICAL TEACHINGS

● Outline the principal ethical teachings in:- the Ten Commandments

The Ten Commandments is an important basis for structuring Christain life with adherents being called back to loving God alone and loving their neighbors as “if it were [their] own”. Moses, who was called by God to free the Israelites from slavery under the Roman Empire was given the Torah on Mount Sinai by God, fifty days after the escape from Egyptian slavery, leading his people towards God’s promised land. The first three commandments sum up the type of relationship Christians should have with God and his worshiping, ‘I am the Lord your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; youshall have no other gods before me’ (Ex 20:2), and the remaining commandments provide

14

obligations to one’s neighbour and society. These remaining commandments range from topics of murder, “Thou shalt not kill”, to theft, “Thou shalt not steal”, to adultery, “Thou shalt not commit adultery”. The observance of these commandments for adherents are based on love not fear, with the commandments being viewed as life principles to be internalised by the human heart, not avoided in fear of perceived punishment and damnation of God. This promotion of wellbeing, loving one’s neighbour as their own and living righteously are sources of guidance for love within a living religious system not fear of sin and punishment, ultimately promoting a focus on love and wellbeing of others not punishment of yourself. An example of the Ten Commandments playing an important role is the Sabbath for Chirstian adherents. Each week, Sunday is the day in which Christains observe their Christian faith, attend church and dedicate this special day to align with the christian community. This is brought about through the commandment, “Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day”. This Sabbath day promotes others well being immensely as, for some, going to their local parish, creates social connection, promotes love within relationships of the community and helps to create a sense of social belonging within a group. Overall, the Ten commandments are still relevant in Christian ethical teachings, promoting the spreading of love and wellbeing of others throughout the Christian community.

- the BeatitudesThe Beatitudes also create a platform in which Christian adherents can develop ethical practises through the praise for exercises of virtue and teachings from Jesus. In Matthew, 5:1-12, the Seronom on the Mount, Jesus says certain people will be ‘blessed with happiness’. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus instructs his hearers, delivering nine Beatitudes that praise these virtues such as poverty of spirit, meekness, hunger for righteousness, persecution and promising of future rewards. These points of relevance provide guidance for adherents today, relating teachings from Jesus to day to day issues. These beatitudes are drawn from Jesus’ idea of love and selfless faith meaning Christians can be drawn to promoting others well being within their communities and the wider world. An example of the beatitudes helping to promote others wellbeing and growing a living religious system within today's world Pope Francis’ spreading of the beatitudes for the guidance of the ethical issue of persecution. The pope explains what the beatitudes are, “The eight beatitudes proclaimed by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount reveal the path from selfishness to holiness”, then continues to explain how Christians can kind ethical guidance for the contemporary issue of persecution. He uses the examples of the eighth beatitude, "Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven" (Matthew 5:10) and the first, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew 5:3), to describe how beatitudes are calling us to move ethically from selfishness to holiness. He says that Christains can interpret the eighth beatitude as a guidance for how to approach christinas being persecuted, with the idea of these individuals being on their way to the kingdom of heaven for their righteousness. He then connects this to the first beatitude, calling Christians to not look at those poor of spirit ina self-pitying way but instead acknowledge that they are all welcome in the kingdom of heaven. He calls Christinas to interpret these beatitudes as guidance to moving onto the track of holiness and inclusion instead of selflessness, which can be applied to the contemporary issue of Christian persecution and poor of spirit individuals. Ultimately, as seen in the contemporary issue of persecution and Pope Francis guidance in the time of need, the Beatitudes provide Chruistians with the ethical teachings they need which creates a stronger living religious system.

15

- Jesus’ commandment of love

Loving one another is a commandment from God. God commands us to do two things: to believe in the name of His Son Jesus Christ and to love one another. We have already believed. Now we also should love. God gave us this love, and He also gave us the commandment to love. God first gave us this love and then He gave us the commandment to love one another. Today we must love one another according to God’s commandment. We must also love one another with the love which God has given us. We must exercise the love which God has put into us. We must apply it according to its nature. We should never quench it or hurt it.

