reimagining water governance in india - godrej group · environmental vulnerabilities: weather...

Reimagining water governance

in India

The case for participation, innovation,

partnerships, education, & integration

Dr Arunabha Ghosh

CEO

Council on Energy, Environment and Water

Godrej Good and Green Conclave

New Delhi, 9 March 2013

© Council on Energy, Environment and Water, 2012

|

CEEW: addressing global challenges through an integrated approach

1

|

CEEW connects the dots…

2

India-U.S. Joint Clean Energy R&D

CentreGovernance of Geoengineering

Maharashtra-Guangdong

Partnership on Sustainability

India-U.S. Track II Dialogue on Climate

Change & Energy

Cutting Both Ways? Climate, Trade and

the Consistency of India’s Domestic

Policies

Climate Change &

Business Leadership in

India

|

Agenda

• Water and human development

• India’s water challenges

• Irrigation management: participating?

• Industrial water use risks: innovating?

• Municipal water: partnering?

• Water data: educating?

• Institutional reform: integrating?

3

|

Accidents of birth and access to energy, water and sanitation

4

3017 kgoe 566

616

kgoe

kWh

SOURCE: Ghosh (2012); World Bank; UNDP (2010)

5736 kWh

PHOTO CREDIT: http://chotimuskan.org/

PHOTO CREDIT: World Law Direct PHOTO CREDIT: http://shardsofchina.wordpress.com

7069

13394

kgoe

kWh

1807

2944

kgoe

kWh

1 % 11 %

0 % 12 %

0 % 69 %

0 % 45 %

PHOTO CREDIT: Telegraph/Getty

http://chotimuskan.org/

http://chotimuskan.org/

http://shardsofchina.wordpress.com/

http://shardsofchina.wordpress.com/

| 5PAINTING BY: Darsita Jatakia, 5th Std., March 2013

|

Human development closely associated with energy access

6

UN Human Development Index

- High

- Medium

- Low

SOURCE: MacKay (2009); Beddington (2012)

|

Economic growth is not enough for human development

7SOURCE: UNDP (2006)

|

The poorer you are, the more you pay

8SOURCE: UNDP (2006)

|

Collecting water is not child’s play…

9

| 10

…but

collecting

water is

children’s

work

around

the world

|

Agenda








11

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Usable supply of water could fall short of demand

12

India’s Usable Supply of

Water

India’s Usable Supply of

Water

Vs

Projected Demand

(2030)

|

Sectoral pressures for water use will increase

13

Sectoral shift in water demand (in BCM)

SOURCE: Amarasinghe et al., IWMI (2007); CEEW (2011)

|

Little irrigation potential remains

14

Ultimate Irrigation Potential vs. Potential Created vs. Potential Utilised

SOURCE: CEEW (2011)

|

Trends of public expenditure in major and medium irrigation

and net irrigated area under different sources in India

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Exp

en

ditu

re

(billio

n U

S$

, in

20

00

pri

ce

s)

0

6

12

18

24

30

36

42

Ne

t ir

rig

ate

d a

rea

(mill

ion

ha

)

Expenditure Tanks Canals Groundwater

Investment in irrigation yielded few gains in net irrigated area

15SOURCE: CEEW (2011); Shah (2009)

|

Significant growth in ground water pumping

16

1951 – 2009

Agricultural electric pump sets increased from 26,000 to 16.2 million

Agricultural diesel pump sets from 83,000 to 9.2 million

26 1601,618

3,568

9,696 8,446

16,184

83 230

1,546

3,101

4,659 7,237

9,200

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1951 1961 1972 1982 1991 2003 2009

No

. o

f p

um

ps (

in T

ho

usa

nd

s)

Diesel Pumps

Electric Pumps

SOURCE: CEEW (2011)

|

Vicious cycle of energy-ground water management

17

Power Utilities

• Financial losses due to low

agricultural flat tariff

• Poor voltage and frequency

power supply

• Huge T&D losses due to

power theft & unauthorised

pump sets

On farm

• Water overuse to hedge

against poor voltage and

infrequent power supply

SOURCE: CEEW (2011)

|

Groundwater stress and overdraft in many states

18

All figures in BCM (2004)

SOURCE: CEEW (2011)

|

Resource pressures and price volatility

19SOURCE: Steven and Ghosh (Forthcoming); EIA; FAO

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$3501

97

0

19

72

19

74

19

76

19

78

19

80

19

82

19

84

19

86

19

88

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

20

10

2000=$100

Imported Crude Oil Price ($/barrel)

Co

nst

ant

$U

S 2

00

0

Food price index

A New Commodity Boom

Sources: EIA, FAO

|

The state of urban sanitation is very poor

Survey of 423 cities

Category Implication Number Percentage

Green Healthy & clean 0 0

Blue Recovering 4 0.95%

Black

Needing considerable

improvement 230 54.37%

Red

Needing immediate

attention

189 44.68%

20SOURCE: MoUD (2010); CEEW (2013)

|

Environmental vulnerabilities: Weather extremes with warming climate

• Extremely hot temperatures covered about 0.1% to 0.2% of the globe from 1951 to 1980

