regulatory bodies
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Regulatory Bodies. International Regulation Federal Regulation Industrial Organizations. International Organizations. The United Nations General Assembly Secretariat International Court of Justice Security Council Trusteeship Council Economic & Social Council Programs & Funds - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Regulatory Regulatory BodiesBodies
International Regulation
Federal Regulation
Industrial Organizations
International International OrganizationsOrganizations The United Nations
General Assembly Secretariat International Court of Justice Security Council Trusteeship Council Economic & Social Council
Programs & Funds UNICEF, etc.,
Functional Commissions Commission on Human Rights, etc.,
Specialized Agencies World Health Organization (WHO) UNESCO World Bank Group International Maritime Organization (IMO)
IMOIMO International Maritime Organization – a U.N.
agency created to: Provide cooperation among governments in matters
affecting international shipping Encourage & facilitate the adoption of the highest
practicable standards in marine safety, efficiency of navigation, and prevention & control of pollution from shops.
There are 5 IMO Committees Marine Environmental Protection Committee Marine Safety Committee Facilitation Committee
Cannot enforce its regulations, but Depends on member states to codify its conventions &
protocols into their local laws
Legal Committee Techn. Coop. Comm.
IMOIMO The IMO has adopted more than 40 Conventions
Safety of Life at Sea [SOLAS 1974] Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea [COLREGS
1972] Standards for Training & Certification of Watchstanding
for Seafarers [STCW 1978/95] Prevention of Pollution from Ships [MARPOL 1973/78] Oil Pollution Prevention, Response & Cooperation
[OPRC 1991]
… and over 100 Codes and Protocols International Safety Management Code [ISM 1993] International Code for Safety of High-speed Craft [1994] Guide for Control & Management of Ship’s Ballast Water
[1991]
SOLAS 1974SOLAS 1974 Adoption: 1 November 1974; Entry into force: 25 May 1980
Chapter I - General Provisions Chapter II-1 - Construction - Subdivision and stability,
machinery and electrical installations Chapter II-2 - Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction Chapter III - Life-saving appliances and arrangements Chapter IV - Radiocommunications Chapter V - Safety of navigation Chapter VI - Carriage of Cargoes Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods Chapter VIII - Nuclear ships Chapter IX - Management for the Safe Operation of Ships Chapter X - Safety measures for high-speed craft Chapter XI - Special measures to enhance maritime safety Chapter XII - Additional safety measures for bulk carriers
Amended on numerous occasions including …
SOLAS 1974SOLAS 1974 The 1988 (GMDSS) amendments – Adoption: 11
November 1988; Entry into force: 1 February 1992 IMO had begun work on the Global Maritime Distress
and Safety System (GMDSS) in the 1970s and its introduction marked the biggest change to maritime communications since the invention of radio.
The June 1996 amendments -- Adoption: 4 June 1996; Entry into force: 1 July 1998 A completely revised Chapter III on life-saving
appliances and arrangements was adopted. The amendments take into account changes in technology since the Chapter was last re-written in 1983.
MARPOL 1973/1978MARPOL 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil Annex II: Control of pollution by noxious liquid
substances Annex III: Prevention of pollution by harmful
substances in packaged form Annex IV: Prevention of pollution by sewage from
ships Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
Amended on numerous occasions including …
MARPOL 1973/1978MARPOL 1973/1978 The 1992 amendments – Adoption: 6 March 1992
Entry into force: 6 July 1993 The amendments to Annex I of the convention which deals with
pollution by oil brought in the "double hull" requirements for tankers, applicable to new ships (tankers ordered after 6 July 1993, whose keels were laid on or after 6 January 1994 or which are delivered on or after 6 July 1996) as well as existing ships built before that date, with a phase-in period.
The 1995 amendments – Adoption: 14 September 1995Entry into force: 1 July 1997 The amendments concern Annex V. They are designed to
improve the way the Convention is implemented. Regulation 2 was clarified and a new regulation 9 added dealing with placards, garbage management plans and garbage record keeping.
COLREGS 1972COLREGS 1972 The International Rules of the Road – Adoption:
20 October 1972; Entry into force: 15 July 1977 Part A - General (Rules 1-3) Part B - Steering and Sailing (Rules 4-19)
Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-10) Rule 6 - safe speed Rule 10 - vessels in or near traffic separation schemes
Section II - Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (Rules 11-18) Rule 13 - overtaking Rule 14 - head-on situations
Section III - conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (Rule 19)
Part C - Lights and Shapes (Rules 20-31) Part D - Sound and Light Signals (Rules 32-37) Part E - Exemptions (Rule 38)
COLREGS 1972COLREGS 1972Some examples …
Rule 13 covers overtaking - the overtaking vessel should keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
Rule 14 deals with head-on situations. Crossing situations are covered by Rule 15 and action to be taken by
the give-way vessel is laid down in Rule 16.