● Describe the importance of ethical teachings in the life of adherents- Christian ethics are primarily based on the Bible- Using the Old Testament for ethical guidance requires an understanding of the

history of redemption- Christian ethics teaches us how to live- The ultimate basis for Christian ethics is the moral character of God- Obeying God brings numerous blessings to the daily lives of adherents- Wilful sin brings several harmful consequences to our daily lives

7 MARKEthical Teachings importance in guiding adherents response

- This is the ethical teaching- This is what it means- This is reflected in the lives of (example of current adherents)

Evaluate the importance of ethical teachings in guiding adherents to live an effective Christian life.

Ethical teachings in which guide adherents to live an effective Christian life are contained within the ten commandments, the Beatitudes and Jesus’s commandment to love. The ten commandments are important as they provide Christians with the typeof relationship they should have with God and their obligations of how to treat one’s neighbour and society ethically and religiously, “Thou shalt not commit adultery” (Romans 13:9). These commandments are important as ethical teachings in guiding adherents because they teach that in order to live an effective Christian life, one must love righteous in focus of love of the human heart not fear of punishment. The Beatitudes are important ethical teachings, from Jesus’ instructing of his hearers, as they draw from virtues such as poverty of spirit, meekness, hunger for righteousness, persecution and premissing of future rewards. Christians are able to look towards the beatitudes, which promote ethical teachings such as moving from selfishness to holiness, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 5:3). These Beatitudes are therefore important in promoting important ethical teachings for effective Christian life. Thirdly, the ethical teaching of Jesus’ commandment for love is important as it promotes Jesus’ radical idea of Christians being called to love others, including those who have mistreated them, “Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you” (Luke 6:27-28). This ethical teaching of loving others as you

16

would like to be treated is a strong aspect of effective Chrsitian life, therefore guiding Christians to important ethical decisions from Jesus’ commandment of love.

PERSONAL DEVOTION

● Describe the different types of personal prayer

5 MARK ExampleExplain the importance of prayer in Chrsitian life.

- Answer what is prayer (prayer is…)- Why is prayer important (what value to christians get by engaging in prayer)- One scriptural quote about prayer (- Two examples/types of personal prayer (outline briefly)

In Christian life, Prayer is an important way to acknowledge the existence of a relationship between God and humanity, reflecting how God can relate to each human being on earth with compassion and goodness. Prayer is important in christian life as adherents are able to gain value through the connection with God, ultimately calling them to strengthen and direct their Christian life so that they can interact in a more Christ-like way with others in the world. This guiding practise of prayer can be seen in the bible after Jesus’ baptism by John the Baptist, “And as he was praying, heaven was opened and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove” (Luke 3:21-22). This shows how throughout Jesus’ life, guidance and his connection with God was strengthened as he prayed in times of need and times of important decision making. Two examples of guidance from prayer being important for Christian life includes structured and contemplative prayer. Structured prayer helps adherents to gain connection with God and their faith through already written and recited traditional prayers found in liturgical texts and litanies including the rosary. This gives Christians comfort as many adherents in the past have . Mental prayer gives adherents the process of reflection that involves the mind, the imagination and the will.

Christians describe prayer as a conversation with God. Prayer can be silent or said out loud. It can use set words, or a person's own words. In prayer, Christians lift their minds and hearts to God.

There are many different kinds of prayer, including:

- adoration = praising God for his greatness and admitting dependence on him- confession = owning up to sin and asking for God's mercy and forgiveness- thanksgiving = thanking God for his many blessings, eg health or children

17

- petition = asking God for something, eg healing, courage or wisdom- intercession = asking God to help others who need it, eg the sick, poor, those

suffering in war

Nature and importance of prayerMost Christians believe prayer deepens a person's faith. Praying can help the believer cometo a greater understanding of God's purpose for their lives. Christians interpret the response they might get to their prayers in the following ways:

- God answers prayers, but not always in the way the person wants. When a prayer is not answered, it may be that the person asked for something God thinks would not be good for them, or that their prayer will be answered later.

- Sometimes Christians think that God has answered their prayers in quite spectacular ways, eg the recovery of a sick person. They may see this as a miracle.

