related pathways anaerobic respiration metabolism of fats & proteins
TRANSCRIPT
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Related Pathways
Anaerobic Respiration
Metabolism of Fats & Proteins
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Anaerobic Respiration
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What happens to pyruvate?
• the fate of the pyruvate molecules depends on whether oxygen is present (aerobic respiration) or not (anaerobic respiration).
• fermentation is the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid.
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Ethanol Fermentation
• pyruvate is decarboxylated into acetaldehyde, then reduced to ethanol, oxidizing NADH to NAD+
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
• pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid, oxidizing NADH to NAD+
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Products of FermentationImage from: http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/Effects.html
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Metabolism of Fats & Proteins
Related Pathways
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Related Pathways
• proteins, lipids and nucleic acids can also be metabolized for energy by entering into a part of glycolysis or the Krebs cycle
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Related PathwaysImage from: http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap05/ss5.htm
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Protein CatabolismImage from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/3d_prot.htm
• proteins are digested into amino acids
• amino groups are then removed in a process called deamination
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Protein Catabolism
• other chemical reactions will convert the remaining part of the amino acids into intermediates of glycolysis or the Krebs cycle
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Protein Catabolism
alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine
pyruvate
asparagine, aspartate oxaloacetate
arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, proline
α-ketoglutarate
isoleucine, methionine, valine succinyl-CoA
leucine, lysine acetyl-CoA
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Lipid StructureImage from: http://www.future-of-technology.com/index.php?p=2_7
• most of the fats digested by humans are triglycerides.
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Lipid Catabolism
• triglycerides are first digested into glycerol and fatty acids
• glycerol is either converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis or DHAP (then G3P), and enters glycolysis
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Lipid Catabolism
• fatty acids are transported to the matrix of the mitochondria and undergo β-oxidation
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β-oxidation
• the fatty acid chain is cleaved into 2-carbon acetyl groups, which are converted into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the Krebs cycle
• every cleavage uses one ATP and produces one NADH and one FADH2
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Related Pathways