• Since 1980, while average temperature has slowly risen, extremes have rapidly

increased: cover about 10% of the globe

• As the climate warms, natural variability shifts as well

21SOURCE: Hansen, Sato and Ruedy (2012)

|

316 manufacturing clusters for 14 industries in 181 districts…

22SOURCE: CEEW analysis based on CPCB, EESL, UNIDO

| 23SOURCE: CEEW analysis based on CPCB, EESL, UNIDO

…but many are critically polluted

|

Water demand for the energy sector will rise in India

24

2010

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2010

Coal

Nuclear

Other

Energy

BiofuelsFossil fuels

Power

Global water use Water for energy

SOURCE: IEA (2012)

In India, the power sector will account for 98% of additional

withdrawals and 95% of additional consumption of water between

2010 and 2035

|

Agenda








25

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A holistic approach to water governance

26SOURCE: CEEW (2011)

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Need to focus on service delivery

27

Top-down approach by ID

Lack of service delivery

agreements

between ID and WUAs

• Create service delivery culture in the

ID

• Have service delivery agreements

between ID and WUAs

• Link service fees paid to service

delivered on individual schemes

• Partnership of WUAs and ID for

enhanced agricultural production and

productivity of water on individual

schemes

Current payment and service delivery

arrangements

Ideal service delivery

relationships

SolutionsIssues

SOURCE: CEEW (2011)

|

Experiences from other countries

28

• Contractors (China, Philippines)

▫ O&M

▫ Rehabilitation and construction

▫ Incentives to save water

▫ Fee collection, total water use, crop production per unit of water use

• Hydrological units

▫ Secondary and tertiary level institutions (China; Mexico)

▫ WUAs involved in arbitration and conflict management

• Building WUA capacity (Mexico)

▫ Financial

- full cost recovery of O&M (Mexico)

- irrigation fees (proportional to land size), membership dues, rental revenue,

fines (Turkey)

▫ Infrastructure maintenance

▫ Management

• Information sharing with WUAs critical

SOURCE: Shah; CEEW (2012)

|

Water User Associations in India


No. of Water User

Associations (WUAs)

per 1000 Ha covered

(March 2010)

• Implementing O&M

• Crop planning, crop water

budgeting & raising

irrigation water demand

• Implementing water

distribution

• Support in estimating and

collecting water charges

Functions

|

Supporting farmer training in Andhra Pradesh

30

Increase in productivity- 15 to 20 %

Cost reduction -Rs.1500/- to 2500/- oninputs - KC Canal /Krishna Delta

Crop diversification tomaize in Rabi - HigherC/B ratio & duty

Zero tillage in maize -Cost reductionRs.2000/- per acre -Krishna Delta System /SRSP

Rotational irrigation inpaddy - Higherproductivity & duty

SOURCE: CEEW (2011)

|

Rethinking cropping patterns?

31SOURCE: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2011

Uttar Pradesh34%

Punjab19%

Haryana13%

Madhya Pradesh10%

Rajasthan9%

Bihar6%

Gujarat3%

Maharashtra2%

West Bengal1%

Uttarakhand1%

Others2%

Major Wheat Producing States, 2009-10

|

Rethinking cropping patterns?

32SOURCE: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2011

West Bengal16%

Punjab13%

Uttar Pradesh12%

Andhra Pradesh12%

Orissa8%

Tamil Nadu6%

Assam5%

Chattisgarh5%

Karnataka4%

Haryana4%

Bihar4%

Maharashtra2%

Jharkhand 2%

Gujarat1%

Madhya Pradesh

1%

Kerala1%

Others4%

Major Rice Producing States, 2009-10

|

Managing groundwater via agricultural demand side management


|

Agenda








34

|

Water conservation in industry

35SOURCE: CEEW (2011); Envirowise (2005)