- For some Christians, meditation or contemplation is a way of trying to reach a higher spiritual level.

- Others, especially Orthodox Christians, use the 'Jesus Prayer', Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner. They may chant this prayer over and over to clear their minds and achieve inner peace.

SECTION 3 - Islam

ORIGINS

● outline the social conditions and religious practices that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia

PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA

Social context The social context that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia involved the warring bedouin tribe people with access to water and conflict within the desert causing safety, status and power to draw from tribal connections and family relationships. Through this time of oral culture, many tribes seeked culture and tradition from verbal poetry and song. Glorification of the tribe’s story also gave people pride and identity in the way they found meaning through past history connections.

Religious contextThe religious context that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia involved panthesitic religion practisedthrough each tribe having their own god that they worshipped, sacrificed to and performed rituals about, focusing on nature-orientated spirits. A main feature of practise and ritual involves the Ka’ba. Sacrifice happened around trees, rocks, rivers as it was panthesitic religion.

● Examine the principal events in Muhammad’s life

- Muhammad is born in 570 CE, becoming the prophet of Islam

18

- The Qur’an is a series of revelations given to Muhammad, which he was to pass on to Humanity

- Mahammad married at 25 to one woman, and had 6 children - At 40, in the mountains upon meditation and reflect, an angel came to him - He received the command to announce the message of Allah which came after he

started spending time in prayer and spiritual searching - Angel Jibril appeared twice, who facilitated Muhammad receiving revelations from

Allah- Muhammad’s first house is said to be the first mosque

● Explain why the Prophet Muhammad as the final messenger is the model for Muslim life

- He was an orphan, he lived within the tribe which gave him an understanding of the poor and the marginalised meaning he spoke out for them, he became the voice for the poor - justice and caring for maginalised becomes a central tenet (principle or guiding value) in muslim life - connectiveness and equality

- Although he was a peacemaker, he was also valued for his knowledge and capacity to mediate (warring factions, disagreements)

- Having received the revelations he spread the message of muslam life - He is absolutely honest in his words and actions - He was a peacemaker - He was caring and loving to all - Careful administrator of the early Muslim community - He was faithful to Allah despite all the struggles he faced- promoted peace during a time of stress, looked after community and had a deep faith

QUOTESMuhammad promoting peace - “A perfect Muslim is one from whose tongue and hands mankind is safe" (Prophet Muhammad, pbuh)

Muhammad looking after his community - “Give to the near of kin his due, and also to the needy and the wayfarers” Quran (17:26-27)

Muhammad as a main of faith - “In the name of God, I put my trust in God. O God, I seek refuge in thee" (Hadith)

● Describe the development of Islam after the death of Muhammad under the leadership of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, accounting for the emergence of the Sunni and the Shi’a

- The 4 Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali) carried out the early development of Islam

- They kept very close to the tradition set out by Muhammad - Abu bakr retained Islams stability after Muhammad died, Umar was an effective

Military leader, Uthman contributed to making decisions that were later rejected by Ali

19

- Sunni Islam is considered the Orthodox expression of Islam- Sunni’s consider there is nothing special or divine about their leaders apart from

being educated in religious law - Shi’a Islam believe that Ali should have been appointed first, since he is a relative of

the Prophet

PRINCIPLE BELIEFS

● Outline the implications of Tawhid for Muslim belief

- The declaration of the belief in the oneness and unity of Allah (God) → The Shahada

- The ‘Shahada’ (basic Islamic confession) states; ‘There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger’

- The statement is chanted everyday by believers as profession of faith - excludes the concept of a Trinity or a triune God- Adherents worship Allah, no one else is worth of worship

● Examine the role of the Books of Allah and prophecy in Islam

Books of Allah- The books provide accounts, and lay guidance for various situations - Within the books, there is a warning of a day of the end of the world in which

all dead will resurrect and be judged on their deeds (belief in Al-Qadar, divine determination)

- The acceptance of other sacred texts that when they are compared to the Qur’an are considered incorrect or incomplete

- it is accepted that there are other accounts of books being given and told to orally deliver the principal beliefs

