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RELATIONSHIP B E T W E E N H E E L LENGTH IN RATIO
TO FOOT LENGTH AND P E R F O R M A N C E
IN T H E V E R T I C A L J U M P
A P P R O V E D :
M.a.J[6/ P r o f e s s o r
V
M i n o r P j r o f e s s o r
Di r^oxor of the D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n
Dean pf the Gradua te School
? $ -
G r a n t , R o g e r H. , R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n H e e l Leng th in R a t i o
t o F o o t L e n g t h and P e r f o r m a n c e in the V e r t i c a l J u m p , M a s t e r of
S c i e n c e ( P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n ) , May , 1973, 42 pp. , 2 t a b l e s , b i b l i o -
g r a p h y , 24 t i t l e s .
A l though the v e r t i c a l j u m p h a s long b e e n an a c c e p t e d and
v a l u a b l e t e s t of e x p l o s i v e s t r e n g t h and p h y s i c a l a b i l i t y , t he m a j o r
f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e have no t b e e n i s o l a t e d . T h i s s t u d y w a s
d e s i g n e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e in r e l a t i o n t o c e r -
t a i n foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s . Two r a t i o s c o m p r i s e d of h e e l / f o o t l eng th
a n d a r c h l e n g t h / f o o t l eng th w e r e c o r r e l a t e d t o v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m -
a n c e .
N i n e t y s u b j e c t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m s u m m e r c l a s s e s a t
N o r t h T e x a s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y and r e c r e a t i o n c e n t e r s in I r v i n g , T e x a s .
T h e t e s t i n g w a s c o m p l e t e d in the l a t t e r p a r t of t h e s u m m e r of 1972.
A l l of t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e b e t w e e n e i g h t e e n and t h i r t y y e a r s of a g e .
A d e v i c e t o m e a s u r e p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p w a s
c o n s t r u c t e d ^ u s i n g a b e l t , a n a u t o m a t i c f l y c a s t i n g r e e l w i th l i ne , a
c e n t i m e t e r s c a l e , and a m e t a l r u n n e r w i th s l i d e m a r k e r m o u n t e d on a
w o o d e n b a s e . T h i s d e v i c e m a d e it p o s s i b l e t o a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e
v e r t i c a l - j u m p h e i g h t w i t h a r m s n a p e l i m i n a t e d .
1
T h r e e f o o t m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n . H e e l l eng th w a s
m e a s u r e d f r o m the p o s t e r i o r of the h e e l bone to the m a l l e o l u s on the
m e d i a l s i d e of the t i b i a on the a n k l e . A r c h l eng th w a s m e a s u r e d
f r o m the s p h y r i o n to the d i s t a l end of t he f i r s t m e t a t a r s a l . T o t a l f o o t
l eng th w a s m e a s u r e d f r o m the p o s t e r i o r of the h e e l bone to the d i s t a l
end of the g r e a t t o e . A l l of the foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n to the
n e a r e s t o n e - s i x t e e n t h of an inch on a d e v i c e c a l l e d t h e B r a n n o c k .
T h i s d e v i c e i s u s e d in m a n y shoe s t o r e s to m e a s u r e shoe s i z e . T h e
m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c o n v e r t e d to c e n t i m e t e r s f o r a n a l y s i s .
T o d e t e r m i n e the r e l i a b i l i t y f o r the m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n
d u r i n g the t e s t , t he t e s t , r e - t e s t m e t h o d w a s e m p l o y e d . T h e v e r t i c a l -
j u m p m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e p r o d u c e d a r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of . 96.
M e a s u r e m e n t of foo t l eng th had a r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of . 96, h e e l
l eng th . 95, and a r c h l eng th . 85.
C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e c o m p u t e d b e t w e e n a l l v a r i a b l e s .
T h e . 0 5 l e v e l w a s s e l e c t e d to r e p o r t s i g n i f i c a n c e . T h e foo t m e a s u r e -
m e n t r a t i o s , h e e l l e n g t h / f o o t l eng th and a r c h l e n g t h / f o o t l eng th p r o -
d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s to v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e a t . 2 3 .
T w o h y p o t h e s e s w e r e m a d e u s i n g the foo t m e a s u r e m e n t
r a t i o s . H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r one s t a t e d tha t the l a r g e r the r a t i o of
h e e l l e n g t h / f o o t l eng th the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p .
H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r two s t a t e d tha t t he l a r g e r t he r a t i o of a r c h l e n g t h /
foo t l eng th the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p . T h e
c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n foo t m e a s u r e m e n t r a t i o s and v e r t i c a l - j u m p
p e r f o r m a n c e w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t bu t low; t h e r e f o r e , bo th h y p o t h e s e s w e r e
r e j e c t e d .
B e c a u s e the s i g n i f i c a n c e of t he r_!s w a s low, foo t p r o p o r t i o n s
s i n g l y , o r in r a t i o , canno t be u s e d to p r e d i c t p e r f o r m a n c e in the
v e r t i c a l j u m p . T h e f i nd ings f u r t h e r s u p p o r t o t h e r s t u d i e s in showing
t h a t a g e , h e i g h t , and w e i g h t have no r e l a t i o n s h i p to v e r t i c a l - j u m p
a b i l i t y .
F u t u r e s t u d i e s m i g h t be d e s i g n e d to i n v e s t i g a t e i n t r a -
i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b l e s . S o m e of t h e s e v a r i a b l e s m i g h t be s k i l l l e v e l ,
c o o r d i n a t i o n , m u s c l e c o m p o s i t i o n , and s p e e d of m o v e m e n t . T h e s e
and o t h e r v a r i a b l e s cou ld s i n g l y or c o m p o s i t e l y a f f e c t o r c o n t r o l
v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e .
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H E E L LENGTH IN RATIO
TO FOOT LENGTH AND P E R F O R M A N C E
IN THE VERTICAL J U M P
THESIS
P r e s e n t e d to the Gradua te Counci l of the
Nor th T e x a s Sta te Un ive r s i t y in P a r t i a l
F u l f i l l m e n t of the R e q u i r e m e n t s
F o r the D e g r e e of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
By
Roger H. Gran t , B . S .
Denton, T e x a s
May, 1973
T A B L E OF CONTENTS
P a g e
LIST OF T A B L E S iv
C h a p t e r I. INTRODUCTION . . . 1
S t a t e m e n t of the P r o b l e m P u r p o s e of the Study-Def in i t i on of T e r m s
II . REVIEW O F L I T E R A T U R E 6
III . P R O C E D U R E S 17
S u b j e c t s T e s t i n g I n s t r u m e n t s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the T e s t A n a l y s i s
IV. P R E S E N T A T I O N OF DATA 25
F i n d i n g s
D i s c u s s i o n of the F i n d i n g s
V. SUMMARY 32
A P P E N D I X 35
S E L E C T E D BIBLIOGRAPHY 40
i n
LIST OF T A B L E S
T a b l e P a g e
1. Meaneand S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n s of M e a s u r e d V a r i a b l e s . . 26
2 . C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s of S e l e c t e d V a r i a b l e s 28
IV
C H A P T E R I
INTRODUCTION
T h e v e r t i c a l j u m p h a s b e e n u s e d t o t e s t j u m p i n g and a t h l e t i c
a b i l i t y f o r o v e r f i f t y y e a r s . D u r i n g t h i s t i m e s e v e r a l s-tudies have
b e e n f o r m u l a t e d to i n v e s t i g a t e the c o m p o n e n t s of v e r t i c a l j u m p p e r -
f o r m a n c e . T h e s e s t u d i e s p r o d u c e d r e s u l t s t h a t a n s w e r e d s o m e q u e s -
t i o n s , and a t the s a m e t i m e r a i s e d a d d i t i o n a l q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g
v e r t i c a l j u m p a b i l i t y .
In t h e e a r l y 1 9 2 0 ' s , D . A . S a r g e n t (6) s u g g e s t e d t h a t a b i l i t y
to p e r f o r m the v e r t i c a l j u m p could be u s e d to m e a s u r e a p e r s o n ' s
index of e n e r g y . E d u c a t o r s qu i ck ly r e a l i z e d tha t t he v e r t i c a l j u m p
cou ld be a v a l u a b l e t e s t i t e m . S ince t h a t t i m e the v e r t i c a l j u m p h a s b e e n
u s e d a s a p a r t of e v a l u a t i o n of m o t o r a b i l i t y and p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s , a s
w e l l a s a m e a s u r e f o r i n d i c a t i n g a c h i e v e m e n t and e n d u r a n c e .
A s t h e v e r t i c a l j u m p g a i n e d r e c o g n i t i o n a s a t e s t i t e m ,
s e v e r a l people i n v e s t i g a t e d the e l e m e n t s invo lved in i t s p e r f o r m a n c e .
S t u d i e s w e r e done u s ing a n t h r o p o m e t r i c a l and p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e s
of s u b j e c t s , w h i l e o t h e r s w e r e c o n d u c t e d to i n v e s t i g a t e v a r i o u s
a s p e c t s of the t e c h n i q u e of j u m p i n g . T h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e s t u d i e s
1
s e e m to i n d i c a t e t ha t t h e r e is no g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t c o n c e r n i n g the
f a c t o r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e m o s t to p e r f o r m a n c e in t h e v e r t i c a l j u m p .
" D e s p i t e the wide u s e of the v e r t i c a l j u m p a s a t e s t i n g d e v i c e , t h e r e
a p p e a r s to be r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e r e s e a r c h d e v o t e d to the f a c t o r s w h i c h
d e t e r m i n e i t s p e r f o r m a n c e " (4, p. 324) . In the r e p o r t of h is i n v e s t i -
ga t ion of the s t a n d i n g b r o a d j u m p and the v e r t i c a l j u m p , G l e n c r o s s
s t a t e d , " . . . d e s p i t e the a p p a r e n t v e r s a t i l i t y and g e n e r a l a p p l i c a b i -
l i ty of the two t e s t s l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g t h e i r
n a t u r e " (3, p . 353).
N e w t o n ' s t h i r d law of mo t ion s t a t e s t h a t " F o r e v e r y a c t i o n
t h e r e i s a l w a y s a n e q u a l and c o n t r a r y r e a c t i o n " (2, p. 9). T h e
e f f e c t s of t h i s law a r e c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d in the p e r f o r m a n c e of the
v e r t i c a l j u m p . As t h e foo t p u s h e s a g a i n s t t h e g r o u n d the body is p r o -
p e l l e d in to the a i r . E x a c t l y w h a t f a c t o r o r f a c t o r s e n a b l e one p e r s o n
to j u m p h i g h e r t h a n a n o t h e r p e r s o n s t i l l r e m a i n s s o m e w h a t of a m y s -
t e r y .