Potential water saving (%) in industry sector

• Partnerships with industry

• Information and target

setting by industry type

• Best Practice Guidance –

knowhow for businesses

and industries

• Grant programmes and

incentives linked to

abstraction regulation and

pricing policy

Potential water saving (in percentage) from measures applied in the

industry sector

|

HyderabadBiotechnology, Cement, Electronics & IT, Gems &

Jewellery, Leather

DelhiAutomobiles,Biotechnology,

Chemicals,Food Processing,Gems & Jewellery,Leather,Pulp & Paper,Steel

LudhianaAutomobiles,

Foundry, Textiles

MumbaiAutomobiles,Biotech, Chemicals, Electronics & IT, Fertilizers, G&J,

Leather, Textiles

ThaneChemicals, FPO, Steel, Textiles

NashikAutomobiles,Steel,

Textiles

SuratFertilizers, G&J,

P&P, Textiles

VadodraAutomobiles,

Biotech, Fertilizers

RajkotFPO, Foundry, G&J, Textiles

AhmedabadBiotech, Chemicals,

Electronics & IT, FPO, G&J, P&P, Steel, Textiles Gautam Buddha Nagar

Chemicals, Electronics & IT, Fertilizers

JaipurCement, Food

Processing, Gems &

Jewellery, Textiles

ShimogaFPO, P&P, Steel

BelgaumAluminium,

Foundry, Textiles

Alwar

Chemicals, Food

Processing, Textiles

ChandrapurCement, FPO,P&P

NagpurFPO, Steel ,

Textiles

BaleshwarFPO, P&P, Textiles

KolkataAutomobiles,FPO, G&J,

Leather, Textiles

East GodavariAluminium, FPO,

P&P

West GodavariFertilikzers, FPO,

P&P, Textiles

MysoreFPO, P&P,

Textiles

BangaloreAluminium,Automobiles,

Biotech,Cement, Electronics &IT, Leather, Textiles

CoimbatoreCement, Foundry,G&J,

Textiles

KarurCement,P&P,

TextilesErnakulamFertilizers, FPO,

Textiles

PuneAutomobiles,

Electronics & IT, FPO, Foundry, P&P,

Textiles

CuttackChemicals, FPO, P&P

ChennaiAutomobiles, Biotech,

Electronics & IT, Foundry, Leather

GurgaonAutomobiles, Electronics & IT,

Textiles

Target existing clusters as zones of sustainability

SOURCE: CEEW analysis

based on CPCB, EESL, UNIDO

|

Power plants and water availability stress: case for innovation

37SOURCE: CEEW and NRDC (2012)

|

Agenda








38

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Urban water: many tasks are already sub-contracted to private entities

Activity Who Sector

Planning Consultants Private

Design Consultants Private

Detail

EngineeringConsultants Private

Funding Government/Multilaterals Public/Private

Procurement Consultants Private

Construction Contractors Private

Supervision Consultants Private

Treatment Plant

OperationsContractors Private

Annual

MaintenanceContractors Private

Connections Licenced Plumbers Private

Leak repair Contractors Private

Meter reading Own Staff/Contractors Public/Private

Billing IT Company Private

Cash collection Banks Private


|

Risks increase with duration of PPP contracts


Option Ownership O&M Capital Commercial

Risk

Duration Risk

Privatisation Private or

Public &

Private

Private Private Private Indefinite

BOT/BOO Private &

Public

Private Private Private 20-30 years

Concession Public Private Private Private 20-30 years

Lease Public Private Public Shared 8-20 years

Management

contract

Public Private Public Public 3-7 years

Service

contract

Public Private Public Public 1-2 years

| 42

Think about how to partner with social enterprises as well

|

Agenda








43

|

How much surface and ground water do we use????

• Very little attention paid to rainwater use

• 450 BCM currently used, but…▫ Maintenance of gauging stations and daily records left to the state agencies

▫ CWC monitors storage of major reservoirs but not actual deliveries

• Data sharing▫ States reluctant to share data with Centre

▫ CWC unable to compile validated estimates of gross utilisation from major and medium

projects

• Minor irrigation

▫ No information about volume of water supplied

• Total ground water use is 230.62 BCM▫ Irrigation use = 212.51 BMC (92.15%)

▫ Domestic and industrial use = 18.09 BMC (7.85%)

• Net area irrigated by groundwater is around 33.28 million ha: about 10% of the

national GDP is groundwater based

• But…▫ Estimations based on number of wells/tubewells & assumptions about unit draft

▫ No way to capture variations

▫ ‘Privately created’ wells not counted!

44SOURCE: Planning Commission (2011); CEEW (2011)

|

Structure of Hydrological Information System: what it should be

45

USERS

Central Water

Commission

Indian Meteorological

DepartmentState Agencies Central Ground Water

Board

National Data Storage

Centre/Regional DSCNDSC SDSC NDSC/RDSC

RDPC

FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD

DDPC DDPC rDPC DDPC

SDDPC SDDPC dDPC UDPC

SDPC SWDPCSGWDP

CRDPC

Data FlowInter-Agency Data

ValidationData Exchange

SOURCE: Chowdhary, Jain, Ogink (2002)

|

Weak information sharing and institutional coordination in practice

46

BONAFIDE

USERS

Central Water

Commission

Indian Meteorological

DepartmentState Agencies Central Ground Water

Board

National Data Storage

Centre/Regional DSCNDSC SDSC NDSC/RDSC

RDPC

FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD

DDPC DDPC rDPC DDPC

SDDPC SDDPC dDPC UDPC

SDPC SWDPCSGWDP

CRDPC

Data FlowInter-Agency Data

ValidationData Exchange

SOURCE: Adapted from Chowdhary, Jain, Ogink (2002)

|

Agenda








47

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Integrating water governance at all levels


|

Integrated plans also offer many opportunities

50SOURCE: CEEW (2012); © Council on Energy, Environment and Water, 2012

|

Don’t forget who we are working for

PHOTO CREDIT: Arunabha Ghosh 51

| 52

Innovations for industrial

water savings

Participative strategies for

irrigation

Extended partnerships for

municipal water supply

Educating on water

through shared data

Institutional reforms for

integrated governance

|

http://ceew.in

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