- the Qur’an claims universal authority as it was given to the seal of prophecy (belief in the prophethood – Muhammad is the final messenger)

The Prophecy

- Prophets bring the word of God to humanity- The seal of prophecy – where other sacred texts contradict the Qur’an, the

Qur’an is correct over others as Muhammad was the final prophet - Central belief of Rusula – most prophets were sent to their own people in

times of need- The shahada does not suggest that Muhammad is the only prophet

● Outline the principal beliefs about Angels, life after death and fate/predestination

Angels- Three types of Angels: Judgement angels, Guardian angels and messengers- They are created from light and are sinless- They accompanied humans in their lives by guiding and guarding them

20

- Angels record all good and bad deeds and recall them on judgement day and are acknowledged every day during Salat (prayer)

Life after Death - Believing that you are held accountable for anything you have done and that your

good deeds must outweigh your bad deeds- There will be judgement of all good and bad deeds before a prophet that will

determine one's Akira (afterlife)- There is a debate whether Jahannam is eternal or if the soul can be eventually

released to Jannah when sins have been repented – many argue Allah would not keep someone there indefinitely

- Any doubt in the believe result in the denial of Allah (denial of Tawhid) Fate and Predestination

- The belief that things only happen because God has made it happen- Some believe that on judgement day, God has already decided what is to happen- Humankind recognises that ultimately everything is in God’s hands – but they’re also

responsible for their own actions- Shi’a Muslims don’t believe in absolute predestination, they consider it incompatible

with God’s justice- They only believe in free will within the boundaries set for it by God and exercised

with his permission

PRINCIPLE BELIEFS SUMMARY

Belief Description Quote from Quran

Tawhid: the oneness and integrity of God

OMNISCIENT, OMNIPRESENT, OMNIPOTENT- Covers all aspects of Islamic life, everything a

Muslim does and everything they have links to the belief that Allah is one and indivisible.

- All power and all creative genius: everything created on earth comes from Allah

Nothing in the world can happen without the will and knowledge of Allah

- Is transcendent (beyond everyday human experience)

- unknowable; because of this Allah is known by 99 names of Allah (a human way of understanding the unknowable, a way to create a relationship)

“God does not forgive the joining of partners with Him: anything less than that He forgives to whoever He will, but anyone who joins partners with God has concocted a tremendoussin”. (Quran, chapter 4, verse48)

“He is God, God the oneand only: God the eternal)” (Surat Illklas 112:1-4)

Mala’ika: the beliefin angels (as messengers of God)

- not physical in the spirits- to look out and protect- every person in Islam has 2 guardians angels1. one recording your good deeds2. one recording your bad deeds- angels are witness to every action of God (even the

“Praise be to Allah... who made Angels messengers with wings” (Hadith 35:1)

21

ones humans miss)- belief in unseen beings or beings in the spiritual

world- jinn spirits (mischievous to evil)

Rusula: the belief in prophets (most important is Muhammad)

- Muhammad is most important (greatest messenger), chief and last prophet (his revelation was complete)

- also recognise the biblical prophets of the old and new testament

- 1024,000 prophets- every person has had prophets sent to them so

they may be held accountable for their beliefs and actions

- role of a prophet: say to people is not authentic and to remind people to live out the core roots of the religion, and what’s important with people’s relationship with God and other humans and to be reminded they will be judged on it

“He is the messenger of Allah and the seal of prophets” (Quran 33:41)

Kutubu’llah: the belief in the books of Allah

- God sent to humankind through the prophets- Muslims believed that all the prophets received

God’s revelation - overtime that revelation was corrupted (interpretations and lost in translation)

- Qur’an therefore sent final and truest form of revelation to Muhammad to correct the corruptions of the previous messages

- when Muslims study the Qur’an, it has got to be in Arabic in order to ensure it doesn’t get lost in translation

- Qur’an believed to be the first miracle in Islam due to its language. Muhammad is believed to be an ordinary merchant who ran a business that sold goods up and down the Arabian Peninsula, and it ishighly unlikely that the words that came out of him to form the Qur’an was his own words.