F r o m t h e a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e and f r o m o b s e r v a t i o n of p e r -
f o r m a n c e it s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e t h a t foo t s t r u c t u r e m a y be r e l a t e d in
s o m e w a y to v e r t i c a l j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e . M e t h e n y s t a t e d t h a t ,
In d i s t a n c e f r o m h e e l to s p h y r i o n , t he n e g r o e x c e e d s the w h i t e , bu t d e s p i t e the p r o j e c t i o n of the h e e l , t he d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e h e e l to the p r o x i m a l end of the f i r s t m e t a t a r s a l , r e l a t i v e to f o o t l eng th , is l e s s in the n e g r o , and the l eng th of t h e foo t f r o m the p r o x i m a l end of the
m e t a t a r s a l to the t i p of the g r e a t toe is correspondingly-g r e a t e r (5, p. 41).
M e t h e n y ' s f indings indica te that the N e g r o has a foot s t ruc -
t u r e that may be d i f f e r e n t f r o m that of the C a u c a s i a n . B a r k e r and
Ponth ieux c o m p a r e d N e g r o e s and Caucas ions in f i t n e s s even t s , and
t he i r f indings indica ted tha t " N e g r o schoolboys exceeded white
boys to a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ign i f i can t extent in s ix out of s even f i t n e s s
e v e n t s " (1, p. 773). T h e s e f ind ings show that t h e r e may be s o m e
connect ion be tween foot s t r u c t u r e and v e r t i c a l j u m p ab i l i ty .
S t a t emen t of the P r o b l e m
Although the v e r t i c a l j u m p has long been an a c c e p t e d and
va luable t e s t of explos ive s t r e n g t h and jumping ab i l i ty , the m a j o r
f a c t o r s a f f ec t i ng p e r f o r m a n c e have not been i so l a t ed . This s tudy was
deve loped to inves t iga te c e r t a i n f a c t o r s of v e r t i c a l j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e .
P u r p o s e of the Study
Th i s s tudy inves t iga t ed the r e l a t i o n s h i p of c e r t a i n m e a s u r e -
m e n t s of foot s t r u c t u r e to p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j ump . Two
r a t i o s , c o m p r i s e d of foot m e a s u r e m e n t s , w e r e c o m p a r e d to v e r t i c a l
j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e s e r a t i o s w e r e hee l l e n g t h / t o t a l foot length
and a r c h l e n g t h / t o t a l foot length.
H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r one s t a t e d t h a t the l a r g e r the r a t i o of
h e e l l e n g t h / t o t a l f oo t length the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l
j u m p .
H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r two s t a t e d tha t the l a r g e r the r a t i o of
a r c h l e n g t h / t o t a l f o o t l eng th the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l
j u m p .
De f in i t i on of T e r m s
S p h y r i o n - a l s o c a l l e d the M a l l e o l a r P o i n t , w h i c h is t he t i p
of the m a l l e o l u s of the t i b i a ,
B r a n n o c k - a c o m m e r c i a l foo t m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e u s e d in
m a n y s h o e s t o r e s .
H e e l l eng th - the d i s t a n c e f r o m the p o s t e r i o r of the c a l c a n e u s
t o t h e s p h y r i o n .
A r c h l eng th - the d i s t a n c e f r o m the s p h y r i o n to the head of
t h e f i r s t m e t a t a r s a l .
F o o t l eng th - t he d i s t a n c e f r o m the p o s t e r i o r of t he c a l c a n e u s
t o the t i p of the g r e a t t o e .
V e r t i c a l j u m p - a j u m p in a v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n m e a s u r e d by
the d i s t a n c e the j u m p e r r a i s e s h is c e n t e r of g r a v i t y f r o m a n o r m a l
s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n .
C H A P T E R B I B L I O G R A P H Y
1. B a r k e r , D. G. a n d N . A . P o n t h i e u x , " R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n S o c i o e c o n o m i c S t a t u s and P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s M e a s u r e s , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXVI (May, 1965), 4 6 4 - 4 6 7 .
2 . Bunn , J o h n W. , S c i e n t i f i c P r i n c i p l e s of C o a c h i n g , E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N . J . , P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1955.
3. G l e n c r o s s , D. J . , " T h e N a t u r e of the V e r t i c a l J u m p T e s t and the S t a n d i n g B r o a d J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXVII ( O c t o b e r , 1966), 3 5 3 - 3 5 9 .
4 . M a r t i n , T h o m a s P . and A l a n G. S tu l l , " E f f e c t s of V a r i o u s K n e e A n g l e and F o o t S p a c i n g C o m b i n a t i o n s on P e r f o r m a n c e in the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , X L (May, 1969), 3 2 4 - 3 3 1 .
5 . M e t h e n y , E l e a n o r , " S o m e D i f f e r e n c e s in Bod i ly P r o p o r t i o n s B e t w e e n A m e r i c a n N e g r o e s and Whi te Ma le C o l l e g e S t u d e n t s , R e l a t e d to A t h l e t i c P e r f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , X ( D e c e m b e r , 1939), 4 1 - 5 3 .
6 . S a r g e n t , D . A . , " T h e P h y s i c a l T e s t of a M a n , " A me r i c a n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n R e v i e w , XXVI ( A p r i l , 1921), 188 -194 .
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The v e r t i c a l j u m p has been used f o r over f i f ty y e a r s to
t e s t jumping ab i l i ty . Dur ing th i s pe r iod of t i m e a n u m b e r of s tudies
have inves t iga ted the components of v e r t i c a l j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e .
While t h e s e s tud ies have con t r ibu ted to knowledge concern ing j u m p
p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e i r f indings a l s o r e s u l t e d in add i t iona l ques t ions about
v e r t i c a l jumping ab i l i ty .
The r e s u l t s of a s tudy by L. W. Sa rgen t on the Sa rgen t J u m p
(12) ind ica ted ab i l i ty in the v e r t i c a l j u m p was not a f f e c t e d by body
p r o p o r t i o n s or age . In the f i r s t p a r t of the s tudy 100 young women
f r o m the S a r g e n t School w e r e used as s u b j e c t s . Se lec ted m e a s u r e -
m e n t s w e r e taken including the height of the pubic a r c h f r o m the
f l o o r , t o t a l he ight , height of the knee f r o m the f l o o r , and v e r t i c a l
j u m p he ight . The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of m u s c l e f o r c e s w a s inves t iga ted
by c o r r e l a t i n g t r u n k and leg m e a s u r e m e n t r a t i o s to v e r t i c a l j u m p
p e r f o r m a n c e . The r e s u l t s showed the fo l lowing:
No c o r r e l a t i o n with j u m p was shown upon d e t e r -min ing the a v e r a g e va lues f o r each g roup with r e s p e c t to the fol lowing m e a s u r e m e n t r a t i o s of height of pubic
a r c h to t o t a l h e i g h t , he igh t of knee to he igh t of pubic a r c h , and s i t t i n g he igh t to he igh t of pubic a r c h (12,
P. 49) .
In the s e c o n d p a r t of t h e s tudy 680 young w o m e n and 170
young m e n w e r e m e a s u r e d f o r he igh t and w e i g h t and t e s t e d in the
v e r t i c a l j u m p . V e r t i c a l j u m p ab i l i t y c o r r e l a t e d to he igh t and w e i g h t
s h o w e d no s i g n i f i c a n c e .
In the l a s t p a r t of the s t u d y S a r g e n t u s e d 250 g i r l s f r o m
t h r e e s u m m e r c a m p s a s s u b j e c t s to i n v e s t i g a t e the r e l a t i o n s h i p
b e t w e e n a g e and v e r t i c a l j u m p a b i l i t y . T h e a g e s r a n g e d f r o m e igh t
to t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s . T h e f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e d tha t t he a g e s b e t w e e n
s e v e n t e e n and t h i r t y had no e f f e c t on j u m p i n g a b i l i t y . S a r g e n t s t a t e d
t h a t " . . . i n m a k i n g c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n any h o m o g e n e o u s g r o u p
w i t h i n c e r t a i n a g e l i m i t s , we a r e a p p a r e n t l y r e l i e v e d f r o m t h e n e c e s -
s i t y of a l l owing f o r a g e , h e i g h t , and w e i g h t " (12, p . 52).
T h e idea t h a t body we igh t and l eg s t r e n g t h w a s no t r e l a t e d
t o v e r t i c a l j u m p a b i l i t y w a s s u p p o r t e d in a s t u d y by H a n s e n (8).
T h i r t y - n i n e s e n i o r h igh s c h o o l boys v o l u n t e e r e d a n d w e r e put in to
f o u r g r o u p s by the m a t c h e d p a i r s m e t h o d b a s e d on a p r e t e s t in the
v e r t i c a l j u m p . L e g s t r e n g t h w a s m e a s u r e d wi th a d y n a m o m e t e r , and
v e r t i c a l j u m p he igh t w a s m e a s u r e d by the j u m p and r e a c h m e t h o d .
" T h e r e w a s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the . g roups on the leg
8
s t r e n g t h m e a s u r e and leg s t r e n g t h and body m a s s did not c o r r e l a t e
wi th v e r t i c a l j u m p i n g a b i l i t y " (8, p. 104).
W e l l s (14) i n v e s t i g a t e d a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r s and t h e i r e f f e c t
on v e r t i c a l j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e . F o r t y - n i n e m a l e s t u d e n t s w e r e r a n -
d o m l y s e l e c t e d a s s u b j e c t s . Leg s t r e n g t h w a s m e a s u r e d by a d y n a m o -
m e t e r , and the j u m p and r e a c h f o r m of the v e r t i c a l j u m p t e s t w a s u s e d
to m e a s u r e j u m p i n g a b i l i t y . One r a t i o and t h r e e l o w e r leg s e g m e n t
m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c o r r e l a t e d to v e r t i c a l j u m p h e i g h t . Leg s t r e n g t h
w a s the n u m e r a t o r and body w e i g h t w a s t h e d e n o m i n a t o r of the r a t i o .
T h e l o w e r l eg s e g m e n t s i n c l u d e d the m e a n he igh t of the m e d i a l m a l l e o -
l u s , m e a n m e t a t a r s o - t a l a r l eng th , and the m e a n a n k l e - h e e l l eng th .
T h e r e s u l t s s h o w e d no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n j u m p he igh t
and the r a t i o of a n y of the m e a s u r e s .
