relative toxicity of traditional versus atypical antipsychotics in deliberate self poisoning m a...
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![Page 1: Relative toxicity of traditional versus atypical antipsychotics in deliberate self poisoning M A Downes, G K Isbister, D Sibbritt, I M Whyte, A H Dawson](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649d1f5503460f949f39a9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Relative toxicity of traditional versus atypical antipsychotics in
deliberate self poisoning
M A Downes, G K Isbister, D Sibbritt,
I M Whyte, A H Dawson
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IntroductionPsychotic disease
– Treated with D2 receptor blocking agents
– Phenothiazines/Butyrophenones
– Efficacious in treating positive symptoms
BUT– Extrapyramidal adverse effects
– Less efficacious for negative symptoms
Atypical agents– Less EPS
– Better for negative symptoms
– Refractory disease (clozapine)
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Objective
• To compare the overdose profile of the atypical antipsychotics with the traditional antipsychotics– Are olanzapine/quetiapine/clozapine more
sedative ?– Is risperidone less toxic ?
• Examine factors predicting complications in whole population
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Methods
Hunter Area Toxicology Service (HATS)
• Regional Centre based at Mater hospital
• Preformatted admission sheet used
• Clinical Database with information on all admissions
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Methods
• Inclusion/Exclusion criteria– All oral, deliberate self poisonings with
antipsychotics from 13/01/87 to 25/11/03– Could ingest
• more than 1 drug BUT
• not more than 1 antipsychotic
– First admission only included– amisulpiride ingestions excluded
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Antipsychotics
AtypicalsTraditional
Group 1
Group 3 Group 2
Risperidone
ChlorpromazineHaloperidol
PimozideTrifluoperazine
PericyazineThioridazineFluphenazine
ClozapineOlanzapineQuetiapine
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Methods
• Data collected– Demographics
• sex, age
– Therapeutic use of antipsychotics– Clinical data
• Coma as defined by GCS < 9• Need for ICU admission • need for mechanical ventilation• Length of stay (hours)
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Methods
– Drug ingested• amount : defined daily doses (DDDs)• details of coingestants
– Alcohol– Benzodiazepines– Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)– Other antidepressants– Anticonvulsants– Paracetamol– Opioid based preparations
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Methods• Statistical Analysis
• Descriptive statistics– Proportions for dichotomous variables– Means for continuous variables
• Outcomes– Odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals
(CIs)– Correlation coefficients and 95 % CIs– Logistic and linear regression models
(STATA 8)
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Results
13/01/87 - 25/11/03 • 1218 antipsychotic overdoses
• Excluded– 85 as > 1 antipsychotic ingested– 1 excluded due to use of Amisulpiride
• 1132 admissions of which 668 were first admissions
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ResultsBaseline Characteristics
– 43 % male– Mean age 32.7 ( SD 12.3)– 495 (74 %) Group 1– 173 (26 %) atypical cases
• 69 (10.3 %) Group 2
• 104 (15.7 %) Group 3
– 262 (39 %) no coingestants– 408 (61 %) coingested alcohol/other drugs
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Results :Coma
No statistically significant difference between groups in multivariate analysis
Group Incidence of Coma (%)
Group1 (trad) 7.7
Group 2 (risperidone) 4.3
Group 3 (clozapine) 13.5
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Results : Coma
Variable OR 95 % CI
TCAs 3.22 1.6-6.66
Antipsychotic therapy
0.43 0.22-0.81
Anticonvulsants 2.94 1.5-5.9
Risk factors for all poisonings
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Results : ICU admission
Group ICU admissions (%)
1 (trad) 18.8
2 (risperidone) 8.7
3 (clozapine) 22.1
No significant difference between groups
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Results : ICU admission
Variable OR 95 % CI
Female sex 0.64 0.41-0.99
Dose 1.04 1.01-1.05
TCAs 3.6 1.9-6.7
Anticonvulsants 1.99 1.1-3.7
Risk factors for all poisonings
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Results : Ventilation
Group OR 95 % CI
1 (trad) - -
2 (risperidone) 0.12 0.01-0.93
3 (clozapine) 0.85 0.39-1.85
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Results : Ventilation
Variable OR 95 % CI
Dose 1.03 1.01-1.05
Benzodiazepines 2.1 1.4-3.8
TCAs 3.7 1.9-7.4
Anticonvulsants 3.0 1.5-6.0
Risk factors for all poisonings
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Results : Length of stay
Group 2 (risperidone) v Group 1 (trad)
•LOS 0.75 less for group 2 (95 % CI : 0.6-0.94)
Group 3 (clozapine) v Group 1 (trad)
•No significant difference
Whole population risk factors for increased LOS
Age (10 year increment)
Dose (10 DDDs)
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Discussion
• Risperidone is less toxic in overdose– No difference in ICU admission rate or incidence of
coma
BUT– need for ventilation less
– Shorter length of stay
• No differences demonstrated for– Clozapine/Olanzapine/Quetiapine
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Discussion
• Predictors of complications in whole population
– Coingesting TCAs or anticonvulsants increases incidence of
• Coma• ICU admission• Ventilation
– ↑ Dose ingested increases • ICU admission rate • Ventilation rate • length of stay
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Discussion
• ↑ age – Led to increased length of stay
• Therapeutic use of antipsychotics– Protective effect against coma
Limitations :
• Retrospective study, though data collected prospectively
• Drug levels not obtained
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Acknowledgements
• Data extraction– Stuart Allen
• Data entry– Debborah Whyte
– Toni Nash