“He sent his messenger with guidance and the religion of truth” (Quran chapter 48:29)

al Akhira: the belief in the afterlife

Judgement day- there is no intercessor between human beings and

Allah – no one can save you from hell or get you into heaven except Allah (pray to Allah only)

- soteriology: teaching or doctrines about salvation – what you need to do to achieve salvation and going to heaven

o Allah is bismila (full of mercy) and will omit the bad things and will multitude the good deedso Islam is workspaced: all about your actions, not just prayer but acting on those prayers

"My mercy precedes myanger" (hadiths 518) = Allah is merciful

22

al Qadr: fate/predestination(if Allah wills it)

- Allah is in control of the fortune of humankindo has control of when people live and when they dieo whether or not they go to heaven or hell

“He knows what sort of deeds they would have done” (Sahih Bukhari 2:23:456

SACRED TEXTS AND WRITINGS

● Identify the importance of:- the Qur’an❖ Surahs were revealed whilst Muhammad was in Mecca which highlighted a call to

believe in one God (Tawhid)❖ Revelations in Medina gave guidance to growing the Muslim community, describing

way to pray, how to fast, legal matters and the pilgrimage

- the Hadith❖ Recordings of important moment in Muhammad’s life that can determine conduct for

adherents❖ The recordings act as instructions for adherents including how to perform daily prayer❖ Sunni and Shi’a Muslims have their own Hadith collections

● Examine extracts from the Qur’an and Hadith which demonstrate the principal beliefsof Islam

(Quran 49:1)O you who have believed, do not put [yourselves] before Allah and His Messenger but fear Allah . Indeed, Allah is Hearing and Knowing.

(Quran 49:5)And if they had been patient until you [could] come out to them, it would have been better forthem. But Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.

(Quran 49:8)[It is] as bounty from Allah and favor. And Allah is Knowing and Wise.

(Quran 49:10)The believers are but brothers, so make settlement between your brothers. And fear Allah that you may receive mercy.

(Quran 49:12)O you who have believed, avoid much [negative] assumption. Indeed, some assumption is sin. And do not spy or backbite each other. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his brother when dead? You would detest it. And fear Allah ; indeed, Allah is Accepting of repentance and Merciful.

MERCIFUL GOD ---> TAWHID, MALA’IKA, AL-QADAR

23

(Hadith - Bukhari 7:69:493)Allah's Apostle said, "Whoever drinks alcoholic drinks in the world and does not repent (before dying), will be deprived of it in the Hereafter."

HALAL ---> LAWFUL AND PERMITTED (halal/allow)

HARAM ---> FORBIDDEN (haram will cause harm)

CORE ETHICAL TEACHINGS

● Outline the principal ethical teachings within Islam

Sharia Law - There is no God but God and Muhammad the messenger.Submission/surrender to Allah - Adherents must live every Moment in the complete submission to Allah.Qur'an - Most fundamental source for all teachings as it provides ethical guidance.Behaviour towards God (prayer, fasting, arms giving, pilgrimage) - also the five pillarsBehaviour towards each other (personal morality, hygiene, etiquette, family, inheritance laws, rules for commence, social and political order) - submission to Allah

- The principal ethical teaching; to follow the will of Allah - To know that the other Books of Allah do not carry the same authority as the Qur’an - Islam doesn’t recognise any differences in people - To maintain suitable values is to be ethical - To respect rather than degrade the opposite sex or sexual relationships

● Outline the process of Islamic jurisprudence

The most important source of reference for Islamic jurisprudence is the Qur’an, this process involves knowledge and understanding known as “fiqh”. Fiqh stands for relating legal practices to the revelation of the Qur’an and traditions of the prophets. The process of application of principles through analogy is called “qiyas”, which is used to determine appropriate responses to the complex issues of modern societies.