M e r l i n a (11) u s e d t h i r t y - s i x c o l l e g e m e n a s s u b j e c t s to
s t u d y the i n f l u e n c e of m a s s a g e on j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e . E a c h s u b j e c t
in t h e g r o u p j u m p e d e i g h t e e n t i m e s . S ix j u m p s w e r e r e q u i r e d in e a c h
of t h r e e s e s s i o n s . In e a c h of the t h r e e s e s s i o n s the s u b j e c t p e r -
f o r m e d u n d e r a d i f f e r e n t cond i t i on .
T h e f i r s t s e s s i o n w a s a p r a c t i c e cond i t i on to le t the s u b j e c t s
b e c o m e a c q u a i n t e d w i th H e n r y ' s j u m p d e v i c e . One w e e k l a t e r the
s u b j e c t s j u m p e d in s e s s i o n two. T h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l cond i t i on in t h i s
s e s s i o n w a s c r e a t e d by u s i n g a c o m p l i c a t e d look ing e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e
t o m a s s a g e the j u m p e r s ' l e g s . T h e t e s t e r c o m m e n t e d on how the
d e v i c e m a s s a g e d t h e m u s c l e s w i th u l t r a s o n i c sound w a v e s , w h i l e
a c t u a l l y the d e v i c e did no th ing m o r e than m a k e a h u m m i n g n o i s e . T h e
s u b j e c t w a s t hen t e s t e d in the v e r t i c a l j u m p . In the t h i r d s e s s i o n the
j u m p e r s ' l e g s w e r e m a s s a g e d by hand p r i o r to j u m p i n g .
T h e r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t no i m p r o v e m e n t w a s m a d e o v e r c o n -
t r o l c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l cond i t i on in s e s s i o n two;
h o w e v e r , p r e l i m i n a r y m a s s a g e i m p r o v e d j u m p i n g p e r f o r m a n c e 2 . 6
p e r c e n t o v e r c o n t r o l c o n d i t i o n s .
In a d d i t i o n to m a s s a g e c o n d i t i o n s , M e r l i n a i n c l u d e d he igh t
and we igh t m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r e a c h t e s t s u b j e c t . H e r f i n d i n g s
s h o w e d t h a t " J u m p i n g a b i l i t y of the u n i v e r s i t y m e n t e s t e d in t h i s s t u d y
i s not s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d to body s i z e o r s t a t u r e " (11, p. 72) . A
h e i g h t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of . 06 and w e i g h t c or r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
of - . 2 0 i n d i c a t e d no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p .
M c C l o y (10) b e l i e v e d tha t t h e ' v e r t i c a l j u m p w a s a t e s t of
m a x i m a l r a t e of w o r k output in p r o p o r t i o n to body w e i g h t . In h is s t udy
he u s e d f i v e g r o u p s . T h e g r o u p s w e r e a s f o l l o w s : C h i n e s e p h y s i c a l
e d u c a t i o n m a j o r s , Iowa C i ty h i g h - s c h o o l b o y s , h i g h - s c h o o l g i r l s ,
j u n i o r - h i g h and e l e m e n t a r y b o y s , and p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n m a j o r s a t
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of Iowa .
10
T h e S a r g e n t J u m p p e r f o r m a n c e w a s c o r r e l a t e d a g a i n s t a
b a t t e r y of a t h l e t i c e v e n t s . T h e s e l e c t e d e v e n t s w e r e the h u n d r e d -
y a r d d a s h , t h e r u n n i n g h igh j u m p , the s t a n d i n g b r o a d j u m p , and the
e i g h t - p o u n d s h o t pu t . E a c h g r o u p p r a c t i c e d the e v e n t s un t i l s k i l l
l e v e l w a s f a i r l y c o n s t a n t .
T h e b a t t e r y of a t h l e t i c e v e n t s c o r r e l a t e d . 7 4 to v e r t i c a l j u m p .
A c c o r d i n g to M c C l o y , " T h e t e s t m e a s u r e s only the a b i l i t y t o d e v e l o p
p o w e r and d o e s not m e a s u r e m o t o r e d u c a b i l i t y o r a g i l i t y " {10, p. 242) .
One of the m o s t c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d i e s , a s f a r a s the n u m b e r
of v a r i a b l e s i n v o l v e d , w a s done by C l a r k e (4) in 1957. F i f t y - t h r e e
m a l e s t u d e n t s a t t he U n i v e r s i t y of O r e g o n w e r e u s e d a s s u b j e c t s . He
c o r r e l a t e d t e n a n t h r o p o m e t r i c m e a s u r e m e n t s and s i x t e e n s t r e n g t h
m e a s u r e m e n t s wi th p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p . T h e c h a l k
m e t h o d w a s u s e d to m e a s u r e the v e r t i c a l j u m p . T h e s t r e n g t h m e a -
s u r e s i n c l u d e d f l e x i o n and e x t e n s i o n a t the h ip , k n e e , and a n k l e ,
wh i l e l eg and t r u n k m e a s u r e s i n c l u d e d m u s c l e e n d u r a n c e , a g i l i t y ,
and p o w e r . T h e r e s u l t s of the s tudy i n d i c a t e d t h a t "None of the
c a b l e - t e n s i o n s t r e n g t h t e s t s and only two a n t h r o p o m e t r i c v a r i a b l e s
w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d to the v e r t i c a l j u m p " (4, p. 230) . T h e
two a n t h r o p o m e t r i c v a r i a b l e s w e r e a d i p o s e t i s s u e o v e r t h e a b d o m e n
and a d i p o s e t i s s u e o v e r the i l i u m . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e - . 4 2 a n d
- . 4 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
11
In a n o t h e r s t u d y , B o s w o r t h (3) t e s t e d 107 S p r i n g f i e l d
C o l l e g e w o m e n f o r l e g - s t r e n g t h and v e r t i c a l - j u m p a b i l i t y and r e p o r t e d
r e s u l t s c o n s i s t e n t wi th t h o s e r e p o r t e d b y C l a r k e . L e g s t r e n g t h w a s
m e a s u r e d wi th a d y n a m o m e t e r . "Ne i the r a n t h r o p o m e t r i c m e a s u r e -
m e n t s o r s t r e n g t h v a r i a b l e s , n o r c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t of the v a r i a b l e s ,
w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o the v e r t i c a l j u m p to p r e d i c t p e r f o r m a n c e
a d e q u a t e l y " (3, p. 93).
S m i t h (13) u s e d a n o t h e r a p p r o a c h to s tudy the v e r t i c a l j u m p .
He f e l t t h a t leg s t r e n g t h m i g h t be one of the m a j o r f a c t o r s invo lved in
j u m p i n g a b i l i t y . In c o m p a r i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e x p l o s i v e
l eg s t r e n g t h and he igh t j u m p e d , he u t i l i z e d s e v e n t y c o l l e g e m e n a s
s u b j e c t s to c o m p a r e t h e S a r g e n t J u m p t o a s t r e n g t h / m a s s r a t i o . T h e
r a t i o w a s c o m p r i s e d of leg s t r e n g t h , m e a s u r e d wi th a d y n a m o m e t e r ,
t o i n d i v i d u a l b o d y w e i g h t . T h e l eg s t r e n g t h w a s m e a s u r e d w i t h the
s u b j e c t in a p o s i t i o n to m e a s u r e the a m o u n t of s t r e n g t h of t h e m a j o r
m u s c l e g r o u p s u s e d in the v e r t i c a l j u m p . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
of . 17 w a s n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 05 l e v e l . S m i t h ' s h y p o -
t h e s i s , t h a t s t r e n g t h m e a s u r e d a g a i n s t a d y n a m o m e t e r invo lved d i f -
f e r e n t n e u r o m o t o r p a t t e r n s t h a n s t r e n g t h in m o t i o n , w a s t h u s s u p p o r t e d .
E c k e r t (7) b e l i e v e d , t h a t t i m e - f o r c e c o o r d i n a t i o n s of v a r i o u s
j o in t a c t i o n s m i g h t have a p o s i t i v e e f f e c t on j u m p i n g a b i l i t y . I s o m e -
t r i c s t r e n g t h t e s t s of h ip , k n e e , and a n k l e e x t e n s o r s we re m a d e on
12
e i g h t e e n m e n b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s and e l e v e n w o m e n u n i v e r s i t y
s t u d e n t s . C i n e m a t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d s w e r e m a d e of v e r t i c a l j u m p
p e r f o r m a n c e , s t a n d i n g b r o a d j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e , and s t r e n g t h m e a -
s u r e m e n t s . R a n g e of m o t i o n of jo in t a c t i o n s and s t r e n g t h m e a s u r e -
m e n t s w e r e c o m p a r e d to s t a n d i n g - b r o a d - j u m p and v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r -
f o r m a n c e . E c k e r t s t a t e d in h e r r e s u l t s t ha t "No g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n
n o r p a t t e r n of r e l a t i o n w a s found b e t w e e n i s o m e t r i c e x t e n s o r s t r e n g t h
and m a x i m a l a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y of h ip , k n e e , o r a n k l e jo in t f o r e i t h e r
t he v e r t i c a l j u m p o r s t a n d i n g b r o a d jump ' 1 (7, p. 942).
One of t he m o s t r e c e n t s t u d i e s w a s p u b l i s h e d by M a r t i n and
S tu l l (9) in 1969. T h e s t udy i n v e s t i g a t e d f o o t s p a c i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s
and k n e e a n g l e s and t h e i r e f f e c t on p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p .
T h i r t y young adu l t m a l e s w e r e t e s t e d in the v e r t i c a l j u m p u s i n g knee
a n g l e s of 65, 90, and 115 d e g r e e s , w i th l a t e r a l and a n t e r i o r - p o s t e r i o r
foo t s p a c i n g s of 0, 5, and 15 i n c h e s .
T h e r e s u l t s r e v e a l e d t h a t : knee a n g l e , l a t e r a l f oo t s p a c i n g , and a n t e r i o r - p o s t e r i o r f o o t s p a c i n g e x e r t i n d e p e n d e n t e f f e c t on v e r t i c a l j u m p pe r f o r m a n c e , and the m o s t e f f e c t i v e p r e l i m i n a r y s t a n c e s e e m s to b e one in w h i c h t h e knee a n g l e is a p p r o x i m a t e l y one h u n d r e d f i f t e e n d e g r e e s w i th f e e t s p r e a d f r o m f i ve to t e n i n c h e s (9, p. 324).
T h e r e a s o n f o r 115 d e g r e e s b e i n g o p t i m a l w a s not p i n p o i n t e d .