Amended on numerous occasions including … The 2001 amendments – Adoption: 29 November 2001
Entry into force: 29 November 2003 The amendments include new rules relating to Wing-in Ground (WIG)
craft. The following are amended: General Definitions (Rule 3) - to provide the definition of wing-in-
ground (WIG) craft; Action to avoid collision (Rule 8 (a)) - to make it clear that any
action to avoid collision should be taken in accordance with the relevant rules in the COLREGs and to link Rule 8 with the other steering and sailing rules;
Responsibilities between vessels (Rule 18) - to include a requirement that a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules as for a power-driven vessel
WIG ? – advanced technology WIG ? – advanced technology seaplaneseaplane
STCW 1978/95STCW 1978/95Standards for Certification & Watchkeeping for Seafarers Adopted: 7 July 1978; Entered into force: 28 April 1984 1991 Amendments added GMDSS requirements 1994 amendments addressed additional requirements for tanker
crews 1995 amendments completely revised the Convention entered into
force 1 February, 1997 Chapter I: General provisions Chapter II: Master-deck department Chapter III: Engine department Chapter IV: Radio department Chapter V: Special training requirements for personnel on
certain types of ships Chapter VI: Emergency, occupational safety, medical care and
survival functions Chapter VII: Alternative certification Chapter VIII: Watchkeeping
STCW 1978/95STCW 1978/95The STCW Code
The regulations contained in the Convention are supported by sections in the STCW Code. Generally speaking, the Convention contains basic
requirements which are then enlarged upon and explained in the Code.
Part A of the Code is mandatory. The minimum standards of competence required for seagoing personnel are given in detail in a series of tables. Chapter II of the Code, for example, deals with standards
regarding the master and deck department. Part B of the Code contains recommended guidance which
is intended to help Parties implement the Convention. The measures suggested are not mandatory and the
examples given are only intended to illustrate how certain Convention requirements may be complied with.
The STCW Code, Part A , Part A (examples)(examples) CHAPTER II – Standards Regarding the Master and Deck Department
Standard of competence1 Every candidate for certification shall:.1 be required to demonstrate the competence to undertake at operational level, the
tasks, duties and responsibilities listed in column 1 of table A-II/1;.2 at least hold an appropriate certificate for performing VHF radiocommunications in
accordance with the requirements of the Radio Regulations; and … (etc.)
Excerpt from Table A-II/1:
COMPETENCEKNOWLEDGE,
UNDERSTANDING AND PROFICIENCY
METHODS FOR DEMONSTRATING
COMPETENCE
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING COMPETENCE
Plan and conduct a
passage and determine position
Celestial Navigation Ability to use celestial bodies to determine the ship's position
Terrestrial and Coastal NavigationAbility to determine the ship's position by use of: .1 landmarks .2 aids to navigation, including lighthouses, beacons and buoys .3 dead reckoning, taking into account winds, tides, currents and estimated speed
Thorough knowledge of and ability to use navigational charts and publications, …
Examination and assessment of evidence obtained from one or more of the following:
. 1 approved in-service experience
. 2 approved training ship experience
. 3 approved simulator training, where appropriate .4 approved laboratory equipment training using: chart catalogues, charts, navigational publications, radio navigational warnings, sextant, azimuth mirror, electronic navigation equipment, echo sounding equipment, compass
The information obtained from navigational charts and publications is relevant, interpreted correctly
The primary method of fixing the ship's position is the most appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions
The position is determined within the limits of acceptable instrument/system errors
The reliability of the information obtained from the primary method of position …
The STCW Code, Part A , Part A (examples)(examples) CHAPTER III – Standards Regarding the Engine Department
Standard of competenceEvery candidate for certification as officer in charge of an engineering
watch in a manned engine-room or as designated duty engineer in a periodically unmanned engine-room on a seagoing ship powered by main propulsion machinery of 750 kW propulsion power or more shall be required to demonstrate ability to undertake at the operational level, the tasks, duties and responsibilities listed in column 1 of table A-III/1.
