regional oceanography ii oeas 604 lecture outline 1)pacific ocean circulation 2)antarctic...
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Regional Oceanography II OEAS 604
Lecture Outline
1) Pacific Ocean circulation2) Antarctic circulation 3) Climate cycles4) Atmosphere-ocean coupling Chapters 8,9 – KnaussChapter 10 – Talley et al.
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• Quiz – Tuesday, 10 November– Geostrophic balance – Ekman dynamics and upwelling– Frictional boundary layers– Wind-driven gyres
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Annual Mean Wind Field Westerlies – 30-60 latitudeTrade Winds – from eastIntertropical Convergence Zone (Doldrums)
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East and west basins
Connection to Arctic andSouthern Ocean
Arctic connectionrestricted by the Aleutian Islands andBering Strait
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Bottom WaterPathways
Different varieties along western and eastern sides of basin
Limited across basinexchange
No deep water formation in north Pacific
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Pacific Ocean Current Structure
• Subtropical gyres in both hemispheres– Eastern and western boundary currents
• Subpolar gyre in northern hemisphere• Equatorial current system• Connection to Arctic • Connection to Southern Ocean
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Western Boundary CurrentsKuroshio, East AustraliaCurrent
Eastern Boundary CurrentsCalifornia CurrentPeru/Chile Current
Equatorial Current SystemNorth Equatorial CurrentEquatorial Countercurrent South Equatorial Current
Subpolar GyreNorth Pacific CurrentAlaska Current/StreamOyashio
ME - Mindanao Eddy; HE- Halmahera Eddy
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Equatorial Current StructureBanded structure
Undercurrentshallow
Upwelling
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Temperature section along Equator in Pacific Ocean
Warm Pool
Thermocline slopes upward from west to east
Cold Tongue
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SST – Eastern Pacific Ocean
Cold Tongue
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Kuroshio – sheds eddies as moves across Pacific
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Bering Sea – Current Pattern
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Climate Change is associated with changes in the air temperature of the Earth
Temperature changes are caused by
• changes in heat input from the sun• exchange of heat between the ocean and
atmosphere (mostly) • changes in the motion of heat through the ocean
and atmosphere, and • changes in the radiation properties of the
atmosphere
These changes lead to various physical, chemical and biological changes throughout the earth
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Milankovitch cycles
• Are variations in the orbit of the earth with times scales of 20,000 to 100,000 years
• Changes in the orbit eccentricity, tilt of earth’s rotation axis, and precession of earth’s orbit
• Affect the length of time for the various seasons
• Length of the year remains constant
• Affects the shortwave radiation to the earth
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Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling
• Some variations are caused by internal feedbacks between the atmosphere and ocean or within the atmosphere
• Many of these variations are described by indexes of various kinds
• Best understood is the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
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ENSO• Associated with changes in the equatorial Pacific • Originally defined as a change of pressure difference
between Darwin, Australia and Tahiti (southern oscillation index or SOI)
• Change in strength of south Pacific Trade winds (east to west winds)
• Winds cause water to move to the west leaving lower water off South America and higher water off South Asia
• Low water off South America allows upwelling to bring cool, nutrient rich water to the surface
• Reduced winds leaves warm water in the east, no nutrients upwelled, reduced productivity, and poor fish harvest (El Niño)
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Walker Circulation
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ENSO• Water temperature affects atmospheric convection
which changes the air mass distribution (and pressure)
• Warm ocean events are El Niño - associated with Christmas season off South America
• Cold ocean events (La Niña, anti-El Niño, el viejo)
• El Niño means cooler and wetter winters in the US SE• La Niña means dryer conditions in the US SE• Other influences around the world
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ENSO index based on ocean temperature in the central Pacific Ocean
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SOI Index Atmospheric Pressure Difference
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https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/indicators/sea-temp-anom.php?begmonth=5&begday=1&begyear=2015&endmonth=8&endday=26&endyear=2015
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Other Indexes• Annular Modes (Southern Annular mode, SAM)
o Changes in North-South pressure o increase/decrease in winds
• North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)o Change in Azores-Iceland pressure differenceo Changes in N Atlantic wind strength and storm track
• Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)o W Pacific cool SST, SE Pacific warm SSTo 20 to 30 year period
• all indexes are available at NOAA climate prediction center (www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)
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Southern Annular Mode (SAM)Southern Ocean
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Positive NAO - Eastern US wetter and stronger winter storms
Negative NAO - Eastern US has drier and colder air
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Pacific Decadal Oscillation - PDO
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Gille, J Climate (2008)
Temperature trends in Southern Ocean Top 1000 m
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Levitus GRL, 2005. Global ocean heat content change 1955 to 2003, 0-3000 m
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Sorkosz et al. (2012, J. Climate)
IPCC (2007)
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Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP)
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RAPID array at 26N – UK program for monitoring MOC
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Next Class• Ocean Waves
– Chapters 10 and 11 , Knauss