B e r n s t e i n (2) r e p o r t e d foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n o v e r a
p e r i o d of two y e a r s by a c o l l e g e t r a c k c o a c h . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t s
13
i n d i c a t e d t h a t
In c o m p u t i n g the h e e l - t o - a n k l e m e a s u r e m e n t a m o n g t y p e s of t r a c k m e n , e v i d e n c e w a s found t ha t a t h l e t e s who n e e d e d s p r i n g in t h e i r e v e n t s , had a l a r g e h e e l - t o -a n k l e m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e d i s t a n c e m e n b o a s t e d a m e d i a n of 2 . 5 6 i n c h e s , the j u m p e r s 2 . 6 8 , the s p r i n t e r s 2 . 6 7 ,
w h i l e the n e g r o had the h i g h e s t w i t h 2. 75 (2, p. 22) .
T h e r e w a s no i n d i c a t i o n of how the m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n , n o r
w e r e t h e r e c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n m e a s u r e s and a c t u a l j u m p i n g p e r -
f o r m a n c e .
D e l i a (6) u s e d f o r t y - s e v e n h i g h - s c h o o l a t h l e t e s to s t udy
j u m p i n g a b i l i t y . T h e foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n inc luded h e e l - t o -
a n k l e , h e e l - t o - m e t a t a r s a l - p h y l a n g e a l , t o t a l f oo t l eng th , and h e i g h t
of m e d i a l m a l l e o l u s . De l i a c o r r e l a t e d foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s t o t h r e e
t y p e s of j u m p s . T h e j u m p s w e r e the S a r g e n t J u m p , the h igh j u m p ,
and the s t a n d i n g b r o a d j u m p . T h e f i n d i n g s s h o w e d no s i g n i f i c a n t
r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n the foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s and j u m p i n g a b i l i t y .
T w o g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s a t B r i g h a m Young U n i v e r s i t y i n v e s t i -
ga t ed the r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s and v e r t i c a l j u m p
a b i l i t y . B a r k e r (1) s e l e c t e d f i f t y - o n e s u b j e c t s on the b a s i s of
a n a r r o w r a n g e of a g e , h e i g h t , and w e i g h t . F o o t m e a s u r e m e n t s
i nc luded a r c h s e c t i o n , h e e l s e c t i o n , and o v e r a l l l eng th . L e g s t r e n g t h
t e s t s w e r e a l s o t a k e n and c o r r e l a t e d to v e r t i c a l - j u m p a b i l i t y . T h e
only s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p found w a s a . 3 1 c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
14
v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e and t o t a l foo t l eng th . D a l l i n g (5) c h o s e
f o r t y - t h r e e m e n r a n g i n g in a g e f r o m e i g h t e e n to t w e n t y - t w o f o r h i s
s t u d y . H e e l l eng th c o r r e l a t e d to v e r t i c a l - j u m p a b i l i t y w a s not s i g n i -
f i c a n t bu t the c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t o t a l foo t l eng th and v e r t i c a l - j u m p
a b i l i t y w a s . 4 4 w h i c h w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t the . 05 l e v e l .
T h e n u m b e r of s t u d i e s involv ing i n v e s t i g a t i o n of v e r t i c a l -
j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e h a s b e e n s o m e w h a t l i m i t e d . At t h e s a m e t i m e
t h e r e is s o m e a g r e e m e n t t h a t h e i g h t , w e i g h t , and leg s t r e n g t h do not
c o r r e l a t e w i th p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p . T o t a l foo t l eng th
d o e s s e e m to be r e l a t e d to v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e ; h o w e v e r , t h i s
c o r r e l a t i o n d o e s not s e e m to be g r e a t enough f o r p r e d i c t i v e p u r p o s e s .
C H A P T E R B I B L I O G R A P H Y
1. B a r k e r , R u e l M. , ' T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p of F o o t L e v e r a g e and V e r t i c a l J u m p i n g A b i l i t y , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , B r i g h a m Young U n i v e r s i t y , P r o v o , Utah , 1964.
2 . B e r n s t e i n , R i c h a r d L a n e , " T h e i r B e s t F o o t F o r w a r d , " A t h l e t i c J o u r n a l , XVII ( A p r i l , 1942), 2 9 - 3 1 .
3. B o s w o r t h , J a n i c e M. , " R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n V e r t i c a l J u m p P e r f o r m a n c e of Co l l ege W o m e n and S e l e c t e d A n t h r o p o m e t r i c M e a s u r e m e n t s and S t r e n g t h V a r i a b l e s , " u n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d C o l l e g e , S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1964.
4 . C l a r k e , H. H. , " R e l a t i o n s h i p of S t r e n g t h and A n t h r o p o m e t r i c M e a s u r e s , and P h y s i c a l P e r f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXVIII ( O c t o b e r , 1957), 2 2 3 - 2 3 2 .
5 . D a l l i n g , Glenn W. , " T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e Leng th of the F o o t to P e r f o r m a n c e in the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , B r i g h a m Young U n i v e r s i t y , P r o v o , U tah , 1964.
6 . D e l i a , Dan G. , " I n d i v i d u a l D i f f e r e n c e s in F o o t L e v e r a g e in R e l a t i o n to J u m p i n g P e r f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , VI (May , 1935), 11 -19 .
7 . E c k e r t , H e l e n N. , " A n g u l a r V e l o c i t y and R a n g e of Mot ion in t h e V e r t i c a l and S t and ing B r o a d J u m p s , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXIX ( D e c e m b e r , 1968), 9 3 7 - 9 4 2 .
8 . H a n s e n , R a y m o n d W a y n e , " T h e E f f e c t s of We igh t T r a i n i n g a n d T r a m p o l i n e T r a i n i n g on V e r t i c a l J u m p A b i l i t y , " u n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , I l l i n o i s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , N o r m a l , I l l i n o i s , 1970.
15
16
9. M a r t i n , T h o m a s P . and A l a n G. S tu l l , " E f f e c t s of V a r i o u s Knee A n g l e s and F o o t S p a c i n g C o m b i n a t i o n s on P e r f o r m a n c e in t h e V e r t i c a l J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , X L (May, 1969), 3 2 4 - 3 3 1 .
10. M c C l o y , C . H . , " R e c e n t S t u d i e s in the S a r g e n t J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , III (May, 1932), 2 3 5 - 2 4 2 .
11. M e r l i n a , L a w r e n c e U. , " I n f l u e n c e of M a s s a g e on J u m p i n g P e r f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXX ( M a r c h , 1959), 6 6 - 7 4 .
12. S a r g e n t , L . W . , " S o m e O b s e r v a t i o n s on the S a r g e n t T e s t of , N e u r o m u s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y , " A me r i c a n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n
R e v i e w , XXIX ( F e b r u a r y , 1924), 47~56 .
13. S m i t h , Leon E . , " R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n E x p l o s i v e Leg S t r e n g t h a n d P e r f o r m a n c e in the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXII ( O c t o b e r , 1961), 405-408^
14. W e l l s , R u s s e l l F . , " T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p of the L e g S t r e n g t h / B o d y W e i g h t R a t i o and L e n g t h of the L o w e r L i m b S e g m e n t s to the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d C o l l e g e , S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1962.
C H A P T E R III
P R O C E D U R E S
S u b j e c t s
F o r t h i s s t u d y , n i n e t y v o l u n t e e r s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m s u m -
m e r c l a s s e s a t N o r t h T e x a s S ta t e U n i v e r s i t y and c i t y r e c r e a t i o n
c e n t e r s in I r v i n g , T e x a s . T h e s u b j e c t s , who w e r e a l l a b o v e h igh
s c h o o l age and be low t h i r t y y e a r s of a g e , w e r e t e s t e d d u r i n g the l a t t e r
p a r t of t h e S u m m e r , 1972. L . W . S a r g e n t (4) found in h i s s t udy t h a t
v e r t i c a l - j u m p a b i l i t y s t a y s f a i r l y s t a b l e w i t h i n a c e r t a i n age s p a n .
T h e age s p a n he found w a s a f t e r h igh s c h o o l age and be low t h i r t y
y e a r s of a g e .
T e s t i n g I n s t r u m e n t s
M e a s u r e m e n t s of the f o o t w e r e t a k e n on a d e v i c e c a l l e d the
B r a n n o c k . T h i s i s t h e i n s t r u m e n t m a n y s h o e s t o r e s u se ' t o m e a s u r e
s h o e s i z e . T h e B r a n n o c k h a s a r o u n d e d f o o t s t o p a t bo th ends
m a k i n g i t p o s s i b l e to u s e e i t h e r end f o r m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e r e is a
s c a l e of m a r k s t h r e e - s i x t e e n t h s of an inch a p a r t down the c e n t e r .
T w o s l i d i n g c a l i p e r s a r e a t t a c h e d to the b a s e . One h a s a r o u n d e d
inden t ion on one s i d e w i t h a m a r k e r on the o t h e r s i d e t o m a r k the
17
18
pos i t ion of the b a l l of the foo t . T h e o t h e r , w h i c h is u s e d to m e a s u r e
f o o t w i d t h , w a s no t u s e d in t h i s s t u d y . M e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n w e r e
c o n v e r t e d to c e n t i m e t e r s f o r a n a l y s i s .
H e n r y (3) bu i l t a v e r t i c a l j u m p m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e s i m i l a r
t o B o v a r d and C o z e n s 1 L e a p - m e t e r (1). He u s e d p u l l e y s , a m e t a l
r o d w i th a f r i c t i o n s l i d e m a r k e r , a r u l e r m o u n t e d on the w a l l , a
c o r d wi th a s p r i n g a t t a c h e d , and a h e a d b a n d to c o n s t r u c t h i s i n s t r u -
m e n t . T h e c o r d , w h i c h a t t a c h e d to the h e a d b a n d on the s u b j e c t , w e n t
up t h r o u g h a pu l l ey and b a c k down t h r o u g h the s l i d e m a r k e r to a
c o i l e d s p r i n g on the w a l l . As the s u b j e c t j u m p e d , t h e s l i d e m a r k e r
m o v e d f o r w a r d a l o n g the r o d . T h e s p r i n g r e t u r n e d the l ine and l e f t
t he s l i d e m a r k e r a t the h igh po in t of the j u m p . T h e r u l e r on the
w a l l w a s u s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e he igh t of t he j u m p . S u b j e c t s t e s t e d
w i t h H e n r y ! s d e v i c e , u s i n g the m o d i f i e d S a r g e n t J u m p wi thou t a r m
s n a p , p e r f o r m e d v e r y c o n s i s t e n t l y . U s i n g t h e a v e r a g e of f i v e t r i a l s
a s t h e s c o r e f o r e a c h s u b j e c t and u s i n g a t e s t , r e - t e s t a s the p r o c e -
d u r e , H e n r y r e p o r t e d a r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of . 97 f o r h i s i n s t r u -
m e n t .