Excerpt from Table A-III/1:
COMPETENCEKNOWLEDGE,
UNDERSTANDING AND PROFICIENCY
METHODS FOR DEMONSTRATING
COMPETENCE
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING COMPETENCE
Maintain a safe
engineering watch
Thorough knowledge of basic principles to be observed in keeping an engineering watch including: .1 duties associated with taking over and accepting a watch .2 routine duties undertaken during a watch .3 maintenance of the machinery space log book and the significance of the readings taken .4 duties associated with handing over a watch
Assessment of evidence obtained from one or more of the following:
.1 approved in-service experience .2 approved training ship experience 3 approved simulator training, where appropriate 4 approved laboratory equipment training
The conduct, handover and relief of the watch conforms with accepted principles and procedures The frequency and extent of monitoring of engineering equipment and systems conforms to manufact-urers' recommendations and accepted principles and procedures including basic principles to be observed in keeping an engineering watch A proper record is maintained of the movements and activities relating to the ship's engineering systems
The STCW Code, Part A , Part A (examples)(examples) CHAPTER VI – Mandatory minimum requirements for familiarization
and basic safety training and instruction for all seafarers
Familiarization Basic Safety Training1 receive appropriate approved basic training or instruction in:.1.1 personal survival techniques as set out in table A-VI/1-1,.1.2 fire prevention and fire-fighting as set out in table A-VI/1-2,.1.3 elementary first-aid as set out in table A-VI/1-3, and.1.4 personal safety and social responsibilities as set out in table
A-VI/1-4.
COMPETENCE(table A-VI/1)
KNOWLEDGE, UNDERSTANDING AND
PROFICIENCY
METHODS FOR DEMONSTRATING
COMPETENCE
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING COMPETENCE
Survive at sea in the
event of ship abandon-
ment
Types of emergency situations which may occur, such as collision, fire, foundering Types of life-saving appliances normally carried on shipsEquipment in survival craftLocation of personal life-saving appliancesPrinciples concerning survival
Assessment of evidence obtained from approved instruction or during attendance at an approved course or approved in-service experience and examination, including practical demonstration of competence to: .1 don a life-jacket .2 don and use an immersion suit.3 safely jump from a height into the water.4 right an inverted liferaft while wearing a life-jacket
Action taken on identifying muster signals is appropriate to the indicated emergency and complies with established procedures
The timing and sequence of individual actions are appropriate to theprevailing circumstance and conditionsand minimize potential dangers andthreats to survival
Federal Regulatory Federal Regulatory BodiesBodies Maritime Safety
Search and Rescue Marine Safety Recreational Boating Safety International Ice Patrol
Maritime Mobility Aids to Navigation Icebreaking Services Vessel Traffic / Waterways
Management Rules of the Road
Maritime Security Drug Interdiction Alien Migrant Interdiction Law / Treaty Enforcement
General Maritime Law Enforcement
National Defense General Defense Duties Homeland Security Port and Waterways Security Polar Icebreaking
Protection of Natural Resources Marine Pollution Education,
Prevention, Response & Enforcement
Foreign Vessel Inspections Living Marine Resources
Protection
United States Coast Guard (DHS) – its missions:
USCG – Marine Safety USCG – Marine Safety OfficeOffice IMO standards codified in US Law under the
jurisdiction of the USCG Marine Safety Office (MSO): Marine Inspection (MI) Marine Licensing (ML) Port Safety and Security (PSS) Marine Environmental Response (MER) Waterways Management (WWM) Recreational Boating Safety (RBS) Bridge Administration (BA).
Standards become Law when incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
USCG – Marine Safety USCG – Marine Safety OfficeOfficeMarine Inspection
Certificate of Inspection describes the vessel, the route(s) that it may
travel, the minimum manning requirements, the survival and rescue craft carried, the minimum fire extinguishing equipment and lifejackets required to be carried, the maximum number of passengers and total persons that may be carried, the name of the owner and managing operator, any equivalencies accepted or authorized
Inspected Vessels include:
Large & Small passenger ships Container & General Cargo ships Tank ships Tank barges Freight barges (>15 GT) Oil spill recovery vessels Training ships Oceanographic research vessels Submersibles
Inspections include: Tailshaft Examinations Installation tests / inspections Material Inspections
(Hull, Machinery, Electrical, Lifesaving, Fire protection, Pressure vessels and boilers, Steering systems, Sanitary inspection, etc.) SOLAS compliance
USCG – Marine Safety USCG – Marine Safety OfficeOfficeMarine Licensing Merchant Mariners Document
All mariners employed aboard U.S. merchant vessels greater than 100 gt, except operators of uninspected passenger vessels, are required to have a valid U.S. Merchant Mariner’s Document (MMD).
Ratings (unlicensed) Unqualified (Entry Level) Ratings;
Ordinary Seaman, Wiper, Steward’s Dept. Qualified Ratings: AB, Lifeboatman,
QMED require minimum sea experience & a written exam
Deck Licenses Master, Chief Mate, 2nd Mate, 3rd Mate Tonnage and location (inland, near coastal, any ocean) limitations
Engine Licenses Chief Engineer, 1st Asst Engr, 2nd Asst Engr, 3rd Asst Engr, DDE Horsepower (1000 hp, 4000 hp, unlimited hp) limitations
Code of Federal Code of Federal RegulationsRegulations Organization – The CFR is divided into Titles, each
with numerous Parts. Collections of these Parts comprise the various Chapters and Sub-chapters of the Title.
