registers and microoperations
DESCRIPTION
Our microprocessors done all operations on the base of registers with the help of ALU which is further supervised under the Control Unit so, let's have a look upon working of CPU.TRANSCRIPT
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REGISTERS AND MICRO OPERTIONS
By Simran Bansal (13BTCSNR008)simransinghbansal.blogspot.com
Unit - I
INDUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYV.P.O. Bathu, Tehsil Haroli, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India.Tel:9318797101/2/3
E-Mail:[email protected] Website:www.iiuedu.in
Book Refered: Computer System Architecture By M. Morris Mano
Sept 16, 2014
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Basic Terms• Nibble: Nibble is the group of 4 bits.• 1 Byte: 1 Byte is the group of 8 bits.• Logic Gates: These gates are use to perform logical
operations based on zero and one.• Flip flops: The flip-flop is the basic unit of digital memory. A
flip-flop can remember one bit of data. Sets of flip-flops are called registers, and can hold bytes of data. Sets of registers are called memories, and can hold many thousands of bits, or more.
• Registers: Registers are the small portion of memory available in digital processor and made up with the combination of flip flops. Generally in a C.P.U we have 8, 16, 32, 64 bit registers are available.
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Some Basic Terminologies
• Micro operations: These are those operations which are perform on the data execute on the register.
e.g: Shift, Clear, Load, Count.• Register Transfer Language: The
notations which are used in the representation of micro operations are known as Register Transfer Language (RTL).
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Register Types
Registers are generally designed by capital letters.e.g:• MAR(Memory address Register)• PC(Programming Counter)• IR(Instruction Register)
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Register transfer
Register transfer is the process of transfer of information from one register to another. The register transfer can be done with the help of control function.
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Basic symbols for Register Transfers
Symbols Description Examples
Letters or Numbers Donates a Register MAR, R1, R2
Parenthesis Donates a part of Register
R2(0-7), R2(L)
Arrow ← Donates a transforms of information
R2←R1
Comma , Separates two micro operations
R2←R1, R1←R2
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Bus and memory transfer
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Three – State Bus Buffers
The three state gates are also enable us to construct a BUS instead of Multiplexer.These gates can perform any conventional logic.ThreeStateBufferGate:
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Paractical Approch to 3 – State Buffer Bus
In the Image:We have take the 3 – State buffer bus line or data bus line.If any of component is inactive the all bus will be in Hi-z or High impedance state.
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Memory transfer operations
Process of memory word to communicate to the outside environment is called memory read operation and vice versa is called memory write operation.e.g. Read: DR←M[AR]II’y in case of write:
Write: M[MR]←DR
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TYPES OF MICROOPERATIONS
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Arithmetic Micro operations
These micro operations are used to perform arithmetic logics with the help of logic circuits.The RTL can be represent as:
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Logical Micro operations
These are used to perform Logical Micro operations:The RTL can be represent as shown on right side.
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Shift Micro operations
These are used for serial transfer of data and of following type:
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Athematic, Logic and Shift Unit
ALU is the combination of Athematic, Logic and Shift Unit.
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Block diagram of CPU
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