A v e r t i c a l - j u m p m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e w a s c o n s t r u c t e d f o r t h i s
s t u d y u s i n g s o m e of H e n r y 1 s i d e a s . A d i a g r a m of t h e d e v i c e m a y
b e found in t he A p p e n d i x . T h e d e v i c e w a s b u i l t on a t w o - b y - t w o -
inch w o o d e n b o a r d , f i v e f e e t long . An a u t o m a t i c f l y c a s t i n g r e e l
19
a t t a c h e d to one end of t h e b o a r d f e d out and r e t r i e v e d l ine d u r i n g
t h e j u m p . T h e l ine f r o m the r e e l r a n the l eng th of the b o a r d to a
s m a l l pu l l ey a t t a c h e d to the o p p o s i t e end . T h e pu l l ey d i r e c t e d the
l ine up a l m o s t v e r t i c a l l y to the p o s t e r i o r s i d e of t he j u m p e r and w a s
a t t a c h e d t o t he b a c k of a b e l t w o r n a r o u n d the j u m p e r ' s w a i s t . T h i s
a t t a c h m e n t w a s a c t u a l l y c l o s e r to the s u b j e c t s c e n t e r of g r a v i t y
than the h e a d b a n d a r r a n g e m e n t H e n r y u s e d . A p l a s t i c c e n t i m e t e r
s c a l e , e i gh ty c e n t i m e t e r s in l eng th , w a s g lued to the t o p of the b o a r d .
A p o i n t e r w a s c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g an e m p t y t h r e a d s p o o l wi th a w i r e
a r o u n d i t , w h i c h s e r v e d a s a n i n d i c a t o r . A s m a l l f l a t m a g n e t w a s
s e c u r e d to the s i d e of the s p o o l to b e the b a s e . A m e t a l s t r i p p l a c e d
down the c e n t e r of the t o p of t h e b o a r d s e r v e d a s a r u n n e r f o r the
p o i n t e r and a t t r a c t e d t h e m a g n e t w h i c h h e l d t he p o i n t e r in p o s i t i o n .
T h e l ine r a n f r o m the r e e l a t one end of t h e b a s e to the p u l l e y a t t he
o t h e r end t h r o u g h the c e n t e r ho le in the s p o o l . In o r d e r to m o v e
t h e s p o o l - p o i n t e r a l o n g t h e s c a l e , a m e t a l c l i p , w h i c h wou ld not p a s s
t h r o u g h the c e n t e r h o l e , w a s a t t a c h e d to the l i n e . T h i s c l i p w a s
a d j u s t e d t o p o s i t i o n the p o i n t e r a t z e r o on the c e n t i m e t e r s c a l e b e f o r e
e a c h j u m p . As t h e s u b j e c t p e r f o r m e d the j u m p , t h e c l i p wou ld c a u s e
t h e p o i n t e r t o m o v e a long the l ine un t i l the p e a k of the j u m p w a s
r e a c h e d . T h e magnet w a s u s e d to m a k e s u r e the p o i n t e r m o v e d a l o n g
t h e s c a l e p r o p e r l y . A s the j u m p e r c a m e down, the a u t o m a t i c r e e l
20
r e t r i e v e d the l ine l e a v i n g the p o i n t e r to i n d i c a t e the h i g h e s t point
j u m p e d . T h e h e i g h t of the j u m p w a s then r e a d t o the n e a r e s t c e n t i -
m e t e r on the s c a l e a l o n g the s i d e of the m e t a l r u n n e r .
A r e c o r d c a r d on w h i c h n a m e , a g e , h e i g h t , w e i g h t , f o o t
m e a s u r e m e n t s , and v e r t i c a l - j u m p h e i g h t s w e r e r e c o r d e d , w a s kept
f o r e a c h s u b j e c t t e s t e d . A new c a r d w a s m a d e f o r e a c h s u b j e c t
r e - t e s t e d .
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the T e s t
T h e s u b j e c t s w o r e g y m s h o r t s , " T " s h i r t s , a n d t e n n i s
s h o e s wh i l e p a r t i c i p a t i n g in the t e s t . T h e w e a r i n g of t e n n i s s h o e s
w a s r e q u i r e d in o r d e r to s t a n d a r d i z e p e r f o r m a n c e and m i n i m i z e s l i p -
p ing .
T h e s u b j e c t ' s n a m e , a g e in y e a r s , he igh t t o the n e a r e s t i n c h ,
w e i g h t to t h e n e a r e s t pound , and f i ve v e r t i c a l j u m p s in c e n t i m e t e r s
w e r e r e c o r d e d on a r e c o r d c a r d . On r e - t e s t i n g , a new c a r d , w i t h
only t h e s u b j e c t ' s n a m e , w a s n e c e s s a r y t o r e c o r d f i v e j u m p s and
t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s f o o t m e a s u r e m e n t s .
A l l f o o t m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n u s i n g t h e fo l l owing p r o c e -
d u r e . T h e s u b j e c t w a s i n s t r u c t e d t o r e m o v e h i s r i g h t s h o e and s o c k ,
s t a n d e r e c t w i th h is f o o t f l a t a n d h e e l p u s h e d s n u g l y a g a i n s t the s t o p
a t t h e r e a r of t h e B r a n n o c k , and d i s t r i b u t e h i s w e i g h t e q u a l l y on bo th
f e e t .
21
T o t a l foo t l eng th w a s m e a s u r e d to t he n e a r e s t o n e - s i x t e e n t h
of an inch a t t he d i s t a l end of the g r e a t t oe u s i n g the s l i d i n g c a l i p e r
on the B r a n n o c k .
H e e l l eng th w a s m e a s u r e d by p l a c i n g a f r a m i n g s q u a r e f l a t
on the B r a n n o c k wi th the p e r p e n d i c u l a r of the s q u a r e p r o j e c t i n g up
a l o n g the m e d i a l s i d e of the h e e l . T h i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r w a s p o s i t i o n e d
t o p a s s t h r o u g h the s p h y r i o n and the m e a s u r e m e n t t a k e n a t t h e poin t
i n d i c a t e d on the scale, , T h e s p h y r i o n w a s l o c a t e d by pa lpa ta t ion of the
m e d i a l m a l l e o l u s . T h i s m e a s u r e m e n t w a s a Is o m a d e t o the n e a r e s t
o n e - s i x t e e n t h of an i nch .
In m e a s u r i n g t h e a r c h leng th the s a m e s p h y r i o n poin t l o c a t e d
in the p r e c e d i n g m e a s u r e m e n t w a s u s e d a g a i n . T h e d i s t a n c e f r o m
the s p h y r i o n f o r w a r d to the point i n d i c a t e d a s the h e a d of the f i r s t
m e t a t a r s a l w a s m e a s u r e d to t he n e a r e s t o n e - s i x t e e n t h of an i nch .
T h e s l i d i n g c a l i p e r on t h e B r a n n o c k w a s u s e d to l o c a t e the h e a d of t h e
f i r s t m e t a t a r s a l .
T h e a p p a r a t u s d e s i g n e d f o r t h i s s t u d y m e a s u r e d , in c e n t i -
m e t e r s , t he he igh t j u m p e d in the v e r t i c a l j u m p . A p i e c e of t a p e w a s
p l a c e d e i g h t e e n i n c h e s f r o m the p u l l e y end of the w o o d e n b a s e . T h i s
s e r v e d a s a c o n s i s t e n t m a r k on w h i c h the j u m p e r p l a c e d h i s t o e s
b e f o r e e a c h j u m p and on w h i c h he t r i e d to land a f t e r j u m p i n g .
22
The sub jec t p laced the belt snugly a round his w a i s t jus t
above the i l iac c r e s t and s tood on the j u m p m a r k . He did not use an
a r m swing, s t a m p his foot , or t ake a s t e p in p e r f o r m i n g the jump .
With the s u b j e c t s tanding in an e r e c t pos i t ion the c l ip was
p laced on the line so that the po in te r was a t z e r o . The c o m m a n d ,
" j u m p , " was given b e f o r e e a c h j u m p and the height of the j u m p r e a d
on the c e n t i m e t e r s ca l e a t the point ind ica ted by the po in te r on the
j u m p b o a r d . E a c h sub j ec t jumped f ive t i m e s with a s h o r t r e s t i n t e r v a l
be tween each j ump . M e a s u r e m e n t was r e c o r d e d to the n e a r e s t c e n t i -
m e t e r .
Hen ry , using th is p r o c e d u r e , found " p r a c t i c e can b e s t be
s t a n d a r d i z e d by (a) a l lowing a l l s u b j e c t s a u n i f o r m p r a c t i c e s e r i e s
of t h r e e t r i a l s b e f o r e the t e s t s e r i e s , or (b) a l lowing no p r a c t i c e
and a v e r a g i n g the s c o r e of f ive t r i a l s " (2, p. 28).
The r e l i a b i l i t y of the j u m p m e a s u r i n g device used in th is
s tudy was e s t a b l i s h e d through t e s t , r e - t e s t . F i f t e e n of the o r ig ina l
s u b j e c t s w e r e r andomly chosen and r e - t e s t e d t h r e e days a f t e r the
f i r s t t e s t i ng . The r e - t e s t took p lace under iden t i ca l condi t ions as
the o r ig ina l t e s t .
23
Analys i s
The P e a r s o n P r o d u c t - m o m e n t Coef f i c i en t of C o r r e l a t i o n
was employed in d e t e r m i n i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The data w e r e ana lyzed
by a c o m p u t e r . The v a r i a b l e s c o r r e l a t e d w e r e hee l / foo t - l eng th to
v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e and a r c h / f o o t - l e n g t h to v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r -
f o r m a n c e .
C H A P T E R B I B L I O G R A P H Y
1. B o v a r d , J . F . , a n d P . W . C o z e n s , " T h e L e a p - m e t e r , " P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n S e r i e s , I ( F e b r u a r y , 1928), 9 7 - 1 1 9 .
2 . H e n r y , F r a n k l i n , " T h e P r a c t i c e and F a t i g u e E f f e c t s in the S a r g e n t T e s t , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XIII ( M a r c h , 1942), 1 6 - 2 9 .
3. H e n r y , F r a n k l i n , " I n f l u e n c e of M e a s u r e m e n t E r r o r and I n t r a -I n d i v i d u a l V a r i a t i o n on the R e l i a b i l i t y of M u s c l e S t r e n g t h and V e r t i c a l J u m p T e s t s , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXX (May, 1959), 155-159 .