Some examples: Title 3—The President Title 14—Aeronautics and Space
Chapt I—(parts 1-199) Federal Aviation Admin. Chapt V—(parts 1200-1299) NASA
Title 26—Internal Revenue Title 50—Wildlife and Fisheries
Chapt V—(parts 500-599) Marine Mammal Commission
Code of Federal Code of Federal RegulationsRegulationsOf particular interest to the Maritime Industry Title 33—Navigation & Navigable Waters
Chapt I—Coast Guard Subchapt C—(parts 60-76) Aids to Navigation Subchapt D—(parts 80-82) International Navigation
Rules (adoption of COLREGS 72) Subchapt E—(parts 84-90) Inland Navigation Rules Subchapt M—(parts 130-138) Marine Pollution
Financial Responsibility & Compensation Subchapt O—(parts 151-159) Pollution
Chapt II—Corps of Engineers Chapt III—St Lawrence Seaway Dev. Corp.
Code of Federal Code of Federal RegulationsRegulations Title 46—Shipping
Chapt I—Coast Guard (subchapters with indexes) Parts 1-40: Subchapt B (Merch Mar Officers &
Seamen): Subchapt C (Uninspected Vessels; Sub-chapt D (Tank Vessels)
Parts 41-69: Subchapt F (Marine Engineering) Parts 70-89: Subchapt H (Passenger Vessels) Parts 90-139: Subchapt I (Cargo & Misc Vessels);
Subchapt IA (Offshore Drilling Units); Subchapt J (Electrical Engineering)
Parts 140-155: Parts 156-165: Parts 166-199: Subchapt S (Subdivision & Stability);
Subchapt T (Small Passenger Vessels)
Code of Federal Code of Federal RegulationsRegulations Title 46—Shipping (cont’)
Chapt II—Maritime Administration (MARAD) Part 298—Vessel Financing Assistance (subchapter D) Part 307—Vessel Reporting System (subchapter F) Part 310—Merchant Marine Training (subchapter H)
Chapt III—Coast Guard (Great Lakes Pilotage) Chapt IV—Federal Maritime Commission
Additional Coast Guard Regulations found in Chapt IV of Title 49—Transportation along with: The National Safety Transportation Board (Chapt VII) and the Interstate Commerce Commission (Chapt X)
Federal Regulatory Federal Regulatory BodiesBodies U.S. Coast Guard
Maritime Administration (MARAD) Administers programs to aid in the development, promotion & operation of the U.S. Merchant Marine Manages the Reserve Fleet Overseas maritime training & training ships Administers subsidy programs
Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) An independent agency responsible for ensuring that U.S. international water transportation business is conducted in a fair and equitable manner. All common carrier tariffs, convention tariffs & activities, terminal
tariffs, and service contracts are filed with the FMC. Disputes are investigated and binding decisions rendered by the
FMC
Federal Regulatory Federal Regulatory BodiesBodies Surface Transportation Board (STB) Responsible for the economic regulation of the U.S. domestic fleet (formerly the responsibility of the Interstate Commerce Commission)
National Transportation Safety Board (NSTB) investigates accidents
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulates interstate and international radio & satellite communications Ensures that U.S. Regulations conform to all international
radiocommunication conventions Licenses all marine radio stations Conducts annual radio station inspections Licenses vessel radio operators
Industry Industry OrganizationsOrganizations Classification Societies
Private, not-for-profit organizations establishing construction and equipment standards for ships
Insurance policies are generally not available to ships not registered “in class” with one of the societies
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Declared by the Merchant Marine Act of
1920 as the official classification society for U.S. flag vessels
Issues Hull Certificates & Machinery Certificates as evidence of compliance via inspections by surveyors similar to USCG inspections.
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK)--Japan
Det Norske Veritas (DNV)--Norway
(GL)--Germany
Classification SocietiesBureau Veritas
(BV)--France
Lloyd’s Register (LR)--UK
China Classification Society (CCS)
Indian Register of Shipping (IRS)
Registro Italiano Navale (RINA)
Industry Industry OrganizationsOrganizations International Assoc. of
Independent Tanker Owners INTERTANKO
Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)
Chemical Carriers' Association (CCA)
Hazardous Material Advisory Council (HMAC)
Shibuilders Council of America
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME)
National Cargo Bureau American Association of
Port Authorities
The American Association of Exporters and Importers (AAEI)
The Association of Ship Brokers and Agents (U.S.A.), Inc
World Trade Organization Federation of
International Trade Associations
International Federation of Customs Brokers Associations
International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
Hundreds more …