relative clauses relative? in relation to what? what types of relative clauses are there? how are...
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
• RELATIVE? In relation to what?
• What types of relative clauses are there?
• How are they built into the sentence?
• What problems can students have?
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Where do relative clauses appearin the sentence?
• Mike tried to help a child who was lost.• Rome, which is the capital of Italy, lies
on the Tiber.• I was to translate the whole text, which
was impossible.
AFTER THE OBJECTAFTER
THE SUBJECT
AFTER A CLAUSE
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Defining / Non-defining
Which is correct?• His wife, who is standing there, is
very pretty.• His wife who is
standing thereis very pretty.
www.flickr.com/Whiskeygonebad
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Defining
• The woman who lives in apartment No. 34 has been arrested.
• The document (Ø /that/which) I need has 'IMPORTANT' written at the top.
• That's the boy (Ø, that, who, whom) I invited to the party.
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Non-defining
• Frank Zappa, who was one of the most creative artists in rock 'n roll, came from California.
• Peter brought his favorite antique book, which he had found at a flee market, to show his friends.
• The singer, whose most recent recording has had much success,is signing autographs.
www.flickr.com/kk+
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Co-ordinate relative • His daughter has decided to take
a gap year, which is something more and more
young people do these days.
• Police have been investigating
a drug ring , the result of which was
a series of arrests. (NEVER WHAT!)
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Relative clauses with quantifiersIt is preferable to use that (not which) after the following words: all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing), and after superlatives. • It was everything (that) he had ever
wanted.• There were only a few that really
interested him.• Is the blue whale the biggest animal that
has ever lived?
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After numbers and words like many, most, neither, and some, we use of before whom and which in non-defining relative clauses.
• These immigrants are registering their children, many of whom were born in the U.S.
• Mr. Bittner cut down 25 acres of sweet cherry trees, some of which were 30 years old.
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Relative adverbs:WHEN, WHERE, WHY
• I'd like to know the reason (why/for which) he decided not to come.
• February is the month (when/in which) many of my colleagues take skiing holidays.
• She had always wanted to go to a country where/in which she could use her Spanish. (not optional)
BUT
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Relative clauses with prepositions (defining)
• The banker to whom I gave my check was quite friendly. – formal
• The woman who/Ø I talked to was very pleasant indeed. – less formal
• The lecture to which all faculty had been invited was excellent.- formal
• I didn’t like the book which/Ø you are so enthusiastic about. – less formal
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Relative clauses with prepositions (non-defining)
• The bank manager, to whom he addressed his complaints, was very unhelpful. – formal
• The local branch manager, who I talked to about my problems, was very helpful. – very informal
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Possessive relative clauses
• He's the man whose car was stolen last week.
• They were sure to visit the town whose location (OR the location of which) was little known.
• Olympia, whose name is taken from the Greek, is the capitol of Washington State.
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Non-finite/reduced relative clauses(defining)
• The woman sitting next to Marian is her sister.
• Each cell will continue to divide to form a human composed of millions of cells.
• There’s food to be served and drinks to be poured.
www.flickr.com/nAok0
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Non-finite/reduced relative clauses(non-defining)
• Some of the clients’ money, believed to total £6 million, has found its way into unquoted companies.
• A certified teacher, holding a master's degree in education, should complete a state specified educational course of study.
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• There are all those apples to peel.• There are all those apples to be peeled.
With other constructions, especially where quantifiers occur, the passive is less common:
• We’ve got a lot of cooking to do.(less likely: to be done)
• I have an essay to write for tomorrow morning.(much less likely: to be written)
Infinitive clauses - passive or active?
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Reduced relative clauses(verbless)
• Let’s discuss issues relevant to the topic on the agenda. [which are]
• He has met many Canadian doctors critical of their own health-care system. [who are]
www.flickr.com/CarbonNYC
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PROBLEMS?• PUNCTUATION
• CHOICE OF RELATIVE PRONOUN
• WHEN/WHERE/WHY (or prep+which)
• PREPOSITIONS
• POSSESSIVE RELATIVE (whose/N+of which)
• CO-ORDINATE RELATIVE (WHICH!)
• REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
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Prepared by
Agata Lewandowska