4 . S a r g e n t , L. W. , " S o m e O b s e r v a t i o n s on the S a r g e n t T e s t of N e u r o m u s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y , " A m e r i c a n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n R e v i e w , XXIX ( F e b r u a r y , 1924), 4 7 - 5 6 .
24
C H A P T E R IY
P R E S E N T A T I O N O F DATA
T h e r a w da ta c o l l e c t e d f o r t h i s s t u d y a r e r e p o r t e d in the
A p p e n d i x . Nine v a r i a b l e s w e r e r e c o r d e d f o r e a c h of the n i n e t y t e s t
s u b j e c t s . T h e s e v a r i a b l e s i n c l u d e d a g e , h e i g h t , w e i g h t , foo t l eng th ,
h e e l l eng th , a r c h l eng th , h e e l / f o o t l eng th , a r c h / f o o t l eng th , and the
a v e r a g e of f i ve v e r t i c a l j u m p t r i a l s .
T h e da t a w e r e o r g a n i z e d in s u c h a m a n n e r t ha t r e l a t i o n s h i p s
cou ld b e d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s m e a s u r e s . C o r r e l a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e c o m p u t e d f o r a l l p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s of v a r i a b l e s .
A l l of the da t a w e r e a n a l y z e d b y c o m p u t e r a t t he N o r t h T e x a s S t a t e
U n i v e r s i t y C o m p u t e r C e n t e r .
In o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e r e l i a b i l i t y of the m e a s u r i n g p r o c e d u r e s ,
f i f t e e n of the o r i g i n a l s u b j e c t s w e r e r e - t e s t e d t h r e e days a f t e r the f i r s t
t e s t i n g w a s c o m p l e t e d . T h e s u b j e c t ' s n a m e , foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s , and
f i v e v e r t i c a l - j u m p t r i a l s w e r e r e c o r d e d a t t he s e c o n d t e s t i n g . I d e n t i -
c a l m e a s u r i n g t e c h n i q u e s w e r e u s e d u n d e r the s a m e c o n d i t i o n s a t bo th
t e s t i n g d a t e s . T h e o r i g i n a l t e s t m e a s u r e s w e r e c o m p a r e d to the
25
26
r e - t e s t m e a s u r e s us ing the P e a r s o n P r o d u c t - m o m e n t Coef f i c ien t of
C o r r e l a t i o n to compute r e l i ab i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s .
Using th is p r o c e d u r e the r e l i ab i l i t y coe f f i c i en t f o r the j u m p
was . 96. The r e l i a b i l i t y coe f f i c i en t s f o r foot m e a s u r e m e n t s included
. 98 f o r to ta l foot length, . 96 f o r hee l m e a s u r e m e n t , and . 85 f o r
m e a s u r e m e n t of the a r c h .
Tab le I conta ins the m e a n s and s t a n d a r d devia t ions f o r the
m e a s u r e m e n t s included in this s tudy.
T A B L E I
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF MEASURED VARIABLES (N = 90)
V a r i a b l e Mean S tandard Deviat ion
Age 2 3 . 7 y e a r s , 4 . 0 Height 71 .5 inches 2. 9 Weight 175.4 pounds 26. 2 Foo t length 26. 0 c m 4. 0 Heel length 6 . 5 c m 0. 7 A r c h length 13. 4 c m 1. 7 H e e l / F o o t 0. 3 r a t i o 0. 3 A r c h / F o o t 0. 6 r a t i o 0. 7 T r i a l A v e r a g e ( Jumps) 44. 4 c m 7. 5
The m e a n s r e p o r t e d in Tab le I a r e , in m o s t i n s t a n c e s , s i m i -
la r to m e a n s r e p o r t e d in other s t u d i e s . F o r i n s t a n c e , the m e a n of
4 4 . 5 c e n t i m e t e r s r e p o r t e d f o r the v e r t i c a l j u m p is s i m i l a r to the
27
m e a n 48 , 8 c e n t i m e t e r s w h i c h M e r l i n a (3) found by a v e r a g i n g
e i g h t e e n j u m p s . B e r s t e i n (1) found the m e a n h e e l l eng th of t r a c k
h igh j u m p e r s to be 2 . 6 8 i n c h e s o r 6. 8 c e n t i m e t e r s . T h i s c o m p a r e s
v e r y c l o s e l y to the m e a n of 6. 5 found f o r the h e e l l eng th in the p r e s e n t
s t u d y . M e r l i n a (3) a l s o found m e a n s and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s f o r
h e i g h t and w e i g h t tha t w e r e c l o s e to the ones r e p o r t e d in T a b l e I. F o r
he igh t she found a m e a n of 7 1 . 6 i n c h e s wi th a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of
2 . 8 and f o r w e i g h t a m e a n of 176. 8 pounds wi th a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of
1 7 . 7 . T h e m e a n a g e f o r t e s t s u b j e c t s w a s - 2 3 . 7 y e a r s . A g e , b e t w e e n
h i g h - s c h o o l and t h i r t y y e a r s of a g e , has no b e a r i n g on v e r t i c a l - j u m p
a b i l i t y a c c o r d i n g to S a r g e n t (4).
C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e c o m p u t e d b e t w e e n v a r i a b l e s
to d e t e r m i n e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . T h e P e a r s o n P r o d u c t - m o m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t
of c o r r e l a t i o n w a s c o m p u t e d u s i n g the " r a w s c o r e " f o r m u l a r e p o r t e d
by T u r n e y and Robb (6, p. 114). T o b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t the . 05 l e v e l ,
t he r m u s t be . 2 1 o r h i g h e r (8, p . 138).
T h e r e w e r e a t o t a l of t h i r t y - s i x c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s c o m -
p u t e d . A s e l e c t e d n u m b e r of t h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e r e p o r t e d in
T a b l e II .
A c c o r d i n g t o i n f o r m a t i o n r e p o r t e d in T a b l e II he igh t and
w e i g h t a r e not s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d to f o o t m e a s u r e m e n t r a t i o s or
v e r t i c a l - j u m p a b i l i t y . N e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n foo t l eng th and
28
T A B L E II
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS OF S E L E C T E D VARIABLES
V a r i a b l e s H e e l / F o o t A r c h / F o o t A v e r a g e of Rat io Rat io V e r t i c a l J u m p s
Height - . 08 . - . 0 8 . 03 "Weight . 00 - . 04. - . 09 Foo t Length - . 89* - . 90* . - . 2 1 ' Heel Length . 10 . 02 - . 10 A r c h Length - . 04 . 06 - . 02 H e e l / F o o t 1. 00* . 99* . 23* A r c h / F oot . 99* 1. 00* . 23* J u m p A v e r a g e . 23* . 2 3 * 1. 00*
Signi f icant a t . 05 level .
the r a t i o s of h e e l / f o o t length and a r c h / f o o t length a r e p roduced
b e c a u s e foot length is the d e n o m i n a t o r of the r a t i o s . T h e s e c o r r e l a -
t ions a r e nega t ive b e c a u s e as the foot m e a s u r e m e n t b e c o m e s l a r g e r ,
the r a t i o gets s m a l l e r . The foot r a t i o s a r e s ign i f i can t to v e r t i c a l -
j u m p he ight .
Height and weight c o r r e l a t e d to v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e
p roduced no s ign i f i can t r e l a t i o n s h i p , thus subs tan t i a t ing s i m i l a r
f ind ings of o ther s t u d i e s . Heel length and a r c h length a r e not s i g n i -
f i c a n t . Foo t length, h e e l / f o o t length, and a r c h / f o o t length a r e s igni -
f i c a n t .
29
F i n d i n g s
T h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n e a c h of the foo t m e a s u r e s , or
r a t i o s , and j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e v a r i e d f r o m - . 2 1 to . 2 3 . Whi l e
s o m e of t h e s e v a l u e s w e r e g r e a t enough to be s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t
a t t h e s e l e c t e d l e v e l , none w e r e g r e a t enough to be of v a l u e f o r p r e -
d i c t i ve p u r p o s e s .
H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r one s t a t e d t h a t t he l a r g e r the h e e l l e n g t h /
foo t l eng th r a t i o the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p .
A c c o r d i n g t o the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t found the h y p o t h e s i s is not
s u p p o r t e d .
H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r two s t a t e d t h a t the l a r g e r the a r c h l e n g t h /
f o o t l eng th r a t i o the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p .
A g a i n the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t does not s u p p o r t the h y p o t h e s i s .
D i s c u s s i o n of the F i n d i n g s
A l t h o u g h h e e l l eng th and a r c h length f a i l e d to p r o d u c e a n y
s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p to v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e y w e r e
s i g n i f i c a n t w h e n put in r a t i o - t o - f o o t l e n g t h . H o w e v e r , due to the
s l i g h t s i g n i f i c a n c e shown a t t he . 05 l e v e l the h y p o t h e s e s cou ld not
b e u s e d t o p r e d i c t p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p .
S t a s s w e n d e r b r o u g h t out in h e r s tudy t h a t " t w o m a i n f a c t o r s
t h a t a f f e c t p e r f o r m a n c e by d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s w a s t h e i r l a c k of s k i l l
30
o r c o o r d i n a t i o n and t h e i r i n a b i l i t y to p e r f o r m a t t h e i r b e s t l e v e l a t
a n y g iven t i m e " (5, p . 15). A c c o r d i n g to G l e n c r o s s (2) g e n e r a l
j u m p i n g a b i l i t y cou ld be a p a r t of v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e s e
f a c t o r s m a y have had s o m e e f f e c t on the f i n d i n g s of t h i s s t u d y .
O t h e r v a r i a b l e s t h a t m i g h t i n f l u e n c e p e r f o r m a n c e of the v e r t i c a l
j u m p a r e m u s c l e c o m p o s i t i o n , s p e e d of m o v e m e n t , or s o m e unknown
v a r i a b l e .
R e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h r e s u l t s of o t h e r
s t u d i e s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t it is qu i t e p r o b a b l e t h a t v e r t i c a l - j u m p
p e r f o r m a n c e m a y be d e p e n d e n t upon a c o m p o s i t e of s e v e r a l v a r i a b l e s
r a t h e r t h a n upon a n y one s i n g l e v a r i a b l e ,
C H A P T E R B I B L I O G R A P H Y
1. B e r n s t e i n , R i c h a r d L a n e , " T h e i r B e s t F o o t F o r w a r d , " A t h l e t i c J o u r n a l , XVII (Apr i l , 1942), 2 9 - 3 1 .