● Describe the importance of ethical teachings in determining that which is:- Halal (allow)❖ Even though something is permissible, it doesn’t always mean it should be done ❖ Halal actions fall under different categories or permissibility 1. Wajib/Fard → Obligatory 2. Mustahab → Recommended 3. Mubah → Allowed 4. Makrooh → Disliked

- Haram (harm dont do it)❖ Actions that are not approved by Islam and are regarded as hateful, and never to be

done ❖ This includes unlawful killing of animals or any type of Harm to another person

24

❖ Also refers to certain practices like drinking alcohol

EXPRESSION OF FAITH

● Outline each of the Five Pillars

Name Description Implication Quote

ShahadaDeclaration of faith

- declaring belief in the oneness of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's messenger

- IMPLICATIONS: First thing heard at birth and before death, also said andremembered

- "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to Islam.

SalatFive times daily prayers

- It is a physical, mental, and spiritual act of worshipthat is observed five times every day at prescribed times- recitation of the opening chapter of the quran - 2 minimum most important verses out of 6 verses- wash hands and face before prayer- wudu-ablution (everyday morning practises like washing)

- IMPLICATIONS: Five times a day, Muslims pray facingMecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark.

- 2:45 And seek help through patience and prayer, and indeed, it is difficult except for the humbly submissive [to Allah]

Zakatcharity

- Charity- mandatory process for Muslims- regarded as a form of worship.- sadaqa- muslims believe that being charitable purifies theirown wealth- Allah had intentionally created different levels of wealth for each individual to test humanity and generosity of believers. To increase people’s gratitude.- all wealth comes from Allah. It needs to be used wisely for the benefit of all Allah’s creation- sadaka (fasting, prayer and armsgiving)

-IMPLICATIONS: Giving at least 2.5%of their income to charitable causes monthly

- [Quran 3:133-134] "You should eagerly race towards forgiveness from your Lord and a Paradise whose width encompasses the heavens and the earth; it awaits the righteous, who give to charity during the good times, as wellas the bad times."

Sawn (in Ramadan)fasting

- they renew their awareness of and gratitude for everything God has provided in their lives - They share the hunger and thirst of the needy as a reminder of the religious duty to help those less fortunate.- refrain from eating and drinking during daylight hours- After sun has set they eat a date to break their fast ; provide good sugars to prepare stomach for the feast - Iftaar dinners are the dinners that break the fasting (provide platform for interfaith dialogue as some communities and mosques invite christians, jews, seeks, non-believers to talk about what they are doing and interact to teach others about their fasting)- allah gave the first chapters of the quran to muhammad during the firrst nights of ramadan. - Ramadan is about discipline. Muslims are taught to practise discipline as part of their submission to

-IMPLICATIONS: Fasting during the month of ramadan annually

- "O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous" -- Surat Al-Baqarah 2:183

25

God. (discipline forces you to live a certain way

HaijKa’ba in Mecca

- Every Muslim whose health and finances permit it must make at least one visit to the holy city of Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Ka'ba, a cubical structure covered in black embroidered hangings, is at the center of the Haram Mosque in Mecca

- IMPLICATIONS: Expected to be done once in a lifetime by Muslims

- "Prophet Muhammad (Peacebe upon him) Said: Whoever performs Hajj with any obscenity Shall return (from Hajj) like a newborn baby." – Al Bukhari (Islamic scholar)

GLOSSARY SHORT TERMS

THE NATURE OF RELIGIONImmanent worldview -

Transcendent worldview

AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL BELIEFS AND SPIRITUALITIES - THE DREAMINGAboriginal people -

Dreaming -

Rainbow serpent -

Corroboree -

Kinship -

Moiety (skin group) -

Dreaming sites -

Water holes -

Burial grounds -

26

Ancestor Spirits -

Initiation rites -

Walkabout -

Songlines -

Totems/Totemic identity -

Land/Country -

(secret) Women’s business / Men’s business -

Elders -

The Law and Lore -

Sacred Sites -

Terra nullius

ISLAMKa’ba -

Tawhid -

Mala’ika -

Rusula -

Kutub’ullah -

27

Al Ahkira -

Al Qadar -

Halal -

Haram -

Sharia Law -

Fiqh -

Qiya -

Wajib/Fard -

Mustahab -

Mubah -

Makrooh -

Shahada -

Salat -

Zakat -

Sawm -

Hajj -

28

29