2 . G l e n c r o s s , D . J . , " T h e N a t u r e of the V e r t i c a l J u m p T e s t and t h e S t a n d i n g B r o a d J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXVII ( O c t o b e r , 1966), 3 5 3 - 3 5 9 .
3. M e r l i n a , L a w r e n c e U. , ' I n f l u e n c e of M a s s a g e on J u m p i n g P e r -f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXX ( M a r c h , 1959), 6 6 - 7 4 .
4 . S a r g e n t , L . W. , ' S o m e O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e S a r g e n t T e s t of N e u r o m u s c u l a r E f f i c i e n c y , " A m e r i c a n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n R e v i e w , XXIX ( F e b r u a r y , 1924), 4 7 - 5 6 .
5. S t a s s w e n d e r , E l i z a b e t h , A . , "An A n t h r o p o m e t r i c A n a l y s i s of t h e Os C a l c a n e u s in A m e r i c a n N e g r o e s and C a u c a s i a n and I t s I m p l i c a t i o n f o r Ank le J o i n t M e c h a n i c s , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , T e x a s W o m e n s ' U n i v e r s i t y , Den ton , T e x a s , 1969.
6 . T u r n e y , B i l ly J . , and G e o r g e P . Robb , S i m p l i f i e d S t a t i s t i c s f o r E d u c a t i o n and P s y c h o l o g y , S c r a n t o n , P e n n s y l v a n i a , I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e x t b o o k Co . , 1968.
31
CHAPTER Y
SUMMARY
Although the v e r t i c a l j u m p has long been an a c c e p t e d and
va luab le t e s t of exp los ive s t r e n g t h and p h y s i c a l ab i l i ty , the m a j o r
f a c t o r s a f f ec t i ng p e r f o r m a n c e have not been i so l a t ed . Th i s s tudy
was des igned to inves t iga te v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e in r e l a t i o n to
c e r t a i n foot m e a s u r e m e n t s . Two r a t i o s c o m p r i s e d of h e e l / f o o t
length and a r c h l eng th / foo t length w e r e c o r r e l a t e d to v e r t i c a l - j u m p
p e r f o r m a n c e .
Ninety s u b j e c t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m s u m m e r c l a s s e s a t
N o r t h T e x a s Sta te U n i v e r s i t y and r e c r e a t i o n c e n t e r s in I rv ing , T e x a s .
T h e t e s t i n g was comple t ed in the l a t t e r p a r t of the s u m m e r of 1972.
A l l of the s u b j e c t s w e r e be tween e igh teen and t h i r t y y e a r s of age .
A device to m e a s u r e p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p w a s
c o n s t r u c t e d us ing a be l t , an a u t o m a t i c f ly c a s t i n g r e e l wi th l ine , a
c e n t i m e t e r s c a l e , and a m e t a l r u n n e r with s l ide m a r k e r mounted on a
wooden b a s e . Th i s device made it pos s ib l e to a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e
v e r t i c a l - j u m p height wi th a r m snap e l i m i n a t e d .
T h r e e foot m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t aken . Heel length was
m e a s u r e d f r o m the p o s t e r i o r of the hee l bone to the ma l l eo lus on the
32
33
m e d i a l s i d e of t h e t i b i a on the a n k l e . A r c h l eng th w a s m e a s u r e d
f r o m the s p h y r i o n to the d i s t a l end of the f i r s t m e t a t a r s a l . T o t a l f oo t
l eng th w a s m e a s u r e d f r o m the p o s t e r i o r of the h e e l bone to the d i s t a l
end of the g r e a t t o e . A l l of t he foo t m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n to the
n e a r e s t o n e - s i x t e e n t h of an inch on a d e v i c e c a l l e d the B r a n n o c k ,
T h i s d e v i c e is u s e d in m a n y shoe s t o r e s to m e a s u r e shoe s i z e . T h e
m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c o n v e r t e d to c e n t i m e t e r s f o r a n a l y s i s .
T o d e t e r m i n e the r e l i a b i l i t y f o r the m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n
d u r ing the t e s t , the t e s t , r e - t e s t m e t h o d w a s e m p l o y e d . T h e v e r t i c a l -
j u m p m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e p r o d u c e d a r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of . 96.
M e a s u r e m e n t of good leng th had a r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of . 98, h e e l
l eng th . 96, and a r c h l eng th . 85.
C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e c o m p u t e d b e t w e e n a l l v a r i a b l e s .
T h e . 0 5 l e v e l w a s s e l e c t e d to r e p o r t s i g n i f i c a n c e . T h e foo t m e a s u r e -
m e n t r a t i o s , h e e l l e n g t h / f o o t l eng th and a r c h l e n g t h / f o o t l eng th p r o -
duced s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s to v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e a t . 23 .
T w o h y p o t h e s e s w e r e m a d e u s i n g the foo t m e a s u r e m e n t
r a t i o s . H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r one s t a t e d tha t the l a r g e r t h e r a t i o of h e e l
l e n g t h / f o o t l eng th the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in the v e r t i c a l j u m p .
H y p o t h e s i s n u m b e r two s t a t e d tha t the l a r g e r the r a t i o of a r c h l e n g t h /
f o o t l eng th the b e t t e r the p e r f o r m a n c e in t he v e r t i c a l j u m p . T h e c o r r e -
l a t i ons b e t w e e n foo t m e a s u r e m e n t r a t i o s and v e r t i c a l - j u m p
34
p e r f o r m a n c e w e r e s ign i f i can t but low; t h e r e f o r e , both hypotheses
w e r e r e j e c t e d .
B e c a u s e the s ign i f i cance of the £*s was low, foot p r o p o r t i o n s
s ingly , or in r a t i o cannot be used to p r e d i c t p e r f o r m a n c e in the
v e r t i c a l j ump . The f indings f u r t h e r suppor t o ther s tud ies in show-
ing that age , he ight , and weight have no r e l a t i o n s h i p to v e r t i c a l -
j u m p ab i l i ty .
F u t u r e s tud ies might be des igned to inves t iga te in t r a -
indiv idual v a r i a b l e s . Some of t h e s e v a r i a b l e s might be sk i l l l eve l ,
coo rd ina t ion , m u s c l e compos i t i on , and speed of m o v e m e n t . T h e s e
and o the r v a r i a b l e s could s ingly or c o m p o s i t e l y a f f e c t or c o n t r o l
v e r t i c a l - j u m p p e r f o r m a n c e .
APPENDIX A
RAW DATA OF MEASUREMENT VARIABLES
Sub jec t Age y r s .
Ht . in.
Wt. lb.
Foo t c m
Heel c m
F i v e J u m p T r i a l s Sub jec t
Age y r s .
Ht . in.
Wt. lb.
Foo t c m
Heel c m
A r c h c m
1 -2 3 c m
4 5
1 20 69 145 2 5 . 4 5 . 3 14. 1 42 46 42 44 50 2 19 71 175 28. 7 5 . 3 14. 1 52 45 48 47 48 3 21 77 235 29. 9 7. 3 14. 7 45 44 43 43 46 4 24 72 180 27. 1 6. 3 14. 0 30 45 42 42 43 5 19 74 160 2 5 . 4 5. 3 13. 9 57 45 41 46 49
6 21 72 160 27. 1 6. 5 13 .8 43 50 46 49 53 7 27 70 170 23. 3 6. 3 13. 7 53 51 53 45 46 8 27 66 140 2 3 . 4 6. 1 12. 9 50 46 49 51 47 9 18 78 160 2 3 . 4 5. 1 12. 3 51 35 47 42 38
10 23 74 193 28. 3 7. 1 14.6 39 35 38 41 40
11 19 74 180 28. 3 7 . 6 13. 5 52 43 40 40 41 12 24 70 155 25. 0 5. 5 12 .8 48 46 50 51 54 13 19 72 185 28. 3 7. 1 14. 0 40 40 41 44 44 14 20 74 154 26. 7 6. 3 12. 3 51 35 47 42 38 15 20 70 160 2 5 . 4 6. 3 13 .4 59 46 51 57 65
16 21 67 145 2 4 . 6 6 . 3 13. 7 41 40 43 40 41 17 24 70 135 25. 8 6. 6 12. 6 54 56 55 57 57 18 28 62 170 2 6 . 7 8. 3 11 .7 47 43 45 46 45 19 24 57 150 2 5 . 4 5. 9 13. 0 45 46 47 48 49 20 25 . 51 165 2 5 . 4 5. 9 13.6 35 42 43 40 43
21 20 51 170 25. 8 7. 55 11.65 45 56 51 49 51 22 26 59 155 27. 1 6. 8 13.2 41 43 41 40 43 23 23 60 158 26. 7 6. 1 13.6 52 48 49 51 50 24 25 60 220 27. 5 6. 9 13.4 59 67 55 55 61 25 21 59 172 26. 0 6. 3 12. 9 44 51 58 47 49
35
APPENDIX A (Cont 'd)
36
F ive J u m p T r i a l s Subjec t
Age Ht. Wt. Foo t Heel A r c h 1 2 3 4 5 y r s . in. lb. c m c m c m c m
26 19 54 125 25. 0 6. 7 12.2 40 41 41 35 39 27 19 56 135 2 3 . 4 5. 5 12. 5 3 8 41 40 42 43 28 18 57 125 26. 3 6. 7 13. 0 50 42 50 44 48 29 19 58 175 25. 0 6. 3 12. 3 41 37 33 34 38 30 23 66 164 27. 5 6 . 9 13. 7 30 40 40 41 46
31 20 51 160 27. 1 6. 7 13. 3 41 45 41 41 47 32 20 61 216 26. 0 6. 3 12. 0 36 39 41 44 41 33 28 61 190 26. 7 6. 3 13.4 40 40 40 39 40 34 23 68 165 25. 0 7. 6 10. 8 15 12 14 14 14 35 22 75 200 28. 3 7. 14 13. 8 25 23 19 15 20
36 22 70 175 26. 7 6. 1 13.6 19 21 22 22 21 37 22 74 210 27. 5 7. 1 13.2 24 25 23 26 26 38 20 75 220 26. 3 6. 7 13. 3 55 47 52 46 68 39 25 74 190 27. 9 6. 3 13 .8 46 46 42 45 43 40 24 76 180 27. 9 6. 7 14. 1 41 48 47 46 47
41 21 75 175 26. 7 6. 3 14. 0 47 45 42 48 49 42 28 72 185 26. 7 6. 7 13. 1 53 49 46 48 47 43 21 74 175 26. 3 6. 7 13. 0 37 43 53 38 43 44 21 71 160 26. 7 6. 1 13 .4 44 44 41 40 44 45 24 68 185 25. 0 6. 3 12. 3 38 41 39 38 38
46 23 69 153 25. 8 6. 3 12.6 54 43 45 51 58 47 26 71 1'90 27. 9 7. 1 13. 7 55 65 54 73 59 48 21 72 175 27. 5 6. 3 14. 0 46 47 46 46 49 49 23 71 205 27. 1 6. 7 14 .4 35 35 34 33 38 50 21 73 215 2 9 . 6 8. 0 14. 0 40 35 38 40 31
51 23 70 155 25. 0 6. 3 12.6 45 42 43 39 42 52 22 69 175 2 5 . 4 6. 3 12. 9 40 46 39 40 43 53 23 73 225 27. 5 6. 7 13 .4 36 30 37 35 34 54 25 75 205 27. 9 7. 1 13. 5 43. 39 43 44 45 55 28 69 165 27. 1 5. 9 15. 5 55 45 44 45 47
A P P E N D I X A (Cont 'd)
37
F i v e J u m p T r i a l s Sub jec t
Age Ht. Wt. F oot Hee l A r c h 1 2 3 4 5 y r s . in. lb. c m c m c m c m
56 26 72 175 27. 1 6. 7 13. 3 30 55 43 62 48 57 20 73 210 2 1 . 7 7. 5 12 .4 55 47 51 59 49 58 28 70 160 25. 8 6. 3 13.4 42 42 42 43 42 59 24 69 120 25. 0 5. 9 13. 0 50 45 45 55 50 6 ° 30 75 185 2,7. 9 7. 1 13. 5 43 42 41 44 43
61 22 72 150 27. 5 6. 8 13 .9 48 49 42 40 59 62 21 60 195 2 5 . 6 5. 9 13. 0 45 45 41 45 45 63 21 6 9 130 2 6 . 4 6. 3 13.2 42 44 44 42 44 64 21 60 180 27. 9 6 . 7 13. 9 51 48 53 49 50 65 21 70 180 27. 5 5. 5 13.2 47 46 44 45 44
66 24 76 175 28. 3 5. 9 14. 9 55 59 56 59 55 67 24 76 175 29. 1 5. 9 14. 9 55 59 56 59 55 68 22 70 165 27. 5 8. 1 12. 0 55 59 63 59 58 69 18 73 160 26. 3 5. 5 14. 9 57 51 52 52 53 70 22 70 175 27. 1 5. 9 13. 0 40 42 45 37 41
71 31 72 197 2 8 . 2 6 . 7 15. 0 45 42 46 44 44 72 31 71 150 27. 1 5. 9 13. 5 43 45 37 38 38 73 30 79 260 34. 0 8. 5 15. 5 47 48 50 50 51 74 28 74 160 2 5 . 4 5. 3 13. 9 57 46 41 47 49 75 29 75 183 2 8 . 3 7 . 6 14.2 46 46 43 44 44
76 21 77 245 31 .2 7. 8 13. 9 49 48 46 46 46 77 27 71 185 26. 7 5. 5 14. 0 52 45 48 47 47 78 31 73 170 27. 1 6. 5 13 .8 43 45 49 46 51 79 21 72 185 28. 3 7. 1 14. 0 40 41 41 44 44 80 24 68 155 2 5 . 4 5. 9 13. 0 45 44 46 47 48
81 21 67 135 26. 3 6. 7 13. 0 51 41 49 43 47 82 20 74 215 25. 0 6. 3 12. 0 35 39 40 43 41 83 21 74 180 26. 7 6. 3 14. 0 48 44 43 47 48 84 21 71 170 26. 7 8. 1 13 .4 43 41 42 40 43 85 23 71 200 27. 1 6. 9 14 .4 35 34 30 33 37
APPENDIX A (Cont'd)
38
Five Jump T r i a l s Subject
Age Ht. Wt. Foot Heel A rch 1 2 3 4 5 y r s . in. lb. c m c m cm cm
86 22 69 180 25 .4 6. 3 12. 9 24 46 36 41 44 87 25 73 203 27. 9 7. 1 13. 6 41 39 44 45 45 88 26 72 165 27. 1 6 .7 13. 3 51 55 42 52 48 89 28 69 175 25. 8 6. 3 13.4 42 42 43 43 42 90 . 24 68 180 25. 0 5. 9 13. 6 49 48 46 43 50
39
V E R T I C A L - J U M P MEASURING D E V I C E
J u m p M a r k
J u m p e r
B e l t
L ine
P u l l e y A u t o m a t i c F l y C a s t R e e l
C e n t i m e t e r S c a l e
•.a 3̂
B a s e S l ide M a r k e r
S E L E C T E D B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Books
Bunn , John W. , S c i e n t i f i c P r i n c i p l e s of C o a c h i n g , E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N . J . , P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1955.
T u r n e y , B i l l y L . , and G e o r g e P . Robb , S i m p l i f i e d S t a t i s t i c s f o r E d u c a t i o n and P s y c h o l o g y , Sc r a n t on, P e n n s y l v a n i a , I n t e r -n a t i o n a l T e x t b o o k Co. , 1968.
A r t i c l e s
B a r k e r , D . G . , a n d N . A . P o n t h i e u x , " R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n S o c i o -e c o n o m i c S t a t u s a n d P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s M e a s u r e s , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXVI (May, 1965), 4 6 4 - 4 6 7 .
B e r n s t e i n , R i c h a r d L a n e , " T h e i r B e s t F o o t F o r w a r d , " A t h l e t i c J o u r n a l , XVII ( A p r i l , 1942), 2 9 - 3 1 .
B o v a r d , J . P . , a n d F . W. C o z e n s , " T h e L e a p - m e t e r , " P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n S e r i e s , I ( F e b r u a r y , 1928), 9 7 - 1 1 9 .
C l a r k e , H. H. , " R e l a t i o n s h i p of S t r e n g t h and A n t h r o p o m e t r i c
M e a s u r e s , and P h y s i c a l P e r f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXVIII ( O c t o b e r , 1957), 2 2 3 - 2 3 2 .
D e l i a , D a n G. , " I n d i v i d u a l D i f f e r e n c e s in F o o t L e v e r a g e in R e l a t i o n t o J u m p i n g P e r f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , VI (May , 1935), 11 -19 .
E c k e r t , H e l e n N. , " A n g u l a r V e l o c i t y and R a n g e of Mot ion in the
V e r t i c a l and S t and ing B r o a d J u m p s , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXIX ( D e c e m b e r , 1968), 9 3 7 - 9 4 2 .
G l e n c r o s s , D . J . , " T h e N a t u r e of t h e V e r t i c a l J u m p T e s t and t h e S t a n d i n g B r o a d J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXVII ( O c t o b e r , 1966), 3 5 3 - 3 5 9 .
40
41
Henry , F r a n k l i n , ! 'The P r a c t i c e and Fa t igue E f f e c t s in the Sa rgen t T e s t ' " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XIII (March , 1942), 16-29.
Henry , F r a n k l i n , " Inf luence of M e a s u r e m e n t E r r o r and I n t r a -Individual V a r i a t i o n on the Re l iab i l i ty of Musc le S t r eng th and V e r t i c a l J u m p T e s t s , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXX (May, 1959), 155-159.
M a r t i n , T h o m a s P . , and Alan G. Stull , " E f f e c t s of V a r i o u s Knee Angles and Foot Spacing Combina t ions on P e r f o r m a n c e in the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , X L (May, 1969), 324-331.
M e r l i n a , L a w r e n c e U. , ' In f luence of M a s s a g e on Jumping P e r f o r m -a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXX (March , 1959), 66-74 .
Metheny , E l e a n o r , "Some D i f f e r e n c e s in Bodily P r o p o r t i o n s Between A m e r i c a n N e g r o e s and White Male Col lege S tuden t s , Re la ted to Ath le t i c P e r f o r m a n c e , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , X ( D e c e m b e r , 1939), 41 -53 .
McCloy , C . H . , "Recen t S tudies in the S a r g e n t J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , III (May, 1932), 235, 242.
S a r g e n t , D . A . , "The P h y s i c a l T e s t of a M a n , " A m e r i c a n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n Review, XXVI (Apr i l , 1921), 188-194.
S a r g e n t , L . W . , "Some O b s e r v a t i o n s on the S a r g e n t T e s t of N e u r o -m u s c u l a r E f f i c i ency , " A m e r i c a n P h y s i c a l Educa t ion Review, XXIX ( F e b r u a r y , 1924), 4 7 - 5 6 .
Smi th , Leon E . , " R e l a t i o n s h i p Be tween Exp los ive Leg S t r eng th and P e r f o r m a n c e in the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , XXXII (Oc tober , 1961), 405-408 .
Unpubl ished M a t e r i a l s
B a r k e r , Rue l M. , " T h e Re la t ionsh ip of F o o t L e v e r a g e and V e r t i c a l J u m p i n g Abi l i ty , " unpubl ished m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l Educa t ion , B r i g h a m Young U n i v e r s i t y , P r o v o , Utah, 1964.
42
B o s w o r t h , J a n i c e M. , " R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n V e r t i c a l J u m p P e r -f o r m a n c e of C o l l e g e W o m e n a n d S e l e c t e d A n t h r o p o m e t r i c M e a s u r e m e n t s and S t r e n g t h V a r i a b l e s , " u n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d C o l l e g e , S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1964.
D a l l i n g , Glenn W. , " T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p of the L e n g t h of the F o o t t o P e r f o r m a n c e in the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , B r i g h a m Young U n i v e r s i t y , P r o v o , U t a h , 1964.
H a n s e n , R a y m o n d W a y n e , " T h e E f f e c t s of W e i g h t T r a i n i n g and T r a m p o l i n e T r a i n i n g on V e r t i c a l J u m p A b i l i t y , " unpub-l i s h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a -t i on , I l l ino i s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , N o r m a l , I l l i n o i s , 1970.
S t a s s w e n d e r , E l i z a b e t h A. , "An A n t h r o p o m e t r i c A n a l y s i s of the Os C a l c a n e u s in A m e r i c a n N e g r o e s and C a u c a s i a n and I t s I m p l i c a t i o n f o r Ank le J o i n t M e c h a n i c s , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , T e x a s W o m e n s ' U n i v e r s i t y , Den ton , T e x a s , 1969.
W e l l s , R u s s e l l F . , " T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p of the Leg S t r e n g t h / B o d y Weigh t R a t i o and L e n g t h of t h e L o w e r L i m b S e g m e n t s t o the V e r t i c a l J u m p , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d C o l l e g e , S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1962.